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Garcia, Juan F., M. Jose Diez, Ana M. Sahagun, Raquel Diez, Matilde Sierra, Juan J. Garcia i M. Nelida Fernandez. "The Online Sale of Antibiotics for Veterinary Use". Animals 10, nr 3 (17.03.2020): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030503.
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Antibiotics are essential medicines against infectious diseases in both humans and animals. An inappropriate use of antibiotics can impair animal health and enhance the risk of bacterial resistance, as well as its transfer from animals to humans. The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of purchasing antibiotics for veterinary use on the internet, to evaluate if a prescription is required, and to determine the availability of drugs classified as the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIA). The Google and Bing search engines and both simple and complex search strings in Spanish and in English were used. The simple search string was “buy veterinary antibiotics”. Complex searches used wildcards and specific syntax. The searches carried out in Spanish revealed that 50% of websites operated in South America, and 65% of websites did not require a valid prescription. Fluoroquinolones were offered in 84% of these websites (45% without prescription), macrolides were offered in 63% of these websites (43% without prescription), and 3rd– and 4th–generation cephalosporins in 54% of these websites (38% without prescription). For the searches in English, 57% of these websites operated in the United States of America (USA), and 55% of them did not require a prescription. Fluoroquinolones were offered in 79% of these websites (49% without prescription), macrolides were offered in 72% of these websites (45% without prescription), and 3rd– and 4th–generation cephalosporins were offered in 49% of these websites (27% without prescription). Therefore, it is easy to illegally access antibiotics via the internet.
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Ozawa, Sachiko, Joanna Billings, Yujiao Sun, Sushan Yu i Benjamin Penley. "COVID-19 Treatments Sold Online Without Prescription Requirements in the United States: Cross-sectional Study Evaluating Availability, Safety and Marketing of Medications". Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, nr 2 (16.02.2022): e27704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27704.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has increased online purchases and heightened interest in existing treatments. Dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir have been touted as potential COVID-19 treatments. Objective This study assessed the availability of 3 potential COVID-19 treatments online and evaluated the safety and marketing characteristics of websites selling these products during the pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the months of June 2020 to August 2020, by searching the first 100 results on Google, Bing, and Yahoo! mimicking a US consumer. Unique websites were included if they sold targeted medicines, were in English, offered US shipping, and were free to access. Identified online pharmacies were categorized as rogue, unclassified, or legitimate based on LegitScript classifications. Patient safety characteristics, marketing techniques, price, legitimacy, IP addresses, and COVID-19 mentions were recorded. Results We found 117 websites: 30 selling dexamethasone (19/30, 63% rogue), 39 selling hydroxychloroquine (22/39, 56% rogue), and 48 selling lopinavir-ritonavir (33/48, 69% rogue). This included 89 unique online pharmacies: 70% were rogue (n=62), 22% were unapproved (n=20), and 8% were considered legitimate (n=7). Prescriptions were not required among 100% (19/19), 61% (20/33), and 50% (11/22) of rogue websites selling dexamethasone, lopinavir-ritonavir, and hydroxychloroquine, respectively. Overall, only 32% (24/74) of rogue websites required prescriptions to buy these medications compared with 94% (31/33) of unapproved and 100% (10/10) of legitimate websites (P<.001). Rogue sites rarely offered pharmacist counseling (1/33, 3% for lopinavir-ritonavir to 2/22, 9% for hydroxychloroquine). Drug warnings were unavailable in 86% (6/7) of unapproved dexamethasone sites. It was difficult to distinguish between rogue, unapproved, and legitimate online pharmacies solely based on website marketing characteristics. Illegitimate pharmacies were more likely to offer bulk discounts and claim price discounts, yet dexamethasone and hydroxychloroquine were more expensive online. An inexpensive generic version of lopinavir-ritonavir that is not authorized for use in the United States was available online offering US shipping. Some websites claimed hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir were effective COVID-19 treatments despite lack of scientific evidence. In comparing IP addresses to locations claimed on the websites, only 8.5% (7/82) matched their claimed locations. Conclusions The lack of safety measures by illegitimate online pharmacies endanger patients, facilitating access to medications without appropriate oversight by health care providers to monitor clinical response, drug interactions, and adverse effects. We demonstrated how easy it is to go online to buy medications that are touted to treat COVID-19 even when current clinical evidence does not support their use for self-treatment. We documented that illegitimate online pharmacies sidestep prescription requirements, skirt pharmacist counseling, and make false claims regarding efficacy for COVID-19 treatment. Health care professionals must urgently educate the public of the dangers of purchasing drugs from illegitimate websites and highlight the importance of seeking treatment through authentic avenues of care.
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Lundin, S., i R. Liu. "‘Where and how do you buy medicines?’ A pilot survey of consumption strategies among the public in Sweden". Journal of Public Health 42, nr 3 (23.07.2019): e268-e271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdz075.
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Abstract Background Substandard and falsified (SF) medical products are a major danger to public health. They affect every region of the world, and have been identified in all major therapeutic categories. Studies from medicine, pharmacology, law and public health dominate this research area with a focus on the supply side. However, the spread of SF medical products cannot be fully understood without information about the demand side or a sociocultural perspective on market formation. The aim of this short report is to present findings from a pilot study that examines the attitudes of the Swedish public regarding consumption of medicines. Methods We conducted a pilot survey in 2016 ‘Where and how do you buy medicines?’ using LimeSurvey, an open-source online survey software. In total 155 respondents completed the survey. Results The majority of respondents turn to doctors within healthcare for prescription-only medicines (POM). Simultaneously, some respondents would consider buying POMs without prior contact with experts even if medicines may come from unsafe sources. Conclusions There is a tendency that people move away from formal healthcare towards an unregulated market. In parallel, people’s approach to doctors becomes more personalized and pragmatic than in former patriarchal relationships. Risk becomes a negotiable concept.
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Anilasree B. P i Biju C. R. "Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices about anti biotics on kerala zone". International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research 11, nr 3 (12.07.2023): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.61096/ijamscr.v11.iss3.2023.223-226.
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To reduce the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance, there is a need to strengthen the knowledge for future prescribers regarding use and prescription of antibiotics. Before that, it is required to have conclusive evidence about knowledge, attitude, and practices of that group. To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and the practices of pharmacy students in India with respect to antibiotic resistance and usage. It was a cross‑sectional study which was done online through Google forms for a period of 4 months from July to October 2018. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire containing a five‑point scale was sent to medical students across India by sharing link through contacts of pharmacy students association kerala colleges. Respondent‑driven sampling technique was also adopted for the study. Descriptive statistics, parametric (Chi‑square), and nonparametric (Kruskal‑‑Wallis and Mann‑‑Whitney U) tests. A total of 474 responses were received from kerala colleges. The mean score of knowledge was 4.36 ± 0.39. As compared to first year students, knowledge was significantly higher among students of all the years. As much as 83.3% students have consumed antibiotics in previous year of the survey. Around 45% of medical students accepted that they buy antibiotics without a medical prescription. Conclusion: The knowledge level of pharmacy students was quite satisfactory. As far as attitude and practices are concerned, there is a substantial need for improvements.
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Sun, Yujiao, Adam Hendrix, Benyam Muluneh i Sachiko Ozawa. "Online Pharmacy Accessibility of Imatinib, An Oral Chemotherapy Medication". Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 20, nr 7 (lipiec 2022): 808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2022.7007.
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Background: Since prices of imatinib (Gleevec) remain high, patients on oral chemotherapy are looking for alternative methods to access this life-saving medication. We assessed the accessibility of imatinib through online pharmacies and analyzed each website for medication safety, price, and marketing tactics. Methods: We searched the term “buy imatinib online” using 4 commonly used internet search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo!, and DuckDuckGo) and screened web pages displayed in the first 10 pages. Websites were included if they were published in English, sold imatinib, were free to access, and offered shipping in the United States. Websites were classified using LegitScript’s categorization as “certified,” “unclassified,” “unapproved,” or “rogue.” We analyzed information on websites’ patient safety characteristics, marketing techniques, pricing, domain registration information, and IP addresses. Results: Of the 44 online pharmacies identified, only 3 (7%) were certified, and the remainder were classified as rogue (52%; n=23), unapproved (30%; n=13), or unclassified (11%; n=5). Thirteen online pharmacies (30%; 9 rogue, 4 unclassified) sold imatinib without a prescription. Nearly one-quarter (n=10) of online pharmacies selling imatinib did not include drug-related warnings on their websites, and nearly half (n=21) did not limit the purchasable quantity. More than three-quarters (n=34) of online pharmacies selling imatinib did not offer pharmacist consultations, even though nearly all websites extended offers to speak with sales associates (91%; n=40). Most online pharmacies selling imatinib claimed price discounts (95%; n=42), but fewer provided bulk discounts (23%; n=10) or coupons (34%; n=15). One-third of rogue pharmacies selling imatinib (n=7) claimed to be registered or accredited on their websites. Conclusions: The lack of safety measures taken by illegitimate online pharmacies endangers patient safety because they allow patients to purchase imatinib without appropriate evaluation for response, drug interactions, and adverse effects. Healthcare providers need to be aware of this practice and should assure patient access to imatinib through safe and legitimate pharmacies.
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Sulistyaningrum, Indriyati Hadi, Arifin Santoso, Fildza Huwaina Fathnin i Dian Mila Fatmawati. "Analisis Prevalensi dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Swamedikasi Sebelum dan Selama Pandemi COVID-19: Studi pada Mahasiswa Kesehatan di Jawa Tengah". Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 19, nr 1 (25.06.2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v19i1.17699.
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Self-medication is defined as an attempt to treat using medicines purchased at pharmacies or drug stores without a doctor's prescription. There is currently a public health emergency due to the emergence of COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-medication before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among health students in Central Java and its associated factors. This cross-sectional survey involved 384 respondents with teknik snowball sampling using an online questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics, namely bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis with Chi square and Wilcoxon to compare sociodemographic characteristics with self-medicating before and during the pandemic. Furthermore, multivariate analysis was carried out using logistic regression to see the factors that most influenced individual desires to self-medicate (p0.05). Based on the analysis, the results showed that the prevalence of self-medicating among health students in Central Java has increased from before the pandemic (58.6%) to (78.6%) during the pandemic. Self-medication was mostly done by women (84.4%), aged 18-40 years (99.2%). Places to buy drugs at pharmacies (91%) and considerations in choosing drugs by looking at drug brands (52%). Another factor of respondents doing self-medication is due to previous experience using similar drugs (49%), the factor of information sources from the internet (46%). The results of the study concluded that there were differences between age, gender, level of education, understanding of self-medication, experiencing pain in the last 3 months, physical activity and suggestions from others affecting individual desires for self-medication before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it is necessary to conduct education and monitoring related to self-medication carried out by students so that the treatment carried out is appropriate and rational.
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Gupta, Jatin, Manoj Kumar Sharma i Dr Mukesh Kumar Kumawat. "The Shift in Customer Behaviour Toward Using E-Pharmacies to Purchase Medications". International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 27.12.2022, P19—P36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.1.sp1.p19-36.
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Abstract: Customers can visit and purchase medications from e-pharmacies online without visiting a pharmacy. However, there are always two sides to every story. Some clients choose to buy prescription drugs online. Anyone can now purchase anything online, including groceries, clothing, and electronics, thanks to the advancement of digital technology and the expansion of ecommerce platforms. As a result, purchasing prescription medications online has emerged as the new standard during this pandemic crisis. E-pharmacies are a cutting-edge and fascinating business idea that has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare sector. By doing away with middlemen, these online pharmacies that are entering the Indian market want to improve the availability of pharmaceuticals. This research attempts to examine and analyze the changing trends in medicine purchases. The project's objective is to understand how customers feel about online pharmacies and whether or not they will utilize them in the future. The sample size for the study was 520, and 12 items were included in the questionnaire presented to respondents. The results show that although only 46.34 per cent of respondents currently use e-pharmacies, 89.03 per cent of respondents are willing to use them in the future. According to the survey questionnaire, contactless delivery and convenience were the main factors influencing people to buy drugs from online pharmacies. The study sample could not be typical of the overall population of India, which is the research's main flaw. Despite the gradual pace, people are starting to change how they buy drugs from online pharmacies. The COVID-19 outbreak made drug purchases through online pharmacies easier.
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B. Savant, Priti, i Manjusha S. Kareppa. "A Review: E-Pharmacy Vs Conventional Pharmacy". Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 5.03.2022, 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2231-5713.2022.00014.
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Pharmaceutical industry in India is the third largest and fastest developing industry in India. An E-Pharmacy is a pharmacy that operates over the internet by selling drugs, medicines and sending them to the customers. Internet making all the things easy and convenient. Patients can now buy use of prescription of registered medical practitioner order the medicines via use of internet and receive them at their own doorsteps. Online pharmacy is one of the technology advancement in creating huge demand in the upcoming days. Though it is convenient to buy drugs online as it causes high risk of selfmedication and misuse of drugs especially coming under the schedule H and X, so to overcome these risks local pharmacy may be preferred. In this article we have discussed about difference between the E-pharmacy and conventional pharmacy. According to D and C act 1940 state that do not sell the drug like schedule X and schedule H drugs without prescription and without consent to the physician if pharmacist have doubt about the prescription. There are so many advantages of this facilities e-pharmacy on online pharmacy like as the cost effectiveness, free home deliver, instance serves, 24 X 7 availability. Similarly, when the technology is used for medical purposes, it gives rise to medico legal and techno legal issues with it. As when we deal with medicine there are number of drugs which are under schedule ‘H’ and schedule ‘X ‘. When this kind of medicines gets easily available then, obviously it will results into the wrong practice of the medication. This review article emphasize on e-pharmacy vs conventional pharmacy i.e. what is e-pharmacy, how does work is it safe today, online pharmacy is a boon or bane, what is conventional pharmacy Difference between online pharmacy and conventional pharmacy. etc.
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C. Kavitha, C.N. Nalini, R. Radha, T. Purushoth Prabhu i R. Vijaya Bharathi. "Comparative Standardization Study of Ayurvedic Formulations of Gokshuradi Churna". Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 12.11.2022, 2026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s08.248.
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Background: The knowledge of plant based medicines was gradually developed by the primeval persons and was passed on to generations by trial and error basis without proper scientific evaluation, safety and toxicological studies. The discovery and acceptance of natural therapies in the past decades has been increasing in both developing and developed countries. Consumers buy herbal products without a prescription through online. Thus standardization is required with systematic approach and well-designed methodologies to maintain uniformity between batches during production of herbal products. The present work aims for the comparative standardization of the marketed formulation and two in-house prepared Gokshuradi Churna. It is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for inflammation, arthritis, and other joint disorders. Gokshuradi Churna consists of powdered mixture of herbal drugs in equal proportions: the fruits of Tribulus terrestris, the fruits of Terminalia chebula, the root of Boerhaavia diffusa, the wood of Cedrus deodara, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, and the bulb of Allium sativum. Materials and Methods: The churna was standardized on the basis of the parameters like organoleptic characters, physical characters, physicochemical properties, phytochemical screening. Results: The parameters studied were within standard limits and the quality of the products were established. The results obtained may be considered as reference standards for developing standard formulation. Conclusion: From preliminary studies, it confirms that In house and marketed formulations of Gokshuradi Churna is safe for therapeutic use. Further studies has to be done to confirm the pharmacological activities of the churna.
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Alamri, Abdulrahman, Razan Asiri, Abdulaziz Alnami, Raneem Hijazi i Lamya Almobty. "Use of eye drops self-medication in Aseer region, Southern Saudi Arabia". World Family Medicine Journal /Middle East Journal of Family Medicine 19, nr 2 (1.02.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5742/mewfm.2021.93984.
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Background: Self-medication is defined as the use of drugs to manage a self-diagnosed disease or complaint, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms. Self-medication includes getting medications without a prescription, resubmitting old prescriptions to buy medicines, sharing medicines with relatives or members of one’s social circle, or using leftover medicines stored at home. Risks are related to many factors including not only the possible severe side effects of the drug itself, but also hazardous because of improper treatment. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used targeting all population in Aseer region. The study was conducted during the period from May 2020 to August 2020. Data were collected using structured questionnaire which was developed by the researchers after intensive literature review and expert’s consultation. The questionnaire data included person’s socio-demographic data such as age, gender, and education. The second section of the questionnaire covered eye drops self-medication data. The questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms by the researchers and their relatives and friends to be filled in by all population in Aseer region. Results: A total of 209 participants completed the study questionnaire. Participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 65 years old with mean age of 32.9 ± 11.6 years. Exactly 152 (72.7%) participants were females and 158 (75.6%) had educational level of university or more. Regarding persons who advised participants to use eye drops, the most reported was the person themself (34.4%; 72) followed by family and friends (29.2%), and pharmacist (20.6%). As for causes of using unprescribed eye drops, 105 (50.2%) participants used the eye drops for itching in the eye, followed by eye redness (47.4%), eye pain (22.5%). Regarding side effects of used drops, the most reported was excessive lacrimation (5.7%), followed by blurred vision (5.7%), and eye inflammations (4.3%), Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that there is a large portion of Aseer region population practicing self-medicating behavior based on their own concept or advice from friends and family most of the time, without consulting a specialized physician. Key words: Eye drops, self-medication, unprescribed, use, population, causes, practice
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