Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Butterfly species”
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Setiawan, Rendy, Hari Sulistiyowati i Firdausi Wulandari. "The Composition and Diversity of Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Jember University". Natural Science: Journal of Science and Technology 9, nr 3 (31.12.2020): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/25411969.2020.v9.i3.15254.
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Jember University (UNEJ) has 40% of green area that covered by various plants and trees as the insect habitats, such as butterfly. The butterflies use plants as a source of food and hostplant that support the diversity of butterfly species. The aim of this study was determined the composition and diversity of butterflly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in UNEJ. The data collection using road sampling method at all UNEJ’s faculties. The identification obtained 30 species of butterflies include to 3 family and 22 genus with a total individual of 330. The diversity of butterflies is 2.826 which is included in the medium category.
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Wang, Lu, Hui Wang, Yuhang Zha, Heyi Wei, Fusheng Chen i Juping Zeng. "Forest Quality and Available Hostplant Abundance Limit the Canopy Butterfly of Teinopalpus aureus". Insects 13, nr 12 (24.11.2022): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121082.
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Hostplant limitation is a key focus of the spatial interaction between a phytophagous butterfly and a hostplant. The possible drivers related to the hostplants are species richness, abundance, or availability, but no consensus has been reached. In this study, we investigated the butterfly–hostplant interaction using the case of the forest canopy butterfly T. aureus in Asia, whose narrow distribution is assumed to be limited by its exclusive hostplant, Magnoliaceae, in tropic and subtropic regions. We recorded the Magnoliaceae species, as well as plant and butterfly individuals in transect, and we collected tree traits and topography variables. The results confirm that this butterfly is limited by the hostplants of their larval stage. The hostplants occurred exclusively in the middle-mountain region, with preference only for primeval forests. The hostplant resource was superior in the middle-mountain region, particularly concentrating in primeval forests. The hostplant’s abundance, together with altitude and habitat types, was critical to this butterfly’s occurrence, while those hostplant trees with an exposed crown, which are demanded by this butterfly in its oviposition, were the best drivers of positive butterfly–hostplant interactions. Therefore, the hostplant’s limitation was mainly determined by the availability of the hostplant. This case study supports the hypothesis that the limitation on this butterfly’s occurrence was driven by the hostplant’s availability, and it suggests that protecting high-quality forests is a valuable activity and essential in the conservation of canopy butterflies.
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Medeiros, Adalberto, Emanoel Pereira Gualberto, Rafael Pereira Rodrigues i Solange Maria Kerpel. "Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest, Paraíba State, Brazil". EntomoBrasilis 14 (10.12.2021): e970. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v14.e970.
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Restinga forests are plant formations that occur on plains of quaternary sandy deposits along the Brazilian coast. Despite historical reduction of the Restinga forests, little effort has been made to know the butterfly fauna of these areas. This paper is an important contribution to the butterfly’s knowledge, being the second inventory in the Restinga forest of northeastern Brazil. The survey was conducted in the Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest (FLONA de Cabedelo, following the Portuguese abbreviation) and aimed to provide preliminary information on the butterflies richness in this region. A total of 89 butterfly species and 1,503 individuals were recorded at FLONA de Cabedelo. Hesperiidae was the richest family (34 species), followed by Nymphalidae (33) Pieridae (eight), Lycaenidae (seven), Riodinidae (five), and Papilionidae (two). In general, the butterfly fauna of the FLONA de Cabedelo is dominated by species widely distributed and commonly found in open or forested areas in Brazil. Five species are new records in Paraíba state: Calydna sturnula (Geyer), Theope foliorum (Bates), Cogia hassan (Butler), Vehilius inca (Scudder), and Chiothion asychis (Stoll). We suggest carrying out monthly samplings which will certainly increase the list of species herein presented.
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Kimsanbaev, X. X., R. A. Jumaev i L. A. Abduvosiqova. "Determination Of Effective Parasite-Entomofag Species In The Management Of The Number Of Family Representatives In Pieridae". American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, nr 06 (18.06.2021): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue06-18.
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The article covers studies that cabbage white butterfly is considered a dangerous pest common in vegetable crops and can cause great harm by feeding on more than 10 species of cabbage crops. Also, such pests as cabbage white butterfly, turnip white butterfly and rap white butterfly have been covered in scientific research to prevent the death of up to 60-65% of the crop in cabbage, turnip, radish and radish crops in mammal conditions.
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Caruthers, Jennet, i Diane Debinski. "Montane Meadow Butterfly Species Distributions in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem". UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 30 (1.01.2006): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2006.3657.
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The composition of butterfly communities is a good indicator of changing environmental conditions. Butterflies have tight associations with the plant community due to their dependence on plants throughout their life history. These associations make butterfly distributions predictable based on the plant communities. Butterfly abundance data have been collected annually since 1997 within montane meadow sites characterized along a hydrologic gradient within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. From this research, community composition may be predictable relative to future climatic changes and key habitat constraints. Identifying such variables is important for butterfly conservation.
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Cancela, Juan Pablo, i Sasha Vasconcelos. "Ornamental plantings of Arbutus unedo L. facilitate colonisations by Charaxes jasius (Linnaeus, 1767) in Madrid province, central Spain". Nota Lepidopterologica 42, nr 1 (12.06.2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.42.34620.
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The distribution of butterfly species is limited by availability of larval host plants growing in suitable climatic conditions. The Two-tailed Pasha, Charaxesjasius (Linnaeus, 1767), is a Mediterranean butterfly with only sporadic historical records in Madrid, Spain’s most central province, where the host plant is uncommon and winters are colder than in most parts of the butterfly’s range. We show the first evidence of juvenile stages of the species in two towns of north-central Madrid and compile records of C.jasius from Madrid over the past four decades. Our results suggest that, in the absence of widespread host plants, C.jasius is using suburban ornamental plantings of its host plant to colonise a region which may be becoming more climatically suitable.
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Vickery, Margaret. "Gardens as an Aid to the Conservation of some Butterfly Species". Science Progress 90, nr 4 (październik 2007): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685007x228739.
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The Butterfly Conservation national garden butterfly survey aimed to formulate the perfect butterfly garden. Adult butterflies feed on sugary substances whilst their larvae eat highly specific plants which vary according to butterfly species. Many male butterflies need territorial perches, while some species need places to hibernate for the winter and all need roosting sites at night and during bad weather. Being cold blooded, butterflies also need places where they can absorb energy from the sun. We needed to discover if gardens were providing these requirements and if not, how they could be provided.
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Sari, Herlina Putri Endah, Sofia Ery Rahayu, Masjhudi . i Fury Fauziah. "STUDY OF BUTTERFLY SPECIES AT KONDANG MERAK BEACH SOUTHERN MALANG AREA". KnE Life Sciences 2, nr 1 (20.09.2015): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.220.
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<p>There are many variants of butterfly species living at Kondang Merak beach Southern Malang, Indonesia, but the information about their diversity has notbeen available yet. This research aimed to determine the diversity of butterfly species at Kondang Merak beach. This research was conducted in April 2013. The butterfly was captured using insect nett with standart walk method. This research found the total of 40 butterflies species belong to 5 families, i.e. Pieridae (15 species), Nymphalidae (14 species), Papilionidae (5 spesies), Lycaenidae (5 spesies) and Hesperidae (1 species). Ideopsis juventa from family of Nymphalidae is the most abundant species in this area. Further research is necessary in order to provide more complete database about the diversity of butterfly at Kondang Merak beach. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Butterfly, Lepidoptera, Kondang Merak beach</p>
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Lodh, Rahul, i Basant Kumar Agarwala. "Inventory of butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Tripura, India, in the Indo-Myanmar biogeographical zone, with records of threatened taxa". Check List 11, nr 2 (27.02.2015): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1591.
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The Tripura province of northeast India, situated in the western fringe of the Indo-Myanmar biodiversity hotspot was extensively explored for butterfly fauna. We surveyed 28 wild and managed locations in the hot and humid environment of Tripura province (2009–2012) across different landscape gradients to observe and record butterfly diversity. We report here 212 butterfly species, 65 of which are considered threatened including 41 species protected by Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Thirty-eight species are categorized as threatened by IUCN including one species also by CITES. We recorded the abundance of each butterfly species to highlight the population status of individual butterfly species in order to reveal the status of their conservation in Tripura, in India, and also at global scale. Geographic distribution of 142 species is extended to Tripura. Results of this study form a baseline data on the diversity and conservation of butterflies in this biodiversity hotspot.
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Andrian, Rico, Devi Maharani, Meizano Ardhi Muhammad i Akmal Junaidi. "Butterfly identification using gray level co-occurrence matrix (glcm) extraction feature and k-nearest neighbor (knn) classification". Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 6, nr 1 (4.12.2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v6i1.1602.
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Gita Persada Butterfly Park is the only breeding of engineered in situ butterflies in Indonesia. It is located in Lampung and has approximately 211 species of breeding butterflies. Each species of Butterflies has a different texture on its wings. The Limited ability of the human eye to distinguishing typical textures on butterfly species is the reason for conducting a research on butterfly identification based on pattern recognition. The dataset consists of 600 images of butterfly’s upper wing from six species: Centhosia penthesilea, Papilio memnon, Papilio nephelus, Pachliopta aristolochiae, Papilio peranthus and Troides helena. The pre-processing stage is conducted using scaling, segmentation and grayscale methods. The GLCM method is used to recognize the characteristics of butterfly images using pixel distance and Angular direction 0o, 45o, 90o and 135o. The features used is angular second moment, contrast, homogeneity and correlation. KNN classification method in this study uses k values1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23 based on the Rule of Thumb. The result of this study indicate that Centhosia penthesilea and Papilio nephelus classes can be classified properly compared to the other 4 classes and require a classification time of 2 seconds at each angular orientation. The highest accuracy is 91.1% with a value of in the angle of 90o and error rate8.9%. Classification error occured because the value of the test data features is more dominant with the value of the training image features in different classes than the supposed class. Another reason is because of imperfect test data.
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Biswas, Sourabh, Shiladitya Mukhopadhyay i Rajib Dey. "Butterfly fauna (insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) and larval host plant in Bongaon town, West Bengal, India". Academia Journal of Biology 44, nr 2 (23.06.2022): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/16769.
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An appraisal of butterfly species diversity was carried out in the suburban town of Bongaon, southern West Bengal, India whose butterfly faunal diversity remained undocumented. A total of 76 species of butterflies were recorded from October 2018 to October 2019. The highest number of butterflies were recorded belonging to the family Nymphalidae (27 species), followed by Lycaenidae (21 species), Hesperiidae (13 species), Pieridae (8 species) and Papilionidae (7 species). Among the 76 butterfly species that have been recorded, nine species come under the protection category as per the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Over the study period, 54 species of larval host plants were also documented. This communication will be the first comprehensive work on butterflies of Bongaon town and serve as baseline data for future research on the butterfly.
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Leitze, Annette Ricks, Stephanie Hodge, Danielle Houser i Clint Mathews. "Endangered species". Teaching Children Mathematics 25, nr 3 (listopad 2018): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.25.3.0142.
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Animals that are at risk of becoming extinct are called endangered species. They can be very large animals, like a polar bear, or very small, like a monarch butterfly. Learn about several different endangered species by engaging in these math activities.
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Mukherjee, Swarnali, Soumyajit Banerjee, Parthiba Basu, GoutamK Saha i Gautam Aditya. "Lantana Camara and Butterfly Abundance in an Urban Landscape: Benefits for Conservation or Species Invasion?" Ekológia (Bratislava) 34, nr 4 (1.12.2015): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2015-0029.
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Abstract Urban landscapes host a range of diverse plants that, in turn, facilitate maintenance of different species of pollinators, including butterflies. In this context, the importance of Lantana camara, an invasive plant species, was assessed highlighting its role in maintenance of butterfly diversity, using Kolkata, India as a study area. Initial study revealed consistent presence of L. camara in both urban and rural sites with at least 25 different butterfly species association. The proportional relative load and the preferences of butterfly species for the each plant species were inclined towards L. camara. Irrespective of the sites, the diurnal and seasonal variations in the butterfly species abundance varied with the flowering pattern of L. camara. A positive correlation of different butterfly species with the flowering time and number of L. camara was for all the sites. The segregation of the L. camara associated butterfly species was made following discriminant function analysis using the extent of flower density of L. camara as explanatory variable. Despite being an invasive species, it is apparent that L. camara can be a prospective host plant that facilitates sustenance of butterflies in both urban and rural sites. Thus, existence of L. camara in urban gardens and forests may prove beneficial in sustenance of the butterflies.
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Han, Dan, Chang Zhang, Cheng Wang, Junying She, Zhenkai Sun, Dexian Zhao, Qi Bian i in. "Differences in Response of Butterfly Diversity and Species Composition in Urban Parks to Land Cover and Local Habitat Variables". Forests 12, nr 2 (26.01.2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020140.
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Background and Objectives: As urbanisation is a significant global trend, there is a profound need for biodiversity protection in urban ecosystems. Moreover, the potential of urban green space to support urban biodiversity should be appreciated. Butterflies are environmental indicators that are sensitive to urbanisation. Therefore, it is important to identify butterfly distribution patterns and the factors influencing butterfly diversity and species composition in urban parks within cities. Research Highlights: To our knowledge, ours is the first study evaluating the effects of both land cover and local habitat features on butterfly species composition in urban parks of Beijing, China. Materials and Methods: In this study, we surveyed butterfly richness and abundance in 28 urban parks in Beijing, China. The parks differed in age and location in the urban area. Meanwhile, we investigated the green space in the surroundings of the parks at multi-spatial scales at the landscape level. We also investigated local park characteristics including the age of the park (Age), perimeter/area ratio of the park (SQPRA), area of the park (ha) (Area), green space cover within the park (Greenp), nectar plant species richness (Necpl), abundance of flowering nectar plants (Necabu) and overall plant species richness (Pl). Generalised linear models (GLMs) and redundancy discriminant analysis (RDA) were applied to relate butterfly diversity and butterfly species composition to environmental variables, respectively. Results: We recorded 3617 individuals belonging to 26 species from July to September in 2019. Parks on the city fringe had significantly higher butterfly diversity. Butterfly species richness was mostly related to total plant richness. The abundance of flowering nectar plants was closely linked to butterfly abundance. Land cover had little impact on butterfly diversity and community structure in urban parks. Conclusions: Once a park has sufficient plants and nectar resources, it becomes a useful haven for urban butterflies, regardless of the surrounding land cover. Well-planned urban parks focused on local habitat quality support butterfly conservation.
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Bramble, W. C., R. H. Yahner i W. R. Byrnes. "Effect of Herbicide Maintenance of an Electric Transmission Line Right-Of-Way on Butterfly Populations". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 25, nr 6 (1.11.1999): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1999.040.
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A study was carried out in 1997 of the butterfly populations on the right-of-way of a 230-kV transmission line of GPU Energy in the Allegheny Mountain Physiographic Province of central Pennsylvania. The objective was to determine if herbicide spray maintenance had produced an adverse impact on butterfly populations. Butterfly counts were made at 7 points in time during the growing season to coincide with flowering of important plant species. On the handcut control unit, there was a total of 14 butterfly species and 58 individuals present over the growing season. In contrast to this, there was a total of 20 butterfly species present on the high-volume basal spray unit, 19 species on the mowing plus herbicide spray unit MH-1, and 22 species on the mowing plus herbicide spray unit MH-3. The number of individual butterflies ranged from 172 to 186 on the 2 mowing plus herbicide spray units to 342 on the high-volume basal spray unit. These results indicate that herbicide spray maintenance had not produced an adverse effect on butterfly species and number of individuals compared to handcutting without herbicides.
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Uwizelimana, Jean de Dieu, Donat Nsabimana i Thomas Wagner. "A preliminary butterfly checklist (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) for Cyamudongo tropical forest fragment, Rwanda". Metamorphosis 32, nr 1 (8.08.2022): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v32i1.15.
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This study provides a preliminary checklist of butterfly species occurring in the Cyamudongo tropical forest fragment, Rwanda. A survey of butterflies was conducted seasonally from October 2019 to August 2020. Butterflies were collected for identification using butterfly nets and fruit-baited traps along trails within Cyamudongo forest. One hundred and sixty-two butterfly species were recorded in the Cyamudongo forest, including thirteen species that are endemic to the Albertine Rift. This preliminary checklist serves as baseline data for conservationists including park managers and researchers concerned with butterfly conservation.
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Addo-Fordjour, Patrick, Benjamin A. Osei i Elizabeth A. Kpontsu. "Butterfly community assemblages in relation to human disturbance in a tropical upland forest in Ghana, and implications for conservation". Journal of Insect Biodiversity 3, nr 6 (1.04.2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2015.3.6.
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The present study determined butterfly diversity, species composition and abundance in different forests of varying human disturbance intensities in the Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Ghana (i.e. non-disturbed, moderately disturbed and heavily disturbed forests). Vegetation characteristics and butterflies were sampled within ten 50 m × 50 m plots in each forest type. The study revealed that butterfly Shannon diversity index was similar in the non-disturbed and moderately disturbed forests although it was significantly lower in the heavily disturbed forest. Butterfly abundance differed significantly among all the forest types. Significant relationships were detected between some vegetation characteristics, and butterfly diversity and abundance (P<0.001). Using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and cluster analysis, three main butterfly assemblages were identified on the basis of species composition, with each one in a particular forest type. Furthermore, butterfly species composition differed significantly among the forest types (ANOSIM; P<0.0001). The intermediate form of human disturbance in the moderately disturbed forest maintained butterfly diversity, suggesting that management efforts aimed at butterfly conservation should be geared towards protecting forests from excessive human disturbance; selective logging is recommended.
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Leung, Maria C., i Donald G. Reid. "New species records for butterflies (Lepidoptera) on Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada, with notes on natural history". Canadian Entomologist 145, nr 2 (6.03.2013): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.15.
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AbstractComparisons of past and current butterfly species distributions are being used to gauge the effects of climatic change in various parts of the world. Historic butterfly records from Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada, presented an opportunity to do such a comparison in an Arctic tundra region known to have a diverse butterfly fauna. We compared historic species records (1916–1983) with newly collected ones (2007–2009) to assess possible changes in species distributions. Of the 21 species documented for Herschel Island, six were newly found and two were not reconfirmed. We postulate that warmer temperatures facilitated the apparent northerly range expansions of several species by making butterfly flight and dispersal possible. This is supported by interannual comparisons on a smaller time scale, 2007–2009. During this period, we observed accelerated butterfly phenology and higher relative abundance of butterflies associated with earlier snowmelt and with earlier and more intense early summer heating.
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Mukherjee, Swarnali, Gautum Aditya, Parthiba Basu i Goutam K. Saha. "Butterfly diversity in Kolkata metropolis: a synoptic check list". Check List 12, nr 2 (18.03.2016): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.2.1858.
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Butterflies are considered charismatic species for conservation planning as well as environmental monitoring and management. In this study, we assessed the richness of butterfly and associated plant species in Kolkata, India to provide baseline information on the extent of species diversity and prospective use in urban planning and conservation. In association with 39 different herbs and shrubs, at least 54 species of butterflies, belonging to five families, were found in urban habitats of Kolkata. Variations in the diversity indices of the butterfly and plant were observed over the months with highest values in the summer and postmonsoon period and low in the winter months. Butterfly association with the host plants reflected the ascendancy of generalist species in the study area. The network of butterfly and the host plant may be explored further to facilitate the conservation of butterfly and sustain the environmental quality of Kolkata, India
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Phalnikar, Kruttika, Krushnamegh Kunte i Deepa Agashe. "Dietary and developmental shifts in butterfly-associated bacterial communities". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 5 (maj 2018): 171559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171559.
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Bacterial communities associated with insects can substantially influence host ecology, evolution and behaviour. Host diet is a key factor that shapes bacterial communities, but the impact of dietary transitions across insect development is poorly understood. We analysed bacterial communities of 12 butterfly species across different developmental stages, using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Butterfly larvae typically consume leaves of a single host plant, whereas adults are more generalist nectar feeders. Thus, we expected bacterial communities to vary substantially across butterfly development. Surprisingly, only few species showed significant dietary and developmental transitions in bacterial communities, suggesting weak impacts of dietary transitions across butterfly development. On the other hand, bacterial communities were strongly influenced by butterfly species and family identity, potentially due to dietary and physiological variation across the host phylogeny. Larvae of most butterfly species largely mirrored bacterial community composition of their diets, suggesting passive acquisition rather than active selection. Overall, our results suggest that although butterflies harbour distinct microbiomes across taxonomic groups and dietary guilds, the dramatic dietary shifts that occur during development do not impose strong selection to maintain distinct bacterial communities across all butterfly hosts.
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Rizki, Umu Zulfatu, Lianah Lianah i Saifullah Hidayat. "Analysis of The Diversity Of Butterfly (Rhopalocera) Based On Environmental Conditions In Muria Kudus Tourism Area Central Java". Jurnal Biota 8, nr 1 (22.01.2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/biota.v8i1.7089.
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Mount Muria has abundant natural resources, both flora and fauna, one of which is butterflies. Butterflies as natural pollinators have an important role in the ecosystem. The deterioration of air quality has a negative impact on butterflies because they are quite sensitive to poor air quality and poor lighting. This study aims to analyze the relationship between environmental conditions and butterflies in the Muria Kudus area, carried out in March and June 2020. Butterfly observations were carried out using the quadratic sample transect method with 3 observation stations and measured environmental factors, among others: temperature, humidity, light intensity, altitude and Pb concentration analysis with AAS. The results of the study found 40 species of butterflies consisting of 6 families, with a moderate diversity index, almost merit index and low dominance. Muria area still has good environmental conditions for butterfly breeding. Relative abundance is negatively correlated with light intensity (rcount = -0,855, rtable = 0,811). Averageness is negatively correlated with heigh (rcount=-0,836, rtable=-0,881). The butterfly species Ypthima nigricans, Orsotriaena medus, and Melanitis leda is a specialist butterfly species and the butterfly species Papilio memnon, Leptosia nina, Chersonesia rahria, Mycalesis horsifieldii, and Yphtima horsifieldii is a generalist species butterfly
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Chahyadi, Ennie, Mayta Novaliza Isda, Appriliya Destiyana, Fitmawati Fitmawati i Desita Salbiah. "Morphology Characterization of Rhopalocera in Two Areas of Resort Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park Riau Province". Jurnal Biodjati 5, nr 1 (30.05.2020): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v5i1.5743.
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Bukit Tiga Puluh National park (TNBT) of Riau Province is a nature conservation area with a high diversity of fauna, one of which is the butterfly. Butterfly species diversity is influenced by the vegetation in their habitat. The TNBT utilization zone has a habitat type with varied vegetation. There is no information about the species of butterflies in the area. This study aimed to identify morphological character of butterflies and vegetation based on morphological characters. The method used was exploration. The catching area of the butterfly was the Granite waterfall and the Bukit Lancang path of TNBT utilization zone. Samples made as insectarium and herbarium. The identification of butterfly characters consisted of the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings. There were a number of different types of butterflies and plants between the Granite waterfall area (22 and 28 species) and the Bukit Lancang paths (5 and 9 species). The type of butterfly was dominated by the family Nymphalidae. This is due to the amount of vegetation and environmental conditions that are more favorable in the granite waterfall area. The key determinants of butterfly species are the characters of the wing. The results of this study can contribute to maintaining the TNBT butterflies in Riau Province and also as database information of butterflies species in Indonesia.
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Orimaye, Jacob Olufemi, Olumide Odunayo Ogunyemi, Ehi Francis Okosodo, Victor Abiodun Ojo i Tejumola Olayinka Agbelusi. "Butterfly Species Diversity in Protected and Unprotected Habitat of Ise Forest Reserve, Ise Ekiti, Ekiti State". Advances in Ecology 2016 (9.10.2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7801930.
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This study investigated butterfly diversity in the protected area (PA) and unprotected area (UPA) of Ise Forest reserve, Ise Ekiti, Ekiti State, using sweep net along existing trails. Butterfly species seen in the study sites were captured and released after proper identification was made. The results indicated that a total of 837 butterflies were identified in the study sites with 661 species observed in PA and 176 species in UPA. Butterfly species diversity was significantly different (p≤0.05) between PA and UPA. Shannon diversity index was higher in PA (3.59) than UPA (3.27) as against Menhinick’s index, higher in UPA (2.11) than in PA (1.52). Likewise, 10 families of butterflies were recorded in PA and 8 families in UPA. The family with highest species occurrence was Satyridae (17.9%) in PA and Lycaenidae in UPA with 20.1%. Butterfly families’ diversity was not significant (p≥0.05) between the two study sites. Ise Forest Reserve recorded approximately 6.6% of all butterflies recorded in West Africa. The findings indicated that mature secondary and regenerated forests supported high butterfly diversity and species richness, while cultivated land and grassland had a negative impact on butterfly community suggesting the negative effect of agricultural activities on the ecosystem.
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Diba, Farah, R. Ressiawan i N. Nurhaida. "Struktur Komunitas Kupu-Kupu Superfamili Papilionoidae (Lepidoptera) di Kawasan DAS Budi Kecamatan Sungai Betung Kabupaten Bengkayang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat". Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 23, nr 1 (2.06.2021): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.23.1.77-83.
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The Budi watershed, which is located in Sungai Betung Subdistrict, Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, is a land and water conservation area which is a source of clean water for the community. The forest in the Budi watershed becomes a habitat for butterflies. The research aims to analyze the community structure and identify the types of butterflies in Budi watershed Sungai Betung Subdistrict, Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The research methods used survey method with scan sampling technique in the morning and evening. Data from the inventory of butterfly species and the number of individuals of each species were analyzwd using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H”), the Margalef species richness index (DMg) and the Simpson dominance index (D). The results showed that the total number of butterfly species found in the Budi watershed was 22 species with 148 individuals belonging to three families, namely Nymphalidae (14 species), Papilionoidae (3 species), and Pieridae (5 species). The most dominance species found were Eurema blanda, Hypolimnas bolina, and Letopsia nina. The index of butterfly species richness in Budi watershed was DMg = 9.67 and is included in categorized high species richness. The butterfly dominance index D = 0.0066 and it categorized to low species dominance. Species diversity index H” = 2.093 and showed the diversity of butterfly species in the Budi watershed, Sungai Betung sub district, Bengkayang Regency is included in the medium diversity category.
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Nitin, Ravikanthachari, V. C. Balakrishnan, Paresh V. Churi, S. Kalesh, Satya Prakash i Krushnamegh Kunte. "Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, nr 4 (10.04.2018): 11495. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550.
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We present a systematic, updated checklist of larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot. This includes recent new records, with a total of approximately 834 plant species/groups belonging to 88 families that are used by 320 butterfly species of the Western Ghats (the host plant records for 16 species are unknown). A reverse list is also provided as a reference to plant species-wise plant-butterfly associations. This work highlights the diversity of plant species on which the endemic and other butterfly species of the Western Ghats depend.
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KC, Sajan, Darren A. Pollock i Anisha Sapkota. "Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) prey records of Asilidae (Diptera) in eastern New Mexico and western Texas, United States of America". REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 48, nr 4 (30.11.2022): 777–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.48.4.22.13.
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Robber flies with their prey were collected from 2014-2021 in several eastern New Mexico counties and one county in west Texas. A few were merely photographed in the same areas in 2022. One hundred and one asilid-butterfly pairs were collected representing 17 species of robber flies and 19 species of butterflies. Three pairs were photographed representing one robber fly species with two species of butterflies. The prey taxa consisted of five species of Hesperiidae, three species of Pieridae, four species of Lycaenidae, and four species of Nymphalidae. Efferia helenae (Bromley, 1951) was the most frequently collected asilid predator of butterflies, 33 individuals preying on 10 butterfly species followed by Proctacanthus micans Schiner, 1867, 15 individuals preying on seven butterfly species. Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836 (Pieridae) was the most commonly collected butterfly prey with 21 specimens. However, at the species level, Echinargus isola (Reakirt, [1867]) (Lycaenidae) was found to be preyed upon by the most robber fly species, i.e., seven, followed by Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852) (Hesperiidae) and Nathalis iole (Pieridae), each by six robber fly species.
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SON, Jinkwan, Minjae KONG, Donghyeon KANG, Siyoung LEE, Songhee HAN, Banghun KANG i Namchoon KIM. "A study on selection of Butterfly and Plant Species for Butterfly Gardening". Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 21, nr 4 (30.12.2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7851/ksrp.2015.21.4.001.
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Schirmel, Jens, i Thomas Fartmann. "Coastal heathland succession influences butterfly community composition and threatens endangered butterfly species". Journal of Insect Conservation 18, nr 1 (luty 2014): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-014-9619-7.
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Bramble, W. C., R. H. Yahner i W. R. Byrnes. "Effect of Herbicides on Butterfly Populations of an Electric Transmission Right-Of-Way". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 23, nr 5 (1.09.1997): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1997.031.
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A study was made in 1995 and 1996 of the butterfly populations on a 500 kV transmission line of PECO Energy in the Piedmont Region of eastern Pennsylvania. The objective was to compare the long-term effect of 3 herbicide sprays with 2 mechanical methods of right-of-way (ROW) maintenance on the number of butterfly species and their abundance. The wire zone/border zone technique was used on all units to maintain shrubs on border zones. Butterfly counts were made at 5 times over the growing season to coincide with flowering of common plant species. There was no discernible adverse effect of herbicide spray maintenance in comparison with mechanical methods on either the number of species, or individuals, of the ROW butterfly population. Twenty butterfly species were present on the handcuffing unit and 19 to 21 on the 3 herbicide units. The number of individual butterflies present on the 3 herbicide units ranged between 122 to 154 in contrast to 116 on the handcut control unit.
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Oliveira, Isabela Freitas, Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro, Fernanda P. Werneck, Thamara Zacca i Torbjørn Haugaasen. "Marked Differences in Butterfly Assemblage Composition between Forest Types in Central Amazonia, Brazil". Forests 12, nr 7 (17.07.2021): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070942.
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Amazonia comprises a mosaic of contrasting habitats, with wide environmental heterogeneity at local and regional scales. In central Amazonia, upland forest (terra firme) is the predominant forest type and seasonally flooded forests inundated by white- and black-water rivers (várzea and igapó, respectively) represent around 20% of the forested areas. In this work, we took advantage of a natural spatial arrangement of the main vegetation types in central Amazonia to investigate butterfly assemblage structure in terra firme, várzea and igapó forests at the local scale. We sampled in the low- and high-water seasons, combining active and passive sampling with traps placed in both the understory and canopy. Terra firme supported the highest number of butterfly species, whereas várzea forest provided the highest number of butterfly captures. The high species richness in terra firme may reflect that this forest type is floristically richer than várzea and igapó. Várzea is a very productive environment and may thus support a higher number of butterfly individuals than terra firme and igapó. Most butterfly species (80.2%) were unique to a single forest type and 17 can be considered forest type indicator species in this landscape. Floodplain forest environments are therefore an important complement to terra firme in terms of butterfly species richness and conservation in Amazonia.
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Sing, Kong-Wah, Hui Dong, Wen-Zhi Wang i John-James Wilson. "Can butterflies cope with city life? Butterfly diversity in a young megacity in southern China". Genome 59, nr 9 (wrzesień 2016): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0192.
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During 30 years of unprecedented urbanization, plant diversity in Shenzhen, a young megacity in southern China, has increased dramatically. Although strongly associated with plant diversity, butterfly diversity generally declines with urbanization, but this has not been investigated in Shenzhen. Considering the speed of urbanization in Shenzhen and the large number of city parks, we investigated butterfly diversity in Shenzhen parks. We measured butterfly species richness in four microhabitats (groves, hedges, flowerbeds, and unmanaged areas) across 10 parks and examined the relationship with three park variables: park age, park size, and distance from the central business district. Butterflies were identified based on wing morphology and DNA barcoding. We collected 1933 butterflies belonging to 74 species from six families; 20% of the species were considered rare. Butterfly species richness showed weak negative correlations with park age and distance from the central business district, but the positive correlation with park size was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Among microhabitat types, highest species richness was recorded in unmanaged areas. Our findings are consistent with others in suggesting that to promote urban butterfly diversity it is necessary to make parks as large as possible and to set aside areas for limited management. In comparison to neighbouring cities, Shenzhen parks have high butterfly diversity.
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Wankhade, Lokesh N. "STUDY ON BUTTERFLY FAUNA OF KARANJA (GHADGE) TAHSIL OF DISTRICT WARDHA (MAHARASHTRA)". Journal Of Advanced Zoology 42, nr 02 (4.03.2022): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v42i02.53.
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The fauna of butterfly species was studied from in and around area of Karanja (Ghadge) tahsil of Wardha District from period of July 2019 - June 2020. A total 41 species of butterflies belonging to 5 families were recorded. Maximum 18 species of butterflies were recorded from family Nymphalidae, followed by 10 species from family Lycaenidae, 7 species from family Pieridae and 3 species were recorded each from family Papilionidae and family Hesperiidae. In the above study 2 species of butterfly recorded comes under Wild Life Protection Act 1972 of India. The butterfly species Euchrysops cnejus comes under Schedule II and Euploea core comes under Schedule IV of the Indian Wild Life Protection Act 1972.
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Julius, B. O., i W. W. Ngaruiya. "Butterfly distribution and habitat conservation status at A Rocha Dakatcha Nature Reserve, Kilifi County, Kenya". African Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2, nr 2 (30.06.2021): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/ajpas.v2i2.216.
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Diverse human pressures are degrading coastal forests with profound implications on invertebrate biodiversity. Butterfly species are key ecosystem indicators and their distribution may become a campaign tool towards conservation of specific habitats. However, a baseline survey of Dakatcha butterflies is long overdue, necessitating this study at A Rocha Dakatcha Nature Reserve (ARDNR) in Kilifi County. The objective was to identify Dakatcha butterfly species, their distribution, threats to the forest and conservation measures by the community in 2019. The modified pollard walk method was used to collect butterfly species from 21 transects from which the Shannon index of diversity, Margalef’s species richness index and evenness index were calculated. A total of 125 butterflies from five distinct vegetation types were captured and identified to represent 42 species and 25 genera from the documented 5 butterfly families in Kenya. Questionnaires were administered to twenty-nine community members on threats and conservation activities in ARDNR. The exercise confirmed that main threats to ARDNR butterfly habitat are agriculture, charcoal production from Diospyros corni and Dobera glabra and timber extraction from Manilkara mochisia, Brachystegia spiciformis, Thespesia danis and Brachylaena huillensis trees. The targeted deforestation of key tree species providing a suitable microclimate and an array of nectar sources to all threaten butterfly existence in the forest. Fortunately, there are five main stakeholders implementing diverse conservation projects including promotion of energy-saving jikos and beekeeping. In conclusion this study confirms existence of all five families of Kenyan butterflies in ARDNR. The presence of 13 butterfly species in the regenerating forest patch further affirming the importance of practical all-inclusive forest management and that community awareness enhances diversification of livelihood activities alongside sustainable forest utilization.
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Faik, A. A. M., N. K. M. Nagaligam, R. Roland, A. M. S. Abu Bakar, M. H. Y. Meng, L. Y. Kuen i S. Abdul Sani. "DNA Barcoding and Analysis of Nine Butterfly Species And Three Moth Species From Entopia Penang Butterfly Farm". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1358 (listopad 2019): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1358/1/012013.
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Jayasinghe, Himesh Dilruwan, Sarath Sanjeewa Rajapakshe i Tharindu Ranasinghe. "New additions to the larval food plants of Sri Lankan butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)". Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, nr 2 (27.02.2021): 17731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6875.13.2.17731-17740.
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Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri Lankan butterflies have been well documented recently with the aid of studies done by numerous researchers. In this paper, we present further records, 118 LFPs used by 83 butterflies and 145 plant-butterfly combinations. LFPs of Lethe dynsate and Potanthus pseudomaesa pseudomaesa are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. Important observations, possible LFPs and LFP preferences of rare and threatened butterfly species, are discussed. This information on plant-butterfly interactions will play an important role in conservation management of both plant and butterfly species.
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Skórka, Piotr, Magdalena Lenda i Dawid Moroń. "Roads affect the spatial structure of butterfly communities in grassland patches". PeerJ 6 (14.08.2018): e5413. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5413.
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Roads may have an important negative effect on animal dispersal rate and mortality and thus the functioning of local populations. However, road verges may be surrogate habitats for invertebrates. This creates a conservation dilemma around the impact of roads on invertebrates. Further, the effect of roads on invertebrates is much less understood than that on vertebrates. We studied the effect of roads on butterflies by surveying abundance, species richness and composition, and mortality in ten grassland patches along high-traffic roads (∼50–100 vehicles per hour) and ten reference grassland patches next to unpaved roads with very little traffic (<1 vehicle per day) in southern Poland. Five 200-m transects parallel to the road were established in every grassland patch: at a road verge, 25 m from the verge, in the patch interior, and 25 m from the boundary between the grassland and field and at the grassland-arable field boundary. Moreover, one 200-m transect located on a road was established to collect roadkilled butterflies. The butterfly species richness but not abundance was slightly higher in grassland patches adjacent to roads than in reference grassland patches. Butterfly species composition in grasslands adjacent to roads differed from that in the reference patches. Proximity of a road increased variability in butterfly abundances within grassland patches. Grassland patches bordering roads had higher butterfly abundance and variation in species composition in some parts of the grassland patch than in other parts. These effects were not found in reference grassland patches, where butterfly species and abundance were more homogenously distributed in a patch. Plant species composition did not explain butterfly species. However, variance partitioning revealed that the presence of a road explained the highest proportion of variation in butterfly species composition, followed by plant species richness and abundance in grassland patches. Road mortality was low, and the number of roadkilled butterflies was less than 5% of that of all live butterflies. Nevertheless, the number and species composition of roadkilled butterflies were well explained by the butterfly communities living in road verges but not by total butterfly community structure in grassland patches. This study is the first to show that butterfly assemblages are altered by roads. These results indicate that: (1) grassland patches located near roads are at least as good habitats for butterflies as reference grassland patches are, (2) roads create a gradient of local environmental conditions that increases variation in the abundance of certain species and perhaps increases total species richness in grassland patches located along roads, and (3) the impact of roads on butterflies is at least partially independent of the effect of plants on butterflies. Furthermore, (4) the direct impact of road mortality is probably spatially limited to butterflies living in close proximity to roads.
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Soldati, Déborah, Fernando Amaral da Silveira i André Roberto Melo Silva. "Butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) in an ecotone between two biodiversity hotspots in Minas Gerais, Brazil". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59 (7.01.2019): e20195902. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.02.
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This paper investigates the butterfly fauna of the ‘Serra do Rola-Moça’ State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We evaluate i) the seasonal variation of species richness and composition; and ii) the variation in composition of the local butterfly assemblage among three sampling sites and between the dry and rainy seasons. Sampling was carried out monthly between November 2012 and October 2013, using entomological nets. After a total sampling effort of 504 net hours, 311 species were recorded, one of them endangered in Brazil, and eight probable new species. Furthermore, two species were new records for the region and seven considered endemic of the Cerrado. There was no significant difference in species richness between the dry and the rainy seasons, however the species composition varies significantly among sampling sites. Due to its special, heterogeneous environment, which is home to a rich butterfly fauna, its preservation is important for the conservation of the regional butterfly fauna.
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Kasangaki, Patrice, Anne M. Akol i Gilbert Isabirye Basuta. "Butterfly Species List for Selected West Albertine Rift Forests". Dataset Papers in Biology 2013 (9.08.2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7167/2013/451461.
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This dataset gives details on a study which was conducted in seventeen forests in western Uganda (Albertine region) between 1993 and 1995. Different methods were used to sample butterflies from these forests. A total of 630 butterfly species were collected in 5 main families. Key characteristics of the forests were recorded, and these were found to influence the butterfly species richness of the forests.
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Martínez-Adriano, Cristian A., Cecilia Díaz-Castelazo i Armando Aguirre-Jaimes. "Flower-mediated plant-butterfly interactions in an heterogeneous tropical coastal ecosystem". PeerJ 6 (7.09.2018): e5493. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5493.
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Background Interspecific interactions play an important role in determining species richness and persistence in a given locality. However at some sites, the studies, especially for interaction networks on adult butterflies are scarce. The present study aimed the following objectives: (1) determine butterfly species richness and diversity that visit flowering plants, (2) compare species richness and diversity in butterfly-plant interactions among six different vegetation types and (3) analyze the structure of butterfly-flowering plant interaction networks mediated by flowers. Methods The study was developed in six vegetation types within the natural reserve of La Mancha, located in Veracruz, Mexico. In each vegetation type, we recorded the frequency of flower visits by butterflies monthly in round plots (of radius 5 m) for 12 months. We calculated Shannon diversity for butterfly species and diversity of interactions per vegetation type. We determined the classic Jaccard similarity index among vegetation types and estimated parameters at network and species-level. Results We found 123 species of butterflies belonging to 11 families and 87 genera. The highest number of species belonged to Hesperiidae (46 species), followed by Nymphalidae (28) and Pieridae (14). The highest butterfly diversity and interaction diversity was observed in pioneer dune vegetation (PDV), coastal dune scrub (CDS) and tropical deciduous flooding forest and wetland (TDF-W). The same order of vegetation types was found for interaction diversity. Highest species similarity was found between PDV-CDS and PDV-TDF. The butterfly-plant interaction network showed a nested structure with one module. The species Ascia monuste, Euptoieta hegesia and Leptotes cassius were the most generalist in the network, while Horama oedippus, E. hegesia, and L. cassius were the species with highest dependencies per plant species. Discussion Our study is important because it constitutes a pioneer study of butterfly-plant interactions in this protected area, at least for adult butterflies; it shows the diversity of interactions among flowering plants and butterflies. Our research constitutes the first approach (at a community level) to explore the functional role of pollination services that butterflies provide to plant communities. We highlighted that open areas show a higher diversity and these areas shared a higher number of species that shaded sites. In the interaction networks parameters, our results highlighted the higher dependence of butterflies by the flowers on which they feed than vice versa. In conclusion, the plant species (as a feeding resource) seem to limit the presence of butterfly species. Thus, this protected area is highly relevant for Lepidoptera diversity and the interaction between these insects and flowering plants. We suggest that studying plant and butterfly diversity in tropical habitats will provide insight into their interspecific interactions and community structure.
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Roy, Utpal Singha, Mayukh Mukherjee i S. K. Mukhopadhyay. "Butterfly diversity and abundance with reference to habitat heterogeneity in and around Neora Valley National Park, West Bengal, India". Our Nature 10, nr 1 (13.03.2013): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v10i1.7751.
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Butterfly diversity in and around Neora Valley National Park (NVNP), West Bengal, India was studied from three different habitat types that included thick vegetation assemblage with closed canopy cover, edges of forest and areas of human intervention during April – May 2010. A total of 30 butterfly species belonging to the families of Hespeririidae (3.33%), Papilionidae (16.65%), Pieriidae (13.32%), Nymphalidae (53.28%) and Lycaenidae (13.32%) were identified in the present investigation. Highest butterfly diversity and abundance was recorded from areas of forest edges (54.83% of individuals represented by 16 different species), while dense forest (30.64 % of individuals represented by 11 different species) and areas with human habitats (14.52 % of individuals represented by 8 different species) showed lower butterfly diversity and abundance. Accordingly highest Shannon Weiner diversity score of 2.32 was recorded from areas of forest edges. The butterflies that showed high occurrences were Indian Tortoise Shell (Aglais cashmiriensis), Yellow Coster (Acraea issoria) and Himalayan Five Ring (Ypthima sakra). Only 1 butterfly species, Yellow Coster (A. issoria) was found to co-occur in all the three sites. Accelerating human civilizations has lead to destruction of much of the global natural habitats while it has often been found to exert adverse effects on biodiversity. Findings made during this study also indicate negative influence of anthropogenic intervention on overall butterfly diversity from the present location.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v10i1.7751
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Clarke, Harry E. "A provisional checklist of European butterfly larval foodplants". Nota Lepidopterologica 45 (14.04.2022): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.72017.
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Successful conservation of butterflies is dependent on knowing which larval foodplants they use. However, many published lists of larval foodplants have been copied from previous lists, which in turn have been copied from previous lists. Consequently, errors have crept in, and many plant names have long been superseded. This can result in duplicates in the list, with the same plant being given two different names. Most plant lists do not include the authority, which can make it difficult or impossible to identify which plant is being referred to. For the first time, a list of the current accepted plant names utilised by 471 European butterfly larvae is presented, with references. Where possible, errors in previous lists have been removed. The list of larval foodplants doubled from previous published lists. This has resulted in a list of 1506 different plant species in 72 different families. 86 plant records are only known at the generic level. Larval foodplants of 25 butterfly species are currently unknown. Whilst most plant families are utilised by less than six butterfly species, a few plant families are particularly favoured, with the Poaceae and Fabaceae being the most popular. Similarly, most plant species are only utilised by a few butterfly species, but Festuca ovina and Festuca rubra are favoured by a large number of butterfly species. 20% of European butterfly larvae are monophagous, 50% are oligophagous, and 30% are polyphagous, with Celastrina argiolus able to use plants in 19 different families.
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Ren, Jinze, Shuying Li, Mengdi He i Yalin Zhang. "Butterfly Community Diversity in the Qinling Mountains". Diversity 14, nr 1 (2.01.2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14010027.
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The Qinling Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges in China and a global biodiversity research and conservation hotspot. However, there is a lack of systematic research and survey of butterfly diversity in this region. Based on the butterfly taxa, combined with the changes in natural climate, altitude gradient and season in the Qinling Mountains, the butterfly diversity and community structure changes in 12 counties in the middle Qinling Mountains were analyzed by transect surveys and platform data analyses. A total of 9626 butterflies were observed, belonging to 427 species across 175 genera and 5 families. The species richness on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains was higher than on the northern slope. We also studied the variation in alpha and beta diversity of butterflies. The results show that butterfly species were abundant and the highest diversity was found at the middle altitudes (1000–2000 m). Moreover, there were obvious seasonal differences in both species and number of butterflies. The community similarity in spring, summer and autumn was low, with limited species co-existing. The butterflies in the Qinling Mountains reserve area were the most abundant, exhibiting no significant difference with those in the ecotone and the farm area. Finally, we did an assessment of butterflies as endangered and protected species. In conclusion, our long-term butterfly survey data show that human disturbance and climate and environmental changes jointly shape the butterfly diversity in the middle of the Qinling Mountains.
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Miracle, Eulàlia, Tina Loo i Max Caspers. "Southeast Asian Butterfly Project". Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (15.06.2018): e26319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26319.
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Butterflies are important ecosystem components. They play a major role in pollination, are preyed upon and parasitized by other species, and because of their specific habitat requirements, populations can change quickly and are widely regarded as sensitive environmental indicators, being used to assess factors ranging from climate change to land management. So in addition to their enormous aesthetic appeal and educational value to the layperson, they are important to the scientific community in investigating pressing climate change and biodiversity issues. While attention to and knowledge of butterflies in western countries is significant, this is not necessarily the case for species-rich tropical areas. Naturalis Biodiversity Center possesses a world-class collection of Southeast Asian butterflies, Indonesian specimens in particular, and would like to bridge this geographic gap in knowledge by embarking on a five-year project to establish an online presence of Southeast Asian butterflies. We hope to establish a consortium of interested international museums and institutes to join us in documenting species-level natural histories, distribution and occurrence data, and photos. The data we will be using will come from literature, digitized collections and observations. Ultimately, we hope to also develop a species identification app, provide links to Red List species protection data, serve as an online field guide for butterfly enthusiasts, and promote and stimulate European Union (EU) and Southeast Asian collection digitization. We will begin this year with a pilot project limited to swallowtails (Papilionidae) in our initial effort to provide an online resource of Southeast Asian butterflies for scientists, educators and laypersons alike.
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Neupane, Kismat, i Mahamad Sayab Miya. "Butterfly diversity of Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja District, Gandaki Province, Nepal". Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, nr 7 (26.06.2021): 18827–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6635.13.7.18827-18845.
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A study was carried out to find the butterfly species diversity and abundance in Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja, Gandaki, Nepal, from June 2019 to July 2020. Pollard walk method was used for data collection in three different habitat types: forest, agricultural land, and settlement area. The study was performed in all seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. A total of 180 butterfly species from 108 genera and six families were recorded. The overall Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was 4.48. The highest diversity was represented by the Nymphalidae with 67 species (H= 3.79). Butterfly diversity and species abundance was highest in the forest area (147 species, 1199 individuals; H= 4.47). The highest species richness (109 species) was observed in the monsoon season.
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Wang, Wen-Ling, Daniel O. Suman, Hui-Hong Zhang, Zhen-Bang Xu, Fang-Zhou Ma i Shao-Ji Hu. "Butterfly Conservation in China: From Science to Action". Insects 11, nr 10 (25.09.2020): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100661.
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About 10% of the Earth’s butterfly species inhabit the highly diverse ecosystems of China. Important for the ecological, economic, and cultural services they provide, many butterfly species experience threats from land use shifts and climate change. China has recently adopted policies to protect the nation’s biodiversity resources. This essay examines the current management of butterflies in China and suggests various easily implementable actions that could improve these conservation efforts. Our recommendations are based on the observations of a transdisciplinary group of entomologists and environmental policy specialists. Our analysis draws on other successful examples around the world that China may wish to consider. China needs to modify its scientific methodologies behind butterfly conservation management: revising the criteria for listing protected species, focusing on umbrella species for broader protection, identifying high priority areas and refugia for conservation, among others. Rural and urban land uses that provide heterogeneous habitats, as well as butterfly host and nectar plants, must be promoted. Butterfly ranching and farming may also provide opportunities for sustainable community development. Many possibilities exist for incorporating observations of citizen scientists into butterfly data collection at broad spatial and temporal scales. Our recommendations further the ten Priority Areas of China’s National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011–2030).
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Lamatoa, Debry C., Roni Koneri, Ratna Siahaan i Pience V. Maabuat. "POPULASI KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA ) DI PULAU MANTEHAGE, SULAWESI UTARA". JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 13, nr 1 (15.05.2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.13.1.2013.2032.
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POPULASI KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA ) DI PULAU MANTEHAGE, SULAWESI UTARA ABSTRAK Kupu-kupu berperan penting dalam ekosistem dan dapat membantu proses penyerbukan pada tumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji populasi kupu-kupu di Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan sampel kupu-kupu dilakukan dari Maret sampai Mei 2013 di Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. Kupu-kupu dikoleksi dengan menggunakan metode sweeping yang diterapkan secara acak sepanjang 500m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kupu-kupu di Pulau Mantehage ada 19 spesies yang termasuk ke dalam 4 famili yaitu Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae dan Riodinidae. Spesies kupu-kupu yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu Catopsilia scylla asema. Famili yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu Famili Nymphalidae dengan jumlah spesies sebanyak 11 spesies. Kupu-kupu yang paling sedikit yaitu Famili Riodinidae yang memiliki jumlah satu spesies. Kata kunci : Populasi kupu-kupu, Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. POPULATION OF BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA) IN MANTEHAGE ISLAND, NORTH SULAWESI ABSTRACT Butterfly has ecological functions for pollination and as biodicator of ecosystem change. This study was conducted for studying butterfly population in Mantehage Island, North Sulawesi. Butterfly sampling conducted in March until May 2013 in Mantehage island, North Sulawesi. Butterfly were collected by using random sweeping along 500 m. The result showed there were 19 species in 4 families i.e. Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae dan Riodinidae. The most commonly butterfly found was Catopsilia scylla asema. The most common family was Nymphalidae with numbers of species were 11 species. The least family was Riodinidae with only 1 species. Keywords: Butterfly population, Mantehage Island, North Sulawesi.
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Peggie, Djunijanti, Duncan Neville, Sarino Sarino i Sih Kahono. "ASSESSING IN-SITU SEMI-NATURAL BUTTERFLY BREEDING APPROACH OF ORNITHOPTERA CROESUS (PAPILIONIDAE) ON BACAN ISLAND, MALUKU UTARA, INDONESIA". TREUBIA 48, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v48i1.4129.
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Indonesia is rich in endemic species of flora and fauna. One of them is Ornithoptera croesus butterfly, which is endemic to North Maluku. Habitat degradation and trade of this species have caused the populations to decline. To avoid the collection of butterfly specimens from nature and to preserve their habitat and population in nature, a semi-natural butterfly breeding practice at Bacan Island was initiated in 2013. This research was conducted to assess the breeding approach for O. croesus lydius using a qualitative descriptive method. The assessment was based on these variables: the specific ecology of the butterfly; the suitability of the breeding site and development model; the utilization of larval host plants and butterfly nectar plants; and the establishment of the birdwing population at the site. The observations and results are presented here. Based on the assessment, the in-situ semi-natural breeding approach is one of the solutions for sustainable use of this protected species.
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Herath, Chathura Udayanga, Pavan Bopitiya Gamage, Iroshan Rupasinghe i Moditha Hiranya Kodikara Arachchi. "A first record of oviposition of Common Onyx Horaga onyx Moore, 1857 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Sri Lanka and its importance in conserving a highly threatened butterfly". Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, nr 1 (26.01.2020): 15201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5443.12.1.15201-15204.
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Horaga onyx (Moore 1857) commonly known as Common Onyx or Blue Onyx is one of the rarest Lycaenid butterfly species found in Sri Lanka. Only a handful of sight records are there of this butterfly and much of the biology of this butterfly in Sri Lanka has not been studied. Here we report the first record of this species ovipositing in Sri Lanka and first record of its host plant, Macaranga indica.
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C.P, Arjun, Anoop V.K, Tijo K.J, Anoopkumar T.K i Roshnath R. "INVASIVE PLANTS - A BOON OR BANE TO THE LEPIDOPTERON FAUNA: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN SUGGESTIONS". Kongunadu Research Journal 4, nr 1 (30.06.2017): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj192.
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Butterfly diversity was recorded from Nov (2013) - May (2014) in Pookode region. A total number of 128 species recorded from the five families; Nymphalidae (46 species) Lycaenidae (28 species), Hesperiidae (22 species), Pieridae (17 species) and Papilionidae (15 species) respectively. During the survey invasive plant species were also recorded. There were 36 species of invasive plants from 18 families identified from the study area. More butterflies were attracted towards nectar offering invasive plants. Chromolaena odorata, Ipomea cairica, Lantana camara, Merremia vitifolia, Mikania micrantha, Mimosa diplotricha, Pennisetumpolystachyon, Pteridium aquilinum, Quisqualis indica and Sphagneticola trilobata were the major invasive plants found in the Pookode region and their flower attracts butterfly for pollination. Even though nectar offered by the plants are supportive for growth, in long run these species can affect butterfly population bydeclining native host larval plant species for butterfly reproduction. Invasive species compete with the native flora and reduce its population. Management practices like physical, chemical and modern bio control measures could be used for eradicating of invasive plants. Wise use of invasive plants for other economical purpose such as bio-fuel, medicinal purpose, bio-pesticide and handicraft could be suggested. Successful management of invasive species are needed for conserving Lepidoptera fauna and other native biota of the area.
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van Schooten, Bas, Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, W. Owen McMillan i Riccardo Papa. "Conserved microbiota among young Heliconius butterfly species". PeerJ 6 (2.10.2018): e5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5502.
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Background Insects are the most diverse group of animals which have established intricate evolutionary interactions with bacteria. However, the importance of these interactions is still poorly understood. Few studies have focused on a closely related group of insect species, to test the similarities and differences between their microbiota. Heliconius butterflies are a charismatic recent insect radiation that evolved the unique ability to use pollen as a protein source, which affected life history traits and resulted in an elevated speciation rates. We hypothesize that different Heliconius butterflies sharing a similar trophic pollen niche, harbor a similar gut flora within species, population and sexes. Methods To test our hypothesis, we characterized the microbiota of 38 adult male and female butterflies representing six species of Heliconius butterflies and 2 populations of the same species. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene with the Roche 454 system and analyzed the data with standard tools for microbiome analysis. Results Overall, we found a low microbial diversity with only 10 OTUs dominating across all individuals, mostly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, which accounted for 99.5% of the bacterial reads. When rare reads were considered, we identified a total of 406 OTUs across our samples. We identified reads within Phyla Chlamydiae, found in 5 butterflies of four species. Interestingly, only three OTUs were shared among all 38 individuals (Bacillus, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae). Altogether, the high individual variation overshadowed species and sex differences. Thus, bacterial communities were not structured randomly with 13% of beta-diversity explained by species, and 40 rare OTUs being significantly different across species. Finally, 13 OTUs, including the intercellular symbiont Spiroplasma, varied significantly in relative abundance between males and females. Discussion The Heliconius microbial communities in these 38 individuals show a low diversity with few differences in the rare microbes between females, males, species or populations. Indeed, Heliconius butterflies, similarly to other insects, are dominated by few OTUs, mainly from Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The overall low microbial diversity observed contrasts with the high intra-species variation in microbiome composition. This could indicate that much of the microbiome maybe acquired from their surroundings. The significant differences between species and sexes were restricted to rare taxa, which could be important for microbial community stability under changing conditions as seen in other host-microbiome systems. The presence of symbionts like Spiroplasma or Chlamydiae, identified in this study for the first time in Heliconius, could play a vital role in their behavior and evolution by vertical transmission. Altogether, our study represents a step forward into the description of the microbial diversity in a charismatic group of closely related butterflies.