Artykuły w czasopismach: „BUS CONTROLLED”

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Suganya, R., M. Anitha i P. Pugazhendiran. "Enhancement of Power Quality in Four Bus System Using Hybrid Power Flow Controller". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1100, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1100/1/012028.

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Abstract To mitigate the impacts of voltage sag, a hybrid power flow controller (HPFC) finds a spot between the sending and receiving terminals. This research work deals with the comparison of four bus systems employing UPFC and HPFC. Simulation is done for 4 bus system using UPFC and HPFC. The outcomes are associated with respect to the voltage, active power and Reactive power. The outcomes exemplifies the grander enactment of HPFC controlled 4 bus system compared to UPFC controlled 4 bus system.

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Cheng, Zhiping, Zhongwen Li, Jing Liang, Jinfeng Gao, Jikai Si i Shuhui Li. "Distributed Economic Power Dispatch and Bus Voltage Control for Droop-Controlled DC Microgrids". Energies 12, nr 7 (11.04.2019): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071400.

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This paper proposes a distributed economic power dispatch (EPD) and bus voltage control solution for droop-controlled DC microgrids. For the proposed solution, a local power controller and a local voltage controller are added for each distributed generator (DG) to overcome the limitations of the conventional droop control. The power controller generates the first voltage correction term by comparing the local output power of DG with the reference instruction generated by the proposed distributed EPD algorithm, and thus, it can reduce the operation cost of the microgrid by optimally sharing the load demand among all the participating DGs. The voltage controller generates the second voltage correction term by comparing the nominal DC bus voltage value with the average bus voltage generated by the proposed distributed average bus voltage observation (ABVO) algorithm, and thus, it can realize the global bus voltage regulation of the DC microgrid. In contrast with conventional solutions, the control solution can distribute the computational and communication burdens among all the DGs working in parallel, which is more flexible, scalable, and robust against single-point failure. The effectiveness of the proposed control solution is demonstrated through simulation studies.

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Kirchlechner, Peter. "A Serial Bus Controlled Audioprocessor". IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics CE-33, nr 3 (sierpień 1987): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.1987.290278.

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Xu, Dong Ming, i Li Sheng Shu. "Research on General Remote Monitoring System for Industrial Equipment". Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (październik 2012): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.678.

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A general embedded remote monitoring system for industrial equipment has been designed based on Field Bus Technology and Internet Technology. The Field Bus includes PROFIBUS, CAN, RS-485 and RS-232. The data of the device controlled in the system can be detected and transmitted to PC via Internet. Upper monitor in the system is remote PC. Console computer, which can communicate with industrial equipment controller by Field Bus, is the controller of field data acquisition unit. Two working modes can be realized in the system. One is the data of operating status, which is gotten by Field Bus before transferred to PC. The other is the data of operating status, which is detected by field data acquisition unit in remote monitoring system. Maintenance and management becomes convenient after applying the remote monitoring system.

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John Rose, A., G. Anandha Kumar, A. Ragavendiran i A. Kalaimurugan. "Model Predictive Controlled Four-Bus System Employing Hybrid Power Flow Controller". Journal of Sensors 2023 (3.03.2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4621537.

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A fuzzy logic- (FL-) based control technique for unified power flow controller (UPFC) to resolve the power quality issues in transmission network is presented in this paper. MATLAB/Simulink is used to design the FL-based controllers for shunt and series converters of UPFC, which is validated on 4-bus system. In addition, the performance of the suggested FL-based UPFC is compared with PI (proportional integral), HC (hysteresis controller), MPC (model predictive controller), and FLC (fuzzy logic controller), and the outcomes are compared in terms of settling time and steady-state error. The consequences characterize that the higher enactment of closed loop hybrid power flow controller (HPFC) 4-bus system with FLC UPFC controller’s (FL based) robustness is ensured from the simulation results as it has overcome the power quality issues like reactive power compensation, voltage sag mitigation, and THD reduction of transmission line current below 5% as per IEEE standard. Settling time of CL FBS is abridged from 0.87 to 0.62 sec, and steady-state error of voltage in CL FBS is abridged from 0.9 to 0.1 V using FLC.

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Kocian, Jiri, Lukas Skovajsa, Petr Vojcinak i Jiri Kotzian. "Robotic Arm Controlled by CAN Bus". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, nr 1 (2009): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090210-3-cz-4002.00021.

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Sendraya Perumal, Angalaeswari, i Jamuna Kamaraj. "Coordinated Control of Aichi Microgrid for Efficient Power Management Using Novel Set Point Weighting Iterative Learning Controller". Energies 13, nr 3 (8.02.2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030751.

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A novel Set Point Weighting Iterative Learning Controller (SPW-ILC) has been proposed for voltage stabilization at AC/DC bus, coordinated control among the distributed sources in the modeled hybrid microgrid (HMG) and synchronization of HMG with utility grid. The Aichi Micro grid test system located at Aichi Institute of Technology, Japan has been considered for the simulation studies and modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The Aichi microgrid can be operated in autonomous mode as AC system and DC system. When it is working as DC system, the dc bus voltage is maintained stable by incorporating dedicated fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) for DC-DC converters due to the variable distributed sources. Meanwhile, the bidirectional converter also called as Interlinking Converter (IC) located between ac bus and dc bus controlled by proposed SPW-ILC converts the DC voltage into AC voltage and meets AC loads. In AC system of autonomous mode, the inverters are controlled by proposed controller to meet the ac demands. The grid connected mode of Aichi microgrid system is performed by properly controlling the IC to meet ac and dc loads. The proposed SPW-ILC reduces the voltage deviation and maintains the power balance under variable source and load conditions. The results have been compared with the conventional proportional integral (PI) controller and FLC to validate the performance of the controller. The results show that the proposed SPW-ILC has efficiently control the voltage and maintain the power balance.

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Bahamani, Akhib Khan, G. M. Sreerama Reddy i V. Ganesh. "Power Quality Improvement in Fourteen Bus System using Non-Conventional Source Based ANN Controlled DPFC System". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, nr 3 (18.12.2016): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i3.pp499-507.

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DPFC can be used to improve receiving end voltage of fourteen bus system. This paper shows the conception and simulation of wind and solar based distribution power flow controller for sag compensation and ohmic loss reduction. The objectives of this work are to improve the voltage and reduce the line losses. Fourteen bus systems with DPFC in open loop is simulated. Fourteen bus system with DPFC in closed loop using PI and ANN are also simulated and the results are presented. The comparative study is presented to demonstrate the improvement in dynamic response of ANN controlled DPFC system. ANN is observed to provide better control than has other controllers and improved damping characterises.

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Selvarasu, R., i C. Christober Asir Rajan. "Simulation of Location of TCSC and UPFC in Fourteen Bus System Using Matlab / Simulink". Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (listopad 2011): 3594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3594.

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This paper presents the modeling and simulation of 14-bus system using TCSC and UPFC. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) are included in 14-bus system to improve the power quality of the power system. The voltage sag is created by adding an extra load at the receiving end. This sag is compensated by using FACTS devices like TCSC and UPFC. Improvement in the voltage and power are presented using simulation studies.

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C, Boopalan, i Saravanan V. "Certain Investigation of Real power flow control of Artificial Neural Network based Matrix converter-Unified Power Flow Controller in IEEE 14 Bus system". International Journal of Computer Communication and Informatics 2, nr 2 (30.10.2020): 54–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijcci2026.

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The power consumption is rapid increased due to ASD (Adjustable Speed Drives) and automation in industries and large consumption of electricity in domestic regions increased the concern of the power quality. The quality of the power received in the Distribution system is altered because of the losses in the transmission system. The losses in the transmission system is mitigated using the FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)controller among these controllers UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller) plays a vital role in controlling the shunt and series reactive powers in the bus of the power system. The conventional topology of the UPFC consists of AC-DC converter and energy stored in the DC link and DC-AC converter injected a voltage in series to the bus which as to be controlled. Whereas a new topology based on matrix converter can replace the dual converters and perform the required task. The construction of 2-bus, 7-bus and IEEE-14-bus power system is designed and modeled. MC-UPFC (Matrix Converter Based Unified Power Flow Controller) is designed and constructed. The MC-UPFC is the rich topology in the FACTS which is capable of controlling both the transmission parameters simultaneously with the switching technique of Direct power control by the smooth sliding control which gives less ripple in the injecting control parameters such as control voltage [Vc] and voltage angle [α]. By implementing MC-UPFC the real and reactive power can be controlled simultaneously and independently. The control techniques were designed based on the Proportional Integral derivative(PID) with sliding surface power control, FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) and the performance of Vc and α of the controllers are investigated. Hence the sliding surface and relevant control switching state of the MC can be controlled by the FLC which gives the robust and autonomous decision making in the selection of the appropriate switching state for the effective real power control in the power system. The work has been carried out in the MATLAB Simulink simulator which gives the finest controlling features and simple design procedures and monitoring of the output.

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Villa, Chiara, Nikolaj Friis Hansen, Kamilla Maria Hansen, Hans Petter Hougen i Christina Jacobsen. "3D reconstructions of a controlled bus bombing". Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging 12 (marzec 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2018.02.004.

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Cavallo, A., G. Canciello i B. Guida. "Energy Storage System Control for Energy Management in Advanced Aeronautic Applications". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4083132.

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In this paper an issue related to electric energy management on board an aircraft is considered. A battery pack is connected to a high-voltage bus through a controlled Battery Charge/Discharge Unit (BCDU) that makes the overall behaviour of the battery “intelligent.” Specifically, when the aeronautic generator feeding the high-voltage bus has enough energy the battery is kept under charge, while if more loads are connected to the bus, so that the overload capacity of the generator is exceeded, the battery “helps” the generator by releasing its stored energy. The core of the application is a robust, supervised control strategy for the BCDU that automatically reverts the flow of power in the battery, when needed. Robustness is guaranteed by a low-level high gain control strategy. Switching from full-charge mode (i.e., when the battery absorbs power from the generator) to generator mode (i.e., when the battery pumps energy on the high-voltage bus) is imposed by a high-level supervisor. Different from previous approaches, mathematical proofs of stability are given for the controlled system. A switching implementation using a finite-time convergent controller is also proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is shown by detailed simulations in Matlab/Stateflow/SimPowerSystem.

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Yousef, Eyad Yousef Ibrahim, i Paulo César Vargas Luz. "Redução da capacitância de barramento em driver para alimentação de LEDS". Ciência e Natura 42 (7.02.2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40623.

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This paper presents the performance evaluation of control techniques for the reduction of capacitors in drivers for actuation LED.Through the active control of the driver output current, the ripple from the PFC stage of the current can be controlled, keeping itat levels appropriate to the technical standards, being IEC 61000-3-2 Class C and IEEE 1789. This control allows the outputvoltage ripple to vary at higher amplitude levels, allowing the use of a lower capacitance bus capacitor, therefore longer life usefuland reliability.The analyzed electronic system consists of the Buck-Boost converter was performed at the power control stagefor different bus voltages and output power. Different controller structures were analizes, in order to obtain an analysis of theinfluence of these controllers in the reduction of bus capacitance. Thus obtaining a greater ripple in the bus voltage, maintainingagreement with IEEE 1789 standard regarding current ripple limits on LEDs.

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Yin, Yuqiang, Jingfeng Mao i Runda Liu. "Multivariable-Feedback Sliding-Mode Control of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter in DC Microgrid for Improved Stability with Dynamic Constant Power Load". Electronics 11, nr 21 (25.10.2022): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213455.

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In order to mitigate the influence of negative impedance characteristics on the stability of a DC microgrid with a constant power load, and the influence of nonlinear characteristics of a bidirectional converter on DC bus voltage, a control method of a bidirectional converter based on a multivariable-feedback sliding-mode control is proposed. The traditional control method usually uses the DC bus voltage error as a single controlled variable to optimize the design of the control law, which will lead to the lack of global coordination of each state variable. In this paper, the multi-state process variables-feedback sliding-mode control of a bidirectional DC/DC converter is designed, which can effectively improve the stability of the DC bus voltage, despite dynamic power disturbances. Firstly, the model of a bidirectional DC/DC converter, as well as the state equations of a converter with constant power load and resistive load, are analyzed. Secondly, to express various dynamic characteristics of the DC bus voltage fluctuation process, the output voltage error, the inductor current error and its integral are defined as the controlled state variables. Then, the multivariable weight combination-based sliding-mode surface is defined, and the sliding-mode controller is derived from a fast exponential power reaching law. Thirdly, the existence and stability of the multivariable-feedback sliding-mode control and the choice of control law parameters are discussed. Finally, MATLAB / Simulink software is used to simulate the proposed controller. Compared with PI and intelligent PID controllers, the proposed controller has the fastest response speed, the smallest steady-state voltage deviation and the best adjustment performance.

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Zhang, Xiao Yan, i Guo Liang Fan. "Design of CAN Central Control Modular Based on USB". Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (marzec 2012): 990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.990.

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The central control modular of liquid level data acquisition and transmission system based on CAN bus was introduced. The modular was controlled by PC for transmitting and receiving data to CAN units through the USB port by the USB2.0-CAN High Speed adapter card designed by CP2102 and SJAl000, and the CAN bus controller SJA1000 and CP2102 was controlled by single chip computer (SCC) AT89C51. The hardware interface circuits was introduced, and the software flowchart and PC application program was also designed. The result shows that the system has the advantages of strong real-time, high speed, high reliability, easily extending communication devices, Plug and Play supporting, and automatic configuration. Its communications quality is better than the traditional ones, such as RS232, RS485 et al., and it can be used as real-time monitor in industrial multiple devices.

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Chaudhary, Rekha, Arun Kumar Singh i Saligram Agrawal. "A Novel Approach to PID Controller Design for Improvement of Transient Stability and Voltage Regulation of Nonlinear Power System". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, nr 5 (1.10.2016): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.10818.

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In this paper, a novel design method for determining the optimal PID controller parameters for non-linear power system using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is presented. The direct feedback linearization (DFL) technique is used to linearize the nonlinear system for computing the PID (DFL-PID) controller parameters. By taking an example of single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system it has been shown that PSO based PID controller stabilizes the system and restores the pre-fault system performance after fault is cleared and line is restored. The performance of this controlled system is compared with the performance of DFL-state feedback controlled power system. It has been shown that the performance of DFL-PID controlled system is superior compared to DFL-state feedback controlled system. For simulation MATLAB 7 software is used.

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Chaudhary, Rekha, Arun Kumar Singh i Saligram Agrawal. "A Novel Approach to PID Controller Design for Improvement of Transient Stability and Voltage Regulation of Nonlinear Power System". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, nr 5 (1.10.2016): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2225-2238.

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In this paper, a novel design method for determining the optimal PID controller parameters for non-linear power system using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is presented. The direct feedback linearization (DFL) technique is used to linearize the nonlinear system for computing the PID (DFL-PID) controller parameters. By taking an example of single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system it has been shown that PSO based PID controller stabilizes the system and restores the pre-fault system performance after fault is cleared and line is restored. The performance of this controlled system is compared with the performance of DFL-state feedback controlled power system. It has been shown that the performance of DFL-PID controlled system is superior compared to DFL-state feedback controlled system. For simulation MATLAB 7 software is used.

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Wondra, J. "I/sup 2/C-bus controlled HIFI audioprocessor". IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 36, nr 3 (1990): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.103142.

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Koehler, Luiz Alberto, i Werner Kraus. "A CONTROLLED DEPARTURE METHOD FOR BUS PRIORITY OPERATION". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, nr 12 (styczeń 2006): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060829-3-nl-2908.00069.

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Wang, Fan. "Electronically Controlled Air Suspension Bus Control System Design". Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (luty 2013): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.137.

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The design of coach electronically controlled air suspension control system was made to be optimized and simplified, especially in hardware. The opto-coupler, inset in the input channels and output channels, let the electric be independent each other between computer system and the external environment and had own reference potential. Interfering signals which maybe make the system not to work by any possibility was suppressed. Practice has proved that reliability, safety and practicality of the control system had been greatly improved.

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Zhou, Wei Wei, Ji Ye Huang, Ming Yu Gao, Zhi Wei He i Bu Sen Cai. "Design and Realization of CAN-Based Main Control System of Multi-Station Meter Testing Equipment". Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (styczeń 2015): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.411.

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In this paper, 0.05 grade three-phase main control system of multi-station meter testing equipment (MTE) is presented. This design is based on the S3C2440 core board as the control core, and the software is based on Windows CE(WINCE) embedded operating system. The device is displayed and controlled by 7-inch Touch Screen. The main control system communicate with the error instrument and PC through Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, and the largest number of error instruments can connect to CAN bus is 100. The main control system communicates through RS232 bus with three-phase signal source and standard electric energy meter, through RS485 bus with programmable power amplifier. In this device, calibration of energy meters can not only through the PC software, but also use the main control system. Compared to the traditional design of the electric energy meter calibration device, the design’s the man-machine interface is more optimized, the number of electric energy meters can be test in the same time is more, faster communication, stronger anti-interference ability, and calibration is more efficiency.

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Vijaya Krishna, B., B. Venkata Prashanth i P. Sujatha. "Design and implementation of DPFC for multi-bus power system". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 2.8 (19.03.2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10318.

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In current days, the power quality issues in the interconnected power system are mainly happens due to the demand of electricity and utilization of large non-linear loads as well as inductive/capacitive loads. The power quality cries are voltage sag and swell in multi-bus power system (MBPS). In this article studies on a two bus, three bus and five bus power systems using DPFC. In order to eliminate the voltage sag and swell in the MBPS, a distributed power flow controller (DPFC) is designed. The structure of the DPFC consists of three-phase shunt converter and three single series phase converters. Both these converters are arranged in back-back voltage source inverters (VSIs). These converters are controlled with help of the pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme. The feedback controllers and reference signals are derived the PWM for DPFC to magnify the power quality problems in MBPS. The performance of the model is investigated at different loads by making of MATLAB/Simulink model. The simulation results are presented.

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Yadav, Rasiyawan, i Preet Lata. "DC Voltage Balancing Technique for CMI-Based STATCOM: A Generic Control Approach". Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 4, nr 2 (2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.422106.

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This article provides a generic technique for per phase DC bus voltage balancing that might be used in a CMI based STATCOM. The STATCOM system parameter model and the conventional control technique are examined first. A per phase DC bus voltage balancing mechanism is detailed using a dq/abc park transformation and the loop-gain shaped control design technique. This approach aims to maintain a constant DC bus voltage. The dc capacitor may be controlled globally by a proportional resonant controller. A controller that rejects disturbances may be used to regulate clustered loads. By facing a number of challenging tasks at the point of aggregate generally, including balancing the DC voltage and accounting for reactive power. If these problems can be handled, the system’s supremacy could be increased. This article describes the general control arrangement in order to increase the system’s reliability. This system may accomplish reactive power compensation and dc link voltage balancing by using the nine-level cascade multilevel inverter as STATCOM. One particular topic has been emphasised repeatedly throughout the text.

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Aldhaheri, Ahmed, i Amir Etemadi. "Adaptive Stabilization and Dynamic Performance Preservation of Cascaded DC-DC Systems by Incorporating Low Pass Filters". Energies 11, nr 2 (15.02.2018): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11020440.

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This paper proposes a method to stabilize and enhance the dynamic performance of a cascaded DC-DC system by adaptively reshaping the source output impedance. The method aims to reduce the ratio of the source output impedance to the load input impedance, referred to as the minor loop gain, to eliminate the interaction between the load and the source systems. This interaction can deteriorate the dynamic performance or might lead to instability. Thus, the bus current is used to improve the dynamic performance by reducing the magnitude of the source’s output impedance adaptively according to the loading condition such that the dynamic performance is consistently improved. Utilizing the bus current facilitates the compatibility between the proposed controller and most widely used DC-DC converters controlled in voltage mode, including non-minimum phase converters. In addition to the flexibility the bus current provides to embed the proposed solution with conventional control schemes. Experimental results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed controller along with time-based simulation and theoretical analysis, for minimum and non-minimum phase converters.

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Mbabazi-Kabachelor, Edith, Meghal Shah, Kerry A. Vaughan, John Mugamba, Peter Ssenyonga, Justin Onen, Esther Nalule, Kush Kapur i Benjamin C. Warf. "Infection risk for Bactiseal Universal Shunts versus Chhabra shunts in Ugandan infants: a randomized controlled trial". Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 23, nr 3 (marzec 2019): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.10.peds18354.

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OBJECTIVEClinical and economic repercussions of ventricular shunt infections are magnified in low-resource countries. The efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated shunts in this setting is unclear. A previous retrospective cohort study comparing the Bactiseal Universal Shunt (BUS) and the Chhabra shunt provided clinical equipoise; thus, the authors conducted this larger randomized controlled trial in Ugandan children requiring shunt placement for hydrocephalus to determine whether there was, in fact, any advantage of one shunt over the other.METHODSBetween April 2013 and September 2016, the authors randomly assigned children younger than 16 years of age without evidence of ventriculitis to either BUS or Chhabra shunt implantation in this single-blind randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome was shunt infection, and secondary outcomes included reoperation and death. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Time to outcome was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The significance of differences was tested using Wilcoxon rank-sum, chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and t-tests.RESULTSOf the 248 patients randomized, the BUS was implanted in 124 and the Chhabra shunt in 124. There were no differences between the groups in terms of age, sex, or hydrocephalus etiology. Within 6 months of follow-up, there were 14 infections (5.6%): 6 BUS (4.8%) and 8 Chhabra (6.5%; p = 0.58). There were 14 deaths (5.6%; 5 BUS [4.0%] vs 9 Chhabra [7.3%], p = 0.27) and 30 reoperations (12.1%; 15 BUS vs 15 Chhabra, p = 1.00). There were no significant differences in the time to primary or secondary outcomes at 6 months’ follow-up (p = 0.29 and 0.17, respectively, Wilcoxon rank-sum test).CONCLUSIONSAmong Ugandan infants, BUS implantation did not result in a lower incidence of shunt infection or other complications. Any recommendation for a more costly standard of care in low-resource countries must have contextually relevant, evidence-based support.Clinical trial registration no.: PACTR201804003240177 (http://www.pactr.org/)

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Malkawi, Ahmad M. A., Ayman AL-Quraan i Luiz A. C. Lopes. "A Droop-Controlled Interlink Converter for A Dual DC Bus Nanogrid with Decentralized Control". Sustainability 15, nr 13 (30.06.2023): 10394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310394.

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This paper proposed a dual DC bus nanogrid with 380 V and 48 V buses and allows the integration of distributed energy resources on two buses. The proposed system employs an interlink converter to enable power sharing between the buses. The integration of distributed energy resources has been found to enhance the reliability of the low-voltage bus in comparison to those that lack such integration. The integration process requires the introduction of a new V-I curve for the interlink converter within a DC nanogrid controlled by DC bus signaling and droop control. Furthermore, selecting a power electronics converter for the interlink converter is essential. This paper employs a dual active bridge with galvanic isolation as an interlink converter and proposes a control strategy for the converter that relies on DC bus signaling and droop control. Moreover, this control methodology serves the purpose of preventing any detrimental impact of the interlink converter on the DC buses through the reprogramming of the V-I curve. Subsequently, the suggested control methodology underwent simulation testing via MATLAB/Simulink, which included two different test categories. Initially, the DAB was evaluated as an interlink converter, followed by a comprehensive assessment of the interlink converter in a complete dual DC bus nanogrid. The results indicate that the DAB has the potential to function as an interlink converter while the suggested control approach effectively manages the power sharing between the two buses.

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Wang, Jun, Jian Huang i Zhi Quan Qi. "Research on Simulation of Electronic-Controlled Pneumatic Regenerative Braking System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (styczeń 2013): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.360.

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In order to improve braking stability and energy recovery ability of electric buses, a new-type electronic-controlled pneumatic regenerative braking system for electric buses was designed. The regenerative braking system controls pneumatic braking force of front and rear wheels by high-speed solenoid valves, which could coordinate mechanical and regenerative braking force effectively. A simulation model of electric bus braking process was established, as well as regenerative braking control strategy. Simulink and AMESim joint simulation analysis of braking process of electric bus was run. The results show that energy recovery of the new-type regenerative braking system is effective and braking control strategy is reasonable.

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Chaijarurnudomrung, Koson, Kongpan Areerak, Kongpol Areerak i Umaporn Kwannetr. "Optimal Controller Design of Three-Phase Controlled Rectifier Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 10, nr 1 (28.07.2011): 29–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2012101.170461.

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This paper presents a controller design for a threephase controlled rectifier using artificial intelligence techniques to regulate the DC-bus voltage. The averaging model of the power electronic system is used as an objective function instead of the model from software packages. The averaging model is derived from the DQ modeling approach in which the dynamics of the transmission line and power converter are taken into account for the controller design. The results show that the proposed method can efficiently obtain the best performance of the output waveform compared with the classical method. Moreover, this approach is convenient and flexible for electrical engineering to design the controller of power electronic systems with the best output performance.

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Oudda, Meryem, i Abdeldjebar Hazzab. "Photovoltaic System with SEPIC Converter Controlled by the Fuzzy Logic". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, nr 4 (1.12.2016): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i4.pp1283-1293.

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In this work, a fuzzy logic controller is used to control the output voltage of a photovoltaic system with a DC-DC converter; type Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC). The system is designed for 210 W solar PV (SCHOTT 210) panel and to feed an average demand of 78 W. This system includes solar panels, SEPIC converter and fuzzy logic controller. The SEPIC converter provides a constant DC bus voltage and its duty cycle controlled by the fuzzy logic controller which is needed to improve PV panel’s utilization efficiency. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is also used to generate the PWM signal for the SEPIC converter.

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30

Wang, Ke Ning, Heng Zhao i Wei Wang. "Design of a Bioelectrical Impedance Spectrometer Based on AD5933". Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (grudzień 2012): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.392.

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This paper designed a bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) measurement system based on the integrated impedance converter AD5933. The working principle of the AD5933 was briefly introduced, and a bipolar BIS measurement device was designed. The AD5933 can be controlled by MCU STC89LE516AD through an I2C bus. The software of the BIS device was written in C51 language and provides a friendly human-machine interface. Preliminary experiment showed that the impedance measurement error at different frequencies is less than 3% and found that the measurement accuracy is relatively high for larger resistor.

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Salkuti, Surender Reddy. "Transient stability enhancement using thyristor controlled series compensator". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, nr 2 (1.04.2019): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp884-893.

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Stability is an important issue which determines the stable operation of power system. At present, the most practical available method of transient stability analysis is time domain simulation, in which the non-linear differential equations are solved by step by step method or network reduction techniques. In this paper, FACTS devices are used in the existing system for effective utilization of existing transmission resources. In this paper, the studies have been carried out in order to improve the transient stability of 5 bus system, and Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9 bus system with fixed compensation on various lines, and the optimal location has been investigated for better results. To improve the transient stability margin further, a Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) has been used, and the results shows the effectiveness of the application of TCSC in improving the transient stability of power system.

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32

Kishan, Chintala, Ravi Kiran Kumar G, Inugurthy Sridhar i Kiran Madhala. "A Prospective Randomised Controlled Double-Blinded Comparative Study of Plain Bupivacaine versus Bupivacaine and Dexamethasone for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block, Government General Hospital, Nizamabad". Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, nr 16 (19.04.2021): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/194.

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BACKGROUND Dexamethasone (DES) is a very potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic glucocorticoid with very strong activity. The current study is randomised to determine the onset time, duration, and analgesic potency of bupivacaine (BUC) 0.5 percent, relative to BUC 0.5 percent and DES 8 mg by supraclavicular approach for brachial plexus block. METHODS In patients posted for upper limb surgery under a supraclavicular block, a prospective, randomised, double-blinded study was conducted. 60 Class I and II American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) patients were randomly divided into two classes. Group A received 0.5 percent of 30 ml BUS and group B received 0.5 percent of 28 ml BUS and 8 mg of 2 ml DES combined. For a single shot blockade of the supraclavicular brachial plexus, 30 ml of a solution was required. RESULTS The mean age of patients who received BUS was 36.9 ± 10.4 years and those who received BUS + DES was 34.7 ± 7.1 years (P = 0.328), there was no statistically significant difference between the mean ages of two groups (P > 0.05). The mean time of onset of sensory block in the BUS group was 8.6 ± 1.2 minutes and 5.6 ± 0.7 minutes in the BUS + DES group. There was a statistically significant difference between the onset of motor block in minutes among BUS and BUS + DES groups, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean ages of the two groups (P < 0.001). There was no statistically meaningful difference between the BUS and BUS + DES classes at various time intervals in the mean heart rate, difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. CONCLUSIONS The start of sensory and motor blockade also prolongs the length of DES 8 mg to BUS 0.5 percent speeds, thereby supplying improved analgesia and reducing the rescue analgesic requirements. KEYWORDS Bupivacaine, Dexamethasone, Brachial Plexus, Supraclavicular, Sensory Block

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Karuppiah, N., S. Muthubalaji, S. Ravivarman, Md Asif i Abhishek Mandal. "Enhancing the performance of Transmission Lines by FACTS Devices using GSA and BFOA Algorithms". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.6 (25.09.2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.6.20463.

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Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System devices have numerous applications in electrical transmission lines like improvement of voltage stability, reactive power compensation, congestion management, Available Transfer Capacity enhancement, real power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and much more. The effectiveness of these FACTS devices is enhanced by the placement of these devices in the transmission lines. The placement is based on transmission line sensitivity factors such as Bus voltage stability index and line voltage stability index. This research article focuses on optimizing the location, number and ratings of FACTS devices using Evolutionary Algorithms like Bacterial Foraging Algorithm and Gravitational search algorithm. FACTS devices such as Static Var Compensator, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor and Unified Power Flow Controller are placed on IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems for reducing the real power loss in the transmission system. The results show that the performance of the transmission lines is enhanced more using Bacterial Foraging Algorithm than Gravitational Search Algorithm.

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34

Wilkinson, D. "Data Bus Technology Applications—Boeing 777 Autothrottle Servo Motor". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 210, nr 2 (kwiecień 1996): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_359_02.

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On the Boeing 777 aircraft, two autothrottle actuators are required, one for each throttle lever, both controlled by either one of two computers. The consequent potential need for four remote servo-amplifiers has been eliminated by using two ‘smart’ autothrottle servo motor units (ASMs) independently controlled by ARINC 429 data bus rate command signals from the active computer. The development of the B777 ASM from a servo motor unit used on B727 is recounted and the ASM design and ARINC 429 data bus control architecture are described in detail.

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35

Wang, Wei, i Zhixiang Lu. "Analysis of Model Predictive Current-Controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives with Inaccurate DC Bus Voltage Measurement". Energies 13, nr 2 (10.01.2020): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020353.

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In this paper, the effects of inaccurate DC bus voltage measurement are analyzed to model predictive current-controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. It is found that the selection of the optimal space vector is affected by inaccurate DC bus voltage measurements, and the shortest distance principle is proposed to evaluate the effects. With the under-voltage measurement, the actual q axis current is always larger than the reference value, and PMSM may be damaged by the over-current phenomenon. However, the actual q axis current is always smaller than the reference value with the over-voltage measurement, and the rated torque capacity cannot be properly used. The effects of the over-voltage measurement are more serious than those of the under-voltage measurement. Additionally, the larger DC bus voltage measurement error can result in more serious effects than with the over-voltage measurement. Considering the limited variation range of the actual DC bus voltage, the rated value can be set as the measured value and the effects can be neglected. However, the effects should be taken into account if the variation range of the actual DC bus voltage is large. All the theoretical analyses are verified by experimental results.

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36

Chen, Liang Ji, Xiao Zhang i Hui Ying Li. "Design of Multi-Axis Motion Controlled System Based on SERCOS Bus". Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (luty 2012): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.831.

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SERCOS is an international standard for communication in the digital servo system and electrical drives. It has been increasingly used in industrial automation equipment. This paper introduces the working principle and property of the SERCOS interface, and the SERCOS bus technology is used in the multi-axis motion control system. The PC coordinately control the slave computer through SERCOS bus. At the same time, PC will receive the feedback information of motion parameters timely, which can enhance the flexibility of the control system. SERCOS realizes the multi-axis motion based on the TwinCAT software platform, which has verified the rationality and feasibility of the control structure.

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37

Rijanto, Estiko, Erik Adiwiguna, Aryo Putro Sadono, Muhammad Hafil Nugraha, Oka Mahendra i Rendra Dwi Firmansyah. "A new design of embedded monitoring system for maintenance and performance monitoring of a cane harvester tractor". Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 11, nr 2 (22.12.2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2020.v11.102-110.

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In modern sugarcane farms, sugarcane chopper harvesters are becoming widely used. A modern sugarcane chopper harvester is essentially a mechatronic system composed of a tractor and some implements with several electro-hydraulic control systems. Those control systems are controlled by electronic controller units (ECUs). It may fail during harvesting operation due to lack of maintenance, operator's awareness, skill, and field contour. This paper presents a new design of an embedded monitoring system for maintenance and production performance monitoring of a sugarcane chopper harvester in a real-time manner. A prototype of the embedded monitoring system was developed which partially realized the designed system. The experimental result showed that the main computer could communicate with other ECUs using a controller area network (CAN) bus. The dataset from four channels retrieved from the CAN bus represents the real values originating from the temperature sensor simulators. Apart from being sent to the CAN bus, the data are also recorded on a secure digital (SD) Card and sent to the internet of things (IoT) server. In the update time interval testing, the 100 ms interval does not give any error.

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38

Wong, S. C., Hai Yang, W. S. Au Yeung, S. L. Cheuk i M. K. Lo. "Delay at Signal-Controlled Intersection with Bus Stop Upstream". Journal of Transportation Engineering 124, nr 3 (maj 1998): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1998)124:3(229).

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39

Nagatani, Takashi. "Effect of periodic inflow on speed-controlled shuttle bus". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 469 (marzec 2017): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.11.017.

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Malkawi, Ahmad M. A., i Luiz A. C. Lopes. "Improved Dynamic Voltage Regulation in a Droop Controlled DC Nanogrid Employing Independently Controlled Battery and Supercapacitor Units". Applied Sciences 8, nr 9 (1.09.2018): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091525.

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DC bus voltage signaling (DBS) and droop control are frequently employed in DC nano and microgrids with distributed energy resources (DERs) operating in a decentralized way. This approach is effective in enforcing the desired contributions of power sources and energy storage systems (ESSs) in steady-state conditions. The use of supercapacitors (SCs) along with batteries in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can mitigate the impact of high and fast current variations on the losses and lifetime of the battery units. However, by controlling the HESS as a single unit, one forfeits the potential contribution of the SC and its high power capabilities to dynamically improve voltage regulation in a DC nanogrid. This paper discusses an approach where the SC interface is controlled independently from the battery interface, with a small droop factor and a high pass filter (HPF), to produce high and short current pulses and smooth DC bus voltage variations due to sudden power imbalances in the DC nanogrid. Experimental results are presented to show that, unlike in a conventional HESS, the SC unit can be used to improve the dynamic voltage regulation of the DC nanogrid and, indirectly, mitigate the high and fast current variations in the battery.

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41

Aldhyani, Theyazn H. H., i Hasan Alkahtani. "Attacks to Automatous Vehicles: A Deep Learning Algorithm for Cybersecurity". Sensors 22, nr 1 (4.01.2022): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010360.

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Rapid technological development has changed drastically the automotive industry. Network communication has improved, helping the vehicles transition from completely machine- to software-controlled technologies. The autonomous vehicle network is controlled by the controller area network (CAN) bus protocol. Nevertheless, the autonomous vehicle network still has issues and weaknesses concerning cybersecurity due to the complexity of data and traffic behaviors that benefit the unauthorized intrusion to a CAN bus and several types of attacks. Therefore, developing systems to rapidly detect message attacks in CAN is one of the biggest challenges. This study presents a high-performance system with an artificial intelligence approach that protects the vehicle network from cyber threats. The system secures the autonomous vehicle from intrusions by using deep learning approaches. The proposed security system was verified by using a real automatic vehicle network dataset, including spoofing, flood, replaying attacks, and benign packets. Preprocessing was applied to convert the categorical data into numerical. This dataset was processed by using the convolution neural network (CNN) and a hybrid network combining CNN and long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) models to identify attack messages. The results revealed that the model achieved high performance, as evaluated by the metrics of precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy. The proposed system achieved high accuracy (97.30%). Along with the empirical demonstration, the proposed system enhanced the detection and classification accuracy compared with the existing systems and was proven to have superior performance for real-time CAN bus security.

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42

Chakiri, Siham, i My Tahar Lamchich. "Control of a Photovoltaic-battery grid-connected multi-source system under different operating conditions". E3S Web of Conferences 297 (2021): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129701016.

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This paper deals with the control of a grid-connected multi-source power system based on a photovoltaic (PV) array and a battery energy storage system (ESS), taking into account the variable and intermittent characteristics of the solar irradiation level and the ambient temperature in Morocco. The PV generator is connected via a dc-dc boost converter to a common dc bus which is connected through a bidirectional dc-dc converter to the battery ESS. The dc bus output is connected to the mains via a PWM dc-ac converter with an LCL filter. The control technique consists of three parts: the PV array is considered as the primary source and the boost converter is controlled locally to generate the maximum power extraction (MPPT), while the bidirectional dc-dc converter of the ESS battery is controlled to ensure the energy balance according to the power flow under different solar irradiation and temperature conditions. The PWM inverter is controlled to regulate the DC bus voltage and maintain the power factor at the unit. The system is implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment. The effectiveness of the control strategy is carried out by simulation results.

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Wang, Hui, Jiang Wu, Hou Lei Gao i Jian Hua Yuan. "Research on Photovoltaic DC Power Supply System for Office". Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (lipiec 2014): 1996–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1996.

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This paper discusses the post stage power supply circuit’s structure of electronic appliances such as laptops, desktops, mobile phones and digital cameras, which are commonly used in office. The advantages and feasibilities of DC power supply’s substitution for AC are analyzed. On this basis, a DC power supply system consists of photovoltaic cells, batteries, AC/DC modules, DC/AC modules as well as DC loads is brought forward. The main power supply unit, photovoltaic cells, connects the DC bus through a DC regulator circuit. The bus voltage can be maintained stable by real-time adjustment of photovoltaic cells’ output power. The battery module connects the DC bus through a bidirectional Boost-Buck circuit. The charges and discharges of batteries can be real-time controlled according to the bus voltage level. The AC/DC module connects the DC bus as a backup, which can real-time detect the bus voltage to determine whether to start. The DC/AC module can supply power to ordinary AC loads and the DC loads are usually powered from the bus through DC/DC converters.

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44

Srinivas, R. S., i P. V. Ramana Rao. "Enhancement of Power System Transient Stability By Fractional Order Controlled STATCOM Tuned By PSO". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.24 (27.11.2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.24.21879.

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This paper discusses the application of Fractional order PI controlled Static synchronous compensator for improvement rotor angle stability of inter connected power system. FACTS Controllers plays important role in enhancing the power system stability.Besides improving the stability margin of the power system it also aids the damping of inter area power oscillations. In the present work STATCOM is connected in multimachine power system .The dynamic response of the STATCOM is controlled by using fractional order controllers.The controller gains of the fractional controller are tuned by using PSO algorithm.It gives acceptable solutions to continuous non-linear systems with less computational effort. The performance of the proposed controller has been compared with integer order PI controllers at different locations of fault. In this paper a 3 machine 9 bus WSSC test power system is considered and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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45

Elvira, David García, Hugo Valderrama Blaví, Àngel Cid Pastor i Luis Martínez Salamero. "Efficiency Optimization of a Variable Bus Voltage DC Microgrid". Energies 11, nr 11 (8.11.2018): 3090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113090.

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A variable bus voltage DC microgrid (MG) is simulated in Simulink for optimization purposes. It is initially controlled with a Voltage Event Control (VEC) algorithm supplemented with a State of Charge Event Control (SOCEC) algorithm. This control determines the power generated/consumed by each element of the MG based on bus voltage and battery State of Charge (SOC) values. Two supplementary strategies are proposed and evaluated to improve the DC-DC converters’ efficiency. First, bus voltage optimization control: a centralized Energy Management System (EMS) manages the battery power in order to make the bus voltage follow the optimal voltage reference. Second, online optimization of switching frequency: local drivers operate each converter at its optimal switching frequency. The two proposed optimization strategies have been verified in the simulations.

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46

Chen, Min Jiang, Bei Wu, Sheng Hu Li i Yue Qing Chen. "Sensitivity Model to Power Flow Control Capability Using Controllable Series Compensators". Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (grudzień 2014): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.929.

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The series compensator, such as the thyristor controlled types, is often applied to high-voltage transmission to control power flow distribution and avoid overload/overvoltage. Various power flow schemes are needed to quantify its control capability which is related to network topology and load level. Sensitivities of bus voltages and power flows to the controlled line reactance, current magnitude, and active power flow, are given to quantify the control effect of the controllable series compensation under different operation conditions. Feasible setting to the controlled parameters within the adjustable range of the series reactance is estimated. The proposed model is applied to the ultra high-voltage (UHV) transmission, whose line parameters are lumped from the distributed line model. The numerical results on WSCC 9-bus system are proposed to validate control effect and error of the proposed model.

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47

Alatshan, Mohammed Salheen, Ibrahim Alhamrouni, Tole Sutikno i Awang Jusoh. "Improvement of the performance of STATCOM in terms of voltage profile using ANN controller". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, nr 4 (1.12.2020): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp1966-1978.

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The electronic equipments are extremely sensitive to variation in electric supply. The increasing of a nonlinear system with several interconnected unpredicted and non-linear loads are causing some problems to the power system. The major problem facing the power system is power quality, controlling of reactive power and voltage drop. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is an important device commonly used for compensation purposes, it can provide reactive support to a bus to compensate voltage level. In this paper, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controlled STATCOM has been designed to replace the conventional PI controller to enhance the STATCOM performance. The ANN controller is proposed due to its simple structure, adaptability, robustness, considering the power grid non linearities. The ANN is trained offline using data from the PI controller. The performance of STATCOM with case of Load increasing and three-phase faults case was analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink software on the IEEE 14-bus system. The comprehensive result of the PI and ANN controllers has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed ANN controller in enhancing the STATCOM performance for Voltage profile at different operating conditions. Furthermore, it has produced better results than the conventional PI controller.

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48

Li, Li Jun, Wei Sun i Wei Tao Bai. "Research of Missile Radome NC Grinding Based on Iso-Scallop Method". Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (wrzesień 2013): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.80.

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Based on the iso-scallop 5-axis NC machining theory, analyses the convexity and concavity of the missile radome, then research on the processing strategy while using cylindrical grinding wheel and wheeled grinding wheel. At last, discrete the bus of the gyro-rotor and find out the most reasonable grinding parameters according to the radius of curvature of the whole processing bus. So the grinding precision can be increased and controlled.

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Kim, Chansoo, Segun Goh, Myeong Seon Choi, Keumsook Lee i M. Y. Choi. "Hub-Periphery Hierarchy in Bus Transportation Networks: Gini Coefficients and the Seoul Bus System". Sustainability 12, nr 18 (6.09.2020): 7297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187297.

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Bus transportation networks are characteristically different from other mass transportation systems such as airline or subway networks, and thus the usual approach may not work properly. In this paper, to analyze the bus transportation network, we employ the Gini coefficient, which measures the disparity of weights of bus stops. Applied to the Seoul bus system specifically, the Gini coefficient allows us to classify nodes in the bus network into two distinct types: hub and peripheral nodes. We elucidate the structural properties of the two types in the years 2011 and 2013, and probe the evolution of each type over the two years. It is revealed that the hub type evolves according to the controlled growth process while the peripheral one, displaying a number of new constructions as well as sudden closings of bus stops, is not described by growth dynamics. The Gini coefficient thus provides a key mathematical criterion of decomposing the transportation network into a growing one and the other. It would also help policymakers to deal with the complexity of urban mobility and make more sustainable city planning.

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Lin, Huipin, Jin Hu, Xiao Zhou, Zhengyu Lu i Lujun Wang. "New DC Grid Power Line Communication Technology Used in Networked LED Driver". Energies 11, nr 12 (18.12.2018): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123531.

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In order to reduce the cost and improve the reliability, real-time performance, and installation convenience of remote-controlled light-emitting diode (LED) lighting systems, a networked LED driving technology based on the direct current (DC) grid power line carrier is proposed. In this system, an alternating current (AC)/DC bus converter converts the mains into a DC bus with multiple distributed LED drive powers on the DC bus. The AC/DC bus converter receives the user’s control command and modulates it into the DC bus voltage. The DC bus waveform changes to a square wave containing the high and low changes of the address information and command information. The LED drive power of the corresponding address receives energy from the DC bus and demodulates the commands, such as turning the lights on and off, dimming, etc., and performs the action. In order to make the waveform of the AC/DC bus converter have better rising and falling edge, this paper adopts the half-bridge topology with variable modal control. In the modulation process, the circuit works in buck mode and boost mode. Distributed LED drivers have DC/DC circuits and very simple demodulation circuits that dissipate energy and information from the DC bus. Through experiments, the technology not only simplifies the use of communication technology in application, but also reduces the application difficulty.

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