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Sumner, Natasha D. E. "The Fenian Narrative Corpus, c.600–c.2000: A Reassessment". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467373.
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This dissertation traces the historical development of the Fenian narrative tradition—i.e. the vast body of story and song, some of it well over a millennium old, about the Gaelic hero, Fionn Mac Cumhaill and his roving warrior band. The first chapter traces the history of the tradition from the early medieval period up to Macpherson’s monumental publications. The nature of the literary manifestations of Fenian topics and such evidence as there is for an oral tradition prior to modern attestations are discussed. In a demonstration of the cultural relevance of the tradition, the ways in which socially and politically relevant meanings may have been woven into the extant texts are also explored. The focus then shifts in the second chapter to a consideration of the approaches taken to Fenian literature and lore in the Macphersonic period. Macpherson’s cultural milieu, motivations, and creative process are investigated, and his adaptations are situated in their national and international contexts. Their influence and sociopolitical import within a trans-Gaelic sphere in the century after their publication are then addressed. The third and final chapter examines the Fenian tradition in the post-Macphersonic period, with a particular focus on the sociopolitical significance of modern approaches to the Fenian tradition. This is the period of folklore collection, and of primary importance are the motivations and activities of folklore collectors in the Gaelic regions. Also explored are modern publications, adaptations, and overt politicizations of Fenian material, particularly in Ireland. The image of the Fenian tradition that emerges from this tripartite consideration is one of a dynamic and multifaceted body of story and song that has remained relevant over the centuries due to constant adaptation.Celtic Languages and Literatures
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Garzon-Coral, Carlos. "The forces that center the mitotic spindle in the C. elegans embryo". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-163529.
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The precise positioning of the mitotic spindle to the cell center during mitosis is a fundamental process for chromosome segregation and the division plane definition. Despite its importance, the mechanism for spindle centering remains elusive. To study this mechanism, the dynamic of the microtubules was characterized at the bulk and at the cortex in the C. elegans embryo. Then, this dynamic was correlated to the centering forces of the spindle that were studied by applying calibrated magnetic forces via super-paramagnetic beads inserted into the cytoplasm of one- and two-cell C. elegans embryos. Finally, these results were confronted with the different centering models: cortical pushing model, cortical pulling model and the cytoplasmic pulling model.
This thesis shows that: (i) The microtubules dynamic of the spindle aster is controlled spatially in the C. elegans embryo, with not rescues and catastrophes in the cytoplasm but in the centrosome and the cortex, respectively. (ii) The centering mechanism of the spindle behaved roughly as a damped spring with a spring constant of 18 12 pN/ m and a drag coefficient of 127 65 pN s/ m (mean SD). This viscoelastic behavior is evidence of a centering force that recovers and/or maintains the position of the spindle in the cell center. (iii) It seems to be two mechanisms that recover/maintain the spindle position. A fast one that may work for transient displacements of the spindle and a slow one that work over large and long perturbations. (iv) The centering forces scale with the cell size. The centering forces are higher in the two-cell embryo. This result argues against a centering mechanism mediated by cytoplasmic factors. It seems to be a limit for the relation of centering force to size, as the forces found in the four-cell embryo are comparable to the single-cell ones. (v) The centering forces scale with the amount of microtubules in the cell. This strengthens the belief that the microtubules are the force transmission entities of the centering mechanism. (vi) The boundary conditions are important to maintain the centering forces. A transient residency time of microtubules at the cortex, which is controlled by cortical catastrophe factors, is indispensable for a proper force transmission by the microtubules. (vii) The elimination of cortical catastrophe factors provides evidence for microtubules buckling, which is taken as a proof of polymerization forces. (viii) The cortical pulling forces mediated by the gpr-1/2 pathway do not seem to be involved in centering and it is proposed they are present in the cell for off-center positioning purposes. (ix) The forces generated by vesicle transport are enough to displace the spindle and they are suggested to be auxiliary forces to centering. (x) The forces associated with the spindle change dramatically during cell division. From metaphase to anaphase the forces associated with the spindle scale up to five times. This behavior was consistent during the development of the embryo as the same pattern was observed in the one-, two- and four-cell embryo. (xi) The higher forces found during anaphase are not cortical pulling (via pgr-1/2 pathway) depended, and it is proposed the spindle is `immobilised' by tethering or by an unknown cortical pulling pathway.
To this date, this thesis presents the most complete in-vivo measurements of the centering forces in association with the microtubules dynamics. Taken together the results constrain molecular models of centering. This thesis concludes that most probably the predominant forces of the spindle centering mechanism during mitosis are generated by astral microtubules pushing against the cortex.
Additionally, this thesis presents the most complete map of forces during cell division during development, which will prove to be indispensable to understand the changes the spindle undergoes when it changes its function.
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Ongrai, Oijai. "New approaches to improve thermocouple thermometry to 2000°C". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556493.
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Thermocouples are widely used temperature sensors and convenient high temperature transfer standards. However, the achievable accuracy is limited by the effects of inhomogeneity, drift and contamination. The work reported in this thesis focuses on approaches to reduce the uncertainty of temperature measurement with thermocouples up to 2000 QC. These approaches are qualification of new thermocouple types and the investigation of two approaches to self-calibration at high temperatures utilising recently developed high temperature fixed points whose transition temperatures are in excess of the Cu fixed point (1084 QC). Robust high performance elemental thermocouples (Pt/Pd) have been developed and a comparative study performed relative to more conventional types to quantitatively demonstrate the enhanced performance of the new thermocouple. It was found that the Pt/Pd thermocouple showed substantially better stability and lower homogeneity than the two type R thermocouples during a 500 h ageing programme at 1350 QC. The special type R thermocouple, which was given the same preparatory treatment as the Pt/Pd thermocouple, showed better stability and homogeneity than the normal type R thermocouple, The development of in-situ calibration methods is described. The initial development of the "integrated cell" method where the mini-fixed point cells are integrated and formed into a measurement junction was investigated. Four fixed point materials were investigated; Ag (962 QC) and the metal-carbon eutectic fixed point cells of Co-C (1324 QC), Fe-C (1153 QC) and Pd-C (1492 QC). It was found that this approach is significantly influenced by the thermal gradient within the furnace. Nonetheless, the experimental results show good repeatability of melting plateaux for monitoring calibration drift of the sensor in-situ. Because this approach is restricted to bare wire thermocouples it cannot be easily used above 1500 QC hence a different "immersion cell" approach was followed. In order to extend the possibility of self-calibration above 1500 QC, "immersion cells", for the in-situ calibration of mineral insulated metal sheathed WIRe thermocouples (type C), were developed. The refractory metal W/Re thermocouple, is widely used to at least 2300 QC in industry and hence an appropriate subject for study. The development and construction of immersion cells made from metal-carbon eutectic fixed points; Co-C (1324 QC), Pd-C (1492 QC), and Ru-C (1954 QC) is discussed. A multi-mini cell for the WIRe thermocouple was also trialled. Given the significant drift observed with WIRe thermocouples it is clear that the immersion cell is required to reduce thermocouple temperature measurement uncertainty at high temperatures. These developments were supported by appropriate thermal modelling. This is described at the appropriate part of the relevant chapters.
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Rowe, Fiona Pauline Gabrielle. "The bulldog breed : identifying the nation c.1800-2000". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614346.
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Lecomte, Jean-Sébastien. "Étude de la plasticité du TA6V entre 25°C et 800°C". Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Lecomte.Jean_Sebastien.SMZ0025.pdf.
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L'alliage de titane ([alpha]+[beta]), TA6V, est le mieux connu et le plus répandu de tous les alliages de titane commerciaux. Selon le traitement thermomécanique subi, il est possible d'obtenir cet alliage dans une large gamme de microstructures et d'orientations cristallographiques différentes. En particulier, lorsque le produit plat a été laminé, il présente toujours de fortes textures cristallographiques. La déformation plastique du TA6V étant très fortement influencée par la température, la vitesse de déformation et le sens de la contrainte. Dans cette étude, la déformation plastique du ta6v a été étudiée dans un domaine de température s'étalant de 25°C à 800°C, en traction et en compression pour différentes orientations de la tôle (0°, 45° et 90° par rapport à la direction de laminage). Les résultats des essais macroscopiques montrent que les courbes d'écoulement présentent un plateau entre 300°C et 500°C, et qu'il existe une différence entre la traction et la compression surtout pour les éprouvettes a 90°/DL. C'est deux phénomènes sont interprétés comme : un vieillissement dynamique et une asymétrie de la limite élastique associée au mouvement des dislocations
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Nilsson, Mikael. "Biochemical and epidemiological characterization of serogroup C rotavirus /". Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4022-3/.
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Legnér, Mattias. "Tracing the Historical Indoor Climate of a Swedish Church, c. 1800-2000". Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1413.
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Munyarari, Tinashe. "Chipangano: vigilantism and Community responses in Mbare District, Zimbabwe, c.2000-2013". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62126.
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Bringmann, Henrik Philipp. "Experiments concerning the mechanism of cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1170257008922-66010.
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In my thesis I aimed to contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of cytokinesis in C. elegans embryos. I wanted to analyze the relative contributions of different spindle parts – microtubule asters and the midzone - to cytokinesis furrow positioning. I developed a UV laser-based severing assay that allows the spatial separation of the region midway between the asters and the spindle midzone. The spindle is severed asymmetrically between one aster and the midzone. I found that the spindle provides two consecutive signals that can each position a cytokinesis furrow: microtubule asters provide a first signal, and the spindle midzone provides a second signal. The use of mutants that do not form a midzone suggested that the aster-positioned furrow is able to divide the cell alone without a spindle midzone. Analysis of cytokinesis in hypercontracile mutants suggests that the aster-positioned cytokinesis furrow and the midzone positioned furrow inhibit each other by competing for cortical contractile elements. I then wanted to identify the molecular pathway responsible for cytokinesis furrow positioning in response to the microtubule asters. To this end, I performed an RNAi screen, which identified a role for LET-99 in cytokinesis: LET-99 appeared to be required for aster-positioned cytokinesis but not midzone-positioned cytokinesis. LET-99 localizes as a cortical band that overlaps with the cytokinesis furrow. Mechanical displacement of the spindle demonstrated that the spindle positions cortical LET-99 at the site of furrow formation. The furrow localization of LET-99 depended on G proteins, and consistent with this finding, G proteins are also required for aster-positioned cytokinesis. (Anlage: Quick time movies, 466, 67 MB)
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Delmotte, Marie-Hélène. "Régulation de l'activité du récepteur de l'acide rétinoïque par les protéines kinases C". Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-446.pdf.
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Les retinoides sont des derives de la vitamine a qui jouent des roles cles dans de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la proliferation et la differenciation de nombreux types cellulaires. Les retinoides exercent leurs effets pleiotropiques par liaison a des recepteurs nucleaires, les recepteurs de l'acide retinoide tout trans (rars) et les recepteurs de l'acide 9-cis retinoique (rxrs) qui se lient generalement sous forme d'heterodimeres a des sequences specifiques d'adn pour reguler l'expression de leurs genes cibles. L'activite transcriptionnelle des recepteurs nucleaires peut etre controlee par la liaison de corepresseurs en l'absence de ligand et le recrutement de coactivateurs apres liaison du ligand. Elle peut etre aussi modulee par de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles dont la phosphorylation des recepteurs nucleaires. Dans ce travail, nous montrons que les isoformes alpha et gamma de pk-cs sont capables de phosphoryler hrar sur un seul residu, la serine 157. La modification de cette serine entraine une inhibition de l'activite transcriptionnelle du recepteur qui est correlee a une diminution de sa capacite a former des heterodimeres avec hrxrDans les cellules hela, nous avons egalement caracterise les isoformes de pk-cs presentes et demontre qu'un traitement prolonge par un ester de phorbol, le tpa, provoque non seulement une diminution d'expression des pk-cs et mais aussi une accumulation de la sous unite catalytique dans le noyau des cellules cibles. Nous montrons donc que hrar est une cible directe pour les pk-cs et qui controlent l'activite transcriptionnelle des recepteurs des retinoides pendant la proliferation et la differenciation cellulaire. La serine 157 est situee dans la boite t du recepteur, une region encore peu caracterisee mais soupconnee d'avoir un role dans les activites de liaison a l'adn et de dimerisation. Nous avons mute en alanine chacun des douze acides amines constituant la boite t et etudie l'effet de ces mutations sur l'activite transcriptionnelle des recepteurs et sur leurs activites de liaison a l'adn et de dimerisation. Nous montrons que ces mutations diminuent l'inductibilite transcriptionnelle vraisemblablement par modification de l'interaction avec les coactivateurs et les corepresseurs
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Gustafsson, Magnus. "Palmitoylation and amyloid fibril formation of lung surfactant protein C /". Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4386-9/.
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Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of Country Music Annual 2000". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5608.
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Scouflaire, Marie-France A. "L'institution des nipûtum dans les royaumes paléo-babyloniens, 2000-1600 av. J.-C". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210539.
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Les deux codes de lois de l'époque babylonienne ancienne consacrent plusieurs rubriques à la nipûtum, elles ont été transcrites, traduites et commentées à de multiples reprises. D’autre part, des dizaines de textes éparpillés, auxquels il n'est fait que de vagues allusions dans les commentaires, abordent le même sujet; chaque fois qu'ils sont cités, ils ne le sont que parce qu'ils peuvent éclairer un peu le sens des codes .Nous avons décidé d'agir en sens contraire de la recherche traditionnelle et de proposer une définition de la nipûtum grâce aux textes de la pratique .Les codes semblent en effet traiter de l'anormal plutôt que du normal .La nipûtum n'y est définie qu'en termes d'abus :saisie non justifiée ou mauvais traitements pouvant entraîner la mort de la personne saisie .De plus, ils ne parlent de la nipûtum qu'en cas de dettes et seulement pour des opérations entre particuliers, mettant face à face un banquier tout puissant et un citoyen pauvre en difficulté .
L'institution des nipûtum se met tout d'abord en valeur par sa grande extension chronologique, elle est présente dès le début des dynasties amorrites jusqu’au dernier roi de Babylone, soit pendant trois siècles .En ce qui concerne la répartition géographique, elle est en usage dans l'ensemble de la Mésopotamie, du nord au sud, de Sippar à Ur, et d'est en ouest, même dans des zones tout à fait éloignées, comme Mari .
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Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kinyanjui, Felistus Kinuna. "Causes of persistent rural poverty in Thika district of Kenya, c.1953-2000". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/898/.
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Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of Francoise Gilot: Monograph 1940-2000". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2001. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5707.
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Halasz, Robert. "Epidemiology and clinical importance of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus /". Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-3997-7/.
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Turney, John. "A disease and its device : the introduction of dialysis for acute renal failure, with particular reference to Leeds, UK, c.1945-c.2000". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-disease-and-its-device(2173b96b-b1cc-47c0-bcb4-fda7fbdc2025).html.
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Dialysis was the first instance of the possibility of replacement of organ function by a machine. Although now an established medical activity, it was only slowly adopted. The early machines were laboriously difficult in practice and appeared to have no clear indication for use. There was, however, a conjunction of this different mode of treatment with the identification of a disease suitable for its use: acute renal failure. The changing faces of dialysis and ARF form the substance of this thesis. The recognition of ARF and the concurrent invention of dialysis formed the basis and context for the specialty of nephrology. From this beginning grew a medical-industrial monolith in which the lives of hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide are supported by dialysis and transplantation at extraordinary cost – financial, personal, psychological, medical, and social. Dialysis and nephrology did not appear de novo, fully fashioned in 1960; rather, there was a gestation in the course of which not only did practitioners and their machine struggle for identity and acceptance but also the form and pattern of subsequent practice were established. It is these prodromal activities which are addressed in the first part of the present work which considers the founding of nephrology, the invention and dispersal of dialysis, and the role of the newly-defined condition of ARF in the conceptual framework of the specialty and as a motor for the adoption of dialysis technology. The intention is to provide a review of the secondary literature within an introduction for the reader of the three interrelated tropes elaborated through this thesis. Nephrological themes mirror much in the more general literature, particularly when comparisons are drawn with other specialities. The establishment of the first British ‘Artificial Kidney Unit’ at Leeds General Infirmary in 1956 was a direct challenge to established medical opinion and a trigger for the development of nephrology and renal services in the UK, which briefly centred on Leeds. The Leeds story is taken to the early 1960s to illustrate how the emphasis in renal medicine shifted from the acutely ill patient to the lifelong maintenance of those with chronic disease. Again, Leeds here provides an example of global events. This redirected gaze is returned to in the final section, in which the tropes of acute renal failure and its technology continue in Chapters 7 and 8, which in a sense reflect Chapters 2 and 3 by considering the changes which accumulated up to the end of the 20th century. ARF in the 1950s proved to be the justification for dialysis. The technology continued to change, in part through commercial competition but mainly in response to new ideas and problems thrown up by changing practice. Late in the century, these technological modifications were re-applied to the treatment of acute renal failure. The disorder also changed over time, becoming an increasingly problematic fellow-traveller of techno-medicine as applied to a shifting patient population. Dialysis and acute renal failure provide a paradigm for late 20th century technology-defined, organ-specific medical specialisation.
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Le, Roy Mélie. "Les enfants au Néolithique : du contexte funéraire à l'interprétation socioculturelle en France de 5700 à 2100 avant J.-C". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0020/document.
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Durant le Néolithique en France (5700-2100 ans av. J.-C.), plusieurs groupes culturels principalement définis à partir du mobilier se succèdent. Les pratiques funéraires témoignent de changements majeurs au cours de cette période. Les sépultures d’abord individuelles, ont tendance à être regroupées, avant que la monumentalisation et la collectivisation des tombes se mettent en placeau Néolithique moyen pour devenir combiné et quasi exclusives à la fin du Néolithique. L’objectif de ce travail est l’étude des individus immatures dans divers contextes (pratiques funéraires, recrutement, analyse spatiale) et une discussion de leur considération sociale à partir des résultats obtenus.Une analyse multi-scalaire, fondée sur un inventaire de 8124 sites, associe les données archéologiques et biologiques et elle a été couplée à un SIG. La base de données ainsi constituée a vocation à être disponible sous la forme d’une plateforme collaborative en ligne.Huit sites du Néolithique moyen et de la fin du Néolithique ont fait l’objet d’une étude plus approfondie avant d’être intégrés à l’ensemble de l’échantillon. Les résultats documentent une organisation spécifique aux individus immatures mise en place à l’échelle du site. Une diversité de traitements est également visible à une échelle plus large, autorisant certains regroupements de sites d’un point de vue géographique et chronologique. Les différences observées semblent refléter des âges de rupture dans la considération sociale des individus immatures et conduisent à une discussion sur la présence de tranches d’âge au sein de la cohorte des défunts non-adultes, comme autant d’étapes sociales depuis la naissance jusqu’à l’âge adulteIn France, during the Neolithic time period (5700-2100 BC), several cultural groups have been identified. They are mostly defined according to their set of artefacts. Funerary practices show major changes during this period. In the begining of Neolithic burials were simple and gathered, following with monumentalisation and collectivization at the middle Neolithic, before becoming exclusive at the end of the Neolithic. The aim of this research is to focus on immature individuals within these various contexts (funerary practices, age distribution and spatial analysis) and to discuss the social statut of young individuals within the society through the collected data.A multi-scalar study, based on an inventory of 8124 settlements in France combines biological and archaeological data and includes a GIS analysis. This elaborated data base is designed to become an online collaborative platform.Special attention is given to eight funerary sites dated respectively to middle Neolithic and to the end of Neolithic before their integration in the whole sample. Results document a specific spatial distribution of the immature individuals inside the funerary sites. Various funerary treatments are also identified on a larger scale, allowing the grouping of some sites both geographically and spatially. These differences seem to reflect breaking age at death linked to the social consideration of the immature deceased, from birth to adulthood
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Varey, Sharon Maria. "Society and the land : the changing landscape of Baschurch, North Shropshire c.1550-2000". Thesis, University of Chester, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/87856.
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This study focuses upon elements of continuity and change in the developing landscape of the parish of Baschurch in north Shropshire during the period c.1550-2000. In considering a relatively neglected part of the English rural landscape, the writer examines whether landscape change in this area was unique or mirrored experiences in neighbouring parishes and the county as a whole. Shropshire as a county is understudied in terms of its landscape history and so this research project aims to redress this balance, whilst at the same time contributing to the growth of knowledge regarding rural landscape studies generally. The writer examines the themes of population, farm and fieldscape, land use, settlement and buildings, and transport. Analysis draws upon a wide range of documentary sources including a large collection of probate inventories, existing primary and secondary literature and oral testimonies, alongside an examination of structures and features in the present landscape. Analysis reveals the diverse nature of the landscape of the parish. It exhibits varying patterns of landownership, enclosure, field systems, land use and settlement. Research shows that in some instances experiences mirror those exhibited by neighbouring parishes: for example with regard to the enclosure of open arable lands, the rise of dairy farming and the emergence of settlement in areas of former woodland. Overall, this research demonstrates the importance of landownership during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries in influencing the extent of landscape change. Landowner involvement affected field systems, farm size, land use, settlements and emerging transport networks. Research shows that single landownership of a township has often led to landscape change, whereas change has occurred more slowly, or has been inhibited, in areas exhibiting multiple landownership. This study reveals that during the twentieth century the role of the dominant landowner as a major influence on the landscape has been superseded by local government planning departments. Although subject to landowner involvement, the importance of transport developments in understanding landscape change is also highlighted. In addition to enhancing our knowledge of the rural landscape of north Shropshire, this research project reveals that through its varying patterns of landownership, field systems and settlements, the parish of Baschurch is a microcosm of the west midlands and borderlands landscape as a whole.
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Leconte, Stéphane. "Hétérocycloaddition [4+2] : synthèses de C-arylglycosides et réactions en phase solide". Le Mans, 2000. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2000/2000LEMA1007.pdf.
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Ce travail consiste en la synthèse en solution de trifluoro-C-arylglycosides, précurseurs potentiels de juglones et de la transposition sur support solide de réactions d'hétérocycloaddition catalysées. Dans une première partie, nous avons synthétisé un C-arylglycoside modèle via hétérocycloaddition [4+2] entre un oxabutadiène et un dérivé vinylnaphtalènique, suivie d'aménagement fonctionnel. Nous avons ensuite cherché à transposer sans succès notre méthodologie à la synthèse d'un 6',6',6'-trifluoro-C-arylglycoside. Nous nous sommes alors intéressés aux différentes méthodes d'accès concurrentes : par C-glycosilation directe, nous avons obtenu un premier C-arylglycoside trifluoré avec un très faible rendement ; nous avons ensuite abouti à la synthèse asymétrique de nouvelles trifluorogluconolactones, lesquelles pourraient nous permettre d'accéder au composé recherché. La seconde partie de ce travail a consisté en la transposition sur support solide de la réaction d'hétérocycloaddition entre un oxabutadiène et divers diènophiles. Une première série d'alcools allyliques a été synthétisée à partir de la résine de Wang, via un hétérodiène supporté en position 2 par un lien ester. Moyennant I'utilisation d'Eu(fod)3 comme catalyseur, I'hétérocycloaddition en phase solide s'effectue avec d'excellents rendements et sous un strict contrôle endo. Nous avons montré qu'il était possible de recycler la résine et le catalyseur. Nous nous sommes également intéressés au développement d'une nouvelle résine à groupement d'ancrage hydroxy. Ce nouveau support comparé à la résine de Wang s'est avèré moins coûteux et de capacité supérieure. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence qu'une réaction d'aldolisation directe entre un pyruvate d'alkyle et un aldéhyde aromatique était possible en utilisant comme catalyseur un acide de lewis appopriéThis work deals with the synthesis of trifluoro-C-arylglycosides and the transposition of catalyzed heterocycloaddition reaction on solid support. First, a C-arylglycoside was obtained by way of a heterocycloaddition between an oxabutadiene and a vinylnaphthalene derivative, followed by reduction and hydroboration-oxidation reactions. Our methodology was transposed unsuccessfully to the synthesis of 6',6',6'-trifluoro-C-arylglycosides. Also, we were interested by an alternative method : by direct C-glycosylation, we have obtained a first trifluoro-C-arylglycoside in low yield. To finish, we have worked on the asymetric synthesis of new intermediate compound, such as trifluoromethyl lactones. In the second time, we have transposed on solid support the heteroDiels-Alder reaction between an oxabutadiene and different dienophiles. A series of allylic alcohol was obtained by catalyzed heterocycloaddition with Eu(fod)l and heterodiene, supported in two position by a ester bond. The altylic alcohol were obtained with good yield and high endo selectivity. We have recycled the resin and the catalyst. We have developed a new resin with hydroxyl linker. This support was compared with Wang resin : It was less expensive and its capacity was more elevated. Ln order, to increase the degree of diversity on solid phase, we have begun a study on catalysed aldolisation reaction between a pyruvate and free aldehyde, in solution and on solid support
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Zaltash, Shahparak. "Pulmonary surfactant proteins B and C : molecular organisation and involvement in respiratory disease /". Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4571-3/.
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Saratsi, Eirini. "Landscape history & traditional management practices in the Pindos Mountains, Northwest Greeece, c. 1850-2000". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288076.
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Marwah, Hanaan. "Investing in ghosts : building and construction in Nigeria's oil boom and bust c.1960-2000". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:44dde983-2993-41c9-9346-9783f3d6e52a.
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Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, has been portrayed in scholarly literature as a prominent case of postcolonial African ‘growth failure’. Between 1960 and 2000 oil reserves were exploited resulting in revenues of more than $300 billion to the Nigerian government, while real per capita income fell over the same period. This thesis, by focusing on building and construction in Nigeria from 1960 to 2000, explains how and why Nigeria failed to invest its oil revenues to create long-term economic growth. Its findings have important implications for investment analyses of other commodity-rich countries in Africa and across the developing world. It draws on a wide range of primary quantitative and qualitative sources including government surveys, construction-related company financial data and project lists, industry publications, newspapers, and the correspondence files of a major Nigerian architecture firm. These are used to present a picture of historical building activity which includes a 40-year dataset of cement price and consumption, and a construction supply curve for both the oil boom and bust periods. By quantifying for the first time the long-observed ‘ghost construction’ of the oil boom, this thesis finds that annually about two thirds of what scholars and national accounts statistics had estimated was being invested in construction was never actually invested, implying that what was invested offered a greater return than has previously been acknowledged. Although investment in construction was overstated during the oil boom, during the oil bust construction was understated as major government projects were funded off-budget and away from public scrutiny. This thesis demonstrates that the most productive area of public investment has been infrastructure, and further that the private sector construction industry was a valuable asset which greatly enhanced the government’s ability to implement investment programmes, when it had the political will to do so.
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Retto, Rojas Oswaldo José. "Perfil epidemiológico, clínico, de laboratorio e histopatológico de la hepatitis C en el Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen – Lima, Perú 2000-2001". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2003. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1875.
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Describe las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, de laboratorio e hispatológicas de los pacientes con hepatitis crónica C del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. El trabajo de investigación se basa en la revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas de lo archivos de anatomía patológica y de laboratorio.Tesis de segunda especialidad
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Balzarek, Christoph. "Reactivity and mechanisms in aqueous organometallic chemistry : C-H bond activation in water catalyzed by molybdocenes /". [Eugene, Or. : University of Oregon Library System], 2000. http://libweb.uoregon.edu/UOTheses/2000/balzarekc00.pdf.
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Athanasiadis, Konstantinos. "Weaving and unravelling narratives of the self: representation of subjectivity in video art c.1970-2000". Thesis, University of London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580622.
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In the late 1950s, a new medium sprung out of televisual technology to become the latest tool of representation. Pioneering video artists affected audiences by targeting their perception of reality, opening space for new subjective experiences, and investigating the phenomena of consciousness. What was in fact revisited was the oldest inherent function of representation as cognitive device, exposing the manipulation of reality and of subjective experiences by the media, advertising, and entertainment industries. However, today, in a world overloaded with visual representations to the point that we are threatened with the end of the real, cultural theorists inform us that we came upon another paradox: the end of representation itself. Amidst these proclamations, the bravest explorations of representation by video art in its first steps have been conveniently forced into oblivion, purposefully overlooked, or artfully undermined. Providing an art historical narrative of video within the tradition of western representation, this thesis is structured around a single question: Has video art offered a new locus for the representation of contemporary subjectivity? The first part examines the new medium in an art historical context, introducing significant connections between the novelty of video representation of time and space, and its psychological effect on audiences as experiential subjects. It also provides the theoretical context of my investigation of representation's cognitive function in shaping subjectivity, by an analysis of a significant example for western art and culture, and by a review of the transition from the lived experience of the modem to the postmodern self as seen by contemporary psychoanalytic theory and practice. The second part examines how video art reflects the conditions that inform postmodern subjectivity (fragmentation, discontinuity, dislocation, decenterment), employing the clinical experience of narcissism and schizophrenia. The art of video seems to have offered not only new systems of representation that derive directly from these experiences, but also a potential locus where cognitive and perceptual conditions can be recast to achieve the therapeutic and conciliatory states of reverie and containment.
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Abdullah, Azrai bin. "From natural economy to capitalism : the state and economic transformation in Perak, Malaysia c.1800-2000". Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11278.
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The thesis provides the first description and analysis of long-term economic change and development in the Peninsular Malaysian State of Perak from about 1800 to 2000. Although a considerable number of studies have been undertaken on the colonial economy of Perak focusing on tin and rubber production, given the vital importance of these commodities and of Perak's position in the British imperial enterprise, very little research has been done in relating the state's pre-colonial status and its colonial development to post-independence transformations. The thesis coordinates and re-evaluates the material on colonial period concentrating particularly on the available statistical data and the relations between tin, rubber and rice. It then links colonial developments with contemporary change by examining the three key economic elements of land, labour and capital, and utilises a considerable amount of government economic data on the recent period. It also considers the relations between the policies and practices of the colonial and post-colonial state and processes of economic development. It argues that the role of the state, though different and changing, has been vitally important in promoting and underpinning economic transformations from British intervention in 1874 until the present. The major change can be characterised as the transition from a primarily 'natural' economy to a 'state capitalist' one.
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Kischel, Philippe. "Expression et rôle fonctionnel de la troponine C dans l'activité contractile, en conditions normales et après un épisode d'hypodynamie - hypokinésie". Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-444.pdf.
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Ce travail a pour objectif l'étude des changements d'expression d'une protéine régulatrice de la contraction musculaire, la troponine c (tnc), et des transformations fonctionnelles corrélatives, sur des muscles à fonction posturale après une période d'hypodynamie-hypokinésie (hh) de 14 jours (microgravité simulée) ou de microgravité réelle. L'expression relative des deux isoformes de tnc (lente tncs, ou rapide tncf), sur muscles entiers et sur fibres isolées, a été établie par immunodétection. Les propriétés fonctionnelles, sur des fibres isolées et pelées, ont été analysées à partir des propriétés d'activation par le ca 2 + et le sr 2 +, en absence et en présence d'un outil pharmacologique, le bepridil. Ce dernier cible spécifiquement le comportement de la tnc. Sur le soleus contrôle de rat, la tncs est exprimée de façon majoritaire (88%) et se répartit dans des fibres n'exprimant que cette isoforme (fibres lentes l, 74%), ou des fibres hybrides coexprimant tncs et tncf (hybrides lentes hl : 10%, ou hybrides rapides hr : 16%). Aucune fibre exprimant uniquement la tncf n'a été répertoriéeApres hh, on observe au niveau du soleus atrophié une augmentation de l'expression de la tncf, due a une augmentation de la proportion de fibres hr (16 a 45%) au détriment des fibres l (45%). Ces fibres hr possèdent les mêmes caractéristiques d'activation que les fibres contrôles correspondantes, liées au type de tnc prédominante. En revanche, les fibres l et hl acquièrent après hh des caractéristiques d'activation spécifiques, non imputables a un changement du fonctionnement de la tnc. Les données obtenues après microgravité réelle sur un autre muscle extenseur lent (triceps de singe) confirment ces résultats. L'hh induit par conséquent un changement d'expression de la tnc rendant compte des transformations fonctionnelles des fibres musculaires. Nos résultats montrent cependant que d'autres protéines régulatrices contribuent a ces modifications, notamment sur les fibres demeurées lentes
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Oelschlägel, Anett C. [Verfasser], Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Streck, Bernhard [Gutachter] Streck, Annegret [Akademischer Betreuer] Nippa i Annegret [Gutachter] Nippa. "Plurale Weltinterpretationen : Das Beispiel der Tyva Südsibiriens / Anett C. Oelschlägel ; Gutachter: Bernhard Streck, Annegret Nippa ; Bernhard Streck, Annegret Nippa". Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1238365957/34.
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Nott, John Daniel. "Between famine and malnutrition : spatial aspects of nutritional health during Ghana's long twentieth century, c. 1896-2000". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17070/.
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This is a study of hunger and malnutrition in distinct spaces and during a long period of uniquely dramatic economic fluctuation. Focusing on Ghana’s often hungry Northern savannah, its wealthy and food secure Southern forest and its youthful, expanding cities, this study seeks to explain how hunger and malnutrition form in proximate yet readily contrasted environments. Resulting from failures of domestic reproduction as well as failures of local food economies, the history of malnutrition is, in essence, a history of food and family. As a conscious concern, hunger played a mediating role in the varied and rapidly changing livelihoods seen across Ghana. Anthropology and demography give insight into the weight of nutrition in precolonial, nineteenth-century contexts as well as the effects of colonial integration. Colony-wide labour and food markets encouraged new forms of food insecurity and new modes of survival, something seen particularly clearly in the trend of north-south migration. As a less-conscious concern than hunger, nutritional health was also partially directed by the medical environment and by consensuses regarding good and bad nutrition. Born as an arm of imperial rule which sought to override indigenous understandings of health, nutritional science was both politically reactive and scientifically reductive, reflecting Western concerns regarding Africa and Western understandings of nutrition long into independence. The process of capitalist development also promoted the devaluation of domestic reproduction, with wealth and poverty determined by cash-income rather than access to human capital. This transition preceded the gender conflict and higher-risk forms of childrearing which undermined nutrition security across the country. Recently reinvigorated by the neoliberal turn of the late twentieth century, this process helps explain the endurance of malnutrition in spite of economic growth. The pursuit of these ends also helps explains postcolonial hunger as market dependency fostered epidemic malnutrition during the market collapse of the 1970s and early 1980s.
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Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of Art/Women/California 1950-2000: Parallels and Intersections". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5714.
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Fornillo, Bruno. "Le mouvement vers le socialisme au pouvoir en Bolivie : figures de cogouvernement, antagonismes territoriaux et horizon révolutionnaire". Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/185436633#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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En Bolivie, le cycle politique qui a débuté en 2000 lors de la « guerre de l’eau », et dont son point de repère central a été l’accession du Mouvement vers le Socialisme (MAS) aux plus hautes sphères du pouvoir politique a réveillé les attentes de mise en place d’un projet de « décolonisation ». La thèse que nous présentons a pour but d’appréhender les vicissitudes qui secouent ce pays enclavé. On examinera de manière approfondie l’action des organisations sociales pendant le gouvernement evista, sans doute un des gouvernements les plus prolifiques sur la scène latino-américaine actuelle si nous considérons que sa puissance « instituante » s’est forgée depuis « le bas ». Dans ce cadre, l’interrogation qui sous-tend la totalité du cheminement de la recherche est la suivante: dans la conjoncture du gouvernement du MAS, quelle a été l’action collective des organisations sociales subalternes entre les années 2005 et 2010? Bien que cela soit clairement une préoccupation propre à la sociologie politique à caractère général, pour l’aborder, la recherche est structurée autour d’une série de problématiques appréhendées comme composantes centrales du processus politique bolivien, ce qui nous permettra d’exposer les évènements de la première gestion evista: « cogouvernement », « antagonisme territorial » et « révolution ». Ainsi, sur la base d’un travail de terrain qui a duré plus d’un an, de recompilation d’informations dans les différentes régions et de la réalisation de plus de quatre-vingt entretiens, le propos de notre travail est de se focaliser sur la vie historico-politique récente de cette géographie ando-amazonienneN Bolivia, the political cycle that began in 2000 with the “war of water” and whose landmark was the arrival of the “Movimiento al Socialismo” (Movement for Socialism) to the higher ranks of the political spectrum, arouse the expectations of giving expression to the project of “decolonization”. The dissertation seeks to provide an insight into the vicissitudes that this Mediterranean country is currently facing, examining in depth the performance of the subaltern social organizations during the “Evista” administration, which is certainly one of the most vitals experiences in the present Latin American scenery if we consider that its political potential has emerged ”from below”. In this perspective, the guiding question of the complete trajectory traced throughout this dissertation could be enunciated as follows: How did the collective action of the subaltern social organization operate between 2005 and 2010 in the context of the government of “MAS”? Due to the fact that this is a question to be addressed by a political sociology of a general character, the dissertation is structured in a series of questions: “co-government”, “territorial antagonism” and “revolution”, as fundamental components of the Bolivian political process, which allow us in turn to situate and trace how the most important events during the first “Evista” presidential mandate were experienced. Therefore, through an inter-disciplinary approach, recovering and getting information from different regions, and having made more than eighty interviews, the dissertation focuses on the recent political and historical life of this Andean and Amazonian geography
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Gravel-Richard, Julie. "Un cas d'évergétisme civique : Protogénès d'Olbia, fin du IIIe siècle avant J.-C". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28536.
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Barrio, Sébastien. "Sociologie du rap français : état des lieux, 2000-2006". Paris 8, 2007. http://octaviana.fr/document/124492134#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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Cette thèse retrace l’histoire récente de la musique rap en France, en appui avec la « théorie de l’expérience » de Shusterman, notamment de son ouvrage « L’art à l’état vif, la pensée pragmatiste et l’esthétique populaire » (Les Editions de Minuit, 1992), avec des matériaux recueillis par observation ainsi une trentaine d’entretiens. L’évolution du rap est rapprochée des avancées technologiques de l’industrie électronique comme l’arrivée du sampleur ou le développement des platines disques. Les travaux anciens dans la recherche sur le rap sont revisités. La thèse caractérise les différents types de rap, étudie la relation de ce genre avec les institutions, la scission entre rap underground et commercial, et les rapports entre générations successives de rappeurs. Un chapitre porte sur la séparation entre culture hip hop et rap, qui est récente. On s’attache à traiter de l’écriture. Le rap est vu comme un art médiateur entre écrit et oral. A côté des processus de la création musicale, l’aspect littéraire de cette musique est étudié. Le cadre temporel des observations et de la trentaine d’entretiens réalisés est la période 2000 – 2006. Qu’il se situe dans le rap underground ou dans le cadre du rap commercial, l’artiste est associé à d’autres intervenants, ce qui peut être analysé avec une conceptualisation reprise de Howard S. Becker dans Les mondes de l’art (Flammarion, 1988). On s’est intéressé aux intervenants qui ont le statut de « personnel de renfort ». Le rap est un domaine en évolution rapide. La présente thèse dresse un état actuel des lieux avec un éclairage apporté par la rencontre avec les artistes qui dessinent un nouveau paysage de cet art depuis 2000 et par une analyse du déroulement des soirées sur scène. Elle se veut une contribution à une histoire de cette musique qui présente désormais une dimension de savoir cumulatifThis thesis, relates the recent history of rap music supported with Shusterman’s « experience’s theory » from his book book “Pragmatist aesthetics, Living beauty, rethinking art” (Les Editions de Minuit, 1992) as well as about thirty interwievs. The evolution rap is connected with the technological overhang of the electronic industry such as the coming of the “sampler” or the developement of tune-tables. Several old research into rap are updated. The thesis characterises different types of rap, studies the relations with institutions, the split between underground and commercial rap and the awareness wich lead the relations between young and old rap’s generation. One chapter is about the recent division between rap and hip hop culture. We aim at dealing with the writting process. Rap is seen as a mediation between written work and oral tradition, close to the musical creation process, the literary aspect of this music has been studied. The temporal scope for observations and about thirty interviews is between 2000 – 2006. The artist needs help from other people, either in underground rap or in commercial rap: which can be analized with a conceptualization coming from in Art worlds (Flammarion, 1988) by Howard S. Becker. We’ve deal with people also called “support personnal”. Rap evolution is very fast. This thesis gives a review of the présent situation with an “entry to the ground” with the meeting of the artists who have been created this “new rap” since 2000 and by an analysis of the night shows progress. It want itself as a contribution toward the history of this music wich now offers a dimension of cumulative knowledge
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Welker, Pia. "Die Rolle der Mastzelle im zytokinen Netzwerk der Haut". Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969501013.
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Guérin, Charles. "L'élaboration de la notion rhétorique de "persona" au Ier siècle av. J. -C. : antécédents grecs et enjeux cicéroniens". Paris 12, 2006. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002535200204611&vid=upec.
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Cette thèse se propose d’étudier la manière dont la rhétorique latine du Ier siècle av. J. -C. Est parvenue à formaliser l’aspect éthique de la pratique oratoire par l’élaboration progressive d’une catégorie adaptée aux enjeux de la République romaine : celle de persona, notion qui désigne, dans son acception rhétorique, l’image que l’orateur projette de lui-même à travers son discours, tant par l’énonciation directe de ses propres mérites que, de façon indirecte, par son argumentaire, son style (elocutio), sa voix et ses gestes (actio). Cette étude entend mettre en évidence la spécificité latine de la notion (par opposition à la notion grecque d’h\qo") et cherche à inscrire la pensée rhétorique dans l’environnement idéologique dont elle dépend étroitement dès qu’entrent en jeu l’apparence et le comportement de l’orateur. Une première partie fait de la théorie athénienne de l’h\qo" et de ses implications politiques un point de comparaison permettant d’appréhender les spécificités de la persona. Il est alors possible d’étudier la difficile émergence, dans l’anonyme Rhétorique à Herennius et le De inuentione de Cicéron, d’une notion dégagée des stricts enjeux de la rhétorique grecque et embrassant les dimensions symboliques, idéologiques et pratiques propres au contexte aristocratique romain. Est enfin analysée la manière dont Cicéron, dans ses œuvres de maturité, parvient à donner à la persona un statut théorique véritable et à utiliser cette notion au sein d’un projet rhétorique et philosophique largeThis thesis intends to study the theoretical means by which the Latin rhetoric of the first century BCE has understood the ethical aspect of rhetorical performances and has progressively built a category suited to the peculiarities of the late Roman republic : the notion of persona, which, in its rhetorical meaning, corresponds to the merits mentioned by the orator in his own speech and to the ethos he conveys through his argumentation, style, voice and gestures. This work seeks to demonstrate that the notion of persona is no strict equivalent of the Greek notion of h\qo". It emphasizes therefore how historical and ideological contexts must be taken into account when rhetorical theory tries to deal with oratorical ethos. The first part of this study uses the Athenian theory of h\qo" and its political value as a reference in order to give the notion of persona its particular rhetorical meaning. It then becomes possible to study how this notion slowly emerges, detaches itself from Greek rhetorical tradition and takes into account the symbolical, ideological and practical realities of the Roman aristocratic environment in the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium and Cicero’s De inuentione. The last part of this study analyzes how Cicero gives a true theoretical status to the notion of persona in his mature works and uses it for philosophical and rhetorical purposes that are wider than they were in the first Latin rhetorical texts
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Brown, Ruth Katharine. "The rise of the leisure painter : artistic creativity within the experience of ordinary life in postwar Britain, c. 1945-2000". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4f9bec84-094e-4ec9-b36a-3b66e9330076.
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Since John Ruskin and William Morris's protestations against mass production in the nineteenth century, critics of mass consumption thought that it not only reduced the necessity, but also the desire, to make things for personal use and enjoyment. The history of leisure painting in art societies and adult education, and of the amateur artist’s consumption of art materials and self-help literature, shows that, on the contrary, affluence both inspired and facilitated a quest for self-actualisation amongst the rank and file. Creative activities such as drawing and painting served this quest at little financial cost to the individual. Following the Second World War, a significant increase in the take-up of leisure painting was encouraged by the state as part of the broader postwar settlement. The pursuit of personal wellbeing through creative activity was regarded as a public good, of benefit not only to individuals but also to the communities of which they were a part. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, state support for recreational pursuits such as leisure painting was pared back: in the shift from collectivist social democracy towards individualist market liberalism, personal enjoyment was recast as a private affair for which the consumer must pay. Painting continued to grow in popularity, supported by expanding consumer markets in self-help literature and affordable art materials. Yet while consumerism sustained the popularity of amateur art-making, the ways in which amateur artists participated in the arts changed. Personal creativity emerges here as an inherently social activity: the private experience of creativity is mediated and structured by society. Consumerism was not bad for personal creativity per se, but the replacement of a communitarian approach with a consumerist model restricted the breadth and reach of creative aspiration nurtured as part of the postwar settlement. By the end of the century, most amateurs were painting alone.
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Tallec, Marston Kevin. "An international comparative history of youth football in France and the United States (C.1920-C.2000) : the age paradigm and the demarcation of the youth game as a separate sector of the sport". Thesis, De Montfort University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/9497.
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This thesis contends that the contemporary phenomenon of youth football is the fruit of a variety of historical developments over the twentieth century. The manner in which the junior game evolved as an independent subset of the sport in France and America was certainly exemplary of the idiosyncrasies of national sporting culture, football in particular, the general timeline of each country as well as the place of 'youth' in wider society. The present study aims to expand the understanding of the game of football, specifically the youth sector, through a transnational line of enquiry covering the period from circa 1920 to circa 2000. The thesis structure is broadly thematic and chronological. This comparative approach attempts to remain coherent across both countries with a goal of outlining the core issues and major shifts which occurred over the chosen period. Youth football underwent a process of demarcation from the adult or elite game but maintained and furthered specific mechanisms linking the two across sporting, educational, and professional bridges. With the decade of the 1970s serving as a turning point, the youth level achieved a sort of independence while being inextricably fused to the top level. The essence of the growing separation of the youth from the senior level rested on the fundamental notion of 'age' as opposed to 'ability'. The organisation of football around this concept of 'age', and the resulting limitation of participation, provided a basis for 'junior' football as a distinct entity by the last quarter of the twentieth century. Subsequent divisions extended the differences between age categories and created a full competitive youth spectrum for younger and younger players. The game was, as a result, 'juvenilized'. The registration of players and the competitions for which this registration was so important reflected the relevance of 'age'. Throughout this process, though in different ways and at different speeds in the two countries studied, the youth game was drawn away from its roots in the school and as a pillar of the world of education. After the initial interwar and post-war eras, youth football moved toward the worlds of the club and association. This specialisation of the game was also evident in the rules and the equipment, all of which were progressively adapted for a more pedagogically correct, and perhaps commercially oriented, fit. While the youth game separated from the adult footballing world through age classification, distinct competitive spaces, adapted rules and equipment, that expanding gulf was continually bridged in various ways in order to maintain, develop, and create new links between these two increasingly distinct sectors of the sport. The link with the elite and the professional levels was certainly not new, but from the 1970s onwards it was solidified over time and the relationship grew closer as education moved farther away or, at the least, took a back seat to 'professional training'. By the close of the twentieth century, this ultimately placed the youth game as distinct from the adult game. Yet, somewhat contradictorily, it was closer than ever to the elite professional domain. As subject to international, professional and commercial forces, the youth game was fused to elite football. These three forces pulled youth football away from their uniquely national idioms and towards a more globalized arena. Harmonizing the experience across national boundaries, a blend of educational, sporting and professional bridges ensured and furthered the connection between the youth and the adult elite player. From the late nineteenth century's amateur world view - where football and sport were idealized as a means for development of the human being or the vehicle for the transmission of elite social values - the effects of professionalization turned football into an end in itself as a legitimate career. From child's play to a real métier. By the end of the twentieth century, the youth game stood confidently with one foot in each world.
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Kandil, Feriel. "Raison et rationalité en économie : considérations critiques à partir de la théorie des préférences impersonnelles de John C. Harsanyi". Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100068.
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Avec sa théorie des préférences impersonnelles, Harsanyi inaugure l'extension de la théorie de la décision (notamment de la théorie de l'utilité espérée) au domaine moral, extension dont les implications mathématiques et philosophiques pour l'économie conçue comme science du choix rationnel sont discutées dans la thèse. A travers la modélisation des préférences tant personnelles que impersonnelles, l'ambition de Harsanyi est de poursuivre et de renforcer, par voie d'axiomatisation, le programme de recherche soutenu par la science économique contemporaine. Celui-ci consiste, dans le domaine pratique, à s'en tenir à un usage purement analytique de la raison, d'une raison qui rapporte l'intelligibilité de toute décision à un problème de cohérence formelle entre ses éléments (fins et moyens ou contraintes et préférences) indépendamment de tout jugement porté sur le contenu axiologique de ces derniers. Mais, l'établissement de son théorème de l'observateur impartial pose l'auteur face à un dilemme : celui-ci souligne l'impossibilité à concevoir l'intelligibilité d'un choix moral sur la seule base d'une conception préférentialiste de la valeur. Cette critique négative issue des travaux en économie du bien-être appelle des prolongements portant sur l'évocation du débat conceptuel qui oppose Rawls à Harsanyi et qui porte sur les liens entre "le rationnel et le raisonnable". Ainsi, contre l'extension de la théorie du choix rationnel au domaine moral, la thèse opérée, au nom d'une théorie non plus "analytique" mais "prudentielle" de la raison, un renversement de perspective. Elle montre que vouloir rendre compte de l'intelligibilité des différents types de choix (intéressés ou désintéressés sur la base d'une même conception générale de l'usage de la raison, suppose de ne pas s'en tenir à la seule dimension logique de la décision, mais à mettre en valeur l'articulation dynamique entre jugements moraux, jugements analytiques et jugements pratiques au fondement de ces choixWith his theory of impersonal preferences, Harsanyi promotes the extension of decision theory (specially of the expected utility theory) to the moral field. It is the mathematical and philosophical implications of such an extension for economics defined as the science of rational choice which are discussed in this thesis. Through personal and impersonal preferences' modelisation, Harsanyi's ambition is to pursue and strengthen, thanks to axiomatisation, the research programm which is sustained by contemporary economics. This programm consists in limiting the use of reason to its analytical preogatives so as to reduce all decision's intelligibility to a logical propriety of coherence between its elements (means and ends or preferences and constraints), no matter what the axiological contents of these elements are. But, in sustaining his impartial observer theorem, Harsanyi has to face a dilemma : it is shawn that it is impossible to conceive the intelligibility of a moral choice on the basis of a preferentialist conception of utility. This negative critic formulated within welfare economics needs to be extended and informed by conceptual considerations, those which are discussed in the debate which opposes Rawls and Harsanyi, this debate regarding the links between "the rational and the reasonable". Thus, against the extension of rational choice theory to moral field, the thesis overthrows Harsanyi's prospect, promoting a prudential and not an analytical use of reason. It is shawn that in order to strike the intelligibility of different kinds of choices (interested or non-interested decisions) on the basis of the same general conception of the reason's usages, it is necessary not to take into account exclusively the logical dimension of choices but to considere the dynamic articulation between the moral, the analytical and the practical judgements on the foundation of all decision
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El, Karouni Ilyess. "L'économie chinoise depuis 1978 [mille neuf cents soixante-dix-huit] : genèse et manifestations du changement institutionnel". Paris 8, 2007. http://octaviana.fr/document/136511112#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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Notre thèse s'est intéressée à l'étude de la transformation postsocialiste chinoise. Plus particulièrement, nous avons cherché à expliquer ses causes profondes avant d'exposer ses manifestations. Les premières doivent être recherchées dans l'encastrement culturel de l'action économique, les dernières dans l'examen de l'environnement et des arrangements institutionnels. Nous avons comparé le processus à une réaction chimique dont l'élément déclencheur est ce que nous avons appelé un choc culturel. Il touche le bloc culturel (bloc "0") en affectant les représentations individuelles et collectives. Ce choc fut provoqué par la réouverture du pays. Ses conséquences furent amplifiées par la présence de deux "catalyseurs" liés à la mémoire collective. Le premier est interne, étant la conjonction de deux épisodes historiques : le Grand Bond en avant (1958-60) et la Révolution Culturelle (1966-1976). Le second est externe : il renvoie au dynamisme des économies asiatiques appartenant à la même aire géographique et culturelle que la Chine. La mutation des droits de propriété (privatisation par le bas) est une des manifestations de la réaction institutionnelle au niveau de l'environnement institutionnel. Mais ces imperfections sont nombreuses (difficile mise en application des lois et contrats, prédation) et génèrent des coûts de transaction. Ceux-ci expliquent la déliquescence de l'économie de commande maoïste et l'essor des coopératives en Chine rurale avec le corporatisme d'État local. Nous concluons sur la complexité du processus et sur les limites de la vision politique. Il apparaît alors indispensable de donner plus d'importance à sa dimension culturelleOur thesis deals with the issue of Chinese postsocialist transformation. More particularly, we try to explain its causes before to state its appearances. The causes should be looked into the cultural embeddedness of the economic action, the appearances in the examination of the institutional and environment and institutional arrangement. We compared the process to a chemical reaction whose factor which triggered the reaction was what we coined a cultural shock. It affects the cultural block (block "0") by altering the individual and collective perceptions. This shock was caused by the reopening of the country. Its consequences were expanded by the existence of two "catalysts" linked the collective memory. The first is internal : it is the conjunction of two historical episodes : thr Great Leap forward (1958-60) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). The second catalyst is external : it refers to the dynamism of Asian economies which belong to the same geographical and cultural area than China. The mutation of property rights (privatization from below) is one of the appearances of the institutional reaction at the level of the institutional environment. But its imperfections are numerous (difficult enforcement of the laws and contracts, predation) and generate transaction costs. The costs accounts for the decline maoist command economy and the development of cooperatives in rural China with the local state corporatism. We conclude on the complexity of the process and the limits of the political vision. Therefore, its appears essential to attach importance to its cultural dimension
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Carter, John. "Post-Materialism: Its Impact on Presidential Election Year Issues, 1972-2000". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32740.
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This thesis examines the measurable effects of changing cultural values on American presidential election year issues from 1972 to 2000.
Topics discussed: the long-term shift in cultural values and their impact on political parties, party support, and political priorities. There is congruence between the content of the two major political party platforms from 1972-2000 and the cultural priorities of party supporters as defined by their presidential vote. This relationship also holds true for the 'most significant issue facing the nation' variable in the National Election Studies and presidential vote choice. These results are reproduced in a completely different data set of active political participants (follow the news closely, participate in political campaigns, vote consistently) assembled by Sydney Verba.
Both political parties must contend with the tensions that arise from differing cultural priorities of their supporters. This applies both within the parties as they must assemble winning electoral coalitions and between the parties which have taken on the cultural and political priorities of their strongest supporters. As the cultural priorities of major political party supporters shift, so have their quadrennial party platforms.Master of Arts
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Chamussy, Vincent. "La violence et la guerre comme marqueurs de l'évolution sociopolitique dans les sociétés de l'aire Andine centrale : vers la formation de l'État, du formatif à la période intermédiaire ancienne (2000 av. J-C -500 apr. J-C)". Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010549.
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Les anthropologues qui étudient la guerre manquent le plus souvent de données sur les guerres préhistoriques et ont tendance a extrapoler a partir de données ethnologiques et ethno-historiques, ce qui leur donne une vision déformée de sociétés préhistoriques en guerres continuelles. Notre étude a l'ambition de leur apporter des éléments inédits sur les débuts de la guerre dans les Andes. Apres avoir analysé les concepts de violence et de guerre et défini la guerre institutionnalisée, nous faisons la description de tous les 'objets signifiants' de la guerre rencontres dans l'Aire Andine Centrale (la cote et la sierra de l'Equateur au lac Titicaca) et nous faisons un relevé de toutes les occurrences trouvées dans les publications et sur le terrain. Nous mettons alors en évidence que cette région n'a pas connu la guerre pendant des millénaires tout en développant de brillantes civilisations théocratiques pacifiques pendant la Période Formative: les plus connues sont celles de Caral au Précéramique Final (3000. -1800 avo J. - C. ), Casma /Sechin (1800 av. J. -C. -900 av. L-C. )coïncidant avec la découverte de la céramique et les cultures Cupisniques sur la cote et Chavin dans la sierra (1500-200 av. J. -C. ). Mais, à partir du 2°siecle av. J. - C. Les premiers indices de guerre apparaissent dans les vallées du Centre-Nord, sous formes de nombreuses forteresses et d'armes comme dans· l'iconographie. Ils sont dus à l'arrivée, dans une· société en crise, d'une population nouvelle· en provenance du nord-est qui provoquant simultanément la constitution de systèmes guerriers, la concentration des trois pouvoirs politique, économique et coercitif dans les mains d'une élite et la formation progressive de systèmes sociopolitiques complexes et centralises ou Etats, d'abord dans chaque vallée puis multi-vallees (Mochica). La guerre devint alors un élément majeur de la société andine jusqu'a la constitution de l'Empire Inca. La relation réciproque et dialectique entre guerre et formation de l'Etat se vérifie donc dans l'Aire Andine Centrale a la Periode Intérmediaire Ancienne
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Oré, Cárdenas Andrés. "Estudio comparativo entre ultrasonografía y diagnóstico histopatológico de cirrosis y fibrosis por virus de hepatitis B y C : Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins 2000-2004". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2843.
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Se estudiaron 236 historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, desde el año 2000 hasta julio del 2004.con fibrosis o cirrosis hepática por hepatitis viral B y C con el objetivo de evaluar el valor de diagnóstico de la ultrasonografía en comparación con el diagnóstico histopatológico. Se aplicó un sistema de puntaje ultrasonográfico a cada paciente de acuerdo a los signos US clasificándolos en una escala de 4-11. Se transcribieron los puntajes histopatológicos según el sistema METAVIR y se evaluó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo para la puntuación US, compuesta de superficie, parénquima, borde hepático y pared porta. A partir del punto óptimo se hallaron gráficos de curvas ROC lo que permitió tener una mejor visión de las pruebas de diagnostico. Se halló que una puntuación US 6 fue el mejor punto de corte para la predicción de Cirrosis y fibrosis grado III relacionados a HBV y HCV, con sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo de 97.2%, 71.4%, 89.9%, 90.95 respectivamente. Las puntuaciones US están altamente y significativamente correlacionado 0.73(P<0.01) con la histopatología. La ultrasonografía en el diagnostico de la fibrosis y cirrosis por hepatitis B y C, muestra un mayor valor en la sensibilidad (85.39), la especificidad (85.71) y exactitud (85.59) en relación a la superficie del hígado. Los resultados demuestran que la ultrasonografía es un examen confiable para el diagnostico de la cirrosis y la fibrosis hepática tanto para la hepatitis viral B y C, aunque con mayor predicción para la hepatitis viral B. Los datos permiten concluir que la fibrosis y la cirrosis por hepatitis B y C, pueden ser correctamente diagnosticadas con un 85.59% de exactitud empleando un solo signo ultrasonográfico (superficie del hígado).Tesis de segunda especialidad
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Al-Thani, Haya. "Making Dilmun seals speak : stylistic elements of Dilmun glyptics and their implications for social and economic life in early Dilmun, c. 2000-1800 BCE". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444489/.
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This study has attempted to explain the emergence and development of the socio-economic complexity detected in Dilmun material culture, particularly its seals, which emerged in the Gulf region c. 2100-1800 BCE. My research aims to present a regional perspective through emphasising the internal dynamic, or endogenous processes establishing Dilmun society. A new perspective is presented as the result of a reassessment of current theories of the relationships between suppliers and consumers in long distance trading networks which suggests important modifications to the models presented by Renfrew and Stein. The complexity of Early Dilmun society is demonstrated by the remains at the Qalaat al-Bahrain period II a-c, by the existence of the central palace and the settlement beside the city wall. There are also the temples at Barbar, Diraz, and Sar settlement and a new settlement was founded on Failaka, all indicators of a process of social complexity (urbanization) taking place in the Dilmun region. Other supporting evidence comes from burials. The corpus of seals is re-analyzed to establish a new and more detailed classification. A particular group of high quality seals can be distinguished which, it is suggested, is evidence for the existence of an elite, or administrative, class in Dilmun society. This proposal is strengthened by an analysis of the original context of the seals which demonstrates a relationship between this group and the relatively rich burials. The appearance of various iconographic themes from neighbouring cultures is discussed: these motifs often combine both prestige and exotic knowledge and appear to have been selected by Dilmun's elite to legitimise their status. This thesis suggests that when the Dilmun entrepot became involved in a network of interregional interaction with many neighbouring cultural centres between end of the 3rd and the early 2nd millennium BC, Dilmun's society witnessed rapid increases in local social complexity. The transformation of foreign symbolic elements would not necessarily carry any implication of economic or political dependency. This justifies the initial formulation of the 'Autonomous entrepot at a distance' model and explains the establishment of developed communities in the Arabian Gulf region at beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.
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Kischel, Philippe Bedoura-Mounier Yvonne. "Expression et rôle fonctionnel de la troponine C dans l'activité contractile, en conditions normales et après un épisode d'hypodynamie - hypokinésie". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2000-444-445.pdf.
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Thèse de doctorat : Sciences de la vie et de la santé : Lille 1 : 2000.Résumé en français et en anglais. Textes en français et en anglais (publications). Bibliogr. f. 180-205. Notes bibliogr.
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Fourny, Virginie Perré Philippe. "Etude rétrospective de la prise en charge des patients co-infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) à l'hôpital de la Roche sur Yon entre 2000 et 2006". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=20746.
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Sarmast, Ahmad Naser. "A survey of the history of music in Afghanistan, from ancient times to 2000 A.D., with special reference to art music from c.1000 A.D". Monash University, School of Music-Conservatorium, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9685.
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Martinovski, Vladimir. "Aspects de la poésie ekphrastique : C. Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du mal, W. C. Williams, Tableaux d'après Bruegel, S. Janevski, Palette maudite, V. Urosevic, Pays invisible, J. Ashbery, Autoportrait dans un miroir convexe et Y. Bonnefoy, Ce qui fut sans lumière". Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030027.
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Des plus anciens monuments de la littérature aux plus récents, on retrouve le procédé de l’ekphrasis – description d’œuvres plastiques réelles ou imaginaires. Notre étude comparée a pour objet les œuvres poétiques de six poètes appartenant à trois zones linguistiques et donc à trois traditions littéraires différentes : les poètes français Charles Baudelaire et Yves Bonnefoy, les poètes américains William Carlos Williams et John Ashbery et les poètes macédoniens Slavko Janevski et Vlada Urosevic. Le but de notre recherche n’est pas seulement de déterminer les modèles dominants de l’ekphrasis dans la poésie, mais aussi d’éclairer quelques aspects théoriques de la description des œuvres plastiques : le statut générique d'un texte ekphrastique ; la dimension herméneutique de l’ekphrasis et la communication/transposition intersémiotique, intertextuelle et métatextuelle. La sémantique du texte poétique est inséparable du lien avec l’œuvre plastique qui représente l’objet de la description littéraireFrom the most ancient monuments of literature to most recent, one finds the process of ekphrasis - description of real or imaginary plastic art works. The main subject of our comparative study are the ekphrastic poetic works of six poets belonging to three linguistic zones and thus to three different literary traditions: the French poets Charles Baudelaire and Yves Bonnefoy, the American poets William Carlos Williams and John Ashbery and the Macedonian poets Slavko Janevski and Vlada Urosevic. The aim of the research is not only to determine the dominant models of ekphrasis in their poetry, but also to clarify some theoretical aspects of the description of plastic art works: the generic statute of an ekphrastic text; the hermeneutic dimension of the ekphrasis and the intersemiotic, intertextual and metatextual communication/transposition. The semantics of the poetic text is inseparable from the bond with the works of fine arts, which represent the object of literary description
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Tencer, Claude. "Le conflit israelo-palestinien, camp David - l'intifada Al Aqsa (2000 - 2005) : une vision du conflit sous le prisme des médias". Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/152698159#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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Cette étude analyse des séquences qui opposent Israéliens et Palestiniens dans leurs divergences. Une vision qui ne saurait écarter les erreurs des uns des fautes des autres dans un concept qui singularise leur conflit. La presse qu’elle soit israélienne, arabe ou internationale édifie deux légitimités opposées qui façonne l’histoire du conflit israélo-palestinien. Chaque camp est en quête des raisons pour avoir raison. Dans cette course à l’information, lorsqu’une fausse nouvelle est émise, le mal fait ne peut jamais être réparé. La presse s’est toujours passionne��e pour les conflits au Proche-Orient. Depuis la signature des accords d’Oslo (1993) la presse à fait démonstration d’un large soutien à l’effort de paix israélo-palestinien. L’échec du sommet de Camp David en juillet 2000 et l’éclatement de l’Intifada le 29 septembre 2000, véhicule une nouvelle vision du journalisme en « temps réel » favorisant des images chocs et spectaculaires, négligeant quelques fois la vérification de leurs véracité. Dans cette course à l’information, la presse commet quelques imprudences et propage des fausses informationsThis dissertation analyzes events opposing Israelis and Palestinians in their conflict, in the eyes of the media. It provides a view that would not part the errors of the former from the mistakes of the latter, in a concept, which would set their conflict apart. The media, whether Israeli, Arab or international, creates two opposing legitimacies which shape the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Each camp claims the right to be right. In this race for information, when false information is issued, the evil done can never be undone. The press has always shown a passionate interest in the conflicts of the Middle-East. Since the signature of the Oslo agreement (1993), the press has demonstrated strong support for the effort to attain an Israeli-Palestinian peace. The failure of the Camp David Summit in July 2000 and the outbreak of the Intifada on September 29, 2000 promoted a new vision of “real-time” journalism, which favors shocking and spectacular images, very little verified. The press often acts imprudently in issuing false information
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Defer, Alexander [Verfasser], Gabriele [Akademischer Betreuer] Lehmann, Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Smolenski i Lorenz C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hofbauer. "Die Inzidenz proximaler Hüftfrakturen in Deutschland von 2000 bis 2009 unter Berücksichtigung von Alter, Geschlecht und regionalen Unterschieden / Alexander Defer. Gutachter: Gabriele Lehmann ; Ulrich Smolenski ; Lorenz C. Hofbauer". Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049437853/34.
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