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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Business deregulation”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Parker, Christine. "Lawyer deregulation via business deregulation: Compliance professionalism and legal professionalism". International Journal of the Legal Profession 6, nr 2 (lipiec 1999): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09695958.1999.9960461.

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2

Morimoto, Mitsuo. "Deregulation and the“Laissez-Faire”Business View". TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 8, nr 10 (2003): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.8.10_74.

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3

Varona, Mercedes. "Incentives to Encourage Companies to Become Socially Responsible". Nuevas Tendencias, nr 103 (24.02.2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/022.39422.

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Permono, Iswardono Sardjono. "Interest Rate Policy, Inflation and Economic Growth: A Policy Evaluation of Indonesia, 1969-1997". Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 6, nr 3 (12.09.2004): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5551.

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According to Shaw (1973) and McKinnon (1973), the most important element of economic development is financial liberalization. This action will eliminate the distortion, as what the government of Indonesia did on June 1, 1983 through deregulation of banking. The government eliminated the ceiling of credit and gave a full authority to each bank to determine their interest rates. This study looks up to Fry (1995) model to test McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis. The models were regressed with dummy variable. This effort will give illustration or conclusion of the structural change, that happened specifically caused by environmental or policy changes.Generally, insignificant in the relationship between interest rates in national saving and investment in Indonesia could be caused by financial mechanisms those very long and complex channels. That is why real interest rates could not give effect to national saving directly. Export, especially from oil and gas and foreign debt were growth-stimulating factors. Meanwhile, money supply, which supported by tight money policy and balance budget policy caused Indonesian inflation along those periods. The periodically analysis shows that deregulation of June 1983(PAKJUN) were success to mobilize public fund, encourage investment on real sector, and increase the economic growth, but failed to control the inflation rate. The implementation of October 1988 deregulation (PAKTO) had flourished the establishment of new banks and created good competition among them. The competition had no longer on interest rate. Therefore, it can be said also the easy requirements of establishing banks become contra productive for PAKJUN policy, which had laid to the market mechanism.Basically, either PAKJUN or PAKTO was not policies in which urgently implemented in Indonesia. Those financial deregulations were not supported by the existence of deregulation on real sectors, so that the financial deregulations were not effective to achieve their goals.

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5

Schiller, Reuel. "The Curious Origins of Airline Deregulation: Economic Deregulation and the American Left". Business History Review 93, nr 4 (2019): 729–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680519001247.

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This article examines the politics of airline deregulation in the 1970s, and the events that led to the passage of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. It links the antibureaucratic, antiregulatory policies of the 1970s to ideas closely connected to the New Left, the counterculture, and other left-wing subcultures that dominated high and low thought in the 1960s. By linking this source of antibureaucratic sentiment to the politics of airline deregulation, this article suggests a new direction for historians who study the American state in the last decades of the twentieth century. As they focus their attention on the rise of market-based, neoliberal regulatory policies, they should look for their origins not only in the growing strength of the intellectual and political right, but also in the political thought and practice of the 1960s left.

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6

Allen, W. Bruce, i Dorothy Robyn. "Trucking Deregulation". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 7, nr 1 (1987): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3323364.

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7

Koliousis, Ioannis, Dongmei Cao i Panagiotis Koliousis. "European transport industry deregulation". Management Research Review 42, nr 9 (16.09.2019): 1095–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2018-0160.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the impact of deregulation on the European transport industry in the form of privatization, on the managerial efficiency of a panel of deregulated transport companies. Design/methodology/approach This research examines a data set of 25 deregulated transport companies from a sample of 12 EU nations from 1988 to 2015. Some studies have analyzed deregulation by using non-parametric models. However, only a limited number of studies focus on the impact of deregulation on the managerial efficiency. This study answers two questions: whether deregulation, in the form of privatization, in the transport sector has any effect on the managerial efficiency, on the profitability and on the investment decisions of the firm, and whether this premise is robust enough across the European transport industry. This study formulates a multivariate regression framework utilizing data from major privatized European transport companies. The final panel includes 25 companies, from 12 EU - Member States for the period 1988-2015, equaling 375 firm-year observations based on a rigorous selection methodology. Findings The study confirms that transport companies, post-privatization, are more efficient regarding operating efficiency and profitability. The authors find no evidence that deregulation improves investment efficiency. Social implications The study addresses the regulators’ dilemma, whether to deregulate, by focusing on analyzing the improvement of the managerial efficiency. Originality/value This study contributes to the transport industry management literature in three ways. First, the authors update the literature of the economic theory of regulation with an empirical examination which covers the latest years across the EU Member States. Second, the authors introduce a comparison of the effects of deregulation on different components of the managerial efficiency, namely, investment, profitability and operating efficiency of the incumbents in the EU transport industry. Third, they examine deregulation by using two approaches: a traditional one where deregulation is a dummy variable assessing the overall effect on incumbents’ efficiency performance; and a novel approach where the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s deregulation index is used to measure the regulation intensity, accounting also for industry-wide impact assessment. This two-sided approach increases the robustness of the results.

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8

Efendy, Muhadjir. "A NEPOTISM AND CRONY IN A BUSINESS, CASE OF INDUSTRIAL DEREGULATION IN INDONESIA". Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 12, nr 1 (1.06.2011): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v12i1.210.

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An industrial deregulation is a government policy in developing a state’s economic infrastructure. If a country undergoes a process of powerful personalization, its interest is identical with a powerful interest. For an economic profit, the President’s relative and crony do a business and build directly unproductive seeking activities. This study aims to examine the relation of relative to crony in realizing an industrial deregulation in the 1980s and its impact on the Indonesian economy in a view of macroeconomic policy. It focuses on a problem of the industrial deregulation from 1983 to 1990 with economic growth by the indicator of contribution to GDP and labor force. The study used an expose facto approach. The data were the secondary sources: documents, textbooks and mass media. It used a qualitative-descriptive analysis.

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9

Goll, Irene, Nancy Brown Johnson i Abdul A. Rasheed. "Strategic Responses to Deregulation and Their Performance Implications in the U.S. Airline Industry". Business and Politics 8, nr 2 (sierpień 2006): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1152.

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This study examines the relationships between deregulation, business strategy (low cost, differentiation, and scope), size, and firm performance in the U.S. airline industry based on archival data for the Major, National, and Large Regional air carriers in the U.S. from 1972 to 1995. Cross-sectional time series regression analysis shows that deregulation had a significant impact on the strategic choices made by airlines. Results also support a significant relationship between business strategy and firm performance. Further, the study found that firm size moderates the environment-business strategy relationship and the business strategy-firm performance relationship, thereby supporting the salience of firm size as a contingency variable in strategy studies.

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10

Ryan, Bernard. "Unifinished Business? The Failure of Deregulation in Employment Law". Journal of Law and Society 23, nr 4 (grudzień 1996): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1410478.

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11

JOHNSON, NANCY BROWN, RAKESH B. SAMBHARYA i PHILIP BOBKO. "Deregulation, Business Strategy, and Wages in the Airline Industry". Industrial Relations 28, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.1989.tb00735.x.

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12

Kavakli, Vagelio, i Pericles Loucopoulos. "Goal-driven business process analysis application in electricity deregulation". Information Systems 24, nr 3 (maj 1999): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4379(99)00015-0.

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13

Krishnamurthy, Prasad. "Banking Deregulation, Local Credit Supply, and Small-Business Growth". Journal of Law and Economics 58, nr 4 (listopad 2015): 935–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/684489.

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14

Kleindorfer, Paul R., Elizabeth E. Bailey, Robert A. Leone, Joseph P. Kalt i Frand C. Schuller. "Regulation and Deregulation". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 8, nr 1 (1989): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3324434.

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15

Jansson, Eva. "Deregulation and the stakeholder model". Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society 10, nr 2 (13.04.2010): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14720701011035657.

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16

Bakvis, Peter. "The World Bank's Doing Business Report: A last fling for the Washington Consensus?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 15, nr 3-4 (sierpień 2009): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10242589090150031301.

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The Washington Consensus policies of privatisation and deregulation promoted by the international financial institutions (IFIs) became increasingly controversial during the 1990s, and in 2004 the World Bank's president declared the consensus to be ‘dead’. However, a new push for across-the-board deregulation, notably in the area of workers’ protection, started in 2003 through an annual World Bank publication, Doing Business, which proclaimed a wide range of labour regulations to be nothing more than a hindrance to investment. The IFIs used it to pressure dozens of developing countries to do away with workers’ protection rules, contending that deregulation was necessary to stimulate employment growth, even though the Bank's own internal evaluators were unable to corroborate the claimed link between the Doing Business labour indicator and positive economic outcomes. Faced with mounting pressure from unions, the ILO and elected officials, the Bank finally instructed its staff in 2009 to stop using the indicator and removed it as a conditionality criterion, declaring that the global economic crisis justified adopting a different policy approach.

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17

LAVE, L., J. APT i S. BLUMSACK. "Rethinking Electricity Deregulation". Electricity Journal 17, nr 8 (październik 2004): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(04)00104-6.

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18

Hazlett, Thomas W. "Cable Television Rate Deregulation". International Journal of the Economics of Business 3, nr 2 (lipiec 1996): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758528450.

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19

Toregozhina, M. B. "The Deregulation of the Economy and Business Development in Kazakhstan". ECONOMIC SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF L.N. GUMILYOV ENU, nr 4 (2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2079-620x-2018-4-14-20.

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20

Uehara, Jun. "Deregulation of Insurance Business Law for 10 years from 2006". Hokengakuzasshi (JOURNAL of INSURANCE SCIENCE) 2017, nr 639 (31.12.2017): 639_107–639_125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5609/jsis.2017.639_107.

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21

KAKIMOTO, Ryuji, i Koji TSURUMARU. "A REORGANIZATION OF DAILY TRANSPORTATION AFTER DEREGULATION OF BUS BUSINESS". Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu D 65, nr 4 (2009): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejd.65.521.

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22

Tsuchiya, Shigehisa. "Utility deregulation and business ethics: More openness through gaming/simulation". Simulation & Gaming 36, nr 1 (marzec 2005): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878104272667.

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23

Rao, D. Tripati, i Sachin Bhatia. "Deregulation and liberalisation, business cycles and performance of Indian industry". J. for Global Business Advancement 9, nr 4 (2016): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jgba.2016.079854.

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24

Minematsu, Akiyoshi. "Nuclear energy strategy in the environment of utility business deregulation". Progress in Nuclear Energy 37, nr 1-4 (styczeń 2000): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-1970(00)00019-6.

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25

Geismer, Lily. "Comment on Reuel Schiller: The Curious Origins of Airline Deregulation: Economic Deregulation and the American Left". Business History Review 93, nr 4 (2019): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680519001284.

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Air travel is unpleasant for many reasons, particularly in the post-9/11 age. Yet, blame for the cramped accommodations, bag fees, and lack of direct flights has to be assigned in part to the deregulation of the airline industry in the late 1970s. Airline deregulation and its consequences symbolize the ways in which neoliberal ideas and practices have come to shape economic policies as well as the daily lives of ordinary Americans.

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26

Kharkovskaya, A. A., i L. M. Leonovich. "Deregulation factors of business communicative norms in modern English drama texts". Professional Discourse & Communication 2, nr 4 (24.12.2020): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2020-2-4-10-27.

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This article aims at the analysis of the linguistic and paralinguistic aspects of business communicative models in the plays by modern English speaking playwrights. The main methods of the undertaken study are those of functional-linguistic and linguosynergetic analysis. Due to the dialogue structure of plays, the examples of personages’ business interactions could be taken as robust empirical material for business discourse studies and observations of the factors which cause deregulation of business communication and its pragmatic norms. During business-related verbal interaction interlocutors follow strict rules and norms of English business discourse to achieve their communicative goals. However, even the most regulated speech behavior could be affected by functional and stylistic fluctuations due to unpredictability of extralinguistic factors. Analysis of extensive empirical material proves that the functional framework of business communicative norms in personages’ speech behavior is regulated by the speaker’s personality, psychology and emotional state, background knowledge as well as multiple elements of the external environment of the discursive functional system. The communicative strategies of drama characters are reflected in their choice of linguistic and paralinguistic methods of pragmatic impact on the interlocutor’s mind.

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27

E, Broni Bediako. "Deregulation of Diesel and Petrol Pricing in Ghana: Perspectives of Commercial Drivers". Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 4, nr 4 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000240.

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The process to deregulate the pricing of petroleum products kept evolving until July 2015 where fuel prices were completely deregulated, and managed by Bulk Distribution Companies (BDCs) and Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) under supervision of the National Petroleum Authority (NPA). This phase of the deregulation policy ended the subsidy regime. Deregulation policy was implemented to help stabilise price hikes. As a land mark policy, deregulation has implications. This research assessed perspectives of commercial drivers on deregulation of diesel and petrol pricing in Ghana using Tarkwa as a test case. The methods employed include field visits to lorry stations in Tarkwa; interviews and questionnaire administration; and statistical analysis of data. The study revealed that majority of commercial drivers are aware of the implementation of the deregulation policy in Ghana but do not understand its effects. All the commercial drivers revealed that there are different prices of diesel and petrol at pump stations. Majority were of the view that their choice of a pump station depends on both the price and quality of the fuel, and the proximity of the pump station to their operations. All commercial drivers asserted that the deregulation policy has negatively affected their business. It is therefore recommended that the NPA should insist on price reduction nationwide when prices of fuels are reviewed downwards and also ensure that the right information is efficiently communicated to consumers of petrol and diesel in Ghana especially commercial drivers to minimise the risks of anxiety.

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Liubov, IVANOVA, KHAKHULA Larysa, POLISHCHUK Svetlana, BYBA Valentyna i KHAKHULA Воhdan. "Economic and political considerations of deregulation and its impact on entrepreneurship". Journal of Management and Accounting Studies 6, nr 03 (29.09.2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jmas.vol6iss03pp64-76.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of deregulation in the development of entrepreneurship which unfortunately, our country is not good at it, and the kinds of laws and notes that we are witnessing their emergence day by day caused some problems for economic activists 1. Today, entrepreneurship is essential for the development and creation of a healthy economic environment in society and plays an important role in economic stability. Deregulation is the product of forsaking Cold War in politics, the entry of computer technologies in the field of economics and the expansion of services and information in the community. This study uses econometric technique and panel data model to investigate the effect of deregulation on indices of business environment. For this purpose, we investigated some of Ukraine's business competitor countries in West and East Asia that have had a proper performance in entrepreneurship development with Ukraine, using the most recent World Bank data over the period 2018- 2006. The results indicate the positive impact of indices related to deregulation on growth and development of entrepreneurship in these countries. The results show that reforming economic policies and laws and enhancing transparency and the rule of law by emphasizing software factors and components such as guaranteeing ownership, revising and improving the licensing process and stages, and strengthening the infrastructure and reforming the financing system are important components that improve and facilitate the business environment.

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29

Cassell, F. H., i F. A. Spencer. "U.S. Airline Labour Relations Under Deregulation". Management Research News 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb027903.

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Edirisuriya, Piyadasa. "Financial market integration and co-movements among the growth rates: Evidence from South Asian countries". Corporate Ownership and Control 8, nr 2 (2011): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv8i2c1p5.

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Since the 1980s, South Asian countries have been implementing financial market deregulation policies continuously. Although the process of deregulations has been slow, many countries in the region are heading toward a more integrated market despite current global turmoil. Financial market integration in South Asia could have synchronised economic activities of the countries in the region due to the impact of consolidation. This suggests that when the region’s economies grow/contract, all countries could follow the same path demonstrating a co-movement of growth rates among countries. When economic growth rates are similar for a region, it may be easier to formulate economic policies to achieve a common goal. As the political leadership of South Asia has agreed to work towards forming an economic block similar to that of the European Union and ASIAN, examining co-movement of growth rates could shed more lights on the issue of the success of market integration in the region. The objective of this study is to study market integration by analysing financial markets, trade and economic growth data to spot whether there is any co-movement of growth rates among South Asian countries due to financial market deregulation policies implemented so far. As findings show mix results, we used region’s governance indicators to examine further and found that weak governance is a serious problem in the South Asian region.

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31

Boone, Louis E., i James J. Johnson. "The Impact Of Airline Deregulation On Rates And Services". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 5, nr 4 (25.10.2011): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v5i4.6334.

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The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 granted considerable freedom to the airlines in establishing fares and in choosing new routes. It also permitted new carriers to enter the industry and abolished the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1985. This article examines the impact of industry deregulation on the level of rates and services in the decade since passage of the federal law.

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32

Loveland, Robert, J. Harold Mulherin i Kevin Okoeguale. "Deregulation, listing and delisting". Journal of Corporate Finance 69 (sierpień 2021): 101985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101985.

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Sunstein, Cass R. "Deregulation and the Courts". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5, nr 3 (1986): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3323259.

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Hanna, Joe B., Robert A. Kunkel i Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer. "A financial analysis of the interstate commerce commission (ICC) termination act of 1995 on the motor carrier industry". Journal of Transportation Management 11, nr 1 (1.04.1999): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/922924980.

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Since the late 1970's the United States has progressively deregulated the motor carrier industry. Throughout the 1980's, deregulation was viewed as a positive trend by most industry practitioners. Past research has determined that, despite the fact that bankruptcies have increased since deregulation, the motor carrier industry has benefitted by less government intervention. The current study attempts to ascertain if motor carrier deregulation is still perceived positively in the mid-1990's. This research uses an event study methodology to examine the immediate financial impact of the ICC Termination Act of 1995 on 44 motor carrier industry participants. The results indicate deregulation is still perceived positively by shareholders as illustrated by the average publicly traded motor carrier benefittingby between $1.25 million and $6.1 million duringthe period surrounding termination of the Interstate Commerce Commission. In all likelihood, shareholders of companies in this industry benefitted due to the perception that industry deregulation leads to the ability to expand and pursue business opportunities previously restricted while operatingunder a more regulated regime.

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Lawler, John, i Chokechai Suttawet. "Labour unions, globalization and deregulation in Thailand". Asia Pacific Business Review 6, nr 3-4 (styczeń 2000): 214–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602380012331288542.

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BLAUVELT, E. "Deregulation: Magic or Mayhem?" Electricity Journal 17, nr 7 (sierpień 2004): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(04)00087-9.

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Rezvanian, Rasoul, Nanda Rangan i Richard Grabowski. "Market Structure And Banking Production Economies: Evidence From The 1980s Deregulation". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 8, nr 3 (4.10.2011): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v8i3.6143.

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This study examines the changes in the cost structure of banking firms using data from pre and post deregulation periods. A translog cost function is utilized for the analyses of economies of scale and scope. The results indicate that the average cost curves, although U-shaped flattened over time, resulting in an increase in optimal bank size. Economies of scope that existed prior to deregulation appears to be exhausted in a more nonconstrained environment.

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38

Lewis, Glen, i Peter Thompson. "Communications Deregulation and Democratisation in Thailand". Media International Australia 96, nr 1 (sierpień 2000): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009600115.

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This article considers recent Thai communication policy debates as a case study of some of the tensions in Asian communications regulation. Thailand is now reregulating its communications after a period of boom and bust. With the new 1997 Constitution, there is an expectation that regulation should ensure more public oversight of telecoms and broadcasting, formerly the province of state agencies, the army and big business. One problem for reformers, however, is the prospect of telecom and broadcasting regulation being combined. Another issue is that, as the power of the army and the state agencies is being challenged, new private monopolies are replacing them. After locating Thai experience in its regional context, the article examines the main telecom and broadcasting policy issues in the 1990s. It argues, pace the view that communications deregulation promotes efficiency and national development, that it may reinforce social inequality in developing countries.

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39

Dabscheck, Braham. "Book Reviews : Deregulation or Better Regulation?" Journal of Industrial Relations 33, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300310.

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40

Bakvis, Peter. "World Bank orders suspension of Doing Business labour market deregulation indicator". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 15, nr 2 (1.01.2009): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890901500214.

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GODDARD, GEOFF. "The Impact of Competition, Deregulation, and Technology on the Telecommunications Business". Optics and Photonics News 6, nr 2 (1.02.1995): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.6.2.000037.

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Moore, T. G. "Sean Barrett. Deregulation and the Airline Business in Europe: Selected Readings". Enterprise and Society 12, nr 2 (21.07.2010): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khq065.

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Mäkinen, Pekka. "The profitability of the timber transport business before and after deregulation". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 12, nr 2 (maj 1997): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589709355402.

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Sheble, G. B. "The business scene - Disputing deregulation is industrial disorganization on the rise?" IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 4, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpae.2006.1578525.

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Kerr, K. Austin (Kathel Austin). "Economic Change in Recent Times: Deregulation from the Business Executive's Perspective". Reviews in American History 23, nr 2 (1995): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.1995.0042.

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Damelang, Andreas, Andreas Haupt i Martin Abraham. "Economic consequences of occupational deregulation". Acta Sociologica 61, nr 1 (20.02.2017): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699316688513.

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This paper provides new evidence of occupational closure and rent-sharing in the labour market. In many labour market segments, occupational closure refers only to self-employed positions, but not to employees within these occupations. We study the relation of changes in entry regulation for firms and the corresponding economic consequences for employees within these firms. Based on bargaining theory, we argue that economic rents are shared with employees. In order to identify this ‘indirect’ channel of occupational closure, this paper uses a major reform in the German craft sector in 2004. This reform relaxes entry regulation into self-employment in more than half of the craft occupations. By using rich administrative data in a fixed-effects framework, we compare wages of employees in both markets pre- and post-reform. We find that employees in the reformed market are negatively affected after the reform. This proves the existence of former wage rents due to rent-sharing in closed market segments. This average wage effect, however, is not constant for all employees. If employees can make a credible threat to the employer to take advantage of deregulation and set up their own business, they can counteract the negative wage effects of the reform. As a consequence, our empirical results show that wages of young and skilled employees are less affected by the reform.

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Leahy, Arthur S. "Flying blind: The failure of airline deregulation". Business Horizons 35, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(92)90123-q.

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Lowe, Larry, i Susan Logan Nelson. "Bank growth strategies: The effect of deregulation". Services Marketing Quarterly 3, nr 3 (1988): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332969.1988.9984890.

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Viaene, Jean-Marie. "Real effects of the 1992 financial deregulation". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 128, nr 4 (grudzień 1992): 615–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707296.

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Baglioni, Angelo. "Liberalizzazione, concentrazione e diversificazione del sistema bancario italiano". ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, nr 3 (wrzesień 2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2009-003002.

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- Starting from the early nineties, the Italian banking system has undergone a deep process of deregulation, consolidation and diversification. The deregulation process has enabled Italian banks to enter new - geographical and product - markets. The single European market has introduced a competitive challenge from abroad. The concentration process may be explained on several grounds. Smaller banks have aimed at reaching a more efficient scale of production. Deals involving banks located in Northern and Southern Italy had a prudential rationale, given the weakness of Southern banks. Large banks have presumably pursued a defensive strategy, due to the threat of take-overs from abroad. An important role has been played by the moral suasion exerted by the Bank of Italy. Deregulation and consolidation have come along together with an increase of the competitive pressure, as shown by the decline of interest rate margins. Banks have reacted by diversifying their business, in order to expand their sources of revenue and to create switching costs for their customers (by selling bundles of services). Keywords: banks, deregulation, consolidation, competition Parole chiave: banche, liberalizzazione, concentrazione, concorrenza Jel Classification: G21 - L89

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