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Hayward, P. J., I. M. George, R. A. Kaatz i D. R. Olander. "Measurement of 2000–2100°C oxygen diffusion coefficients in hypostoichiometric UO2". Journal of Nuclear Materials 244, nr 1 (marzec 1997): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(96)00722-2.
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Nipoti, Roberta, A. Nath, Mulpuri V. Rao, Anders Hallén, F. Mancarella, S. Zampolli i Y. L. Tian. "High Dose Al+ Implanted and Microwave Annealed 4H-SiC". Materials Science Forum 717-720 (maj 2012): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.817.
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A post implantation microwave annealing technique has been applied for the electrical activation of Al+ implanted ions in semi-insulating 4H-SiC. The annealing temperatures have been 2000-2100°C. The implanted Al concentration has varied from 5 x 1019 to 8 x 1020 cm-3. A minimum resistivity of 2 x 10-2 Ω∙cm and about 70% electrical activation of the implanted Al has been measured at room temperature for an implanted Al concentration of 8 x 1020 cm-3 and a microwave annealing at 2100°C for 30 s.
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Jayakumari, Sethulakshmy, i Merete Tangstad. "Transformation of β-SiC from Charcoal, Coal, and Petroleum Coke to α-SiC at Higher Temperatures". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 51, nr 6 (7.10.2020): 2673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01970-1.
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AbstractSiC is one of the main intermediate compounds formed during the industrial production of silicon (Si). In the Si process, SiC is produced when carbon added to the raw materials reacts with the silicon monoxide gas (SiO(g)) formed in the furnace. Carbon materials used are either biomass-based (charcoal and wood chips) or based on fossil sources (coal, coke, petroleum coke). The most common forms of SiC prevailing at atmospheric pressure are the polytypes of α-SiC and β-SiC. β-SiC is formed at low temperatures and transforms to α-SiC at higher temperatures (> 2000 °C). In this study, β-SiC with elemental Si of varying amounts, formed from industrial carbon materials (charcoal, coal, and petroleum coke), were utilized to study the transformation of β-SiC to α-SiC. A graphite tube furnace efficient for high-temperature experiments was utilized for the heat treatment of β-SiC particles at temperatures ranging from 2100 °C to 2450 °C. The transformation to α-SiC was greatly influenced by the original carbon source. Charcoal-converted β-SiC particles easily transformed to α-SiC at 2100 °C, compared with β-SiC produced from coal and petroleum coke. Moreover, the amount of elemental Si in SiC particles enhanced the transformation to α-SiC at 2100 °C.
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Martynenko, V. V., P. O. Kushchenko, V. V. Primachenko, I. G. Shulyk, O. B. Protsak i V. V. Varganov. "Phase formation processes and main properties of zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, depending on the temperature of its thermal treatment". Scientific research on refractories and technical ceramics 121 (30.12.2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35857/2663-3566.121.06.
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The phase formation processes and the main properties of samples from zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, thermal-treated in the temperature range 200—2100 °C, have been studied. It was found that, the most complete interaction of P2O5 with cubic ZrO2 occurs in the temperature range 1200—1400 °C. This manifests itself in a significant destabilization of the cubic ZrO2 phase (the amount of which varies from 70 to 35 %) and is accompanied by a drop in the samples strength (cold crushing strength varies from 62—72 to 35—44 N/mm2), which remains sufficient to maintain the structural strength of lining. The destabilization process of the ZrO2 cubic phase ends at a temperature of 1700 °C. An increase in the thermal treatment temperature of the samples from 1700 to 2000 °C causes the decomposition of aluminium, calcium and zirconium phosphates and leads to the re-stabilization of ZrО2. These processes contribute to compaction (apparent density increases from 4.28 to 4.30 g/cm3) and hardening of the samples structure (cold crushing strength increases from 72 to 95 N/mm2). A further increase in temperature from 2000 to 2100 °C leads to some melting of the sample surface due to the melting of corundum at a temperature of 2050—2070 °C.
It has been established that, in the phase formation process in the temperature range 200—2000 °C the strength of lining made of zirconia-alumina ramming mix is sufficiently high to ensure its structural strength during service. In connection with the above, the maximum service temperature of the lining made of the developed zirconia-alumina ramming mix should not exceed 2000 °C.
The results of the carried out studies were used in the development of a new type of product — zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, intended for making a working lining layer at the border of combustion chambers and mixing industrial reactors for carbon black production.
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Li, Long, Wen Sun Ge, Yong Chen i Zhao Hui Sun. "Study on Slag Corrosion of the Magnesia Lining during Ferrovanadium Smelting Process". Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (wrzesień 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.96.
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The V2O3 is used as raw material to smelt FeV80 alloy by means of electric aluminothermic process in the vanadium products factory of PanGang, resulting in serious corrosion of magnesia lining. In order to analyze the above issues, some lining samples were taken from the locations where the refractory contacts with molten slag after furnace cooling, and processed to conduct SEM analysis. The research results showed that the slag corrosion of magnesia lining proceeds mainly in form of dissolution, The solubility of MgO in molten slag increases from 3.3% to 41% with the increase of smelting temperature from 1900°C to 2200°C based on the phase diagram analysis. The corrosion rate of magnesia lining at temperature 2000°C, 2100°C, 2200°C are about 13, 22 and 33 times than that at temperature 1900°C, respectively. Therefore，to control the ferrovanadium processing temperature below 2000°C is conducive to prolong the service time of magnesia lining.
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Tan, Z., L. L. Tieszen, E. Tachie-Obeng, S. Liu i A. M. Dieye. "Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: land use, management, and climate". Biogeosciences Discussions 5, nr 3 (2.06.2008): 2343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-2343-2008.
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Abstract. We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the last century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha−1 in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha−1 in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha−1 to 21.2 Mg C ha−1. If no land use change takes place from 2000 through 2100, low and high climate change scenarios (increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over time) will result in losses of soil organic C stock by 19% and 25%, respectively. A low nitrogen (N) fertilization rate is the principal constraint on current crop production. An increase in N fertilization under the low climate change scenario would increase crop yield by 14% with 30 kg N ha−1 and by 38% with 60 kg N ha−1, leading to an increase in the average soil C stock by 12% and 29%, respectively, in all cropland by 2100. The results suggest that the climate changes in the future from current climate conditions will not necessarily become a determinant control on ecosystem C fluxes and crop production, while a reasonable N fertilization rate is critical to achieve food security and agricultural sustainability in the study area through the 21st century, and current cropping systems could be optimized to make full use of the rainfall resource.
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Chen, Jiaxin, Stephen J. Colombo, Michael T. Ter-Mikaelian i Linda S. Heath. "Future carbon storage in harvested wood products from Ontario’s Crown forests". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, nr 7 (lipiec 2008): 1947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-046.
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This analysis quantifies projected carbon (C) storage in harvested wood products (HWP) from Ontario’s Crown forests. The large-scale forest C budget model, FORCARB-ON, was applied to estimate HWP C stock changes using the production approach defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Harvested wood volume was converted to C mass and allocated to four HWP end-use categories: in use, landfill, energy, and emission. The redistribution of C over time among HWP end-use categories was calculated using a product age-based C-distribution matrix. Carbon emissions for harvest, transport, and manufacturing, as well as emission reductions from the use of wood in place of other construction materials and fossil fuels were not accounted for. Considering the wood harvested from Ontario Crown forests from 1951 to 2000 and the projected harvest from 2001 to 2100, C storage in HWP in use and in landfills is projected to increase by 3.6 Mt·year–1 during 2001–2100, with an additional 1.2 Mt·year–1 burned for energy. Annual additions of C projected for HWP far outweighs the annual increase of C storage in Ontario’s Crown forests managed for harvest, which is projected to increase by 0.1 Mt·year–1 during the same period. These projections indicate that regulated harvest in Ontario results in a steadily increasing C sink in HWP and forests. Uncertainties in HWP C estimation are also discussed.
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Tan, Z., L. L. Tieszen, E. Tachie-Obeng, S. Liu i A. M. Dieye. "Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: land use, management, and climate". Biogeosciences 6, nr 1 (8.01.2009): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-45-2009.
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Abstract. We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use and land cover, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the 20th century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha−1 in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha−1 in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha−1 to 21.2 Mg C ha−1. If no land use change takes place from 2000 through 2100, low and high climate change scenarios (increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over time) will result in losses of soil organic C stock by 16% and 20%, respectively. A low nitrogen (N) fertilization rate is the principal constraint on current crop production. An increase in N fertilization under the low climate change scenario would lead to an increase in the average crop yield by 21% with 30 kg N ha−1 and by 42% with 60 kg N ha−1 (varying with crop species), accordingly, the average soil C stock would decrease by 2% and increase by 17%, in all cropping systems by 2100. The results suggest that a reasonable N fertilization rate is critical to achieve food security and agricultural sustainability in the study area through the 21st century. Adaptation strategies for climate change in this study area require national plans to support policies and practices that provide adequate N fertilizers to sustain soil C and crop yields and to consider high temperature tolerant crop species if these temperature projections are exceeded.
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Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich, Tabea K. Lissner, Erich M. Fischer, Jan Wohland, Mahé Perrette, Antonius Golly, Joeri Rogelj i in. "Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5 °C and 2 °C". Earth System Dynamics 7, nr 2 (21.04.2016): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-327-2016.
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Abstract. Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels of global-mean temperature increase are vital to guide assessments of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The 2015 Paris Agreement includes a two-headed temperature goal: "holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C". Despite the prominence of these two temperature limits, a comprehensive overview of the differences in climate impacts at these levels is still missing. Here we provide an assessment of key impacts of climate change at warming levels of 1.5 °C and 2 °C, including extreme weather events, water availability, agricultural yields, sea-level rise and risk of coral reef loss. Our results reveal substantial differences in impacts between a 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming that are highly relevant for the assessment of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. For heat-related extremes, the additional 0.5 °C increase in global-mean temperature marks the difference between events at the upper limit of present-day natural variability and a new climate regime, particularly in tropical regions. Similarly, this warming difference is likely to be decisive for the future of tropical coral reefs. In a scenario with an end-of-century warming of 2 °C, virtually all tropical coral reefs are projected to be at risk of severe degradation due to temperature-induced bleaching from 2050 onwards. This fraction is reduced to about 90 % in 2050 and projected to decline to 70 % by 2100 for a 1.5 °C scenario. Analyses of precipitation-related impacts reveal distinct regional differences and hot-spots of change emerge. Regional reduction in median water availability for the Mediterranean is found to nearly double from 9 % to 17 % between 1.5 °C and 2 °C, and the projected lengthening of regional dry spells increases from 7 to 11 %. Projections for agricultural yields differ between crop types as well as world regions. While some (in particular high-latitude) regions may benefit, tropical regions like West Africa, South-East Asia, as well as Central and northern South America are projected to face substantial local yield reductions, particularly for wheat and maize. Best estimate sea-level rise projections based on two illustrative scenarios indicate a 50 cm rise by 2100 relative to year 2000-levels for a 2 °C scenario, and about 10 cm lower levels for a 1.5 °C scenario. In a 1.5 °C scenario, the rate of sea-level rise in 2100 would be reduced by about 30 % compared to a 2 °C scenario. Our findings highlight the importance of regional differentiation to assess both future climate risks and different vulnerabilities to incremental increases in global-mean temperature. The article provides a consistent and comprehensive assessment of existing projections and a good basis for future work on refining our understanding of the difference between impacts at 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming.
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Akasofu, Syun Ichi, i Hiroshi L Tanaka. "On the importance of the natural components in climate change study: Temperature rise in the study of climate change". Physics & Astronomy International Journal 5, nr 2 (27.08.2021): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2021.05.00236.
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The theme of this paper is to show that the temperature rising rate by the greenhouse gases is only 1/5 of what is generally considered. This conclusion is based on identifying two natural global changes. One of them is a near-linear change after the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the second is the Pacific (PDO) and Atlantic AMO) decadal oscillations, together called MDO. After the end of the LIA in about 1850, the rising rate of temperature rise has been approximately linear with the rate + 0.3°C/100 years, while the MDO has been super9 posed on it with an amplitude of 0.2°C (the range = 0.4ºC) and the period of 40-60 years. The combined rise of temperature by the two natural components between 1975 and 2000 (which is considered to be due to CO2 by the IPCC) is 0.47°C; it is comparable with the observed rise of 0.5°C during the same period. Thus, the contribution of the greenhouse gases for the same period is estimated to be at most 0.1°C, not 0.5°C.It is estimated that the temperature rise from 2000 to 2100 will be 0.9°C± 0.2°C (=‘recovery’ from LIA + greenhouse gases + MDO), namely 0.3°C + 0.4°C ± 0.2°C, namely between 0.7°C and 1.1°C, assuming that the present production rate of the greenhouse gases is maintained.
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Murray-Tortarolo, G., P. Friedlingstein, S. Sitch, V. J. Jaramillo, F. Murguía-Flores, A. Anav, Y. Liu i in. "The carbon cycle in Mexico: past, present and future of C stocks and fluxes". Biogeosciences Discussions 12, nr 15 (10.08.2015): 12501–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-12501-2015.
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Abstract. We modelled the carbon (C) cycle in Mexico with a process-based approach. We used different available products (satellite data, field measurements, models and flux towers) to estimate C stocks and fluxes in the country at three different time frames: present (defined as the period 2000–2005), the past century (1901–2000) and the remainder of this century (2010–2100). Our estimate of the gross primary productivity (GPP) for the country was 2137 ± 1023 Tg C yr−1 and a total C stock of 34 506 ± 7483 Tg C, with 20 347 ± 4622 Pg C in vegetation and 14 159 ± 3861 in the soil. Contrary to other current estimates for recent decades, our results showed that Mexico was a C sink over the period 1990–2009 (+31 Tg C yr−1) and that C accumulation over the last century amounted to 1210 ± 1040 Tg C. We attributed this sink to the CO2 fertilization effect on GPP, which led to an increase of 3408 ± 1060 Tg C, while both climate and land use reduced the country C stocks by −458 ± 1001 and −1740 ± 878 Tg C, respectively. Under different future scenarios the C sink will likely continue over 21st century, with decreasing C uptake as the climate forcing becomes more extreme. Our work provides valuable insights on relevant driving processes of the C-cycle such as the role of drought in marginal lands (e.g. grasslands and shrublands) and the impact of climate change on the mean residence time of C in tropical ecosystems.
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Preetha, Pooja, i Mahbub Hasan. "Scrutinizing the Hydrological Responses of Chennai, India Using Coupled SWAT-FEM Model under Land Use Land Cover and Climate Change Scenarios". Land 12, nr 5 (22.04.2023): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12050938.
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This study implemented a coupled SWAT-FEM simulation model to evaluate the impacts of land use land cover and climate change scenarios (LCS) on the water resources of river catchments in Chennai, India. The land use land cover data were obtained by merging the source data from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) and International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Climate change simulations were obtained from four global climate models (GCM), including GFDL Baseline Scenario (1981–2000), GFDL A1B Scenario (2081–2100), CCSM4 Baseline Scenario (1986–2005), and CCSM4 A1B Scenario (2081–2100). The LCS predicted temperature increases of 2.32 °C and 1.74 °C for GFDL and CCSM4, respectively, by the end of the century. The water use predictions suggested increases above 20% in the utilization of water by 2100, inferring the noticeable dynamics of inter-annual as well as inter-month variability in water resources in the river basins of Chennai soon. The study is novel through its implementation of a coupled modeling approach to improve the practicality of the SWAT-FEM model and to deliver useful projections of land and climate change impacts on hydrological responses. The results provide useful insights into how the variability in climate conditions alters the spatiotemporal water responses in catchment scales.
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Murray-Tortarolo, G., P. Friedlingstein, S. Sitch, V. J. Jaramillo, F. Murguía-Flores, A. Anav, Y. Liu i in. "The carbon cycle in Mexico: past, present and future of C stocks and fluxes". Biogeosciences 13, nr 1 (15.01.2016): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-223-2016.
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Abstract. We modeled the carbon (C) cycle in Mexico with a process-based approach. We used different available products (satellite data, field measurements, models and flux towers) to estimate C stocks and fluxes in the country at three different time frames: present (defined as the period 2000–2005), the past century (1901–2000) and the remainder of this century (2010–2100). Our estimate of the gross primary productivity (GPP) for the country was 2137 ± 1023 TgC yr−1 and a total C stock of 34 506 ± 7483 TgC, with 20 347 ± 4622 TgC in vegetation and 14 159 ± 3861 in the soil.Contrary to other current estimates for recent decades, our results showed that Mexico was a C sink over the period 1990–2009 (+31 TgC yr−1) and that C accumulation over the last century amounted to 1210 ± 1040 TgC. We attributed this sink to the CO2 fertilization effect on GPP, which led to an increase of 3408 ± 1060 TgC, while both climate and land use reduced the country C stocks by −458 ± 1001 and −1740 ± 878 TgC, respectively. Under different future scenarios, the C sink will likely continue over the 21st century, with decreasing C uptake as the climate forcing becomes more extreme. Our work provides valuable insights on relevant driving processes of the C cycle such as the role of drought in drylands (e.g., grasslands and shrublands) and the impact of climate change on the mean residence time of soil C in tropical ecosystems.
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Almazroui, Mansour. "Temperature Changes over the CORDEX-MENA Domain in the 21st Century Using CMIP5 Data Downscaled with RegCM4: A Focus on the Arabian Peninsula". Advances in Meteorology 2019 (20.05.2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5395676.
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This paper examined the temperature changes from the COordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) over the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) domain called CORDEX-MENA. The focus is on the Arabian Peninsula in the 21st century, using data from three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models downscaled by RegCM4, a regional climate model. The analysis includes surface observations along with RegCM4 simulations and changes in threshold based on extreme temperature at the end of the 21st century relative to the base period (1971–2000). Irrespective of the driving CMIP5 models, the RegCM4 simulations show enhanced future temperature changes for RCP8.5 as compared to RCP4.5. The Arabian Peninsula will warm at a faster rate (0.83°C per decade) as compared to the entire domain (0.79°C per decade) for RCP8.5 during the period 2071–2100. Moreover, the number of hot days (Tmax ≥ 50°C) (cold nights: Tmin ≤ 5°C) will increase (decrease) faster in the Arabian Peninsula as compared to the entire domain. This increase (decrease) of hot days (cold nights) will be more prominent in the far future (2071–2100) as compared to the near future (2021–2050) period. Moreover, the future changes in temperature over the main cities in Saudi Arabia are also projected. The RegCM4-based temperature simulation data from two suitable CMIP5 models are recommended as a useful database for further climate-change-related studies.
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Huh, Sung Wook, A. Y. Polyakov, Hun Jae Chung, Saurav Nigam, Marek Skowronski, E. R. Glaser, W. E. Carlos, Mark A. Fanton i N. B. Smirnov. "Deep Electron and Hole Traps in 6H-SiC Bulk Crystals Grown by the Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition". Materials Science Forum 527-529 (październik 2006): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.497.
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Deep electron and hole traps were studied in a series of high purity 6H-SiC single crystals grown by Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) method at various C/Si flow ratios and at temperatures between 2000 oC and 2100 oC. Characterization included Low Temperature Photoluminescence (LTPL), Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), Minority Carrier Transient Spectroscopy (MCTS), and Thermal Admittance Spectroscopy (TAS) measurements. Concentrations of all deep traps were shown to strongly decrease with increased C/Si flow ratio and with increased growth temperature. The results indicate that the majority of deep centers in 6H-SiC crystals grown by HCVD are due to native defects or complexes of native defects promoted by Si-rich growth conditions. The observed growth temperature dependence of residual donor concentration and traps density is explained by increasing the effective C/Si ratio at higher temperatures for the same nominal ratio of C and Si flows.
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FERNÁNDEZ-ROLDÁN, JUAN DAVID, JOHN D. LYNCH i GUIDO FABIAN MEDINA-RANGEL. "On the identities of Caecilia degenerata Dunn, 1942 and of C. corpulenta Taylor, 1968 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) with descriptions of three new species of Caecilia Linnaeus, 1758 from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia". Zootaxa 5227, nr 2 (5.01.2023): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5227.2.3.
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The Central portion of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia is currently reported to harbor two species of Caecilia distributed at comparable elevations on opposite versants of these Mountains. These are C. corpulenta, known from Virolín, Santander, at 1700–2000 m on the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental and C. degenerata, known from Garagoa, Boyacá, and Choachí and Fomequé, Cundinamarca, at 1800–2100 m on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental. Both species have dermal scales and lack secondary grooves, and have been subjected to misidentifications by herpetologists studying the Gymnophiona of the Eastern Andes of Colombia. Our results indicate that only the latter species is found in Colombia and the former is restricted to Peru, leaving those populations previously referred to C. corpulenta and those distinct from C. degenerata pending names. We here present an account for C. degenerata based on material from Choachí and Fómeque, Cundinamarca, as well as descriptions of three new species from the Cordillera Oriental and adjacent Venezuela: C. atelolepis sp. nov., C. epicrionopsoides sp. nov., and C. macrodonta sp. nov. We also provide additional morphological information for the recently described C. pulchraserrana.
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Shevko, V. M., A. M. Mambetali, G. E. Karataeva i B. A. Lavrov. "Production of ferroalloys from carbonaceous rock with replacement of steel chips with magnetite". Engineering Journal of Satbayev University 144, nr 2 (2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51301/ejsu.2022.i2.01.
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The article presents the results of studies on the production of ferrosilicon, ferrosilicoaluminium and Fe-Si-Al ligatures when replacing steel chips with magnetite. The object of research was the carbonaceous rock of the Borly deposit. Thermodynamic modeling was carried out using the HSC-5.1, Chemistry software package of the Finnish metallurgical company Outokumpu, based on the principle of minimizing Gibbs energy, and experimental studies-electric melting in an arc furnace at 1000-1400°C begin to form. It was found that under equilibrium conditions, the interaction of Borly ash components with magnetite and carbon in the presence of silicon oxide with silicon-containing reduction products - Si, SiO, FeSi2, Fe3Si, FeSi, SiC; with an increase in the amount of carbon, the degree of silicon extraction in SiC increases. in the elemental state and decreases- in Fe3Si, FeSi; the degree of silicon extraction into the alloy increases, amounting to at 2000°C and 51% carbon, and the degree of silicon transition into the alloy also increases, amounting to 76.4% at 2100°C and 51% carbon. It is determined that, from Borly ash under equilibrium conditions, it is possible to obtain ferrosilicon grades FeSi15, FeSi25, FeSi45 and FeSi50 in the temperature range 1260-1860°C and ferrosilicoaluminium grades FS45A10 and FS45A15 in the temperature range 1930-2100°C. It has been experimentally established that ferrosilicon of the FeSi60 brand (68.7% Si, 1.3% Al) is formed from the conclusions of the electric melting of coal waste together with magnetite concentrate, quartzite and coke.
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Schleussner, C. F., T. K. Lissner, E. M. Fischer, J. Wohland, M. Perrette, A. Golly, J. Rogelj i in. "Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5 °C and 2 °C". Earth System Dynamics Discussions 6, nr 2 (27.11.2015): 2447–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-6-2447-2015.
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Abstract. Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels of global-mean temperature increase are vital to guide assessments of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Currently, two such levels are discussed in the context of the international climate negotiations as long-term global temperature goals: a below 2 °C and a 1.5 °C limit in global-mean temperature rise above pre-industrial levels. Despite the prominence of these two temperature limits, a comprehensive assessment of the differences in climate impacts at these levels is still missing. Here we provide an assessment of key impacts of climate change at warming levels of 1.5 °C and 2 °C, including extreme weather events, water availability, agricultural yields, sea-level rise and risk of coral reef loss. Our results reveal substantial differences in impacts between 1.5 °C and 2 °C. For heat-related extremes, the additional 0.5 °C increase in global-mean temperature marks the difference between events at the upper limit of present-day natural variability and a new climate regime, particularly in tropical regions. Similarly, this warming difference is likely to be decisive for the future of tropical coral reefs. In a scenario with an end-of-century warming of 2 °C, virtually all tropical coral reefs are projected to be at risk of severe degradation due to temperature induced bleaching from 2050 onwards. This fraction is reduced to about 90 % in 2050 and projected to decline to 70 % by 2100 for a 1.5 °C scenario. Analyses of precipitation-related impacts reveal distinct regional differences and several hot-spots of change emerge. Regional reduction in median water availability for the Mediterranean is found to nearly double from 9 to 17 % between 1.5 °C and 2 °C, and the projected lengthening of regional dry spells increases from 7 % longer to 11 %. Projections for agricultural yields differ between crop types as well as world regions. While some (in particular high-latitude) regions may benefit, tropical regions like West Africa, South-East Asia, as well as Central and Northern South America are projected to face local yield reductions, particularly for wheat and maize. Best estimate sea-level rise projections based on two illustrative scenarios indicate a 50 cm rise by 2100 relative to year 2000-levels under a 2 °C warming, which is about 10 cm lower for a 1.5 °C scenario. Our findings highlight the importance of regional differentiation to assess future climate risks as well as different vulnerabilities to incremental increases in global-mean temperature. The article provides a consistent and comprehensive assessment of existing projections and a solid foundation for future work on refining our understanding of warming-level dependent climate impacts.
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KOÇ, İsmail. "Küresel İklim Değişikliği Senaryoları ile Samsun İlinde Yakın Gelecekteki Biyokonfor Bölgelerinin Belirlenmesi". Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 22, nr 2 (27.09.2022): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1179080.
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Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada, Eşleştirilmiş Model Karşılaştırılma Projesinin iklim değişikliği senaryoları kapsamında (SSPs 245 ve SSPs 585) çalışma alanının mevcut durum ve gelecekteki (günümüz, 2040, 2060, 2080) iklim değişikliklerinin belirlemesi amaçlamıştır.
Çalışmanın alanı: Çalışmaya konu alan Samsun ilidir.
Materyal ve yöntem: Güncel iklim verileri Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı 24 meteoroloji istasyonu tarafından yapılan ölçümlerden elde edilmiştir. Bu verilerden elde edilen 2000-2020 dönemine ait ölçüm verileri kullanılarak, bu çalışma için “Ters Mesafe Ağırlıklı” yöntemi ile iklim haritaları hazırlanmıştır. Bu haritalara biyokonfor indeks formülleri uygulanarak biyokonfor haritaları elde edilmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Bölgede günümüzde ortalama en düşük ve en yüksek sıcaklıklar yaklaşık olarak 7-24 °C arasında değişmektedir. İki senaryoya göre 2040 yılından 2080 yılına kadar sıcaklı 13-19 °C arasında değişecek ve daha sonra ilk senaryoya göre sabit kalırken ikinci senaryoya göre 2080-2100 arasında 19-25 °C’ye çıkacaktır. Sonuç olarak, bölge çok daha sıcak olacak ve 2100'de Samsun'da sıcak bölgeler olabilir.
Araştırma vurguları: Samsun ilindeki biyokonfor bölgeleri, özellikle soğutma maliyetleri başta olmak üzere, yakında önemli ölçüde değişecek ve iklimlendirme sistemlerinin kullandığı gazlar ve enerji tüketimi nedeniyle küresel iklim değişikliğine olumsuz katkıda bulunacaktır.
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Krutskii, Yuriy L., Tatiana M. Krutskaya, Tatiana S. Gudyma, Konstantin B. Gerasimov, Roman R. Khabirov i Anna V. Mass. "Carbothermal and boron carbide reduction of oxides of some transition metals". MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001040.
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The study presents a possible mechanism to produce carbides and diborides of transition metals, such as titanium, vanadium, chromium and zirconium. The carbothermal synthesis of transition metal carbides has defined the direct dependence between the thermodynamic stability of oxides and the temperature range of the reduction onset (the stronger the oxide, the higher the value of the temperature is). It reaches 2000-2100, 1500-1600, 1300-1400 and 2100-2200°C for such carbides as TiC, VC0,88, Cr3C2 and ZrC respectively. The same dependence has not been found for the diborides of these metals. Optimum synthesis temperatures for all these compounds lie in the range of 1600-1700 °C. This viable method to produce transition metal carbides consists in the transfer of vaporous higher and lower oxides. Diborides preparation involves the transfer of oxides and boron vapors onto the surface of the carbon material with the subsequent chemical interaction. In the case of carbide-boron reduction of zirconium oxide in excess of boron carbide, the reaction product will be a composite material (B4C – ZrB2). The ceramics based on this composite possesses high performance properties.
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Banerjee, A., A. C. Maycock, A. T. Archibald, N. L. Abraham, P. Telford, P. Braesicke i J. A. Pyle. "Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, nr 21 (5.11.2015): 30645–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-30645-2015.
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Abstract. A stratosphere-resolving configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model (UM) with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) scheme is used to investigate the atmospheric response to changes in (a) greenhouse gases and climate, (b) ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and (c) non-methane ozone precursor emissions. A suite of time-slice experiments show the separate, as well as pairwise, impacts of these perturbations between the years 2000 and 2100. Sensitivity to uncertainties in future greenhouse gases and aerosols is explored through the use of the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The results highlight an important role for the stratosphere in determining the annual mean tropospheric ozone response, primarily through stratosphere–troposphere exchange of ozone (STE). Under both climate change and reductions in ODSs, increases in STE offset decreases in net chemical production, leading to overall increases in the tropospheric ozone burden. This opposes the effects of projected decreases in ozone precursors through measures to improve air quality, which act to reduce the ozone burden. The global tropospheric lifetime of ozone (τO3) does not change significantly under climate change at RCP4.5, but it decreases at RCP8.5. This opposes the increases in τO3 simulated under reductions in both ODSs and ozone precursor emissions. The additivity of the changes in ozone is examined by comparing the sum of the responses in the single-forcing experiments to those from equivalent combined-forcing experiments. Whilst the ozone responses to most forcing combinations are found to be approximately additive, non-additive changes are found in both the stratosphere and troposphere when a large climate forcing (RCP8.5) is combined with the effects of ODSs.
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Banerjee, Antara, Amanda C. Maycock, Alexander T. Archibald, N. Luke Abraham, Paul Telford, Peter Braesicke i John A. Pyle. "Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, nr 5 (4.03.2016): 2727–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2727-2016.
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Abstract. A stratosphere-resolving configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model (UM) with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) scheme is used to investigate the atmospheric response to changes in (a) greenhouse gases and climate, (b) ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and (c) non-methane ozone precursor emissions. A suite of time-slice experiments show the separate, as well as pairwise, impacts of these perturbations between the years 2000 and 2100. Sensitivity to uncertainties in future greenhouse gases and aerosols is explored through the use of the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The results highlight an important role for the stratosphere in determining the annual mean tropospheric ozone response, primarily through stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) of ozone. Under both climate change and reductions in ODSs, increases in STE offset decreases in net chemical production and act to increase the tropospheric ozone burden. This opposes the effects of projected decreases in ozone precursors through measures to improve air quality, which act to reduce the ozone burden. The global tropospheric lifetime of ozone (τO3) does not change significantly under climate change at RCP4.5, but it decreases at RCP8.5. This opposes the increases in τO3 simulated under reductions in ODSs and ozone precursor emissions. The additivity of the changes in ozone is examined by comparing the sum of the responses in the single-forcing experiments to those from equivalent combined-forcing experiments. Whilst the ozone responses to most forcing combinations are found to be approximately additive, non-additive changes are found in both the stratosphere and troposphere when a large climate forcing (RCP8.5) is combined with the effects of ODSs.
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Al-Ruheili, Amna M., Alaba Boluwade i Ali M. Al-Subhi. "Predicting Mango Sudden Decline Due to Ceratocystis fimbriata Under a Changing Climate". Arab Journal of Plant Protection 39, nr 3 (wrzesień 2021): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.3.215223.
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Mango fruit trees are an important fruit crop due to their high value. Mango sudden decline (MSD) is a major disease that threatens mango trees in Oman and worldwide. The objective of this study was to identify those areas in northern Oman in which Ceratocystis fimbriata (a plant fungal pathogen causing MSD) may establish itself under various climate change scenarios. The MaxEnt model used in this study was based on data for the period 1970-2000 and then projected to future climate periods. This study modeled the future distribution of C. fimbriata for 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100 climatic scenarios. Fifteen affected locations and seven bioclimatic variables were investigated in this study. The model showed values between 0.896 and 0.913 (habitat suitability) which represented a good model outcome. The jackknife test showed that the mean diurnal range in temperature, precipitation of the driest month, and elevation contributed to C. fimbriata distribution. From 2021 through 2040, a total area of 1,889 km2 was found to be highly suitable for C. fimbriata in Northern Oman. Compared with the 2021–2040 period, the poorly suitable area would increase in both 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 periods. The moderately suitable regions for C. fimbriata would decrease under all scenarios investigated. However, the total area of the suitable areas, with all scenarios, would increase, except during the 2041-2060 period. This research offers a tool to better manage and prevent the possible Ceratocystis blight (C. fimbriata) and bark beetle (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) invasions under future projected climatic scenarios. Keywords: Mango sudden decline (MSD), “Ceratocystis fimbriata”, bioclimatic variables, climate change, Sultanate of Oman, Maxent.
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Barker, Terry, S. Santos, Å. Scrieciu, S. Tashchilova i R. Warren. "Potential macroeconomic benefits of stringent greenhouse-gas stabilisation targets: modelling the 2°C target in CIAS with E3MG 2000-2100". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, nr 50 (1.02.2009): 502010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/50/502010.
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Selvey, Linda. "Coal and health in Australia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, nr 2 (2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14040.
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It is worth remembering that perhaps the biggest health impact of mining and burning coal today is the impact on our climate due to the CO2 that will be released from coal combustion. At Copenhagen in December 2009, world leaders agreed on a target of 2°C warming. At current global emissions we are way off that target, and are set for at least 4°C warming by 2100. If we are going to meet the 2°C degree target, then the world can only emit 1000 billion tonnes of CO2 between 2000 and 2050. In the first 13 years of the century, we’ve already burned 40% of that. If we were to mine and then burn Australia’s known coal reserves, on their own, would use up one-twelfth of the remaining global carbon budget. Whether we burn our coal here or sell it to China, it’s all the same to the atmosphere
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ZHAO, GUOCHUN, ALFRED KRÖNER, SIMON A. WILDE, MIN SUN, SANZHONG LI, XUPING LI, JIAN ZHANG, XIAOPING XIA i YANHONG HE. "Lithotectonic elements and geological events in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt: a synthesis and implications for the evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen". Geological Magazine 144, nr 5 (19.06.2007): 753–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003561.
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The Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt is located in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, a Palaeoproterozoic continental collisional belt along which the Eastern and Western blocks amalgamated to form the North China Craton. The belt consists of the medium- to high-grade Hengshan and Fuping gneiss complexes and the intervening low- to medium-grade Wutai granite–greenstone terrane, and most igneous rocks in the belt are calc-alkaline and have affinities to magmatic arcs. Previous tectonic models assumed that the Hengshan and Fuping gneiss assemblages were an older basement to the Wutai supracrustal rocks, but recent studies indicate that the three complexes constitute a single, long-lived Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc where the Wutai Complex represents an upper crustal domain, whereas the Hengshan and Fuping gneisses represent the lower crustal components forming the root of the arc. The earliest arc-related magmatism in the belt occurred at 2560–2520 Ma, marked by the emplacement of the Wutai granitoids, which was followed by arc volcanism at 2530–2515 Ma, forming the Wutai greenstones. Extension driven by widespread arc volcanism led to the development of a back-arc basin or a marginal sea, which divided the belt into the Hengshan–Wutai island arc (Japan-type) and the Fuping relict arc. At 2520–2480 Ma, subduction beneath the Hengshan–Wutai island arc caused partial melting of the lower crust to form the Hengshan tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic (TTG) suites, whereas eastward-directed subduction of the marginal sea led to the reactivation of the Fuping relict arc, where the Fuping tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic suite was emplaced. In the period 2360–2000 Ma, sporadic phases of isolated granitoid magmatism occurred in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping region, forming 2360 Ma, c. 2250 Ma and 2000–2100 Ma granitoids in the Hengshan Complex, the c. 2100 Ma Wangjiahui and Dawaliang granites in the Wutai Complex, and the 2100–2000 Ma Nanying granitoids in the Fuping Complex. At c. 1920 Ma, the Hengshan–Wutai island arc underwent an extensional event, possibly due to the subduction of an oceanic ridge, leading to the emplacement of pre-tectonic gabbroic dykes that were subsequently metamorphosed, together with their host rocks, to form medium- to high-pressure granulites. At 1880–1820 Ma, the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping arc system was juxtaposed, intensely deformed and metamorphosed during a major and regionally extensive orogenic event, the Lüliang Orogeny, which generated the Trans-North China Orogen through collision of the Eastern and Western blocks. The Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt was finally stabilized after emplacement of a mafic dyke swarm at 1780–1750 Ma.
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Aliev, A. A. "Long-Term Strength Estimation of Zirconia Ceramics". Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, nr 11 (728) (listopad 2020): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-11-83-88.
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A standard experimental assessment of the service life of high-temperature zirconia ceramics (GOST 4070–2014) requires the use of complicated heating and measuring equipment and hundreds of expensive specimens. This necessitates the development of calculation methods for evaluating long-term strength depending on the thermomechanical loading conditions without carrying out a full range of laboratory tests. The existing experimental estimation models of the primary and secondary creep regimes of ceramics consider the temperature range up to 1600°C, which is lower than zirconia limiting operating temperatures (2000°C and higher). Based on the Norton – Bailey law, long-term strength estimation of fully stabilized zirconia ceramics is carried out. Using previously known experimental data of other authors for ceramics made of fully stabilized zirconia (0.1Y2O3 + 0.9ZrO2), the creep constants values were calculated at high-temperature (1600–1800 °C) loading levels ≤5 MPa. A power-law regression equation with a high degree of correlation that evaluates the creep of the test material under loads up to 20 MPa and temperatures up to 2100 °C is proposed.
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Anderson, Kevin, i Alice Bows. "Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, nr 1882 (29.08.2008): 3863–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0138.
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The 2007 Bali conference heard repeated calls for reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions of 50 per cent by 2050 to avoid exceeding the 2°C threshold. While such endpoint targets dominate the policy agenda, they do not, in isolation, have a scientific basis and are likely to lead to dangerously misguided policies. To be scientifically credible, policy must be informed by an understanding of cumulative emissions and associated emission pathways. This analysis considers the implications of the 2°C threshold and a range of post-peak emission reduction rates for global emission pathways and cumulative emission budgets. The paper examines whether empirical estimates of greenhouse gas emissions between 2000 and 2008, a period typically modelled within scenario studies, combined with short-term extrapolations of current emissions trends, significantly constrains the 2000–2100 emission pathways. The paper concludes that it is increasingly unlikely any global agreement will deliver the radical reversal in emission trends required for stabilization at 450 ppmv carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e). Similarly, the current framing of climate change cannot be reconciled with the rates of mitigation necessary to stabilize at 550 ppmv CO 2 e and even an optimistic interpretation suggests stabilization much below 650 ppmv CO 2 e is improbable.
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Mezghani, Abdelkader, Andreas Dobler, Jan Erik Haugen, Rasmus E. Benestad, Kajsa M. Parding, Mikołaj Piniewski, Ignacy Kardel i Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz. "CHASE-PL Climate Projection dataset over Poland – bias adjustment of EURO-CORDEX simulations". Earth System Science Data 9, nr 2 (28.11.2017): 905–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-905-2017.
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Abstract. The CHASE-PL (Climate change impact assessment for selected sectors in Poland) Climate Projections – Gridded Daily Precipitation and Temperature dataset 5 km (CPLCP-GDPT5) consists of projected daily minimum and maximum air temperatures and precipitation totals of nine EURO-CORDEX regional climate model outputs bias corrected and downscaled to a 5 km × 5 km grid. Simulations of one historical period (1971–2000) and two future horizons (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) assuming two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were produced. We used the quantile mapping method and corrected any systematic seasonal bias in these simulations before assessing the changes in annual and seasonal means of precipitation and temperature over Poland. Projected changes estimated from the multi-model ensemble mean showed that annual means of temperature are expected to increase steadily by 1 °C until 2021–2050 and by 2 °C until 2071–2100 assuming the RCP4.5 emission scenario. Assuming the RCP8.5 emission scenario, this can reach up to almost 4 °C by 2071–2100. Similarly to temperature, projected changes in regional annual means of precipitation are expected to increase by 6 to 10 % and by 8 to 16 % for the two future horizons and RCPs, respectively. Similarly, individual model simulations also exhibited warmer and wetter conditions on an annual scale, showing an intensification of the magnitude of the change at the end of the 21st century. The same applied for projected changes in seasonal means of temperature showing a higher winter warming rate by up to 0.5 °C compared to the other seasons. However, projected changes in seasonal means of precipitation by the individual models largely differ and are sometimes inconsistent, exhibiting spatial variations which depend on the selected season, location, future horizon, and RCP. The overall range of the 90 % confidence interval predicted by the ensemble of multi-model simulations was found to likely vary between −7 % (projected for summer assuming the RCP4.5 emission scenario) and +40 % (projected for winter assuming the RCP8.5 emission scenario) by the end of the 21st century. Finally, this high-resolution bias-corrected product can serve as a basis for climate change impact and adaptation studies for many sectors over Poland. The CPLCP-GDPT5 dataset is publicly available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4121/uuid:e940ec1a-71a0-449e-bbe3-29217f2ba31d.
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Hatsusaka, Kazuaki, i Kazuchika Ohta. "Discotic liquid crystals of transition metal complexes 34: spectroscopic properties of bis[octakis(3,4-dialkoxy-phenoxy)phthalocyaninato]lutetium(III) complexes". Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 07, nr 02 (luty 2003): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424603000148.
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Spectroscopic properties of discotic liquid crystalline bis[octakis(3,4-dialkoxyphenoxy)-phthalocyaninato]lutetium(III) complexes, {[( C n O )2 PhO ]8 Pc }2 Lu (n = 12: 2a and n = 13: 2b), were investigated by recording electronic absorption spectra in the region of 250-2600 nm under three different conditions; solution, mixed solvent solutions, and a thin film at various temperatures. An intermolecular charge transfer (CT) band was found at about 2000-2100 nm both for the n-hexane solution and the thin film. It was established for the first time from the solvent-polarity-dependent and temperature-dependent electronic absorption spectra that the intermolecular CT band is attributable to molecular aggregation.
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Hadikusumah. "STUDY ON SEA LEVEL RISE IN THE WESTERN INDONESIA". Marine Research in Indonesia 29 (11.05.2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v29i0.419.
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Study on mean sea level (MSL) rise has been done on tide data at some locations in the Western Indonesia. To account the effect of climate change, air temperature analyses from some weather stations are also performed. The results showed that air temperature has changed between 0.0 to 0.44°C per ten years. The sea level analysis showed that mean sea level at Western Indonesia rise between 3.10 to 9.27 mm per year. Based on the results, the prediction on mean sea level change in the years of 2000, 2030, 2050 and 2100 for Cirebon location are 17 cm, 39 cm, 55 cm, and 92 cm, respectively.
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Magnani, Giuseppe, Giuliano Sico i Alida Brentari. "Two-Step Pressureless Sintering of Silicon Carbide-Based Materials". Advances in Science and Technology 89 (październik 2014): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.89.70.
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Pressureless sintering of silicon carbide powder requires addition of sintering aids and high sintering temperature (>2100°C) in order to achieve high sintered density (>95% T.D.). The high sintering temperature normally causes an exaggerated grain growth which can compromise the mechanical properties. Two-step sintering (TSS) can be used to overcome this problem. By this method, high sintered density is obtained avoiding the grain growth associated to the last step of the sintering. Two-step sintering was successfully applied to different commercial silicon carbide powders with different sintering mechanism: solid-state and liquid-phase sintering. In both cases the sintering temperature was set nearly 100 °C below the temperature conventionally required. Microstructures of samples obtained by TSS and conventional sintering (CS) processes were compared. TSS-SiC showed finer microstructure consisted of equiaxed grains with very similar density. The beneficial effects of the two-step sintering process were more evident in the solid state sintering. In this case sintered density higher than 98% was achieved with T<2000 °C.
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Boudebbouz, Ali, Aissam Bousbia, Rassim Khelifa, Meriem Imen Boussadia, Asma Ben Chabane, Lamiss Boumendjel, Meryem Sahri i in. "Milk quality and production under climate change uncertainty: case of the Algerian cattle breed". Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 117, nr 2 (29.12.2023): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-15000.
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Algerian indigenous cattle breeds are well adapted to the harsh local arid and semi-arid environments. This study aims to summarize livestock practices, milk quality, and discuss the potential of local cattle breeds to maintain production capacity in the face of global warming conditions. A total of 175 smallholder farmers who practice the breeding of the Algerian local cattle breed were interviewed using a formal questionnaire. Following that, 122 milk samples were collected for physicochemical and bacteriological analyses. Climate data variability in the study area was evaluated. Results reveal that between 1980 and 2018, the average annual temperature rose by 0.3 ± 0.001 °C per year. Predictions suggest that by 2081 to 2100, temperatures could increase by 1.18°C under SSP1-2.6, 2.33°C under SSP2-4.5, and 4.59°C under SSP5-8.5. In the same period from 1980 to 2018, annual precipitation decreased by -0.99 ± 0.24 mm per year. Projections indicate a further decline of 22.5 mm for SSP1-2.6, 44.4 mm for SSP2-4.5, and 95.2 mm for SSP5-8.5 from 1980-2000 to 2081-2100. These changes in temperature and precipitation coincided with an expansion of cropland, which increased by 90.3% from 1992 to 2005. Conversely, pasture areas decreased by 53.7% between 1993 and 2009. A socio-demographic survey revealed that breeders have a low educational level (39.4% are unlettered). They own a small herd (6.84 ± 8.66 cattle). Moreover, the average daily milk production was 4.13 ± 2.12 Liters/cow, with acceptable physicochemical quality but poor bacteriological quality. Considering the climate change vulnerability of the study area, we can conclude that the exploitation of local breeds seems to be the best adaptation strategy to climate change effects. Conservation programs for local breeds can enhance biodiversity and ecosystem balance. Concurrently, genetic improvement programs have the potential to boost productivity and profitability, making substantial contributions to social equity and local economies.
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Rao, Mulpuri V., Y. L. Tian, Syed B. Qadri, Jaime A. Freitas i Roberta Nipoti. "Ultra Fast High Temperature Microwave Annealing of Ion Implanted Large Bandgap Semiconductors". Materials Science Forum 645-648 (kwiecień 2010): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.709.
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In this work, the surface, lattice and electrical properties of implanted 4H-SiC, GaN and ZnO, annealed by a novel ultra-fast microwave heating method, are compared to that of conventional annealing methods. In this new method, amplified and variable frequency microwaves from a signal generator are directly coupled to the semiconductor sample through a microwave head. Since, the microwaves are only absorbed by the sample, without heating of the ambient, ultra-high heating (> 2000°C/s) and cooling rates and very high (2100°C) annealing temperatures can be reached. For Al and P species implants into 4H-SiC, record low resistivity values were achieved with a lattice quality better than that of the virgin crystal. This annealing method improved the lattice quality of un-implanted region below the surface implanted region as well. Improved material characteristics were also obtained for GaN and ZnO.
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Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos. "The Akkadian word ab(2)-ru-(u)m / a2-bu-ru-(u)m in the Ur III period (c. 2100-2000 BC)". ISIMU 24 (3.07.2023): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/isimu2021.24.012.
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Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, P. Kharecha, A. Lacis, R. Miller, L. Nazarenko i in. "Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, nr 6 (5.12.2006): 12549–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-12549-2006.
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Abstract. We investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations with GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880–2003 and extended to 2100 for IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well as the "alternative" scenario of Hansen and Sato (2004). Identification of "dangerous" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming of more than 1°C above the level in 2000 has effects that may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, with peak added forcing ~1.5 W/m2 in 2100, keeps further global warming under 1°C if climate sensitivity is ~3°C or less for doubled CO2. The alternative scenario keeps mean regional seasonal warming within 2σ (standard deviations) of 20th century variability, but other scenarios yield regional changes of 5–10σ, i.e., mean conditions outside the range of local experience. We discuss three specific sub-global topics: Arctic climate change, tropical storm intensification, and ice sheet stability. We suggest that Arctic climate change has been driven as much by pollutants (O3, its precursor CH4, and soot) as by CO2, offering hope that dual efforts to reduce pollutants and slow CO2 growth could minimize Arctic change. Simulated recent ocean warming in the region of Atlantic hurricane formation is comparable to observations, suggesting that greenhouse gases (GHGs) may have contributed to a trend toward greater hurricane intensities. Increasing GHGs cause significant warming in our model in submarine regions of ice shelves and shallow methane hydrates, raising concern about the potential for accelerating sea level rise and future positive feedback from methane release. Growth of non-CO2 forcings has slowed in recent years, but CO2 emissions are now surging well above the alternative scenario. Prompt actions to slow CO2 emissions and decrease non-CO2 forcings are needed to achieve the low forcing of the alternative scenario.
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Hunter, J. S., G. T. Fincher i D. C. Sheppard. "Observations on the Life History of Onthophagous depressus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 31, nr 1 (1.01.1996): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.1.63.
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Adult Onthophagus depressus Harold constructed brood cells of cattle dung 15 to 30 cm below the soil surface. These brood cells averaged 23.1 mm long and 16.1 mm wide. Adult females deposited a single egg in the egg chamber of each brood cell. Eggs were 2.3 to 2.5 mm long and 1.1 to 1.4 mm wide. Embryonic development required 2.5 to 4.3 d; larval development (three instars) 27 d, and pupal development about 12 d. Development from egg to adult averaged 46.3 d at 25–27°C. Adult beetles were captured in all months except February with peak flight activity between 2000 and 2100 h (EST). Overwintering occurred in the adult and/or pupal stage in southern Georgia.
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Dahl, Jacob L. "Where have all the Ur III seals gone?" Avar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Life and Society in the Ancient Near East 3, nr 2 (23.07.2024): 195–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/aijls.v3i2.2851.
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In this paper I analyse the late 3rd millennium and early 2nd millennium seals in two mid-size collections and reach the conclusion that exceedingly few of them date to the Ur III period (c 2100 – 2000 BC). I include some observations on other collections. I then ask the basic question: where have all the Ur III seals gone? After briefly exploring other options, I suggest with online visual evidence, that the vast majority of the Ur III seals were re-cut in the Old Babylonian period. At the end of the paper, I suggest that the absence or presence of seals from specific periods can be used to model larger historical trends.
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PANKAJ PANWAR, SHARMISTHA PAL, NANCY LORIA, MED RAM VERMA, N.M. ALAM, V.K. BHATT i N.K. SHARMA. "Spatio-temporal variability of climatic parameters across different altitudes of North- Western Himalaya". Journal of Agrometeorology 21, nr 3 (10.11.2021): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i3.252.
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Climate change impact varies across different altitudinal ranges and demands local specific management strategies for water resource and farming system management. The present study analyses spacio-temporal climate parameters across different altitudes of Himachal Pradesh a hilly state of India. Analysis shows that annually, minimum temperature has significantly decreased by -0.09°C at altitude I (350 - 400 m) while maximum temperature has significantly increased by 0.05°C at altitudes I and II (1400-1500 m) and decreased significantly by -0.08°C at altitude III (2000- 2100 m). Higher regions Altitude – IV (2900-3000 m) received lowest rainfall (746.1 mm) with 30.2 % variation. Seasonal rainfall variability was higher in post monsoon (102 - 174%) and least in monsoon (21 - 57%). Annual rainfall at altitude I is strongly irregular (PCI 20.1 to 22.3), followed by altitude – IV (PCI 15-25); altitude – II irregular (PCI 15-20) and altitude – III moderate to irregular (PCI 12 -19) rainfall. Seasonal Index values for four altitudes fall between 0.91-0.96 revealed that rainfall is irregular and markedly seasonal with longer drier season. Higher wavelet powers in altitude - I and II after 2005 suggests frequency of extreme rainfall occurrence had increased.
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Hammoudy, Wahib, Rachid Ilmen i Mohamed Sinan. "High-resolution RCP scenario for the 21st century in the North-West region of Morocco, future projections for 2041-2060, 2061-2080 and 2081-2100". Brazilian Journal of Science 2, nr 10 (18.05.2023): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v2i10.375.
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Climate model simulations of future climate are the basis for adaptation decisions, which the effectiveness will depend on the quality of the models. A set of climate models developed under the CMIP6 project and generated by the spatial bias correction disaggregation method (BCSD) using a statistical downscaling algorithm have been used. These models are used to evaluate the future changes in thermal extremes projected by the climate models over the different time horizons with comparison to the 1981-2000 reference period. These projections are made under the scenario RCP 4.5 (optimistic). The examination of future climate change projections could confirm the result of warming over the entire North West region of Morocco. The increase in temperature could reached an average of 1.8 °C to 2.5 °C just in 2060. In the same sense of warming, the number of hot days and hot nights could increase year by year while a decrease could be noticed in the number of cold days and cold nights. The simulations for the 2080 and 2100 horizons revealed a situation that worsens year by year. The temperature anomaly could reached about 3 °C and more. Thus, a climatic warming may be predicted in the future and generalized over the entire North West region.
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Baisholanov, S. S. "Assessment of heat supply of vegetation period within the northern grain-seeding territory of Kazakhstan". Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, nr 18 (29.10.2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.18.2016.11.
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Introduction. The existing agroclimatic handbooks in Kazakhstan are outdated both in informational and technological senses. Therefore necessity of agroclimatic resources reassessment arose.
Purpose. Research of heat supply of vegetation period within the Northern grain-seeding territory of Kazakhstan.
Methods. Data of meteorological stations for period of 1981-2014 were used. Methods of statistic and climatologic processing of data were applied. The agroclimatic maps were drafted using ArcGIS 10.1 software.
Results. The article describes a thermal regime, duration and heat supply of vegetation period within the territory of 4 northern oblasts of Kazakhstan. The territory of Northern Kazakhstan under study hascontinental climate. Average annual air temperature at the area under study increases from the North to the South from 1.8 °C to 5.3 °C. Average July air temperature at the area changes from 18.5 °C to 23.6 °C and average January air temperature – from minus 12.8 °C to minus 17.4 °C. Duration of vegetation period for early spring crops constitutes 172-193 days, for late spring crops – 136-162 days and for warm weather crops – 89-124 days. Daily range of air temperature is 11.4-14.7 °C and that means rather high quality of grain. Sum of active temperatures exceeding 10 °C increases from the North to the South from 2100 °C to 3400 °C. Vegetation period is 90% provided by sum of active temperatures exceeding 10 °C within the range of 2000-2900 °C. Maps of heat supply and vegetation period duration were also drafted.
Conclusions. In the north of the territory under study thermal sources satisfy demands of soft and common sorts of wheat but are not enough for sunflower and maize, in the south they are enough for wheat, all sorts of sunflower and middle-late sorts of maize.
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Boberg, Fredrik, Ruth Mottram, Nicolaj Hansen, Shuting Yang i Peter L. Langen. "Uncertainties in projected surface mass balance over the polar ice sheets from dynamically downscaled EC-Earth models". Cryosphere 16, nr 1 (4.01.2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-17-2022.
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Abstract. The future rates of ice sheet melt in Greenland and Antarctica are an important factor when making estimates of the likely rate of sea level rise. Global climate models that took part in the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) have generally been unable to replicate observed rates of ice sheet melt. With the advent of the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), with a general increase in the equilibrium climate sensitivity, we here compare two versions of the global climate model EC-Earth using the regional climate model HIRHAM5 downscaling of EC-Earth for Greenland and Antarctica. One version (v2) of EC-Earth is taken from CMIP5 for the high-emissions Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario and the other (v3) from CMIP6 for the comparable high-emissions Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-8.5 (SSP5-8.5) scenario. For Greenland, we downscale the two versions of EC-Earth for the historical period 1991–2010 and for the scenario period 2081–2100. For Antarctica, the periods are 1971–2000 and 2071–2100, respectively. For the Greenland Ice Sheet, we find that the mean change in temperature is 5.9 ∘C when downscaling EC-Earth v2 and 6.8 ∘C when downscaling EC-Earth v3. Corresponding values for Antarctica are 4.1 ∘C for v2 and 4.8 ∘C for v3. The mean change in surface mass balance at the end of the century under these high-emissions scenarios is found to be −290 Gt yr−1 (v2) and −1640 Gt yr−1 (v3) for Greenland and 420 Gt yr−1 (v2) and 80 Gt yr−1 (v3) for Antarctica. These distinct differences in temperature change and particularly surface mass balance change are a result of the higher equilibrium climate sensitivity in EC-Earth v3 (4.3 K) compared with 3.3 K in EC-Earth v2 and the differences in greenhouse gas concentrations between the RCP8.5 and the SSP5-8.5 scenarios.
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Gangstø, R., F. Joos i M. Gehlen. "Sensitivity of pelagic calcification to ocean acidification". Biogeosciences 8, nr 2 (16.02.2011): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-433-2011.
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Abstract. Ocean acidification might reduce the ability of calcifying plankton to produce and maintain their shells of calcite, or of aragonite, the more soluble form of CaCO3. In addition to possibly large biological impacts, reduced CaCO3 production corresponds to a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2. In order to explore the sensitivity of the ocean carbon cycle to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, we use the new biogeochemical Bern3D/PISCES model. The model reproduces the large scale distributions of biogeochemical tracers. With a range of sensitivity studies, we explore the effect of (i) using different parameterizations of CaCO3 production fitted to available laboratory and field experiments, of (ii) letting calcite and aragonite be produced by auto- and heterotrophic plankton groups, and of (iii) using carbon emissions from the range of the most recent IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). Under a high-emission scenario, the CaCO3 production of all the model versions decreases from ~1 Pg C yr−1 to between 0.36 and 0.82 Pg C yr−1 by the year 2100. The changes in CaCO3 production and dissolution resulting from ocean acidification provide only a small feedback on atmospheric CO2 of −1 to −11 ppm by the year 2100, despite the wide range of parameterizations, model versions and scenarios included in our study. A potential upper limit of the CO2-calcification/dissolution feedback of −30 ppm by the year 2100 is computed by setting calcification to zero after 2000 in a high 21st century emission scenario. The similarity of feedback estimates yielded by the model version with calcite produced by nanophytoplankton and the one with calcite, respectively aragonite produced by mesozooplankton suggests that expending biogeochemical models to calcifying zooplankton might not be needed to simulate biogeochemical impacts on the marine carbonate cycle. The changes in saturation state confirm previous studies indicating that future anthropogenic CO2 emissions may lead to irreversible changes in ΩA for several centuries. Furthermore, due to the long-term changes in the deep ocean, the ratio of open water CaCO3 dissolution to production stabilizes by the year 2500 at a value that is 30–50% higher than at pre-industrial times when carbon emissions are set to zero after 2100.
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Schleussner, C. F., K. Frieler, M. Meinshausen, J. Yin i A. Levermann. "Emulating Atlantic overturning strength for low emission scenarios: consequences for sea-level rise along the North American east coast". Earth System Dynamics Discussions 1, nr 1 (10.12.2010): 357–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-1-357-2010.
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Abstract. In order to provide probabilistic projections of the future evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), we calibrated a simple Stommel-type box model to emulate the output of fully coupled three-dimensional atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Based on this calibration to idealised global warming scenarios with and without interactive atmosphere-ocean fluxes and freshwater perturbation simulations, we project the future evolution of the AMOC within the covered calibration range for the lower two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) until 2100 obtained from MAGICC6. For RCP3-PD with a global mean temperature median below 1.0 °C warming relative to the year 2000, we project an ensemble median weakening of up to 11% compared to 22% under RCP4.5 with a warming median up to 1.9 °C over the 21st century. Additional Greenland melt water of 10 and 20 cm of global sea-level rise equivalent further weakens the AMOC by about 4.5 and 10%, respectively. By combining our outcome with a multi-model sea-level rise study we project a dynamic sea-level rise along the New York City coastline of 4 cm for the RCP3-PD and of 8 cm for the RCP4.5 scenario over the 21st century. We estimate the total steric and dynamic sea-level rise for New York City to be about 24 cm till 2100 for the RCP3-PD scenario, which can hold as a lower bound for sea-level rise projections in this region.
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Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, P. Kharecha, A. Lacis, R. Miller, L. Nazarenko i in. "Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, nr 9 (7.05.2007): 2287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2287-2007.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. We investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations with GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880–2003 and extended to 2100 for IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well as the "alternative" scenario of Hansen and Sato (2004). Identification of "dangerous" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming of more than 1°C above the level in 2000 has effects that may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, with peak added forcing ~1.5 W/m2 in 2100, keeps further global warming under 1°C if climate sensitivity is ~3°C or less for doubled CO2. The alternative scenario keeps mean regional seasonal warming within 2σ (standard deviations) of 20th century variability, but other scenarios yield regional changes of 5–10σ, i.e. mean conditions outside the range of local experience. We conclude that a CO2 level exceeding about 450 ppm is "dangerous", but reduction of non-CO2 forcings can provide modest relief on the CO2 constraint. We discuss three specific sub-global topics: Arctic climate change, tropical storm intensification, and ice sheet stability. We suggest that Arctic climate change has been driven as much by pollutants (O3, its precursor CH4, and soot) as by CO2, offering hope that dual efforts to reduce pollutants and slow CO2 growth could minimize Arctic change. Simulated recent ocean warming in the region of Atlantic hurricane formation is comparable to observations, suggesting that greenhouse gases (GHGs) may have contributed to a trend toward greater hurricane intensities. Increasing GHGs cause significant warming in our model in submarine regions of ice shelves and shallow methane hydrates, raising concern about the potential for accelerating sea level rise and future positive feedback from methane release. Growth of non-CO2 forcings has slowed in recent years, but CO2 emissions are now surging well above the alternative scenario. Prompt actions to slow CO2 emissions and decrease non-CO2 forcings are required to achieve the low forcing of the alternative scenario.
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Ollila, Antero. "Challenging the scientific basis of the Paris climate agreement". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, nr 1 (14.01.2019): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-05-2017-0107.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the scientific basis of the Paris climate agreement. Design/methodology/approach The analyses are based on the IPCC’s own reports, the observed temperatures versus the IPCC model-calculated temperatures and the warming effects of greenhouse gases based on the critical studies of climate sensitivity (CS). Findings The future emission and temperature trends are calculated according to a baseline scenario by the IPCC, which is the worst-case scenario RCP8.5. The selection of RCP8.5 can be criticized because the present CO2 growth rate 2.2 ppmy−1 should be 2.8 times greater, meaning a CO2 increase from 402 to 936 ppm. The emission target scenario of COP21 is 40 GtCO2 equivalent, and the results of this study confirm that the temperature increase stays below 2°C by 2100 per the IPCC calculations. The IPCC-calculated temperature for 2016 is 1.27°C, 49 per cent higher than the observed average of 0.85°C in 2000. Originality/value Two explanations have been identified for this significant difference in the IPCC’s calculations: The model is too sensitive for CO2 increase, and the positive water feedback does not exist. The CS of 0.6°C found in some critical research studies means that the temperature increase would stay below the 2°C target, even though the emissions would follow the baseline scenario. This is highly unlikely because the estimated conventional oil and gas reserves would be exhausted around the 2060s if the present consumption rate continues.
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Schleussner, C. F., K. Frieler, M. Meinshausen, J. Yin i A. Levermann. "Emulating Atlantic overturning strength for low emission scenarios: consequences for sea-level rise along the North American east coast". Earth System Dynamics 2, nr 2 (28.09.2011): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-2-191-2011.
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Abstract. In order to provide probabilistic projections of the future evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), we calibrated a simple Stommel-type box model to emulate the output of fully coupled three-dimensional atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Based on this calibration to idealised global warming scenarios with and without interactive atmosphere-ocean fluxes and freshwater perturbation simulations, we project the future evolution of the AMOC mean strength within the covered calibration range for the lower two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) until 2100 obtained from the reduced complexity carbon cycle-climate model MAGICC 6. For RCP3-PD with a global mean temperature median below 1.0 °C warming relative to the year 2000, we project an ensemble median weakening of up to 11% compared to 22% under RCP4.5 with a warming median up to 1.9 °C over the 21st century. Additional Greenland meltwater of 10 and 20 cm of global sea-level rise equivalent further weakens the AMOC by about 4.5 and 10%, respectively. By combining our outcome with a multi-model sea-level rise study we project a dynamic sea-level rise along the New York City coastline of 4 cm for the RCP3-PD and of 8 cm for the RCP4.5 scenario over the 21st century. We estimate the total steric and dynamic sea-level rise for New York City to be about 24 cm until 2100 for the RCP3-PD scenario, which can hold as a lower bound for sea-level rise projections in this region, as it does not include ice sheet and mountain glacier contributions.
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Polovina, Jeffrey J., John P. Dunne, Phoebe A. Woodworth i Evan A. Howell. "Projected expansion of the subtropical biome and contraction of the temperate and equatorial upwelling biomes in the North Pacific under global warming". ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, nr 6 (4.02.2011): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq198.
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Abstract Polovina, J. J., Dunne, J. P., Woodworth, P. A., and Howell, E. A. 2011. Projected expansion of the subtropical biome and contraction of the temperate and equatorial upwelling biomes in the North Pacific under global warming. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 986–995. A climate model that includes a coupled ocean biogeochemistry model is used to define large oceanic biomes in the North Pacific Ocean and describe their changes over the 21st century in response to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario A2 future atmospheric CO2 emissions scenario. Driven by enhanced stratification and a northward shift in the mid-latitude westerlies under climate change, model projections demonstrated that between 2000 and 2100, the area of the subtropical biome expands by ∼30% by 2100, whereas the area of temperate and equatorial upwelling (EU) biomes decreases by ∼34 and 28%, respectively, by 2100. Over the century, the total biome primary production and fish catch is projected to increase by 26% in the subtropical biome and decrease by 38 and 15% in the temperate and the equatorial biomes, respectively. Although the primary production per unit area declines slightly in the subtropical and the temperate biomes, it increases 17% in the EU biome. Two areas where the subtropical biome boundary exhibits the greatest movement is in the northeast Pacific, where it moves northwards by as much as 1000 km per 100 years and at the equator in the central Pacific, where it moves eastwards by 2000 km per 100 years. Lastly, by the end of the century, there are projected to be more than 25 million km2 of water with a mean sea surface temperature of 31°C in the subtropical and EU biomes, representing a new thermal habitat. The projected trends in biome carrying capacity and fish catch suggest resource managers might have to address long-term trends in fishing capacity and quota levels.
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Yengoh, Genesis Tambang, i Jonas Ardö. "Climate Change and the Future Heat Stress Challenges among Smallholder Farmers in East Africa". Atmosphere 11, nr 7 (16.07.2020): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070753.
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Agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains dependent on high inputs of human labor, a situation associated with direct exposure to daylight heat during critical periods of the agricultural calendar. We ask the question: how is the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) going to be distributed in the future, and how will this affect the ability of smallholder farmers to perform agricultural activities? Data from general circulation models are used to estimate the distribution of WBGT in 2000, 2050 and 2100, and for high activity periods in the agricultural calendar. The distribution of WBGT is divided into recommended maximum WBGT exposure levels (°C) at different work intensities, and rest/work ratios for an average acclimatized worker wearing light clothing (ISO, 18). High WBGTs are observed during the two periods of the East African. In February to March, eastern and coastal regions of Kenya and Tanzania witness high WBGT values—some necessitating up to 75% rest/hour work intensities in 2050 and 2100. In August to September, eastern and northern Kenya and north and central Uganda are vulnerable to high WBGT values. Designing policies to address this key challenge is a critical element in adaptation methods to address the impact of climate change.
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Stefanidis, Stefanos, i Dimitrios Stathis. "Effect of Climate Change on Soil Erosion in a Mountainous Mediterranean Catchment (Central Pindus, Greece)". Water 10, nr 10 (18.10.2018): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101469.
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The aim of this study was to assess soil erosion changes in the mountainous catchment of the Portaikos torrent (Central Greece) under climate change. To this end, precipitation and temperature data were derived from a high-resolution (25 × 25 km) RegCM3 regional climate model for the baseline period 1974–2000 and future period 2074–2100. Additionally, three GIS layers were generated regarding land cover, geology, and slopes in the study area, whereas erosion state was recognized after field observations. Subsequently, the erosion potential model (EPM) was applied to quantify the effects of precipitation and temperature changes on soil erosion. The results showed a decrease (−21.2%) in annual precipitation (mm) and increase (+3.6 °C) in mean annual temperature until the end of the 21st century, and the above changes are likely to lead to a small decrease (−4.9%) in soil erosion potential.