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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "C 2000 to c 2100"
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Hayward, P. J., I. M. George, R. A. Kaatz i D. R. Olander. "Measurement of 2000–2100°C oxygen diffusion coefficients in hypostoichiometric UO2". Journal of Nuclear Materials 244, nr 1 (marzec 1997): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(96)00722-2.
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Nipoti, Roberta, A. Nath, Mulpuri V. Rao, Anders Hallén, F. Mancarella, S. Zampolli i Y. L. Tian. "High Dose Al+ Implanted and Microwave Annealed 4H-SiC". Materials Science Forum 717-720 (maj 2012): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.817.
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A post implantation microwave annealing technique has been applied for the electrical activation of Al+ implanted ions in semi-insulating 4H-SiC. The annealing temperatures have been 2000-2100°C. The implanted Al concentration has varied from 5 x 1019 to 8 x 1020 cm-3. A minimum resistivity of 2 x 10-2 Ω∙cm and about 70% electrical activation of the implanted Al has been measured at room temperature for an implanted Al concentration of 8 x 1020 cm-3 and a microwave annealing at 2100°C for 30 s.
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Jayakumari, Sethulakshmy, i Merete Tangstad. "Transformation of β-SiC from Charcoal, Coal, and Petroleum Coke to α-SiC at Higher Temperatures". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 51, nr 6 (7.10.2020): 2673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01970-1.
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AbstractSiC is one of the main intermediate compounds formed during the industrial production of silicon (Si). In the Si process, SiC is produced when carbon added to the raw materials reacts with the silicon monoxide gas (SiO(g)) formed in the furnace. Carbon materials used are either biomass-based (charcoal and wood chips) or based on fossil sources (coal, coke, petroleum coke). The most common forms of SiC prevailing at atmospheric pressure are the polytypes of α-SiC and β-SiC. β-SiC is formed at low temperatures and transforms to α-SiC at higher temperatures (> 2000 °C). In this study, β-SiC with elemental Si of varying amounts, formed from industrial carbon materials (charcoal, coal, and petroleum coke), were utilized to study the transformation of β-SiC to α-SiC. A graphite tube furnace efficient for high-temperature experiments was utilized for the heat treatment of β-SiC particles at temperatures ranging from 2100 °C to 2450 °C. The transformation to α-SiC was greatly influenced by the original carbon source. Charcoal-converted β-SiC particles easily transformed to α-SiC at 2100 °C, compared with β-SiC produced from coal and petroleum coke. Moreover, the amount of elemental Si in SiC particles enhanced the transformation to α-SiC at 2100 °C.
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Martynenko, V. V., P. O. Kushchenko, V. V. Primachenko, I. G. Shulyk, O. B. Protsak i V. V. Varganov. "Phase formation processes and main properties of zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, depending on the temperature of its thermal treatment". Scientific research on refractories and technical ceramics 121 (30.12.2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35857/2663-3566.121.06.
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The phase formation processes and the main properties of samples from zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, thermal-treated in the temperature range 200—2100 °C, have been studied. It was found that, the most complete interaction of P2O5 with cubic ZrO2 occurs in the temperature range 1200—1400 °C. This manifests itself in a significant destabilization of the cubic ZrO2 phase (the amount of which varies from 70 to 35 %) and is accompanied by a drop in the samples strength (cold crushing strength varies from 62—72 to 35—44 N/mm2), which remains sufficient to maintain the structural strength of lining. The destabilization process of the ZrO2 cubic phase ends at a temperature of 1700 °C. An increase in the thermal treatment temperature of the samples from 1700 to 2000 °C causes the decomposition of aluminium, calcium and zirconium phosphates and leads to the re-stabilization of ZrО2. These processes contribute to compaction (apparent density increases from 4.28 to 4.30 g/cm3) and hardening of the samples structure (cold crushing strength increases from 72 to 95 N/mm2). A further increase in temperature from 2000 to 2100 °C leads to some melting of the sample surface due to the melting of corundum at a temperature of 2050—2070 °C.
It has been established that, in the phase formation process in the temperature range 200—2000 °C the strength of lining made of zirconia-alumina ramming mix is sufficiently high to ensure its structural strength during service. In connection with the above, the maximum service temperature of the lining made of the developed zirconia-alumina ramming mix should not exceed 2000 °C.
The results of the carried out studies were used in the development of a new type of product — zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, intended for making a working lining layer at the border of combustion chambers and mixing industrial reactors for carbon black production.
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Li, Long, Wen Sun Ge, Yong Chen i Zhao Hui Sun. "Study on Slag Corrosion of the Magnesia Lining during Ferrovanadium Smelting Process". Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (wrzesień 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.96.
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The V2O3 is used as raw material to smelt FeV80 alloy by means of electric aluminothermic process in the vanadium products factory of PanGang, resulting in serious corrosion of magnesia lining. In order to analyze the above issues, some lining samples were taken from the locations where the refractory contacts with molten slag after furnace cooling, and processed to conduct SEM analysis. The research results showed that the slag corrosion of magnesia lining proceeds mainly in form of dissolution, The solubility of MgO in molten slag increases from 3.3% to 41% with the increase of smelting temperature from 1900°C to 2200°C based on the phase diagram analysis. The corrosion rate of magnesia lining at temperature 2000°C, 2100°C, 2200°C are about 13, 22 and 33 times than that at temperature 1900°C, respectively. Therefore，to control the ferrovanadium processing temperature below 2000°C is conducive to prolong the service time of magnesia lining.
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Tan, Z., L. L. Tieszen, E. Tachie-Obeng, S. Liu i A. M. Dieye. "Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: land use, management, and climate". Biogeosciences Discussions 5, nr 3 (2.06.2008): 2343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-2343-2008.
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Abstract. We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the last century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha−1 in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha−1 in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha−1 to 21.2 Mg C ha−1. If no land use change takes place from 2000 through 2100, low and high climate change scenarios (increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over time) will result in losses of soil organic C stock by 19% and 25%, respectively. A low nitrogen (N) fertilization rate is the principal constraint on current crop production. An increase in N fertilization under the low climate change scenario would increase crop yield by 14% with 30 kg N ha−1 and by 38% with 60 kg N ha−1, leading to an increase in the average soil C stock by 12% and 29%, respectively, in all cropland by 2100. The results suggest that the climate changes in the future from current climate conditions will not necessarily become a determinant control on ecosystem C fluxes and crop production, while a reasonable N fertilization rate is critical to achieve food security and agricultural sustainability in the study area through the 21st century, and current cropping systems could be optimized to make full use of the rainfall resource.
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Chen, Jiaxin, Stephen J. Colombo, Michael T. Ter-Mikaelian i Linda S. Heath. "Future carbon storage in harvested wood products from Ontario’s Crown forests". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, nr 7 (lipiec 2008): 1947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-046.
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This analysis quantifies projected carbon (C) storage in harvested wood products (HWP) from Ontario’s Crown forests. The large-scale forest C budget model, FORCARB-ON, was applied to estimate HWP C stock changes using the production approach defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Harvested wood volume was converted to C mass and allocated to four HWP end-use categories: in use, landfill, energy, and emission. The redistribution of C over time among HWP end-use categories was calculated using a product age-based C-distribution matrix. Carbon emissions for harvest, transport, and manufacturing, as well as emission reductions from the use of wood in place of other construction materials and fossil fuels were not accounted for. Considering the wood harvested from Ontario Crown forests from 1951 to 2000 and the projected harvest from 2001 to 2100, C storage in HWP in use and in landfills is projected to increase by 3.6 Mt·year–1 during 2001–2100, with an additional 1.2 Mt·year–1 burned for energy. Annual additions of C projected for HWP far outweighs the annual increase of C storage in Ontario’s Crown forests managed for harvest, which is projected to increase by 0.1 Mt·year–1 during the same period. These projections indicate that regulated harvest in Ontario results in a steadily increasing C sink in HWP and forests. Uncertainties in HWP C estimation are also discussed.
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Tan, Z., L. L. Tieszen, E. Tachie-Obeng, S. Liu i A. M. Dieye. "Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: land use, management, and climate". Biogeosciences 6, nr 1 (8.01.2009): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-45-2009.
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Abstract. We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use and land cover, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the 20th century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha−1 in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha−1 in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha−1 to 21.2 Mg C ha−1. If no land use change takes place from 2000 through 2100, low and high climate change scenarios (increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over time) will result in losses of soil organic C stock by 16% and 20%, respectively. A low nitrogen (N) fertilization rate is the principal constraint on current crop production. An increase in N fertilization under the low climate change scenario would lead to an increase in the average crop yield by 21% with 30 kg N ha−1 and by 42% with 60 kg N ha−1 (varying with crop species), accordingly, the average soil C stock would decrease by 2% and increase by 17%, in all cropping systems by 2100. The results suggest that a reasonable N fertilization rate is critical to achieve food security and agricultural sustainability in the study area through the 21st century. Adaptation strategies for climate change in this study area require national plans to support policies and practices that provide adequate N fertilizers to sustain soil C and crop yields and to consider high temperature tolerant crop species if these temperature projections are exceeded.
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Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich, Tabea K. Lissner, Erich M. Fischer, Jan Wohland, Mahé Perrette, Antonius Golly, Joeri Rogelj i in. "Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5 °C and 2 °C". Earth System Dynamics 7, nr 2 (21.04.2016): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-327-2016.
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Abstract. Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels of global-mean temperature increase are vital to guide assessments of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The 2015 Paris Agreement includes a two-headed temperature goal: "holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C". Despite the prominence of these two temperature limits, a comprehensive overview of the differences in climate impacts at these levels is still missing. Here we provide an assessment of key impacts of climate change at warming levels of 1.5 °C and 2 °C, including extreme weather events, water availability, agricultural yields, sea-level rise and risk of coral reef loss. Our results reveal substantial differences in impacts between a 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming that are highly relevant for the assessment of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. For heat-related extremes, the additional 0.5 °C increase in global-mean temperature marks the difference between events at the upper limit of present-day natural variability and a new climate regime, particularly in tropical regions. Similarly, this warming difference is likely to be decisive for the future of tropical coral reefs. In a scenario with an end-of-century warming of 2 °C, virtually all tropical coral reefs are projected to be at risk of severe degradation due to temperature-induced bleaching from 2050 onwards. This fraction is reduced to about 90 % in 2050 and projected to decline to 70 % by 2100 for a 1.5 °C scenario. Analyses of precipitation-related impacts reveal distinct regional differences and hot-spots of change emerge. Regional reduction in median water availability for the Mediterranean is found to nearly double from 9 % to 17 % between 1.5 °C and 2 °C, and the projected lengthening of regional dry spells increases from 7 to 11 %. Projections for agricultural yields differ between crop types as well as world regions. While some (in particular high-latitude) regions may benefit, tropical regions like West Africa, South-East Asia, as well as Central and northern South America are projected to face substantial local yield reductions, particularly for wheat and maize. Best estimate sea-level rise projections based on two illustrative scenarios indicate a 50 cm rise by 2100 relative to year 2000-levels for a 2 °C scenario, and about 10 cm lower levels for a 1.5 °C scenario. In a 1.5 °C scenario, the rate of sea-level rise in 2100 would be reduced by about 30 % compared to a 2 °C scenario. Our findings highlight the importance of regional differentiation to assess both future climate risks and different vulnerabilities to incremental increases in global-mean temperature. The article provides a consistent and comprehensive assessment of existing projections and a good basis for future work on refining our understanding of the difference between impacts at 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming.
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Akasofu, Syun Ichi, i Hiroshi L Tanaka. "On the importance of the natural components in climate change study: Temperature rise in the study of climate change". Physics & Astronomy International Journal 5, nr 2 (27.08.2021): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2021.05.00236.
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The theme of this paper is to show that the temperature rising rate by the greenhouse gases is only 1/5 of what is generally considered. This conclusion is based on identifying two natural global changes. One of them is a near-linear change after the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the second is the Pacific (PDO) and Atlantic AMO) decadal oscillations, together called MDO. After the end of the LIA in about 1850, the rising rate of temperature rise has been approximately linear with the rate + 0.3°C/100 years, while the MDO has been super9 posed on it with an amplitude of 0.2°C (the range = 0.4ºC) and the period of 40-60 years. The combined rise of temperature by the two natural components between 1975 and 2000 (which is considered to be due to CO2 by the IPCC) is 0.47°C; it is comparable with the observed rise of 0.5°C during the same period. Thus, the contribution of the greenhouse gases for the same period is estimated to be at most 0.1°C, not 0.5°C.It is estimated that the temperature rise from 2000 to 2100 will be 0.9°C± 0.2°C (=‘recovery’ from LIA + greenhouse gases + MDO), namely 0.3°C + 0.4°C ± 0.2°C, namely between 0.7°C and 1.1°C, assuming that the present production rate of the greenhouse gases is maintained.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "C 2000 to c 2100"
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Sumner, Natasha D. E. "The Fenian Narrative Corpus, c.600–c.2000: A Reassessment". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467373.
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This dissertation traces the historical development of the Fenian narrative tradition—i.e. the vast body of story and song, some of it well over a millennium old, about the Gaelic hero, Fionn Mac Cumhaill and his roving warrior band. The first chapter traces the history of the tradition from the early medieval period up to Macpherson’s monumental publications. The nature of the literary manifestations of Fenian topics and such evidence as there is for an oral tradition prior to modern attestations are discussed. In a demonstration of the cultural relevance of the tradition, the ways in which socially and politically relevant meanings may have been woven into the extant texts are also explored. The focus then shifts in the second chapter to a consideration of the approaches taken to Fenian literature and lore in the Macphersonic period. Macpherson’s cultural milieu, motivations, and creative process are investigated, and his adaptations are situated in their national and international contexts. Their influence and sociopolitical import within a trans-Gaelic sphere in the century after their publication are then addressed. The third and final chapter examines the Fenian tradition in the post-Macphersonic period, with a particular focus on the sociopolitical significance of modern approaches to the Fenian tradition. This is the period of folklore collection, and of primary importance are the motivations and activities of folklore collectors in the Gaelic regions. Also explored are modern publications, adaptations, and overt politicizations of Fenian material, particularly in Ireland. The image of the Fenian tradition that emerges from this tripartite consideration is one of a dynamic and multifaceted body of story and song that has remained relevant over the centuries due to constant adaptation.Celtic Languages and Literatures
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Garzon-Coral, Carlos. "The forces that center the mitotic spindle in the C. elegans embryo". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-163529.
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The precise positioning of the mitotic spindle to the cell center during mitosis is a fundamental process for chromosome segregation and the division plane definition. Despite its importance, the mechanism for spindle centering remains elusive. To study this mechanism, the dynamic of the microtubules was characterized at the bulk and at the cortex in the C. elegans embryo. Then, this dynamic was correlated to the centering forces of the spindle that were studied by applying calibrated magnetic forces via super-paramagnetic beads inserted into the cytoplasm of one- and two-cell C. elegans embryos. Finally, these results were confronted with the different centering models: cortical pushing model, cortical pulling model and the cytoplasmic pulling model.
This thesis shows that: (i) The microtubules dynamic of the spindle aster is controlled spatially in the C. elegans embryo, with not rescues and catastrophes in the cytoplasm but in the centrosome and the cortex, respectively. (ii) The centering mechanism of the spindle behaved roughly as a damped spring with a spring constant of 18 12 pN/ m and a drag coefficient of 127 65 pN s/ m (mean SD). This viscoelastic behavior is evidence of a centering force that recovers and/or maintains the position of the spindle in the cell center. (iii) It seems to be two mechanisms that recover/maintain the spindle position. A fast one that may work for transient displacements of the spindle and a slow one that work over large and long perturbations. (iv) The centering forces scale with the cell size. The centering forces are higher in the two-cell embryo. This result argues against a centering mechanism mediated by cytoplasmic factors. It seems to be a limit for the relation of centering force to size, as the forces found in the four-cell embryo are comparable to the single-cell ones. (v) The centering forces scale with the amount of microtubules in the cell. This strengthens the belief that the microtubules are the force transmission entities of the centering mechanism. (vi) The boundary conditions are important to maintain the centering forces. A transient residency time of microtubules at the cortex, which is controlled by cortical catastrophe factors, is indispensable for a proper force transmission by the microtubules. (vii) The elimination of cortical catastrophe factors provides evidence for microtubules buckling, which is taken as a proof of polymerization forces. (viii) The cortical pulling forces mediated by the gpr-1/2 pathway do not seem to be involved in centering and it is proposed they are present in the cell for off-center positioning purposes. (ix) The forces generated by vesicle transport are enough to displace the spindle and they are suggested to be auxiliary forces to centering. (x) The forces associated with the spindle change dramatically during cell division. From metaphase to anaphase the forces associated with the spindle scale up to five times. This behavior was consistent during the development of the embryo as the same pattern was observed in the one-, two- and four-cell embryo. (xi) The higher forces found during anaphase are not cortical pulling (via pgr-1/2 pathway) depended, and it is proposed the spindle is `immobilised' by tethering or by an unknown cortical pulling pathway.
To this date, this thesis presents the most complete in-vivo measurements of the centering forces in association with the microtubules dynamics. Taken together the results constrain molecular models of centering. This thesis concludes that most probably the predominant forces of the spindle centering mechanism during mitosis are generated by astral microtubules pushing against the cortex.
Additionally, this thesis presents the most complete map of forces during cell division during development, which will prove to be indispensable to understand the changes the spindle undergoes when it changes its function.
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Ongrai, Oijai. "New approaches to improve thermocouple thermometry to 2000°C". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556493.
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Thermocouples are widely used temperature sensors and convenient high temperature transfer standards. However, the achievable accuracy is limited by the effects of inhomogeneity, drift and contamination. The work reported in this thesis focuses on approaches to reduce the uncertainty of temperature measurement with thermocouples up to 2000 QC. These approaches are qualification of new thermocouple types and the investigation of two approaches to self-calibration at high temperatures utilising recently developed high temperature fixed points whose transition temperatures are in excess of the Cu fixed point (1084 QC). Robust high performance elemental thermocouples (Pt/Pd) have been developed and a comparative study performed relative to more conventional types to quantitatively demonstrate the enhanced performance of the new thermocouple. It was found that the Pt/Pd thermocouple showed substantially better stability and lower homogeneity than the two type R thermocouples during a 500 h ageing programme at 1350 QC. The special type R thermocouple, which was given the same preparatory treatment as the Pt/Pd thermocouple, showed better stability and homogeneity than the normal type R thermocouple, The development of in-situ calibration methods is described. The initial development of the "integrated cell" method where the mini-fixed point cells are integrated and formed into a measurement junction was investigated. Four fixed point materials were investigated; Ag (962 QC) and the metal-carbon eutectic fixed point cells of Co-C (1324 QC), Fe-C (1153 QC) and Pd-C (1492 QC). It was found that this approach is significantly influenced by the thermal gradient within the furnace. Nonetheless, the experimental results show good repeatability of melting plateaux for monitoring calibration drift of the sensor in-situ. Because this approach is restricted to bare wire thermocouples it cannot be easily used above 1500 QC hence a different "immersion cell" approach was followed. In order to extend the possibility of self-calibration above 1500 QC, "immersion cells", for the in-situ calibration of mineral insulated metal sheathed WIRe thermocouples (type C), were developed. The refractory metal W/Re thermocouple, is widely used to at least 2300 QC in industry and hence an appropriate subject for study. The development and construction of immersion cells made from metal-carbon eutectic fixed points; Co-C (1324 QC), Pd-C (1492 QC), and Ru-C (1954 QC) is discussed. A multi-mini cell for the WIRe thermocouple was also trialled. Given the significant drift observed with WIRe thermocouples it is clear that the immersion cell is required to reduce thermocouple temperature measurement uncertainty at high temperatures. These developments were supported by appropriate thermal modelling. This is described at the appropriate part of the relevant chapters.
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Rowe, Fiona Pauline Gabrielle. "The bulldog breed : identifying the nation c.1800-2000". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614346.
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Lecomte, Jean-Sébastien. "Étude de la plasticité du TA6V entre 25°C et 800°C". Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Lecomte.Jean_Sebastien.SMZ0025.pdf.
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L'alliage de titane ([alpha]+[beta]), TA6V, est le mieux connu et le plus répandu de tous les alliages de titane commerciaux. Selon le traitement thermomécanique subi, il est possible d'obtenir cet alliage dans une large gamme de microstructures et d'orientations cristallographiques différentes. En particulier, lorsque le produit plat a été laminé, il présente toujours de fortes textures cristallographiques. La déformation plastique du TA6V étant très fortement influencée par la température, la vitesse de déformation et le sens de la contrainte. Dans cette étude, la déformation plastique du ta6v a été étudiée dans un domaine de température s'étalant de 25°C à 800°C, en traction et en compression pour différentes orientations de la tôle (0°, 45° et 90° par rapport à la direction de laminage). Les résultats des essais macroscopiques montrent que les courbes d'écoulement présentent un plateau entre 300°C et 500°C, et qu'il existe une différence entre la traction et la compression surtout pour les éprouvettes a 90°/DL. C'est deux phénomènes sont interprétés comme : un vieillissement dynamique et une asymétrie de la limite élastique associée au mouvement des dislocations
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Nilsson, Mikael. "Biochemical and epidemiological characterization of serogroup C rotavirus /". Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4022-3/.
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Legnér, Mattias. "Tracing the Historical Indoor Climate of a Swedish Church, c. 1800-2000". Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1413.
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Munyarari, Tinashe. "Chipangano: vigilantism and Community responses in Mbare District, Zimbabwe, c.2000-2013". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62126.
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Bringmann, Henrik Philipp. "Experiments concerning the mechanism of cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1170257008922-66010.
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In my thesis I aimed to contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of cytokinesis in C. elegans embryos. I wanted to analyze the relative contributions of different spindle parts – microtubule asters and the midzone - to cytokinesis furrow positioning. I developed a UV laser-based severing assay that allows the spatial separation of the region midway between the asters and the spindle midzone. The spindle is severed asymmetrically between one aster and the midzone. I found that the spindle provides two consecutive signals that can each position a cytokinesis furrow: microtubule asters provide a first signal, and the spindle midzone provides a second signal. The use of mutants that do not form a midzone suggested that the aster-positioned furrow is able to divide the cell alone without a spindle midzone. Analysis of cytokinesis in hypercontracile mutants suggests that the aster-positioned cytokinesis furrow and the midzone positioned furrow inhibit each other by competing for cortical contractile elements. I then wanted to identify the molecular pathway responsible for cytokinesis furrow positioning in response to the microtubule asters. To this end, I performed an RNAi screen, which identified a role for LET-99 in cytokinesis: LET-99 appeared to be required for aster-positioned cytokinesis but not midzone-positioned cytokinesis. LET-99 localizes as a cortical band that overlaps with the cytokinesis furrow. Mechanical displacement of the spindle demonstrated that the spindle positions cortical LET-99 at the site of furrow formation. The furrow localization of LET-99 depended on G proteins, and consistent with this finding, G proteins are also required for aster-positioned cytokinesis. (Anlage: Quick time movies, 466, 67 MB)
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Delmotte, Marie-Hélène. "Régulation de l'activité du récepteur de l'acide rétinoïque par les protéines kinases C". Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-446.pdf.
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Les retinoides sont des derives de la vitamine a qui jouent des roles cles dans de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la proliferation et la differenciation de nombreux types cellulaires. Les retinoides exercent leurs effets pleiotropiques par liaison a des recepteurs nucleaires, les recepteurs de l'acide retinoide tout trans (rars) et les recepteurs de l'acide 9-cis retinoique (rxrs) qui se lient generalement sous forme d'heterodimeres a des sequences specifiques d'adn pour reguler l'expression de leurs genes cibles. L'activite transcriptionnelle des recepteurs nucleaires peut etre controlee par la liaison de corepresseurs en l'absence de ligand et le recrutement de coactivateurs apres liaison du ligand. Elle peut etre aussi modulee par de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles dont la phosphorylation des recepteurs nucleaires. Dans ce travail, nous montrons que les isoformes alpha et gamma de pk-cs sont capables de phosphoryler hrar sur un seul residu, la serine 157. La modification de cette serine entraine une inhibition de l'activite transcriptionnelle du recepteur qui est correlee a une diminution de sa capacite a former des heterodimeres avec hrxrDans les cellules hela, nous avons egalement caracterise les isoformes de pk-cs presentes et demontre qu'un traitement prolonge par un ester de phorbol, le tpa, provoque non seulement une diminution d'expression des pk-cs et mais aussi une accumulation de la sous unite catalytique dans le noyau des cellules cibles. Nous montrons donc que hrar est une cible directe pour les pk-cs et qui controlent l'activite transcriptionnelle des recepteurs des retinoides pendant la proliferation et la differenciation cellulaire. La serine 157 est situee dans la boite t du recepteur, une region encore peu caracterisee mais soupconnee d'avoir un role dans les activites de liaison a l'adn et de dimerisation. Nous avons mute en alanine chacun des douze acides amines constituant la boite t et etudie l'effet de ces mutations sur l'activite transcriptionnelle des recepteurs et sur leurs activites de liaison a l'adn et de dimerisation. Nous montrons que ces mutations diminuent l'inductibilite transcriptionnelle vraisemblablement par modification de l'interaction avec les coactivateurs et les corepresseurs
Książki na temat "C 2000 to c 2100"
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Hugh, McLeod, red. World Christianities c. 1914-c. 2000. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Reeves, Ron. C++/C#: Programmer's guide to Windows 2000. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
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Matthiae, Paolo. Gli stati territoriali: 2100-1600 a. C. Milano: Electa, 2000.
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Galerie, 2yk, i Milch Gallery, red. C No2 Januar 2000. Berlin: Projectbüo, 2000.
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Fischer, Anne. Forester C-2000 demonstration project. San Dimas, Calif.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1996.
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inc, Robert Bentley, red. Mercedes-Benz C-class (W202) service manual: C 220, C 230, C 230 kompressor, C 280 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000. Cambridge, MA: Bentley Publishers, 2008.
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Great Britain. Medical Devices Directorate., red. Philips Integris C 2000/DSI system. London: Department of Health, Medical Devices Directorate, 1992.
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Zausaev, A. F. Katalog orbitalʹnoĭ ėvoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii korotkoperiodicheskikh komet c 1900 po 2100 gg. Moskva: Mashinostoenie--1, 2005.
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Gottlieb, Julie V., i Gaynor Johnson. Gendering Peace in Europe c. 1880–2000. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003273899.
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Polishuk, Arthur T. A brief history of lubricating greases (c. 4000 B.C. to c. 2000 A.D.). Lima, Pa: Grease Technology, 1998.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "C 2000 to c 2100"
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Proelss, Alexander, i Robert C. Steenkamp. "Geoengineering: Methods, Associated Risks and International Liability". W Corporate Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm, 419–503. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_9.
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AbstractClimate change arguably constitutes one of the greatest risks to the long-term health of the world’s environment. In 2015, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted that the Earth’s climate system has consistently been warming since the 1950s and that a “large fraction of anthropogenic climate change resulting from CO2 emissions is irreversible on a multi-century to millennial time scale, except in the case of a large net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere over a sustained period”. Initial responses to climate change revolved around States attempting to reduce, rather than remove, greenhouse gas emissions. However, as the global economy expands, greenhouse gas emissions have continued to rise and cooperative arrangements aimed at reducing emissions have had limited, if any, impact. If recent predictions are to be believed, the remaining “carbon budget” needed to prevent average global temperatures from increasing by more than 1.5 °C may be exhausted by 2030. Climate Analytics estimates that the current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) made by States under the Paris Agreement indicate that average global temperatures will rise by 2.8 °C by 2100—almost double the stipulated efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels mentioned in Article 2(1)(a) of the Paris Agreement. The recent IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C Global Warming concludes that without “increased and urgent mitigation ambition in the coming years, leading to a sharp decline in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, global warming will [cause] irreversible loss of the most fragile ecosystems and crisis after crisis for the most vulnerable people and societies”.
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Block Friedman, John, i Kristen Mossler Figg. "C". W Routledge Revivals: Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages (2000), 89–144. London: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315160047-003.
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Luther, Peter, i Alan Moran. "Trustee Act 2000 (2000, c. 29)". W Core Statutes on Property Law, 248–57. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54479-7_43.
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Smith, Rhona, Eimear Spain i Richard Glancey. "Terrorism Act 2000 (2000, c. 11)". W Core Statutes on Public Law & Civil Liberties, 141–52. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54504-6_35.
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Andrés-Gallego, José. "Catholic Pilgrimages between c. 1500 and c. 2000". W Religious Pilgrimages in the Mediterranean World, 11–37. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b23008-2.
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Myerson, Roger B. "Harsanyi, John C. (1920–2000)". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 5654–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2348.
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Myerson, Roger B. "Harsanyi, John C. (1920–2000)". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2348-1.
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Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim, Olivia Maria Serdeczny, Sophie Adams, Claudia Köhler, Ilona Magdalena Otto i Carl-Friedrich Schleussner. "The Challenge of a 4°C World by 2100". W Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, 267–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43884-9_11.
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Ervine, Cowan. "Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 (2000, c. 12)". W Core Statutes on Company Law, 252–59. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54507-7_8.
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Dodsworth, Francis. "Protection Beyond Patriarchy, c. 1900–2000". W The Security Society, 247–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43383-1_6.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "C 2000 to c 2100"
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Srivastava, S. Krishna, Michael J. Newburn, John P. Cotner i Mark A. Richeson. "Long-Term Oxidation Behavior of Selected High Temperature Alloys". W ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28269.
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Long-term oxidation behavior of alloys cannot be estimated reliably by extrapolation of short-term results; therefore long-term testing is imperative. Such data often are not available. Oxidation testing for a period of 360 days has been conducted for several high temperature alloys extensively used in the gas turbine industry. The alloys tested comprised of HASTELLOY® X alloy, HAYNES® 230®, HR-120®, and 214™ alloys, the first three being chromia forming and the last one being an alumina forming alloy. The specimens were exposed to flowing air at 1800°F(982°C), 2000°F(1093°C), 2100°F(1149°C) and 2200°F(1204°C). The tests were interrupted and the specimens were weighed every 30 days. At the completion of each test, the samples were examined metallographically to determine the internal attack. The magnitude of oxidation attack was studied in terms of the weight change and total metal affected. The paper will report the results of the long-term oxidation testing and the analysis of the corrosion attack with the optical and scanning electron micrographs. HASTELLOY, HAYNES, 230 and HR-120 are registered trademarks and 214 is a trademark of Haynes International, Inc.
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Deodeshmukh, Vinay P., i S. Krishna Srivastava. "Long-Term Oxidation Behavior of Various Chromia-Forming Alloys: Effect of Thermal Cycle Length". W ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-60007.
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Thermal cycle length can severely affect long-term oxidation behavior of high-temperature alloys. The present study is focused on the effect of thermal cycle length (twelve 30-day cycles versus six 60-day cycles) on the long-term (360 days) oxidation behavior of various chromia-forming alloys at 982°C, 1092°C, and 1149°C (1800°F, 2000°F, and 2100°F). The alloys included in this study are HAYNES® 230® alloy, 617 alloy, HR-160® alloy, HR-120® alloy, and 800HT® alloy. Alloy performances were assessed by analyzing the weight-change behavior and extent of attack as measured by metal loss and average internal penetration. The 230 and 617 alloys exhibited excellent oxidation resistance under both cycling conditions, presumably due to their ability to form and maintain adherent oxide scale. In particular, alloys with high Fe contents underwent accelerated oxidation attack. There was a significant increase in the extent of attack with increase in number of cycles (i.e. shorter cycle length). Moreover, the effect of cycle length was most pronounced at the highest test temperature (1149°C), and a strong correlation was found between oxidation kinetics and alloy composition as well as oxidation kinetics and the cycle length. HAYNES, 230, HR-160, HR-120 are registered trademarks of Haynes International, Inc. 800HT is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation.
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Klarstrom, Dwaine L., Gregory L. Hoback, Venkat R. Ishwar i Javaid I. Qureshi. "Rejuvenation Heat Treatment and Weld Repairability Studies of HAYNES® 230® Alloy". W ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0629.
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A series of studies were undertaken to determine the optimum rejuvenation heat treatment of HAYNES 230 alloy and to examine its weld repairability. To simulate service exposure, samples of plate nominally 4.75 mm (0.187 in.) thick were exposed at temperatures of 760°C (1400°F) and 871°C (1600°F) for a period of 1500 hours. Room temperature tensile properties and stress-rupture properties at 927°C (1700°F)/62 Mpa (9 ksi) were determined and compared to the material in the unexposed condition. Rejuvenation heat treatments of exposed materials were performed at a temperature of 1177°C (2150°F) for times of 30 minutes to 3 hours followed by a rapid air cool. In all cases, the room temperature tensile and the stress-rupture properties were found to be comparable to those for the unexposed condition. Based on these data, a heat treatment time of 30 minutes was judged to be adequate. Plates representing the as-received, exposed, and exposed and rejuvenated conditions were gas tungsten arc welded (GTAW) using 230-W™ filler metal. Transverse tensile samples containing the weldments were tested at room temperature, and face and root weldment samples were bent around an approximate 2T radius. All of the results, including those for the exposed condition, were found to meet the requirements of Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
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Qiu, Zicheng, Zaiyong Ma, Suizheng Qiu, Yingwei Wu i Guanghui Su. "Experimental Study on the Thermal Hydraulic Characteristics of Liquid Sodium Flowing in an Annulus". W 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30244.
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Thermal hydraulic characteristics of liquid sodium flowing in an annulus are experimentally studied. The annulus is 1100 mm in length, 6 mm as inside diameter and 10 mm as outside diameter. The heat flux in the experiment is from 50 to 210 kW/m2, with Re number from 0 to 18000 and average fluid temperature from 200 °C to 500 °C. Experimental data show that the flow regime of liquid sodium flowing in the annulus can be divided into three regions including laminar flow (Re<2000), transition flow (2000<Re<4000) and turbulent flow (Re>4000). The effects of heat flux, Re number and average fluid temperature of the test section on the heat transfer coefficient are investigated separately. For different regions, correlations for the friction coefficient and for the Nu number are obtained from the experimental data.
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Palmer, Andrew, David Keith i Richard Doctor. "Ocean Storage of Carbon Dioxide: Pipelines, Risers and Seabed Containment". W ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29529.
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Eight hundred tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) are dumped into the atmosphere every second. There has been a progressive rise in the CO2 content of the atmosphere, from 270 ppm in the pre-industrial era to more than 380 ppm now, rising by 15 ppm/decade. The overwhelming scientific consensus is that this is having a large effect on climate, and that as a result the Earth’s temperature will rise by 2°C or more before 2100 [1]. Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, the biosphere and human health will all be affected, though not all the impacts are negative. The level of the sea will rise by between 0.5 and 1 m, and there is a possibility of a much greater and catastrophic rise if warming should lead to a collapse of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets.
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Rodríguez, J. R., P. A. León Naranjo, J. W. Molina, J. D. Molina, F. Molina i A. K. Matute. "Unveiling Success From Cyclic Steam Injections for Heavy Oil Recovery in India and the Orinoco Oil Belt". W SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218657-ms.
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Abstract This study highlights the successful implementation of the cyclic steam injection process in a heavy oil field in India and in numerical reservoir simulation studies in the Orinoco Oil Belt. It focuses on optimizing key variables such as steam quality, reservoir energy transfer, well-productivity enhancement, and environmental impact. The methodology incorporates an innovative, comprehensive high-quality steam generation system, producing steam qualities ranging from 95% to 99%. In the Orinoco Oil Belt, the efficiency of injecting high-quality steam was evaluated within an extra-heavy oil formation situated at a depth of 3010 feet and under a pressure of 1100 psi. Numerical results from the Orinoco Oil Belt demonstrate a substantial impact of high-quality steam, achieving a 400% increase in oil extraction rates and an additional 28% increase in accumulated oil compared to conventional methods. This innovative system requires 8% less fuel for equivalent energy generation and leads to a 7.7% reduction in non-condensable gas production. These findings served as the foundation for designing a cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) pilot test in India. In preparation for the pilot test in India, a meticulously designed steam generation system with superheaters and cyclone separators was developed. This system demonstrates its capability by generating steam with qualities ranging from 95% to 99%, utilizing LPG as fuel. Facing challenges such as average reservoir depths of 3700 feet, low permeabilities (1000-2000 mD), oil viscosity of 20000 cP@140°F, and a pressure of 1650 psi, the execution of cyclic thermal stimulation involved 7 wells subjected to injection pressures between 1500 and 2100 psi, and temperatures of 300°C, maintaining steam flow rates from 3.0 to 4.0 tons per hour. Following thermal stimulation, oil production rates showed an overwhelmingly positive outcome with an average increase of 420%. The innovations and best practices presented in this study will facilitate the adoption of efficient thermal processes, ensuring a higher recovery factor, reduced water, and fuel consumption, and minimizing environmental impact. Operationally, non-productive periods were reduced to less than 2%, achieving steam generation with a quality exceeding 90%.
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Wong, Kaufui Vincent, i Nathanael Tan. "Feasibility of Using More Geothermal Energy to Generate Electricity". W ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36751.
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Human population is ever-increasing and thus, demand for energy is escalating. Consequently, seeking clean methods of producing electricity is a most crucial endeavor at this time. The shrinking reserves of oil have added urgency to the matter. One other recognized source of renewable energy besides wind, water and solar (WWS) is geothermal energy, which has been proven to be useful in baseload power generation, a significant advantage over WWS. As compared to fossil fuels, geothermal energy is not subjected to the supply and cost fluctuations of which fuels are at risk. To date, there have been a number of innovative procedures explored to use geothermal energy to produce electricity. A relatively innovative yet not uncommon method has been to use hot solid rocks to heat water and pump the superheated water to use in power plants. These rocks are generally underground and at higher temperatures due to their proximity to volcanoes or natural geothermal vents. The water goes deeper down into the earth’s crust to become superheated by the rocks, and then is pumped out to power turbines, and subsequently returned into the ground to repeat the process. In Krafla, Iceland, during their Icelandic Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) in 2009, a borehole was accidentally dug into the magma at 2100 meters. The temperature of this magma was about 900–1000°C. A steel casing with perforations on the flat side was cemented into the well bottom. This design was to slow the heat flow, and superheated steam was made for the following two years till July 2012. The steam reached temperatures of 450°C and was at high pressures. Krafla was the world’s first magma-enhanced geothermal system to generate electricity. This paper will explore the feasibility of using geothermal power plant methods as a sustainable source of clean energy. Geothermal energy has tremendous potential if the right methods can be found to tap that potential, as well as if the cost may be brought down by innovation and demand. In addition, an innovative method which already exists in some form, is proposed in the current review, to harness more geothermal energy for use.
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MILOŠEVIĆ, J., i LJ SIMIĆ. "DIRECTED FLOW IN 4.2A GEV /C C+C AND C+TA COLLISIONS". W Proceedings of the Conference “Bologna 2000: Structure of the Nucleus at the Dawn of the Century”. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810939_0017.
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Séméria, Luc, i Abhijit Ghosh. "Methodology for hardware/software co-verification in C/C++ (short paper)". W the 2000 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/368434.368712.
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Choi, Kwong-Kit, ChenJune Chen i Daniel C. Tsui. "C-QWIPs for material characterization". W AeroSense 2000, redaktorzy Eustace L. Dereniak i Robert E. Sampson. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.391742.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "C 2000 to c 2100"
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Rodriguez, Emily, Sigrid Jansson, Alexander Olsson, Anders Hansson i Mathias Fridahl. Klimatansvar i Stockholms stad. Linköping University Electronic Press, listopad 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/report-199063.
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Stockholms stad står i begrepp att uppdatera stadens miljöprogram, klimathandlingsplan och klimatbudget. I revideringen ska hänsyn tas till nya vetenskapliga rön om vad som krävs för att begränsa den globala upphettningen till 1,5°C samt till vad som anses rättvist utifrån stadens historiska utsläpp. Denna rapport bidrar med underlag för bedömningar av vad som kan anses vara Stockholms stads rättvisa bidrag till det globala klimatarbetet till år 2030. Syftet studeras med utgångspunkt i de senaste vetenskapliga rönen kring utsläppsbudgetar och klimaträttvisa samt erfarenheter från jämförbara städer. Världens länder är enade i en strävan efter att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen till 1,5°C år 2100. Anledningen är enkel, en global uppvärmning som överstiger 1,5°C anses få svåröverblickbara konsekvenser, inte minst för fattiga och sårbara befolkningar, samt öka risken för att utlösa irreversibla återkopplingsmekanismer i klimatsystemet som leder till en kraftigt förstärkt klimatuppvärmning. I rapportens första kapitel presenteras en översikt av det aktuella forskningsläget kring det förbrukade och kvarvarande utsläppsutrymmet för att begränsa upphettningen till 1,5°C. Även om osäkerheterna är stora är slutsatsen att det kvarvarande utsläppsutrymmet är begränsat mycket robust. För att ha en 67-procentig chans att begränsa ökningen av jordens medeltemperatur till 1,5°C högre än under förindustriell tid kan mänskligheten släppa ut cirka 400 miljarder ton koldioxid, förutsatt att utsläppen av andra viktiga växthusgaser som metan och lustgas kraftigt begränsas. Med utsläpp av koldioxid på 2020 års nivå är detta utsläppsutrymme slut runt år 2030. Den globala, kollektiva ansträngning som behövs för att förhindra farlig mänsklig påverkan på klimatsystemet är oerhört utmanande. Målet om att begränsa uppvärmningen till 1,5°C skapar rambetingelser för världssamfundets kollektiva klimatarbete men besvarar inte frågan om ansvarsfördelning för att nå målet. Parisavtalet åberopar Klimatkonventionens svårtolkade princip om gemensamt men differentierat ansvar och uppmanar länderna att beskriva hur principen väglett ambitionsnivån i deras bidrag till det globala klimatarbetet. Eftersom Sverige omfattas av EU:s gemensamma åtagande gentemot FN är det inte möjligt för Stockholms stad att luta sig mot hur Sveriges regering vägletts av principen. Rapportens andra kapitel beskriver hur Klimatkonventionens rättviseprincip har tolkats i vetenskaplig litteratur, vilket sammanfattas i en lista med exempel på viktiga indikatorer för att beräkna ett ansvarsfullt och rättvist bidrag till det globala klimatarbetet. Framförallt behöver beslut fattas kring vilken typ av fördelningsmekanism som ska ligga till grund för ansvarstagande, utifrån: 1) hävdvunna rättigheter (grandfathering), 2) historiskt ansvar (förorenaren betalar), 3) förmånstagarens betalningsansvar, 4) allas lika rätt till utsläppsutrymme och 5) kapacitet att agera. Inom ramarna för dessa fördelningsmekanismer krävs en rad detaljerade beslut. Om exempelvis historiskt ansvar ska tillämpas för att fastställa ett klimatmål krävs att beslut bland annat fattas om ansvar ska stå i proportion till historiska utsläpp, hur långt bakåt i tiden ansvaret ska sträcka sig, vilka datakällor som ska användas för att beräkna ansvar samt vilken hänsyn som ska tas till ickelinjära samband i klimatsystemet. Utöver val av fördelningsmekanism(er) – och beslut kring de med mekanismerna associerade valen – krävs också en rad beslut om systemgränser för ansvarstagande, exempelvis kring hur osäkerheter i klimatvetenskapen ska hanteras och hur stort utrymme som får ges till att kompensera utsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären med återtag av koldioxid från atmosfären. Indikatorerna kan användas för att bygga olika modeller för en rättvis fördelning av utsläppsbudgeten för 1,5°C. I det tredje kapitlet sammanställs hur klimatmål och klimatplaner i andra städer förhåller sig till klimaträttvisa. Denna del av rapporten är inriktad på en jämförelse av resonemang kring klimaträttvisa i Oslos och Göteborgs klimatplaner, det vill säga nordiska städer med liknande förutsättningar att agera som Stockholm. I båda fallen har städerna en högre klimatambition än nationellt. I exempelvis Göteborg ska utsläppen minska med 80 % till 2030 jämfört med 1990 i både den handlande och icke handlande sektorn, vilket kan jämföras med Sveriges nationella mål att minska utsläppen med minst 85 % till 2045 jämfört med 1990 och med 63 % i den icke handlande sektorn till 2030, också det jämfört med 1990. I Göteborg görs också bedömningen att utsläppsminskningstakten i staden bör överträffa den genomsnittliga minskningstakten som krävs globalt för att begränsa uppvärmningen till 1,5°C, annars kan Göteborg inte anses leva upp till Parisavtalet. Att Göteborg antagit mycket ambitiösa klimatmål för 2030 jämfört med Sverige och EU är tydligt, men vilka rättviseprinciper och fördelningsmekanismer som eventuellt informerat denna ambitionsnivå är otydligt. Oslos klimatplaner, som likt Göteborgs är betydligt mer ambitiösa än Norges nationella mål och med EU avtalade åtagande, präglas av likartad otydlighet i resonemang gällande klimaträttvisa. Rapportens fjärde kapitel beskriver tre scenarion baserade på genomgången av litteratur kring hur Klimatkonventionens rättviseprincip kan tolkas och omsättas i praktiken. Om beräkningarna baseras på den totala utsläppsbudgeten för mänskligheten (från år 1850 och framåt) gäller det i samtliga fall att Sveriges och Stockholms utsläppsutrymme för längesedan är slut och att det finns en stor utsläppskuld. För att utsläppsutrymmet ska vara praktiskt möjligt att basera klimatpolitik på används det globala kvarvarande utsläppsutrymmet för att begränsa upphettningen till 1,5°C, specificerat ovan, för att konstruera scenarion. Det första scenariot använder fördelningsmekanismen förmånstagarens ansvar och det andra använder principen allas lika rätt till utsläpp. I scenariot baserat på förmånstagarens ansvar tilldelas Stockholm en utsläppskvot på mellan 10,8 och 12,0 miljoner ton koldioxid om principen baseras på ackumulerad BNP, eller mellan 6,75 och 6,92 miljoner ton koldioxid om beräkningarna baseras på Världsbankens (2021) uppskattning av totalt välstånd. I scenariot baserat på allas lika rätt till utsläpp tilldelas Stockholm en utsläppskvot på cirka 45 miljoner ton koldioxid. Det tredje scenariot baseras på kapacitet att agera och utgår istället från grunden, snarare än att på principbasis fördela ett globalt utsläppsutrymme. Tillvägagångssättet utgår från politiska ambitioner och tekniska möjligheter att minska utsläpp i kombination med att identifiera de utsläpp som kommer vara svåra att minska eller helt fasa ut. Denna metod står i skarp kontrast till grandfathering-principen, där inlåsningsmekanismer antas begränsa förmågan att agera, och tar i stället en framåtsyftande ansats och ser kapacitet som en möjlighet att agera. I detta scenario tilldelas Stockholm ett utsläppsutrymme på cirka 13 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter i perioden 2020–2040. Därefter följer ett kort kapitel med rekommendationer till Stockholms stad. Rekommendationerna baseras i sin tur på de slutsatser som dras i rapporten, vilka presenteras i rapportens sista kapitel. Fem rekommendationerna ges, baserade på förförståelsen att Stockholms stad, i sitt klimatarbete, vill ligga i linje med Parisavtalet: Klimaträttvisa ska vägleda fördelningen av klimatansvar. Ett rättviseperspektiv bör därför genomsyra beslut om Stockholms stads klimatmål. I avsaknad av politisk och vetenskaplig samstämmighet kring hur klimaträttvisa ska tolkas och omsättas i praktiken kan och bör Stockholms stad fatta egna beslut om hur rättviseperspektivet ska operationaliseras. I enlighet med Parisavtalets transparensramverk bör Stockholms stad redovisa hur klimaträttvisa operationaliserats med hänsyn taget till de omständigheter som präglar Stockholms förutsättningar att agera. I ansvarsutkrävande syfte bör Stockholms stad dessutom tydligt kommunicera geografiska, sektoriella och övriga systemgränser för ansvarstagandet. Även om minskning av växthusgasutsläpp är prioriterat bör Stockholms stad också verka för att främja återtag av koldioxid från atmosfären inom Stockholms kommun, bland annat för att kompensera för utsläpp inom kommunen som är svåra att reducera och för att bidra till metod- och teknikutveckling i det globala klimatarbetet.
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LO PRESTI, P. C-AD EXPERIMENTS 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/791559.
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Chen, I.-Wei. Multipurpose 2000 deg C Furnace for Physical Testing in Controlled Atmosphere. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luty 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada224851.
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Chen, I.-Wei. Multipurpose 2000 deg C Furnace for Physical Testing in Controlled Atmosphere. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luty 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225100.
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Dussel Peters, Enrique. Mexican Firms Investing in China: 2000-2011. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006942.
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Initial research on "translatinas" show that while these Latin American firms have invested primarily in their home region, a growing number have begun to invest more heavily in the rest of the world. However, an overall evaluation of their activities and performance in new markets and detailed discussion about their products, processes and future expectations is lacking. This analytic note addresses that gap by examining a group of Mexican firms with direct investments in China. The analysis includes (a) a general description of each firm (its products, processes, main locations, age, size, employment, and so forth), (b) the firm's global short- and medium-term strategies and the importance of China to them, and (c) an overview of the firm's expansion to and activities in China including reasons for entry, the initial entry mode, the main products and processes, investment amounts, employment rolls, sales, and other salient characteristics.
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Gómez Tamayo, Daniel Fernando. ¿Matrimonio heterosexual? ¿Matrimonio igualitario? Aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gclc.14.
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Esta lectura crítica se pregunta en torno al matrimonio heterosexual y al matrimonio igualitario. Se hace un análisis jurisprudencial de los derechos fundamentales de los niños, atendiendo a una familia patriarcal o a una familia matriarcal y se dan algunas reflexiones con respecto a las sentencias C-577 de 2011 y C-071 de 2015 desde las investigaciones forenses internacionales, y la violencia doméstica, en particular, con el análisis de la Ley 599 de 2000 y la Ley 1257 de 2008.
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Baker, Michael. DTRS56-02-D-70036A Potential Impact Radius Formulae for Flammable Gases other than Natural Gas. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), czerwiec 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012053.
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The original derivation of the PIR formula referenced in 49 CFR 192 is contained in the Gas Research Institute (GRI) report by C-FER Technologies (C-FER), "A Model for Sizing High Consequence Areas Associated with Natural Gas Pipelines" (Stephens 2000). It must be recognized that this formula was derived solely on the premise that thermal radiation from a jet/trench fire is the dominant hazard related to pipe rupture and subsequent ignition. Since natural gas is non-toxic and significantly lighter than air, this premise is valid. However, there are certain pipeline operators transporting flammable gases other than natural gas (e.g. hydrogen) that will be governed by the jet fire hazard, and thus there is a need for the derivation of PIR formulae for use in identifying high consequence areas for these pipelines. While the C-FER report provides a basis for derivation of such formulae, the dimensionless values for emissivity factor, release rate decay factor, and efficiency factor used in the original derivation of the PIR formula have not been validated or optimized for flammable gases other than natural gas.
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Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder i William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.
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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.
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Baader, Franz, Ralf Küsters i Ralf Molitor. Rewriting Concepts Using Terminologies - Revisited. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.97.
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Please download the revised version LTCS-00-04 containing revised proofs of the technical results.An abridged version of this report appeared in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'2000). The problem of rewriting a concept given a terminology can informally be stated as follows: given a terminology T (i.e., a set of concept definitions) and a concept description C that does not contain concept names defined in T , can this description be rewritten into a 'related better' description E by using (some of) the names defined in T ? In this paper, we first introduce a general framework for the rewriting problem in description logics, and then concentrate on one specific instance of the framework, namely the minimal rewriting problem (where 'better' means shorter, and 'related' means equivalent). We investigate the complexity of the decision problem induced by the minimal rewriting problem for the languages FL0, ALN, ALE, and ALC, and then introduce an algorithm for computing (minimal) rewritings for the languages ALE and ALN. Finally, we sketch other interesting instances of the framework. Our interest for the minimal rewriting problem stems from the fact that algorithms for non-standard inferences, such as computing least common subsumers and matchers, usually produce concept descriptions not containing defined names. Consequently, these descriptions are rather large and hard to read and comprehend. First experiments in a chemical process engineering application show that rewriting can reduce the size of concept descriptions obtained as least common subsumers by almost two orders of magnitude.
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Baader, Franz, Ralf Küsters i Ralf Molitor. Rewriting Concepts Using Terminologies - Revisited. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.97.
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Please download the revised version LTCS-00-04 containing revised proofs of the technical results.An abridged version of this report appeared in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'2000). The problem of rewriting a concept given a terminology can informally be stated as follows: given a terminology T (i.e., a set of concept definitions) and a concept description C that does not contain concept names defined in T , can this description be rewritten into a 'related better' description E by using (some of) the names defined in T ? In this paper, we first introduce a general framework for the rewriting problem in description logics, and then concentrate on one specific instance of the framework, namely the minimal rewriting problem (where 'better' means shorter, and 'related' means equivalent). We investigate the complexity of the decision problem induced by the minimal rewriting problem for the languages FL0, ALN, ALE, and ALC, and then introduce an algorithm for computing (minimal) rewritings for the languages ALE and ALN. Finally, we sketch other interesting instances of the framework. Our interest for the minimal rewriting problem stems from the fact that algorithms for non-standard inferences, such as computing least common subsumers and matchers, usually produce concept descriptions not containing defined names. Consequently, these descriptions are rather large and hard to read and comprehend. First experiments in a chemical process engineering application show that rewriting can reduce the size of concept descriptions obtained as least common subsumers by almost two orders of magnitude.