Artykuły w czasopismach: „Cambial phenology”

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Li, Peng, i W. T. Adams. "Genetic variation in cambial phenology of coastal Douglas-fir". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, nr 9 (1.09.1994): 1864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-240.

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The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the extent of genetic variation and genetic control of cambial phenology in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), (ii) assess the degree to which cambial phenology is genetically related to bud-burst timing, (iii) examine genetic relationships between cambial phenology and growth traits, and (iv) evaluate the potential for indirectly altering cambial phenology in breeding programs when selection is for stem volume. Dates of diameter-growth initiation and cessation, and duration of diameter growth (i.e., cambial phenology traits), as well as diameter increment for a single growing season (1987, at the age of 15 years from seed), were estimated from cumulative diameter growth curves of individual trees of 60 open-pollinated families growing in one plantation. Data on stem height and diameter (DBH), and date of bud burst in 1987 were also collected. Dates of diameter-growth initiation and cessation differed significantly among families, but had lower estimated individual heritabilities (≤0.23) than date of bud burst (0.87). Weak genetic correlations between date of bud burst and dates of diameter-growth initiation and cessation (range −0.09 to 0.26) indicate that timing of diameter growth cannot be reliably predicted from observations on the more easily measured bud burst. Cambial phenology traits were weakly correlated with 1987 diameter increment and moderately correlated with 15-year DBH and volume. Selection of parents in this study for stem volume at age 15 and subsequent crosses among them, would be expected to lead to earlier initiation of diameter growth in the offspring, and possibly later cessation as well. The practical implications of these indirect responses in terms of increased risk of frost damage are unclear, since projected changes are small (i.e., a few days).

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Rensing, K. H., i J. N. Owens. "Bud and cambial zone phenology of lateral branches from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii) seedlings". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, nr 2 (1.02.1994): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-041.

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Bud and cambial zone phenologies of outdoor-grown, containerized seedlings of Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) were determined and compared. Morphological characteristics of the live primordial shoots were related to known stages of bud development, while cambial zone phenology was based on anatomical characteristics. Secondary growth in branches of P. menziesii seedlings was separated into six stages: (i) early wood formation; (ii) latewood formation; (iii) cessation of cambial cell division; (iv) dormancy; (v) cambial cell expansion; and (vi) resumption of cell division. Early wood formation by the cambial zone, and primary leaf initiation in the shoot tips occurred until July. During this time of maximal activity, differences in wall thickness and shape distinguished cambial cells from vascular cells in early differentiation stages. By late July, earlywood formation was changing to latewood formation and bud-scale initiation had begun. The transition to preformed leaf initiation in the buds occurred over a period of 1 month in August and September. Cambial cell division ceased in early September but tracheid differentiation continued until about the end of October. Preformed leaf initiation lasted until the buds became dormant in mid-November. The cambial zone was dormant from the end of November until the beginning of March, and in transverse section was characterized by a distinct boundary at the border of the xylem and regular, cigar-shaped cambial cells with thick radial walls. Resumption of cambial activity in the 1st week of April began with radial expansion, followed about 2 weeks later by cell division. Differentiation of earlywood tracheids and bud swelling began in early April. The majority of buds flushed in the 3rd week of April. Rays in the lateral shoots were composed of monoseriate files of radially elongated cells. Ray initials were not observed. Ultrastructural features indicated that the dictyosomes of the cambial cells were active during the winter period.

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Malik, Rayees, Sergio Rossi i Raman Sukumar. "Cambial phenology in Abies pindrow (Pinaceae) along an altitudinal gradient in northwestern Himalaya". IAWA Journal 41, nr 2 (12.05.2020): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10007.

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Abstract Climate change is expected to be heterogeneous across the world, with high impacts on the Himalayan ecosystems. There is a need to precisely document cambial phenology and wood formation in these regions to better understand climate-growth relationships and how trees face a warming climate. This study describes the dynamics of cambial phenology in pindrow fir (Abies pindrow) along its altitudinal gradient in the Himalaya. The stages of xylem phenology, and the duration and rate of wood formation were assessed from anatomical observations during the growing season from samples collected weekly from three sites at various altitudes (2392–2965 m a.s.l.) over two years. There were significant differences in the duration and rate of cell formation along the altitudinal gradient, which decreased at increasing altitudes. The growing season duration decreased by 5.2 and 3.7 days every 100 m of increase in altitude in 2014 and 2015, respectively, while the rate of cell formation decreased from 0.38 and 0.44 cells /day to 0.29 and 0.34 cells/day in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Cell production decreased from 63.3 and 67.0 cells to 38.3 and 45.2 cells with a decrease of 4.3 and 3.8 cells per 100 m increase in altitude in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The higher precipitation in 2015 increased the growth rate and resulted in a higher xylem production. Our findings give new insights into the dynamics of cambial phenology and help in better understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on tree growth and forest productivity of Himalayan forests.

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Zeng, Qiao, Afsheen Khan, Annie Deslauriers i Sergio Rossi. "May Temperature Drives Cambial Resumption in the Boreal Black Spruce". Forests 13, nr 12 (17.12.2022): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122168.

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The timings of the onset and ending of xylogenesis define the time window when environmental conditions are suitable for xylem formation. The relationship between the occurrence of xylem phenological events and the related climatic factors is critical to revealing how xylem formation responds to the changing climate. Given that temperature is the most important factor influencing growth in the boreal forest, we monitored air temperature and xylem phenology at five permanent plots of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) along a latitudinal gradient of the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Microcores were collected weekly or biweekly from five to ten trees per site during the growing seasons from 2002 to 2019. We compared the relationships between air temperature and timings of the onset and termination of xylogenesis, testing the hypothesis that spring temperatures trigger the initiation of cambial activity. The onset of xylogenesis occurred from late May (DOY 149) to mid-June (DOY 163), and it terminated between late August (DOY 240) and late September (DOY 270). The spring phases of xylem phenology showed similar inter-annual variation among sites, while the variation in autumnal phases was less correlated among sites. The onset of xylogenesis was negatively correlated with the mean May temperature, and the correlations were consistent among sites, with r ranging from −0.61 to −0.77. The warmer May temperatures would advance cambial resumption, allowing the initial hypothesis that spring temperatures are a driving factor of xylogenesis to be accepted. With an increase of 1 °C in the mean May temperature, cambial resumption could be advanced by 2.7 days. Yet, no relationship between the termination of xylem phenology and monthly temperature was established, suggesting that other factors, possibly endogenous, could have affected the xylem phenology in autumn. Under warming conditions, we expect an advancement in the onset of xylogenesis, which may lengthen the growing season and potentially enhance cell production in black spruce.

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Raiput, Kishore S., i K. S. Rao. "OCCURRENCE OF INTERCELLULAR SPACES IN CAMBIAL RAYS KISHORE S. RAJPUT". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, nr 4 (13.05.1998): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676739.

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Large intercellular spaces were found in uniseriate as well as multiseriate cambial rays of Tectona grandis L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., and Tamarindus indica L. During the period when the cambium is inactive, some of the ray cambial cells became oval to circular, resulting in the development of intercellular spaces. However, the cells were polygonal and compactly arranged during active growth of the cambium. Similarly, such spaces were also noticed in the rays of phloem and xylem. The occurrence of intercellular spaces in cambial rays is correlated with the phenology of trees and local climatic factors, and their possible significance is discussed.

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Ziaco, Emanuele, Franco Biondi, Sergio Rossi i Annie Deslauriers. "Environmental drivers of cambial phenology in Great Basin bristlecone pine". Tree Physiology 36, nr 7 (25.02.2016): 818–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw006.

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De Mil, Tom, Wannes Hubau, Bhély Angoboy Ilondea, Mirvia Angela Rocha Vargas, Pascal Boeckx, Kathy Steppe, Joris Van Acker, Hans Beeckman i Jan Van den Bulcke. "Asynchronous leaf and cambial phenology in a tree species of the Congo Basin requires space–time conversion of wood traits". Annals of Botany 124, nr 2 (6.06.2019): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz069.

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Abstract Background and Aims Wood traits are increasingly being used to document tree performance. In the Congo Basin, however, weaker seasonality causes asynchrony of wood traits between trees. Here, we monitor growth and phenology data to date the formation of traits. Methods For two seasons, leaf and cambial phenology were monitored on four Terminalia superba trees (Mayombe) using cameras, cambial pinning and dendrometers. Subsequently, vessel lumen and parenchyma fractions as well as high-resolution isotopes (δ13C/δ18O) were quantified on the formed rings. All traits were dated and related to weather data. Key Results We observed between-tree differences in green-up of 45 d, with trees flushing before and after the rainy season. The lag between green-up and onset of xylem formation was 59 ± 21 d. The xylem growing season lasted 159 ± 17 d with between-tree differences of up to 53 d. Synchronized vessel, parenchyma and δ13C profiles were related to each other. Only parenchyma fraction and δ13C were correlated to weather variables, whereas the δ18O pattern showed no trend. Conclusions Asynchrony of leaf and cambial phenology complicates correct interpretation of environmental information recorded in wood. An integrated approach including high-resolution measurements of growth, stable isotopes and anatomical features allows exact dating of the formation of traits. This methodology offers a means to explore the asynchrony of growth in a rainforest and contribute to understanding this aspect of forest resilience.

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Burdon, Rowland D. "Shoot Phenology as a Driver or Modulator of Stem Diameter Growth and Wood Properties, with Special Reference to Pinus radiata". Forests 14, nr 3 (13.03.2023): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030570.

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Seasonal phenology is expressed in the annual rhythms of growth and quiescence, which may range from being sharply defined to weakly quantitative. These rhythms, both vegetative and reproductive, are a key aspect of a plant’s survival strategy. They enable the plant to both survive seasonal stresses and take advantage of favourable conditions, while making pollination efficient through synchronised flowering. Maturation in woody perennials causes some ontogenetic modulation of seasonal phenology. Shoot phenology is driven by various environmental cues, notably temperatures and daylength, with shoot extremities often being prime receptors. The phenology of shoot extremities is in turn seen as a strong driver of cambial activity, which itself is an aspect of shoot phenology and the basis of stem diameter growth. The aspects of cambial activity reflecting hoot–tip phenology primarily involve the timing of xylem formation and the anatomical and physical properties of xylem cells. The actual amount of diameter growth, however, is governed much more by other factors, notably the growth potential of the species, the space for the tree to grow in, and how favourable local conditions are for growth. Somehow, all tree species allocate resources to shoot extension and diameter growth to represent viable adaptive strategies, although there is no identified role of phenology per se in such allocation. Among species, Pinus radiata is extremely important commercially, largely through a high growth potential that reflects distinctive phenology. Much research on the species provides a basis for linking its phenology and shoot–tip architecture to seasonal timing of diameter growth and fine details of within-ring variation in xylem cell properties. This provides a baseline for comparison with many other tree species, conifers and hardwoods. Selected examples are considered to illustrate the range of adaptive strategies. Regulation of diameter growth and internal variation in wood properties reflects the response to competitive pressures. Modifying the regulation to optimise wood production and quality poses a great challenge for future domestication.

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Gričar, Jožica, Andreja Vedenik, Gregor Skoberne, Polona Hafner i Peter Prislan. "Timeline of Leaf and Cambial Phenology in Relation to Development of Initial Conduits in Xylem and Phloem in Three Coexisting Sub-Mediterranean Deciduous Tree Species". Forests 11, nr 10 (17.10.2020): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101104.

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It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7–10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the efficiency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.

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Mil, Tom De. "Intra-annual to multi-decadal xylem traits in a tropical moist semi-deciduous forest of Central Africa". Afrika Focus 30, nr 1 (26.02.2017): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03001010.

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A witness of a tree’s past conditions is the wood itself. The main research question of this dissertation is how to assess and reveal the driving forces of the patterns of wood traits on pith-to-bark cross-sections in tropical trees. Cambial and leaf phenology was monitored in the Luki Reserve (Mayombe forest, D.R. Congo). Furthermore, X-ray CT densitometry was explored to assess traits in a reliable way, for multiple species. Variability in phenology is observed for T. superba, which requires traits of individual trees to be fixed on a time axis. Furthermore, X-ray CT is a suitable method for assessing traits in a fast way. Cambial activity of understory trees has shown to be species-specific, whilst many trees show zero xylem growth. Finally, 66 years of tree growth was analysed, while trait analysis revealed a median ring count of only 32, thus implying many non-periodical rings. This work presents methodological improvements to measure traits as continuous variables from pith to bark, but also acknowledges that phenology still remains a key aspect in order to fix traits on a time axis.

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Jiménez-Noriega, Mayte S., Lauro López-Mata i Teresa Terrazas. "Cambial Activity and Phenology in Three Understory Species along an Altitude Gradient in Mexico". Forests 12, nr 4 (17.04.2021): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040506.

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The aims of this study were to evaluate the cambial activity and phenology of three species with different life forms (Alchemilla procumbens, Acaena elongata and Ribes ciliatum) along an altitudinal gradient and to establish which environmental variables (light, soil humidity and temperature) had the greatest influence on cambial activity and phenological stages. Over two years, data on phenology, growth and cambium were gathered every four weeks in three to six sites per species in Sierra Nevada, Mexico. The results showed that Ribes is the only species that terminates cambial activity with leaves senescence and is influenced by the minimum soil temperature. The light environment influenced the vegetative stages in Alchemilla (cryptophyte), while in Acaena (hemicryptophyte), the mean soil temperature explained the findings related to leaf area during the dry season and growth along the gradient. In the three species, the reproductive phase dominated for a longer period at higher elevations, especially in Alchemilla. Only Ribes, the phanerophyte, showed a similar cambial activity to other trees and shrubs. Although cambium reactivates during the dry season, no xylogenesis occurs. The three species varied during the time in which vascular cambium was active, and this was dependent on the altitude. Specifically, the variation was more rhythmic in Ribes and switched on and off in Alchemilla. It is likely that, depending on the life form, vascular cambium may be more or less susceptible to one or more climate factors.

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Grotta, A. T., B. L. Gartner, S. R. Radosevich i M. Huso. "Influence of Red Alder Competition on Cambial Phenology and Latewood Formation in Douglas-Fir". IAWA Journal 26, nr 3 (15.07.2005): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-02603003.

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To better understand the influence of competition on wood formation and wood quality in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), patterns of cambial growth and latewood production were examined for one growing season in 15-year-old plantations with similar densities but differing Douglas-fir/red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) ratios. The treatments consisted of plots having different proportions of Douglas-fir vs. red alder, different red alder planting dates, and one of two total planting densities. Cambial growth was tracked using the pinning method. Cambial activity in most trees began between May 12 and May 23, and ended between August 27 and September 10. Mean date of transition to latewood was July 6. In the treatment with the highest mean red alder basal area, Douglas- fir trees began radial growth later and ended earlier in the year than those in pure Douglas-fir stands. There was no evident effect of competition from red alder on the duration of cambial activity in treatments with intermediate to low red alder basal areas. In all treatments, the duration of radial growth was shorter in smaller-diameter trees. Early transition to latewood production was also associated with higher red alder basal area. Percent latewood was unaffected by treatment, but it was dependent on the date of a treeʼs transition to latewood production.

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Grotta, A. T., B. L. Gartner, S. R. Radosevich i M. Huso. "Influence of Red Alder Competition on Cambial Phenology and Latewood Formation in Douglas-Fir". IAWA Journal 26, nr 3 (2005): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000117.

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To better understand the influence of competition on wood formation and wood quality in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), patterns of cambial growth and latewood production were examined for one growing season in 15-year-old plantations with similar densities but differing Douglas-fir/red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) ratios. The treatments consisted of plots having different proportions of Douglas-fir vs. red alder, different red alder planting dates, and one of two total planting densities. Cambial growth was tracked using the pinning method. Cambial activity in most trees began between May 12 and May 23, and ended between August 27 and September 10. Mean date of transition to latewood was July 6. In the treatment with the highest mean red alder basal area, Douglas- fir trees began radial growth later and ended earlier in the year than those in pure Douglas-fir stands. There was no evident effect of competition from red alder on the duration of cambial activity in treatments with intermediate to low red alder basal areas. In all treatments, the duration of radial growth was shorter in smaller-diameter trees. Early transition to latewood production was also associated with higher red alder basal area. Percent latewood was unaffected by treatment, but it was dependent on the date of a tree's transition to latewood production.

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da Costa, Warlen Silva, Maura Da Cunha, Tahysa Mota Macedo, Mariana de Andrade Iguatemy, Alexandre Quinet, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues i Claudia Franca Barros. "Cambium phenology and dendrochronology of the endangered tropical tree Ocotea catharinensis Mez". IAWA Journal 42, nr 2 (28.04.2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10023.

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Abstract Ocotea catharinensis occurs mainly in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and is highly threatened by timber logging, forest fragmentation, and habitat loss. The remnant populations of this species are genetically rich, which may be related to the presence of long-lived trees, and so it is imperative to understand their growth and age. In this study, we analyzed trees of O. catharinensis from dense ombrophylous forest, its dendrochronological potential, the period of cambial activity and dormancy, and the influence of climate on annual growth. The species showed distinct annually-formed tree-rings, with cambial activity during summer and autumn, and cambial dormancy during winter and spring. A tree-ring width chronology was built from 1852–2015. The estimated age of the sampled trees varied from 40 to 164 years. O. catharinensis in our study site does not show a strong age–diameter relationship, hence similar diameters at breast height resulted in differences in ages by as much as 50 years. The resulting tree-ring width chronology is positively correlated with March precipitation, the transition month between rainy and dry seasons. This study brings valuable contributions to the understanding of the growth of O. catharinensis, which is a novelty for this species and important to the maintenance of these long-lived trees in natural forests.

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Rajput, Kishore S., K. S. Rao i Y. S. Kim. "Cambial Activity and Wood Anatomy in Prosopis Spicigera (Mimosaceae) Affected by Combined air Pollutants". IAWA Journal 29, nr 2 (2008): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000180.

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Seasonal cambial activity and xylem anatomy were studied in Prosopis spicigera Linn. (Mimosaceae) growing under the influence of combined air pollutants. Cambial cell division and differentiation of secondary xylem began in April, reached a peak in July–August and ceased in October in trees (normal) growing in a relatively unpolluted locality. In contrast, in trees (affected) growing near a fertilizer complex, the initiation of cambial activity was delayed by one month and the cambium ceased to divide in September. Considerable variations were noticed in the structure and arrangement of xylem derivatives between affected and normal trees. The vessel lumen diameter was reduced and vessel frequency was significantly higher in the affected trees. Axial parenchyma was aliform to confluent in normal trees compared to mainly vasicentric parenchyma with heavy accumulation of tannin contents in affected trees. Cambial activity and xylem development did not show any correlation with the phenology of affected trees.

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Savidge, R. A., i H. Förster. "Seasonal activity of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose:coniferyl alcohol glucosyltransferase in relation to cambial growth and dormancy in conifers". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, nr 3 (1.03.1998): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-015.

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Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose:coniferyl alcohol glucosyltransferase (CAGT), the enzyme catalyzing synthesis of coniferin from coniferyl alcohol and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose, was investigated throughout an annual cycle of cambial growth and dormancy in Pinus banksiana Lamb. During dormancy, CAGT activity was not detected in the cambium. CAGT became weakly active in springtime when fusiform cells of the lateral meristem changed from densely protoplasmic to highly vacuolated states, just prior to resumption of cell-division activity. During cambial growth and xylogenesis, CAGT activity in cambial derivatives was greater than that found in the cambial zone. In both cambial zone and developing xylem, seasonally changing CAGT activity paralleled seasonal variation in endogenous coniferin content. CAGT activity disappeared when the cambium entered dormancy in August, prior to completion of lignification in the last differentiating latewood tracheids. In vitro, exogenous coniferin at 0.1 mmol ·L-1 promoted CAGT activity (optimum pH 7.8, temperature 40°C); however, coniferin at >10 mmol ·L-1 inhibited CAGT activity, in agreement with endogenous coniferin content of developing xylem not exceeding that level. The results indicate that the promoter controlling CAGT gene expression may be cambial specific and linked to the overall control of seasonal cambial growth and dormancy.Key words: cambium, coniferin, lignin, phenology, Pinus banksiana, xylogenesis.

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O'Reilly, Conor, i John N. Owens. "Shoot, needle, and cambial growth phenology and branch tracheid dimensions in provenances of lodgepole pine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, nr 5 (1.05.1989): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-094.

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Shoot and needle growth phenology was studied in first-order fourth-whorl branches from seven provenances of Pinuscontorta Dougl. ssp. latifolia Engelm. from British Columbia and the Yukon, growing in a provenance trial at Prince George, British Columbia. The phenology of tracheid production was followed in cross sections from the midportion of the 1st-year increment of similar branches. Tracheid diameter and wall thickness were measured at increments across the ring in sections from dormant branches. Differences among provenances in the dates of growth initiation were small or negligible, although early relative growth rates were higher in the northern provenances. The times of cessation differed greatly among provenances for needle and cambial growth, but less for shoot elongation. Duration of growth had the largest effect on final needle length and tracheid numbers. Shoot length was affected largely by rates of elongation. The northern provenances had few, narrow-diameter, relatively thin-walled tracheids. Provenances showed contrasting patterns in diameter measurements across the ring, but wall thickness displayed a more consistent trend.

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Zeng, Qiao, Sergio Rossi, Bao Yang, Chun Qin i Gang Li. "Environmental Drivers for Cambial Reactivation of Qilian Junipers (Juniperus przewalskii) in a Semi-Arid Region of Northwestern China". Atmosphere 11, nr 3 (28.02.2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030232.

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Although cambial reactivation is considered to be strongly dependent on temperature, the importance of water availability at the onset of xylogenesis in semi-arid regions still lacks sufficient evidences. In order to explore how environmental factors influence the initiation of cambial activity and wood formation, we monitored weekly cambial phenology in Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii) from a semi-arid high-elevation region of northwestern China. We collected microcores from 12 trees at two elevations during the growing seasons in 2013 and 2014, testing the hypothesis that rainfall limits cambial reactivation in spring. Cambium was reactivated from late April to mid-May, and completed cell division from late July to early August, lasting 70–100 days. Both sites suffered from severe drought from January to April 2013, receiving < 1 mm of rain in April. In contrast, rainfall from January to April 2014 was 5–6 times higher than that in 2013. However, cambial reactivation in 2014 was delayed by 10 days. In spring, soil moisture gradually increased with warming temperatures, reaching 0.15 m3/m3 before the onset of xylogenesis, which may have ensured water availability for tree growth during the rainless period. We were unable to confirm the hypothesis that rainfall is a limiting factor of cambial reactivation. Our results highlight the importance of soil moisture in semi-arid regions, which better describe the environmental conditions that are favorable for cambial reactivation in water-limited ecosystems.

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Vargas-Hernandez, Jesus, i W. T. Adams. "Genetic relationships between wood density components and cambial growth rhythm in young coastal Douglas-fir". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, nr 9 (1.09.1994): 1871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-241.

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To better understand the genetic control of wood formation in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and to assess the potential impact of selecting for increased wood density on adaptation of trees, genetic relationships of wood density, and its components, with cambial growth rhythm traits were examined in a 15-year-old progeny test. Timing of diameter growth during the 1987 growing season was available from an earlier study, and wood formation traits were estimated by X-ray densitometry of increment core samples. Wood formation traits were under weak genetic control [Formula: see text]. Lengths of earlywood and latewood formation were mostly determined by the timing of latewood transition. Overall core density was negatively correlated with the dates of cambial growth initiation (rA = −0.41) and latewood transition (rA = −0.62), and positively correlated with the date of cambial growth cessation (rA = 0.40). As a result of these relationships, higher wood density was associated with a longer duration of cambial growth (rA = 0.67) and a slower rate of wood formation (rA = −0.37). All density components showed similar relationships with cambial phenology and wood formation traits. Selection for increased wood density is expected to cause only a slight extension of the cambial growth period, but it would also cause an earlier transition to latewood formation, negatively affecting growth rate.

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Rajput, Kishore S., Amreen Saiyed, Vidya S. Patil i K. S. Rao. "Cambial activity in the young branches and peduncles of couroupita guianensis (lecythidaceae)". IAWA Journal 35, nr 3 (9.09.2014): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000066.

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Peduncles of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. undergo extensive secondary growth, which is a rare and unexplored feature so far. In the present investigation seasonal behaviour of vascular cambium was studied in fruit-bearing peduncles and compared with the vegetative branches of similar diameter. In peduncles, the cambium remained active throughout the year. The number of cambium cells and differentiating xylem cells increased from May and reached a maximum in July-August. Although cambial growth occurred throughout the year, it was relatively sluggish in February despite the development of new leaves and ongoing extension growth. In contrast, cambial cell division in young branches initiated in February, peaked in the same months as peduncle cambium while cambial cell division and differentiation of xylem remained suspended from October to January. Cessation of cambial cell division in the branches during this period may be correlated with the presence of mature leaves. In both (branches and peduncle), rapid cell division and increase in the number of differentiating xylem elements in April-May is positively correlated with the development of flower buds and new leaves. The present anatomical investigation revealed that cambial activity in both peduncle and vegetative branches are independent of phenology and climatic conditions. In conclusion, we believe that variations in the number of differentiating cambium derivatives in peduncles benefits from a dual source of growth hormone supply, i.e. from developing new leaves and flower buds.

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Villalba, R., i J. A. Boninsegna. "Dendrochronological Studies on Prosopis Flexuosa DC." IAWA Journal 10, nr 2 (1989): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000483.

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Wood structure and seasonal variation of the cambial activity were investigated in Prosopis flexuosa DC. in order to enable the use of this species in dendrochronological and ecological studies requiring exact age determination. Cambial activity was determined by counting the number of undifferentiated cells in each radial file. Change in vessel diameter and a terminal parenchyma band, containing rhombic crystals, mark the annual growth layer. Even though the growth rings are not always clearly demarcated, one growth ring is generally formed each year. Prosopis flexuosa has an annual rhythm of wood production which coincides with the climatic rhythm. It is possible to cross-date disk samples of Prosopis species, and a first chronology has been established. Relationships between xylem production, phenology and climatic factors are discussed.

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22

Rother, Monica T., Jean M. Huffman, Grant L. Harley, William J. Platt, Neil Jones, Kevin M. Robertson i Steve L. Orzell. "Cambial Phenology Informs Tree-Ring Analysis of Fire Seasonality in Coastal Plain Pine Savannas". Fire Ecology 14, nr 1 (luty 2018): 164–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.140116418.

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Li, Xiaoxia, Sergio Rossi, Shalik Ram Sigdel, Binod Dawadi i Eryuan Liang. "Warming menaces high-altitude Himalayan birch forests: Evidence from cambial phenology and wood anatomy". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 308-309 (październik 2021): 108577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108577.

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Regina Marcati, Carmen, i Veronica Angyalossy. "Seasonal Presence of Acicular Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Cambial Zone of Citharexylum Myrianthum (Verbenaceae)". IAWA Journal 26, nr 1 (2005): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001604.

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This study focuses on the seasonal presence of acicular crystals in the cambial zone of Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae). Specimens collected in different months from 1996 to 2000 were examined for the abundance of acicular crystals in the cambium. This information was correlated with the phenology of the species and the climate of the region. Acicular calcium oxalate crystals were found in cambial fusiform and ray cell initials, as well as in their daughter cells. An abundance of crystals was observed during periods of water deficit and leaffall (July). Fewer crystals were found in the beginning of the wet season and bud swelling (September). When trees were ftowering and the soil was wet (November and December), acicular crystals were rarely observed. During this period, acicular crystals were found in differentiating phloem and xylem parenchyma cells, in fully differentiated phloem cells, but not in fully differentiated xylem cells.

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25

Schöngart, Jochen, Maria Teresa F. Piedade, Sabine Ludwigshausen, Viviana Horna i Martin Worbes. "Phenology and stem-growth periodicity of tree species in Amazonian floodplain forests". Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, nr 4 (lipiec 2002): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002389.

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To study the impact of the annual long-term flooding (flood-pulse) on seasonal tree development in Amazonian floodplains, the phenology and growth in stem diameter of various tree species with different leaf-change patterns were observed over a period of 2 y. The trees of the functional ecotypes, evergreen, brevi-deciduous, deciduous and stem-succulent showed a periodic behaviour mainly triggered by the flood-pulse. Trees have high increment during the terrestrial phase. Flooding causes a shedding of some or all leaves leading to a cambial dormancy of about 2 mo and the formation of an annual ring. Studies carried out in tropical dry forests verify a strong relationship between the phenological development and the water status of the trees, strongly affected by seasonal drought. The comparison of the phenology and the diameter growth of the corresponding ecotypes in floodplain forest and a semi-deciduous forest in Venezuela shows a displacement of at least 2 mo in the periodicity, except for stem-succulent tree species. For stem-succulent trees it remains unclear which factors influence phenology and stem diameter growth.

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26

Gričar, Jožica, Katarina Čufar, Klemen Eler, Vladimír Gryc, Hanuš Vavrčík, Martin de Luis i Peter Prislan. "Transition Dates from Earlywood to Latewood and Early Phloem to Late Phloem in Norway Spruce". Forests 12, nr 3 (11.03.2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030331.

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Climate change will affect radial growth patterns of trees, which will result in different forest productivity, wood properties, and timber quality. While many studies have been published on xylem phenology and anatomy lately, little is known about the phenology of earlywood and latewood formation, also in relation to cambial phenology. Even less information is available for phloem. Here, we examined year-to-year variability of the transition dates from earlywood to latewood and from early phloem to late phloem in Norway spruce (Picea abies) from three temperate sites, two in Slovenia and one in the Czech Republic. Data on xylem and phloem formation were collected during 2009–2011. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the specific contribution of growth rate and duration on wood and phloem production, separately for early and late formed parts. We found significant differences in the transition date from earlywood to latewood between the selected sites, but not between growth seasons in trees from the same site. It occurred in the first week of July at PAN and MEN and more than two weeks later at RAJ. The duration of earlywood formation was longer than that of latewood formation; from 31.4 days at PAN to 61.3 days at RAJ. In phloem, we found differences in transition date from early phloem to late phloem also between the analysed growth seasons; from 2.5 weeks at PAN to 4 weeks at RAJ Compared to the transition from earlywood to latewood the transition from early phloem to late phloem occurred 25–64 days earlier. There was no significant relationship between the onset of cambial cell production and the transition dates. The findings are important to better understand the inter-annual variability of these phenological events in spruce from three contrasting temperate sites, and how it is reflected in xylem and phloem anatomy.

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27

Sass, Ute, Wulf Killmann i Dieter Eckstein. "Wood Formation in Two Species of Dipterocarpaceae in Peninsular Malaysia". IAWA Journal 16, nr 4 (1995): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001427.

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The wood formation of kapur (Dryobalanops sumatrensis) and tembaga (Shorea leprosula), growing under a weak seasonal climate in West Malaysia was studied over a four-year period using cambium marking. Technical problems arose from the heavy callus formation due to the wounding of the cambium, the small radial increment, and the high variability of the cambial activity around and along the stem. Wood formation in the two tree species appears to be a continuous process and not related to seasonality in rainfall and phenology.

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Zhang, Junzhou, Xiaohua Gou, Neil Pederson, Fen Zhang, Haoge Niu, Shoudong Zhao i Fang Wang. "Cambial phenology in Juniperus przewalskii along different altitudinal gradients in a cold and arid region". Tree Physiology 38, nr 6 (1.02.2018): 840–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx160.

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Rao, K. S., i Kishore S. Rajput. "Seasonal Behaviour of Vascular Cambium in Teak (Tectona Grandis) Growing in Moist Deciduous and Dry Deciduous Forests". IAWA Journal 20, nr 1 (1999): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001553.

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Seasonal behaviour of vascular cambium in Tectona grandis L. f. growing in Moist Deciduous Forests (MDF) and Dry Deciduous Forests (DDF) of Gujarat State in Western India was studied for one annual cycle. In both the forests active cambial cell division and simultaneous differentiation of xylem and phloem started in June when the dormant shoot buds opened. In MDF cambial cell activity reached its peak in August-September and ceased in October; in DDF it ceased in November after reaching a peak in July-August. Maximum radial growth in trees of both forests occurred during the monsoon period. In both forests, phloem differentiation ceased before xylem differentiation. During dry months and the leafless periods the cambium remained dormant. Xylem mother cells next to the mature xylem in MDF underwent differentiation into xylem elements following the onset of periclinal divisions in March. In both forests, the seasonal anatomical changes associated with the cambium closely followed the phenology of the tree and local climatic conditions.

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30

Belmecheri, Soumaya, William E. Wright, Paul Szejner, Kiyomi A. Morino i Russell K. Monson. "Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionations in tree rings reveal interactions between cambial phenology and seasonal climate". Plant, Cell & Environment 41, nr 12 (31.08.2018): 2758–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.13401.

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Deslauriers, A., S. Rossi, T. Anfodillo i A. Saracino. "Cambial phenology, wood formation and temperature thresholds in two contrasting years at high altitude in southern Italy". Tree Physiology 28, nr 6 (1.06.2008): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.6.863.

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Ziaco, Emanuele, i Franco Biondi. "Tree growth, cambial phenology, and wood anatomy of limber pine at a Great Basin (USA) mountain observatory". Trees 30, nr 5 (23.03.2016): 1507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-016-1384-7.

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Rajput, Kishore S. "Development of successive cambia and wood structure in stem of Rivea hypocriteriformis (Convolvulaceae)". Polish Botanical Journal 61, nr 1 (1.07.2016): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pbj-2016-0003.

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Abstract This study examined the formation of successive rings of cambia in Rivea hypocriteriformis Choisy (Convolvulaceae). The mature stem is composed of four to five rings of xylem alternating with phloem. Successive cambia originate as smaller and larger segments; union and anastomosing of small cambial segments often leads to the formation of discontinuous rings. In the initial stage of growth, several vascular bundles interconnect to form the first ring of vascular cambium. The cambium remains functional for one complete season and becomes dormant during summer; a new ring of cambium is completed prior to the subsequent monsoon season and sprouting of new leaves. Successive cambia are initiated from the pericyclic parenchyma situated three to four cell layers outside of the protophloem. Functionally, all the successive cambia are bidirectional and produce secondary xylem centripetally and phloem centrifugally. The secondary xylem is diffuse-porous, with indistinct growth rings and consisting of wide fibriform vessels, fibre tracheids, and axial and ray parenchyma cells. The xylem rays are uni- to multiseriate and heterocellular. The multiseriate rays contain lignified marginal ray cells and thin-walled, unlignified central cells. The central ray cells also show accumulations of starch and druses. Discrete strands of intraxylary phloem occur at the periphery of the pith, and additional intraxylary phloem develops from adjacent cells as secondary growth progresses. Earlier-formed phloem shows heavy accumulation of callose, followed by its compaction. The development of successive cambia is correlated with extension growth and with the phenology of the plant.

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34

Qian, Nipeng, Haoxin Gao, Zhenzhao Xu, Chaojie Song, Chunchao Dong, Wei Zeng, Zhen Sun, Bilige Siqing i Qijing Liu. "Cambial phenology and wood formation of Korean pine in response to climate change in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China". Dendrochronologia 77 (luty 2023): 126045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2022.126045.

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Zhang, Junzhou, Xiaohua Gou, Ruben D. Manzanedo, Fen Zhang i Neil Pederson. "Cambial phenology and xylogenesis of Juniperus przewalskii over a climatic gradient is influenced by both temperature and drought". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 260-261 (październik 2018): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.011.

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36

Gričar, Jožica, Jernej Jevšenak, Polona Hafner, Peter Prislan, Mitja Ferlan, Martina Lavrič, Dominik Vodnik i Klemen Eler. "Climatic regulation of leaf and cambial phenology in Quercus pubescens: Their interlinkage and impact on xylem and phloem conduits". Science of The Total Environment 802 (styczeń 2022): 149968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149968.

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Davison, EM, i FCS Tay. "Phenology of Eucalyptus marginata on Sites Infested With Phytophthora cinnamomi". Australian Journal of Botany 37, nr 3 (1989): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890193.

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The phenology of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) was followed at three sites, Churchmans, Karnet and Ross, in the high rainfall zone of the jarrah forest for a minimum of 3 years. On each site, trees growing in an area infested with the soil-borne, pathogenic fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback area) were compared with trees of similar diameter in the adjacent, uninfested forest (healthy area). Phenology of jarrah on these dieback sites did not follow a consistent pattern. In the dieback area at Churchmans, the cambium was active more often, and trees had young leaves in their crown more frequently than trees in the healthy area, while at Karnet the reverse occurred. This is consistent with growth measurements. At Ross, in the dieback area, the cambium was active less often but young leaves were seen more frequently than in trees in the healthy area. The trees did not flower every year. At Ross flowering started in early October while at Karnet and Churchmans it started at least 1 month later. New leaves were produced intermittently during autumn and winter while the main leaf flush occurred in spring and summer. Data from all years showed that the leaf flush started earlier at Ross than at Karnet and Churchmans. The cambium was intermittently active throughout the year with most trees growing in late autumn, winter and spring. Observations of stem growth following unseasonable summer rainfall suggest that cambial activity is triggered by high, surface soil moisture, but only if soil aeration is adequate. It is unlikely that timing of the main leaf flush and flowering are determined solely by temperature, soil moisture or photoperiod.

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38

Rao, Karumanchi S., i Kishore S. Rajput. "Relationship between seasonal cambial activity, development of xylem and phenology in Azadirachta indica growing in different forests of Gujarat State". Annals of Forest Science 58, nr 6 (sierpień 2001): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2001156.

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39

Buajan, S., P. Songtrirat i C. Muangsong. "RELATIONSHIP OF CAMBIAL ACTIVITY AND XYLEM PRODUCTION IN TEAK (TECTONA GRANDIS) TO PHENOLOGY AND CLIMATIC VARIABLES IN NORTH-WESTERN THAILAND". JOURNAL OF TROPICAL FOREST SCIENCE 35, nr 2 (20.04.2023): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2023.35.2.141.

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Gri ar, J., P. Prislan, V. Gryc, H. Vavr ik, M. de Luis i K. ufar. "Plastic and locally adapted phenology in cambial seasonality and production of xylem and phloem cells in Picea abies from temperate environments". Tree Physiology 34, nr 8 (12.04.2014): 869–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu026.

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Marcati, Carmen Regina, Veronica Angyalossy i Ray Franklin Evert. "SEASONAL VARIATION IN WOOD FORMATION OF CEDRELA FISSILIS (MELIACEAE)". IAWA Journal 27, nr 2 (2006): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000149.

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Cambial activity and periodicity of secondary xylem formation in Cedrela fissilis, a semi-ring-porous species, were studied. Wood samples were collected periodically from 1996 to 2000. The phenology was related to climate data of the region. The cambium has one active and one dormant period per year. The active period coincides with the wet season when trees leaf-out. The dormant period coincides with the dry season when trees lose their leaves. Growth rings are marked by parenchyma bands that begin to be formed, together with the small latewood vessels, just before the cambium becomes dormant at the beginning of the dry season. These bands are added to when the cambium reactivates in the wet season. At this time, the large earlywood vessels of the growth rings are also formed. As these bands consist of both terminal and initial parenchyma, we suggest the general term marginal bands be used to describe them. The growth layers vary in width among and within the trees.

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42

González-González, Borja D., Ignacio García-González i Rosa Ana Vázquez-Ruiz. "Comparative cambial dynamics and phenology of Quercus robur L. and Q. pyrenaica Willd. in an Atlantic forest of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula". Trees 27, nr 6 (17.07.2013): 1571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-013-0905-x.

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Costa, Monique S., Thaís J. de Vasconcellos, Claudia F. Barros i Cátia H. Callado. "Does growth rhythm of a widespread species change in distinct growth sites?" IAWA Journal 34, nr 4 (2013): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000040.

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This study is aimed to understand responses in growth rhythm to different climatic conditions of the widespread deciduous species Cedrela odorata. Our own research was conducted in Nova Iguaçu. Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) and compared with literature data from Aripuanã. Mato Grosso State, Brazil), Manaus. Amazonas State, Brazil) and Barinas. Barinas State, Venezuela). Growth periodicity was evaluated through leaf phenological behavior and radial growth. In Nova Iguaçu, leaf phenology was monitored monthly and radial growth was evaluated by cambial histological analysis of samples collected in wet and dry seasons. In the other sites, the authors evaluated the growth rhythm by dendrometer bands. Growth always occurs in the wet season, even when there is no water deficit during the dry season. Thus, the species is considered conservative concerning the maintenance of growth seasonality. Nevertheless, C. odorata was able to change its growth period, following local seasonality of its different growth sites. Therefore we suggest caution when performing climate analysis from a chronology using trees that grow in different periods of the year.

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44

Patel, Vinay R., S. Pramod i Karumanchi S. Rao. "Cambial activity, annual rhythm of xylem production in relation to phenology and climatic factors and lignification pattern during xylogenesis in drum-stick tree (Moringa oleifera)". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 209, nr 10 (październik 2014): 556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.08.002.

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45

Di Filippo, Alfredo, Michele Baliva, Michele Brunetti i Luca Di Fiore. "Long-Term Tree-Ring Response to Drought and Frost in Two Pinus halepensis Populations Growing under Contrasting Environmental Conditions in Peninsular Italy". Forests 12, nr 3 (6.03.2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030305.

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Pinus halepensis dominates coastal to mountain areas throughout the Mediterranean Basin. Its growth plasticity, based on polycyclic shoot formation and dynamic cambial activity, and tolerance to extreme drought and exceptional frosts, allows it to colonize a vast array of environments. We used tree-rings from codominant pines to compare lifespan, growth rates, age and size distribution in a typical coastal (i.e., prolonged drought, occasional low-intensity fires) vs. inland hilly (i.e., moister conditions, recurrent frosts) population. BAI trends, growth-limiting climate factors and tree-ring anatomical anomalies were analyzed considering the differences in climate and phenology obtained from multispectral satellite images. The species maximum lifespan was 100–125 years. Mortality was mainly due to fire on the coast, or heart-rot in the inland site. Populations differed in productivity, which was maintained over time despite recent warming. Site conditions affected the growing season dynamics, the control over ring formation by summer drought vs. winter cold and the frequency of anatomical anomalies. Recurrent frost rings, associated with temperatures below −10 °C, occurred only at the inland site. Pinus halepensis confirmed its remarkable growth plasticity to diverse and variable environmental conditions. Its ability to survive extreme events and sustain productivity confirmed its adaptability to climate change in coastal areas as well as on Mediterranean mountains.

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46

Hayden, B., D. F. Greene i M. Quesada. "A field experiment to determine the effect of dry-season precipitation on annual ring formation and leaf phenology in a seasonally dry tropical forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, nr 2 (29.01.2010): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990563.

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Abstract:Trees growing in a seasonally tropical dry forest, with its characteristic 5–7-mo rainless interval, possess a variety of physiological adaptations to drought, the most common being leaf abscission. At the Estacion Biologia de Chamela in western Mexico, we experimentally examined the relationship between one-time experimental irrigation ranging as 0 (control) to 200 mm, and (1) the degree of bud burst (and, for a single species, flowering), and (2) the formation of a false ring. Additionally, we used long-term records at a nearby meteorological station to determine the probability of a rain event exceeding a particular intensity (mm). For our seven species (particularly the two most common species: Cordia alliodora and Piptadenia constricta), we found that the degree of budburst and leaf extension was a function of irrigation intensity. In no case, however, did we find false rings, or indeed any indication of cambial activity initiated by the irrigation event. Further, there was no effect of intensity on subsequent relative growth rate in the following wet season. While sufficient rainfall (200 mm) to cause full leaf deployment is rare, nonetheless we estimate that a canopy tree in the study area would experience an event of this magnitude at least a few times per century. In any case, it will have no effect on the reliability of annual rings in this biome, nor any effect on diameter growth in (at least) the following year.

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47

Venugopal, N., i M. G. Liangkuwang. "Cambial activity and annual rhythm of xylem production of elephant apple tree (Dillenia indica Linn.) in relation to phenology and climatic factor growing in sub-tropical wet forest of northeast India". Trees 21, nr 1 (14.11.2006): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-006-0101-3.

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Dhirendra Singh, N., i N. Venugopal. "Cambial activity and annual rhythm of xylem production of Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon (Pinaceae) in relation to phenology and climatic factors growing in sub-tropical wet forest of North East India". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 206, nr 3 (marzec 2011): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2010.04.021.

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Jyske, Tuula, Sini Keinänen, Teemu Hölttä, Anna Lintunen, Andrey Pranovich, Tapio Laakso, Jussi-Petteri Suuronen, Gabriel da Silva Viana i Timo Pakkala. "Pilot Study of Sap Properties of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Trees Used and Not Used for Sap- Feeding by Three-Toed Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus)". Forests 13, nr 10 (13.10.2022): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101681.

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The ecophysiology of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees that were used by three-toed woodpeckers (TTW) (Picoides tridactylus) for their sap-feeding activities were investigated. The pilot study was conducted in southern Finland (61°15′ N, 25°00′ E). During April–June 2015, three different tree categories of Norway spruce were selected for monitoring: trees that were frequently used by the TTWs for phloem sap-feeding for several previous years; trees that were only recently used by TTWs for sap-feeding; and control trees that were not used at all for sap-feeding. Phloem sap and phloem tissue samples were frequently extracted from tree trunks and analyzed for the content and composition of nonstructural carbohydrates, phloem sap osmolality, solute, and water content, as well as for the content and composition of secondary metabolites typical for defense reactions in the phloem. Simple crown characteristics were also measured, including tree height, diameter at breast height, and their ratio (slenderness index). According to our results, the TTWs preferred Norway spruce trees that showed advanced spring phenology to feed on, as evidenced especially by the lower ratio of raffinose (typically high during the winter months) to total soluble sugars of phloem tissues as compared to non-used control trees. The lower slenderness index of the trees chosen by the TTWs indicates low canopy competition pressure with good access to light (i.e., the sun heats the trunks well in spring). There were no differences in the phloem osmolality or solute content between the used or unused control trees. The trees used by the TTWs had significantly higher concentrations of antioxidant phenolic (+)-catechins and stilbene glycosides in phloem tissue, and the stilbene content was also higher in the extracted sap. The phenolics content of the phloem tissue had a clear seasonal trend, being the highest in the early spring and lower towards the onset of the cambial growth processes. The phloem sap is rich in antioxidants and soluble sugars that are potentially beneficial for the TTWs, but more quantitative research is needed to explore the importance of the sap properties to TTWs.

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Gómez-Casero, Mª Teresa, Carmen Galán i Eugenio Domínguez-Vilches. "Flowering phenology of Mediterranean Quercus species in different locations (Córdoba, SW Iberian Peninsula)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 32 (1.12.2007): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v32i0.7033.

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ABSTRACT. Flowering phenology of Mediterranean Quercus species in different locations (Córdoba, SW Iberian Peninsula). Periodical qualitative and quantitative checking of flowering phases was carried out over six growing seasons (1997-2002) for the three Mediterranean Quercus species found in Sierra Morena (Córdoba, SW Spain): Q. ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., Q. coccifera L. and Q. suber L. A total of 60 individuals were selected. Additionally, 30 Quercus ilex ssp. ballota individuals were selected and studied in Sierras Subbéticas (Priego de Córdoba, SW Spain) in 1999 and 2000. Morphological changes occurring at different points in each phenological phase were charted. Among species differences were found for inflorescences/male and female flowers, in terms of the phenological flowering sequence. Male inflorescences displayed a more homogeneous development. All individuals and populations were proterandrous. Phenological trends and ranges were charted. Although trends varied with species and year, the overall phenological trend seemed to fit a sigmoid curve in all cases, increasing with phenological development. Shorter ranges were obtained in years with warmer springs, and longer ranges in colder years. Moreover, phenological range differed as a function of species and location. In general, Q. ilex ssp. ballota flowered earlier than the rest, Q. suber displaying the latest flowering period. Individuals located at lower altitudes and facing the sun flowered earlier, followed in most years by those located at higher altitudes. Thus, Q. ilex ssp. ballota flowered earlier in Sierra Morena than in the higher-altitude Sierras Subbéticas.Key words. Flowering, Quercus, reproductive phenology, range, tendency.RESUMEN. Fenología floral de tres especies mediterráneas de Quercus en diferentes localidades (Córdoba, Suroeste Península Ibérica). Se ha realizado un seguimiento periódico cuantitativo y cualitativo de las fenofases florales de tres especies mediterráneas de Quercus localizadas en Sierra Morena (Córdoba, suroeste de España) por un periodo total de seis años (1997-2002): Q. ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., Q. coccifera L. y Q. suber L. Se seleccionaron un total de 60 individuos de las tres especies. Adicionalmente, un total de 30 individuos de Quercus ilex ssp. ballota fueron seleccionados y estudiados en las Sierras Subbéticas (Priego de Córdoba, suroeste de España) durante los años 1999 y 2000. Se estudiaron los cambios morfológicos ocurridos en cada fase fenológica. Se encontraron diferencias en el desarrollo fenológico entre inflorescencias/flores masculinas y femeninasen las diferentes especies estudiadas. Las inflorescencias masculinas mostraron un desarrollo más homogéneo. Todos los individuos y las poblaciones fueron proterandros. Las tendencias y amplitudes fenológicas fueron representadas gráficamente. Aunque las tendencias variaron en función de la especie y el año considerado, la tendencia general en todos los casos, se asemejó a una curva sigmoide aumentando su pendiente a medida que avanza su desarrollo fenológico. Las amplitudes fenológicas más cortas se obtuvieron los años con primaveras más cálidas, y las mayores en las más frías. Además, la amplitud fenológica fue diferente en función de la especie y la localización de los individuos. En general, Q. ilex ssp. ballota floreció antes que el resto, Q. suber presentó el periodo de floración más tardío. Los individuos localizados a menores altitudes y los dispuestos en dirección al sol florecieron antes, seguidos la mayoría de los años por aquéllos situados en altitudes mayores. De esta forma, Q. ilex ssp. ballota floreció antes en Sierra Morena que en las Sierras Subbéticas situadas a mayor altitud.Palabras clave. Floración, Quercus, fenología reproductiva, amplitud, tendencia

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