Artykuły w czasopismach: „Bulk Modulus”

1

Swamy, V., i L. S. Dubrovinsky. "Bulk modulus of anatase". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 62, nr 4 (kwiecień 2001): 673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(00)00204-3.

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Ashbee, K. H. G. "Bulk ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene". Materials Characterization 37, nr 5 (listopad 1996): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(96)00176-3.

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Knez, Dariusz, Mitra Khalilidermani i Mohammad Ahmad Mahmoudi Zamani. "Water Influence on the Determination of the Rock Matrix Bulk Modulus in Reservoir Engineering and Rock-Fluid Coupling Projects". Energies 16, nr 4 (10.02.2023): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041769.

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This research was conducted to determine how the incorporation of different poroelastic equations would affect the measured rock matrix bulk modulus in the laboratory. To do this, three experimental methods were used to measure the matrix bulk modulus, Ks, of seven sandstone specimens taken from the Świętokrzyskie mine in Poland. Those experimental methods were based on the different governing equations in poroelasticty theory. The matrix bulk modulus has a substantial impact on the rock strength against external stresses. Moreover, the rock bulk modulus depends directly on two components: the pore fluid bulk modulus and matrix bulk modulus. The second one is more important as it is much higher than the first one. In this study, the accuracy of those three methods in the measurement of the matrix bulk modulus was evaluated. For this purpose, an acoustic wave propagation apparatus was used to perform the required tests. For each method, an empirical correlation was extracted between the matrix bulk modulus and the applied hydrostatic stress. In all the experiments, an exponential correlation was observed between the matrix bulk modulus and the hydrostatic stress applied on the rock. Furthermore, it was found that the incorporation of the dry bulk modulus in the calculations led to an underestimation of the matrix bulk modulus. In addition, as the hydrostatic stress was raised, the matrix bulk modulus also increased. The applied methodology can be deployed to determine the matrix bulk modulus in coupled rock-fluid problems such as reservoir depletion, hydraulic fracturing, oil recovery enhancement, underground gas storage and land subsidence.

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4

Zhao, Liming, Tongjun Chen, Tapan Mukerji i Genyang Tang. "Bulk modulus for fluid-saturated rocks at high frequency: modification of squirt flow model proposed by Mavko & Jizba". Geophysical Journal International 225, nr 3 (12.02.2021): 1714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab060.

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SUMMARY The squirt flow model, proposed by Mavko & Jizba, has been widely used in explaining the frequency-related modulus and velocity dispersion between ultrasonic and seismic measurements. In this model, the saturated bulk modulus at high frequency is obtained by taking the so-called unrelaxed frame bulk modulus into Biot's or Gassmann's formula. When using Gassmann's formula, the mineral bulk modulus is taken as matrix bulk modulus. However, the soft pores (cracks) in rocks have a weakening effect on the matrix bulk modulus. The saturated bulk modulus at high frequency calculated with mineral bulk modulus as matrix bulk modulus is higher than the real values. To overcome this shortcoming we propose a modified matrix bulk modulus based on the Betti–Rayleigh reciprocity theorem and non-interaction approximation. This modification takes the weakening effect of soft pores (cracks) into consideration and allows calculating the correct saturated bulk modulus at high frequency under different soft-pore fractions (the ratio of soft porosity to total porosity) or crack densities. We also propose an alternative expression of the modified matrix bulk modulus, which can be directly obtained from laboratory measurements. The numerical results show that the saturated bulk modulus at high frequency using the original matrix bulk modulus (i.e. mineral bulk modulus) is approximated to that using the modified one only for rocks containing a small amount of soft-pore fraction. However, as the soft-pore fraction becomes substantial, using the original bulk matrix modulus is not applicable, but the modified one is still applicable. Furthermore, the results of the modified squirt flow model show good consistency with published numerical and experimental data. The proposed modification extends the applicable range of soft-pore fraction (crack density) of the previous model, and has potential applications in media having a relatively substantial fraction of soft pores or almost only soft pores, such as granite, basalt and thermally cracked glasses.

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Darrouzet, Jennifer L., Joseph C. Molis i Nicholas P. Chotiros. "Grain bulk modulus of sand." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, nr 4 (październik 1991): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.402084.

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6

Goldberger, Walter D., i Mark B. Wise. "Modulus Stabilization with Bulk Fields". Physical Review Letters 83, nr 24 (13.12.1999): 4922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.83.4922.

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Tabor, D. "The bulk modulus of rubber". Polymer 35, nr 13 (czerwiec 1994): 2759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90304-2.

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Verma, A. S., i A. Kumar. "Bulk modulus of cubic perovskites". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 541 (listopad 2012): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.07.027.

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Gallas, Marcia R., i Gasper J. Piermarini. "Bulk Modulus and Young's Modulus of Nanocrystalline gamma-Alumina". Journal of the American Ceramic Society 77, nr 11 (listopad 1994): 2917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04524.x.

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Zhao, Tao, Gaojian Hu, Tao Wang i Huan Zhang. "Influence of Parallel Joint Spacing and Rock Size on Rock Bulk Modulus". Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (10.09.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8475726.

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The size effect on the bulk modulus of rocks has been reported by previous studies. The accuracy in selecting the parameter for the rock mechanics analysis determines further accuracy of the calculation results. Moreover, given the influence of the size effect and joint spacing, the rock bulk modulus often changes. Thus, it is essential to examine the size effect on the bulk modulus. This study elucidated the influence of rock size and parallel joint spacing on the bulk modulus using the regression analysis and 12 sets of numerical plans. The results demonstrated that the bulk modulus decreased with an increase in rock size, and the curve represents an exponential function. The bulk modulus linearly increased as the parallel joint spacing increased. Furthermore, the characteristic size of the bulk modulus linearly decreased as the parallel joint spacing increased. In contrast, the characteristic bulk modulus linearly increased as the parallel joint spacing increased. The specific forms of these relationships were also elucidated in this study.

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11

Boffa Ballaran, Tiziana, Fabrizio Nestola, Mario Tribaudino i Haruo Ohashi. "Bulk modulus variation along the diopsidekosmochlor solid solution". European Journal of Mineralogy 21, nr 3 (29.06.2009): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1927.

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Zou, Guangui, Hu Zeng, Suping Peng, Xiaoyu Zhou i Sandugash Satibekova. "Bulk density and bulk modulus of adsorbed coalbed methane". GEOPHYSICS 84, nr 2 (1.03.2019): K11—K21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0081.1.

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The bulk density and bulk modulus of adsorbed coalbed methane are required to calculate the undrained bulk and shear moduli as well as the fluid-saturated density of the coal reservoir. We derived the formula for the bulk modulus and bulk density of adsorbed methane using the Langmuir equation for isothermal adsorption. The bulk density of adsorbed methane is positively correlated with the gas pressure and Langmuir volume, but it is negatively correlated with the Langmuir pressure and adsorbed methane saturation. The bulk density of adsorbed methane is greater than that of free-state methane for the same gas pressure. The bulk modulus of adsorbed methane is positively correlated with the gas pressure and negatively correlated with the Langmuir pressure; it is much larger than that of free methane, but it is still much smaller than that of water within the normal gas pressure range. Coal samples from the study area demonstrate that the water saturation is less than 95%. Considering adsorbed methane as a pseudosolid, calculations yield a very small difference in the bulk modulus of coal under room-dry conditions. Considering adsorbed methane as a gas, calculations based on spatially uniform or patchy saturation indicate that multiphase fluid saturation produces a very small difference in the elastic parameters and wave velocity of the fluid-saturated coal from the dual-phase fluid (water and free methane).

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Tarokh, A., i J. F. Labuz. "Why an indirect estimate of the unjacketed pore modulus may not work". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012070.

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Abstract The unjacketed pore modulus is a measure of changes in pore volume due to the variation in pore pressure for constant Terzaghi effective pressure. In the oil and gas industry, this parameter is commonly used in linking the undrained bulk modulus of a porous saturated rock to the drained bulk modulus and the properties of the fluid and solid components through Gassmann’s equation. For an ideal porous rock, the unjacketed pore modulus should be identical to the solid bulk modulus of the major mineral constituent. While direct measurements confirm this prediction, previous indirect estimates suggest that this parameter may have values close to the bulk modulus of the fluid rather than the bulk modulus of the grains. These indirect results demonstrate that the estimate of the undrained bulk modulus, due to substitution of different fluids in the rock, can change considerably if the unjacketed pore modulus is equal to the bulk modulus of the fluid. In this paper, we first briefly provide the results of the direct approach and then present laboratory measurements of Skempton’s pore pressure coefficient for a quartz arenite sandstone and use these data to indirectly estimate the unjacketed pore modulus. We show that the difficulties associated with the measurement of the Skempton coefficient clearly contribute to the underestimation from the indirect approach.

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Li, Shengjun, Bingyang Liu, Jianhu Gao i Huaizhen Chen. "Amplitude Variation with Angle Inversion for New Parameterized Porosity and Fluid Bulk Modulus". Geofluids 2021 (13.01.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8888118.

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Estimating porosity and fluid bulk modulus is an important goal of reservoir characterization. Based on the model of fluid substitution, we first propose a simplified bulk modulus of a saturated rock as a function of bulk moduli of minerals and fluids, in which we employ an empirical relationship to replace the bulk modulus of dry rock with that of minerals and a new parameterized porosity. Using the simplified bulk modulus, we derive a PP-wave reflection coefficient in terms of the new parameterized porosity and fluid bulk modulus. Focusing on reservoirs embedded in rocks whose lithologies are similar, we further simplify the derived reflection coefficient and present elastic impedance that is related to porosity and fluid bulk modulus. Based on the presented elastic impedance, we establish an approach of employing seismic amplitude variation with offset/angle to estimate density, new parameterized porosity, and fluid bulk modulus. We finally employ noisy synthetic seismic data and real datasets to verify the stability and reliability of the proposed inversion approach. Test on synthetic seismic data illustrates that the proposed inversion approach can produce stable inversion results in the case of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 2, and applying the approach to real datasets, we conclude that reliably results of porosity and fluid bulk modulus are obtained, which is useful for fluid identification and reservoir characterization.

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15

Manring, N. D. "The Effective Fluid Bulk-Modulus Within a Hydrostatic Transmission". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 119, nr 3 (1.09.1997): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801279.

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In this study, the fluid bulk-modulus within a hydrostatic transmission is examined. Specifically, a method for measuring the effective fluid bulk-modulus is proposed based upon the definition of the fluid bulk-modulus and the conservation of mass within the system. Using the measured parameters of flow and pressure, a numerical solution for the effective fluid bulk-modulus is carried out and a closed-form approximation to this solution is presented. Furthermore, the accuracy expectations of this method are discussed and compared with traditional methods of estimating the fluid bulk-modulus and it is shown that significant improvements can be made when the method of this research is employed.

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16

Block, S., G. J. Piermarini, R. G. Munro i W. Wong-Ng. "The Bulk Modulus and Young's Modulus of the Superconductor Ba2CU3YO7". Advanced Ceramic Materials 2, nr 3B (lipiec 1987): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.1987.tb00124.x.

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17

DESHIMARU, JUNICHI. "Measurement of bulk modulus of fluids." Hydraulics & Pneumatics 19, nr 7 (1988): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/jfps1970.19.580.

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Niezrecki, Christopher, John K. Schueller i Karthik Balasubramanian. "Piezoelectric-based Fluid Bulk Modulus Sensor". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 15, nr 12 (grudzień 2004): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x04045151.

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19

Hofmeister, A. M. "Pressure derivatives of the bulk modulus". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 96, B13 (10.12.1991): 21893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jb02157.

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20

Moore, B., T. Jaglinski, D. S. Stone i R. S. Lakes. "Negative incremental bulk modulus in foams". Philosophical Magazine Letters 86, nr 10 (październik 2006): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830600957340.

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Martinelli, A., M. Ferretti, A. Palenzona i M. Merlini. "The bulk modulus of SmFeAs(O0.93F0.07)". Physica C: Superconductivity 469, nr 13 (lipiec 2009): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2009.04.011.

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22

Gibiansky, Leonid V., i Ole Sigmund. "Multiphase composites with extremal bulk modulus". Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 48, nr 3 (marzec 2000): 461–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5096(99)00043-5.

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23

Liu, Lingun, i Liru Wu. "Bulk modulus and equation of state". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 70, nr 1-2 (luty 1992): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(92)90162-o.

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Greshnyakov, V. A., i E. A. Belenkov. "Technique for Calculating the Bulk Modulus". Russian Physics Journal 57, nr 6 (październik 2014): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-014-0297-4.

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Kimura, Masao. "Grain Bulk Modulus of Marine Sediment". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 5B (30.05.2000): 3180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.3180.

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Gholizadeh, Hossein, Richard Burton i Greg Schoenau. "Fluid Bulk Modulus: A Literature Survey". International Journal of Fluid Power 12, nr 3 (styczeń 2011): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14399776.2011.10781033.

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Pantea, C., I. Mihut, H. Ledbetter, J. B. Betts, Y. Zhao, L. L. Daemen, H. Cynn i A. Migliori. "Bulk modulus of osmium, 4–300K". Acta Materialia 57, nr 2 (styczeń 2009): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2008.09.034.

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Kumar, V., G. M. Prasad i D. Chandra. "Bulk Modulus of Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors". physica status solidi (b) 186, nr 2 (1.12.1994): K45—K48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221860230.

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Burns, J., P. S. Dubbelday i R. Y. Ting. "Dynamic bulk modulus of various elastomers". Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 28, nr 7 (czerwiec 1990): 1187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1990.090280715.

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Stamenovic, D., i J. C. Smith. "Surface forces in lungs. III. Alveolar surface tension and elastic properties of lung parenchyma". Journal of Applied Physiology 60, nr 4 (1.04.1986): 1358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.4.1358.

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The bulk modulus and the shear modulus describe the capacity of material to resist a change in volume and a change of shape, respectively. The values of these elastic coefficients for air-filled lung parenchyma suggest that there is a qualitative difference between the mechanisms by which the parenchyma resists expansion and shear deformation; the bulk modulus changes roughly exponentially with the transpulmonary pressure, whereas the shear modulus is nearly a constant fraction of the transpulmonary pressure for a wide range of volumes. The bulk modulus is approximately 6.5 times as large as the shear modulus. In recent microstructural modeling of lung parenchyma, these mechanisms have been pictured as being similar to the mechanisms by which an open cell liquid foam resists deformations. In this paper, we report values for the bulk moduli and the shear moduli of normal air-filled rabbit lungs and of air-filled lungs in which alveolar surface tension is maintained constant at 16 dyn/cm. Elevating surface tension above normal physiological values causes the bulk modulus to decrease and the shear modulus to increase. Furthermore, the bulk modulus is found to be sensitive to a dependence of surface tension on surface area, but the shear modulus is not. These results agree qualitatively with the predictions of the model, but there are quantitative differences between the data and the model.

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Fan, Dawei W., Wenge G. Zhou, Congqiang Q. Liu, Yonggang G. Liu, Fang Wan, Yinsuo S. Xing, Jing Liu, Ligang G. Bai i Hongsen S. Xie. "The thermal equation of state of (Fe0.86Mg0.07Mn0.07)3Al2Si3O12 almandine". Mineralogical Magazine 73, nr 1 (luty 2009): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2009.073.1.95.

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In situ X-raydiffraction measurements on almandine, (Fe0.86Mg0.07Mn0.07)3Al2Si3O12, were performed using a heating diamond-anvil cell instrument with synchrotron radiation at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facilityup to 27.7 GPa and 533 K. The pressure-volume-temperature data were fitted to a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The isothermal bulk modulus of K0 = 177±2 GPa, a temperature derivative of the bulk modulus of (∂K/∂T)P= –0.032±0.016 GPaK–1 and a thermal expansion coefficient (α0) of (3.1±0.7)×10–5 K–1 were obtained. This is the first time that the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus of almandine has been determined at high pressure and high temperature. Combining these results with previous results, the compositional dependence of the bulk modulus, thermal expansion, and temperature derivative of the bulk modulus are discussed.

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Zhao, Liming, Tongjun Chen i Genyang Tang. "Bulk modulus for fluid-saturated rocks at intermediate frequencies: modification of squirt flow model proposed by Gurevich et al." Geophysical Journal International 226, nr 1 (15.03.2021): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab100.

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SUMMARY Squirt flow is an essential cause of wave dispersion and attenuation in saturated rocks. The squirt flow model, proposed by Gurevich et al., has been widely applied to explain the wave dispersion and associated attenuation for saturated rocks at sonic and seismic frequency bands. In this model, the saturated bulk modulus is obtained by taking the partially relaxed frame bulk modulus as the dry frame modulus into Gassmann's formula with the mineral bulk modulus as the matrix bulk modulus. However, because of the weakening effect of soft pores on rock matrix bulk modulus, the model cannot accurately predict the saturated bulk modulus when the soft-pore fraction (the ratio of the soft porosity to total porosity) becomes large. We modified this model following Gurevich et al. by setting a different boundary condition. The modified squirt flow model can obtain correct saturated bulk modulus for large soft-pore fractions in the full range of frequencies, showing excellent consistency with the predictions of Gassmann, Mavko & Jizba (modified) at both low- and high-frequency limits, respectively. Modelling results show that the saturated bulk moduli and their dispersions calculated by the original and modified models exhibit little difference when the soft-pore fraction is small. Under this condition, the original model is as effective and accurate as the modified one. When the soft-pore fraction becomes larger, the differences in the bulk moduli and their dispersions become substantial, suggesting the original model is not applicable any longer. Furthermore, the differences calculated for the intermediate frequency range is even more obvious than other ranges, suggesting that the modified model should be used to calculate the bulk modulus and the dispersion in this frequency range. In summary, the modified squirt flow model can extend the original model's applicable range in terms of soft-pore fraction and has a potential application in rocks having a relatively large amount of soft-pore fraction such as basalts.

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Özkan, H. "Temperature derivatives of the bulk modulus of ZrB2calculated by using the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus". Philosophical Magazine 94, nr 1 (25.09.2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2013.842013.

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Tarokh, Ali, i Roman Y. Makhnenko. "Remarks on the solid and bulk responses of fluid-filled porous rock". GEOPHYSICS 84, nr 4 (1.07.2019): WA83—WA95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0495.1.

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The volumetric response of fluid-saturated and linearly elastic rock due to a change of either mean stress or pore pressure is characterized by three independent material parameters. The unjacketed bulk modulus is a convenient choice because it can be directly measured in a laboratory test under a loading that preserves the difference between the mean stress and the pore pressure constant. For a monomineralic rock, the measurement of the unjacketed bulk modulus is ignored because it is assumed to be equal to the bulk modulus of the solid phase. To examine this assumption, we tested porous sandstones and limestones mainly composed of quartz and calcite, respectively, under the unjacketed condition. Special attention was dedicated to reaching full saturation ensuring the transmission of the pore pressure to the solid frame. The presence of microscale inhomogeneities, in the form of nonconnected (occluded) pores, was shown to cause a considerable difference between the unjacketed bulk modulus and the bulk modulus of the solid phase. Furthermore, we found the unjacketed bulk modulus to be independent of the unjacketed pressure and Terzaghi effective pressure and therefore a constant.

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Lai-Fook, Stephen J., i Robert E. Hyatt. "Effects of age on elastic moduli of human lungs". Journal of Applied Physiology 89, nr 1 (1.07.2000): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.163.

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The model of the lung as an elastic continuum undergoing small distortions from a uniformly inflated state has been used to describe many lung deformation problems. Lung stress-strain material properties needed for this model are described by two elastic moduli: the bulk modulus, which describes a uniform inflation, and the shear modulus, which describes an isovolume deformation. In this study we measured the bulk modulus and shear modulus of human lungs obtained at autopsy at several fixed transpulmonary pressures (Ptp). The bulk modulus was obtained from small pressure-volume perturbations on different points of the deflation pressure-volume curve. The shear modulus was obtained from indentation tests on the lung surface. The results indicated that, at a constant Ptp, both bulk and shear moduli increased with age, and the increase was greater at higher Ptp values. The micromechanical basis for these changes remains to be elucidated.

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Atat JG, Essiett AA, Ekpo SS i Umar S. "Modelling of bulk modulus from sand [API <75]-shale [API >75] lithology for XA field in the Niger Delta Basin". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, nr 3 (30.06.2023): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.1018.

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Modelling of bulk modulus from sand-shale lithology has been researched. This is to come up with a model than relates the bulk modulus with the Lame’s first parameter. Data adequate for this finding were obtained from three Niger Delta oil wells A, B and C. Microsoft Excel was used for all stages of analysis. The result indicates the average values of Poisson’s ratio and Vp/Vs ratio as 0.5 and 1.637 respectively for all wells. Other results include the depth range of about 5300ft to 6600ft; shear modulus varies from 4.05 x 109 to 11 x 109N/m2; the range of result of young modulus varies from 1.21 x 1010 to 3.18 x 1010N/m2; Lame’s first parameter range from 2.75 x 109 to 7.20 x 109N/m2; bulk modulus values are within 1.08 x 1010 to 2.84 x 1010N/m2; the elastic parameters with peak values are noted at the depth of 6200ft for well A. For well B, the results indicate the depth of investigation as 8300ft to 10000ft; shear modulus varies from 5.76 x 109 to 10.00 x 109N/m2; the range of young modulus varies from 1.73 x 1010 to 3.04 x 1010N/m2; Lame’s first parameter range from 3.90 x 109 to 6.87 x 109N/m2; bulk modulus values are 1.54 x 1010 to 2.71 x 1010N/m2; the elastic parameters with maximum values are recorded at the depth of about 9900ft. For well C, the depth ranges from 5200ft to 8200ft; shear modulus varies from 7.84 x 109 to 1.35 x 1013 N/m2; the range of result of young modulus varies from 2.35 x 1010 to 4.04 x 1013N/m2; Lame’s first parameter range from 5.32 x 109 to 9.14 x 1012N/m2; bulk modulus values are within 1.05 x 1010 to 1.81 x 1013N/m2; the elastic parameters with peak values are noted at the depth of 8200ft. The relationship between bulk modulus and Lame’s first parameter obtained is K = 3.9455λ or (K = 4λ). Lame’s first parameter analysis could permit a better resolution of potential hydrocarbon zones; therefore, in a linear relationship with bulk modulus of about 1.0 correlation coefficient would yield a model which is adequate for mapping of hydrocarbon accumulation.

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Yu, Jing, Yongmei Zhang, Yuhong Zhao i Yue Ma. "Anisotropies in Elasticity, Sound Velocity, and Minimum Thermal Conductivity of Low Borides VxBy Compounds". Metals 11, nr 4 (1.04.2021): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040577.

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Anisotropies in the elasticity, sound velocity, and minimum thermal conductivity of low borides VB, V5B6, V3B4, and V2B3 are discussed using the first-principles calculations. The various elastic anisotropic indexes (AU, Acomp, and Ashear), three-dimensional (3D) surface contours, and their planar projections among different crystallographic planes of bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young’s modulus are used to characterize elastic anisotropy. The bulk, shear, and Young’s moduli all show relatively strong degrees of anisotropy. With increased B content, the degree of anisotropy of the bulk modulus increases while those of the shear modulus and Young’s modulus decrease. The anisotropies of the sound velocity in the different planes show obvious differences. Meanwhile, the minimum thermal conductivity shows little dependence on crystallographic direction.

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Gao, Pei-Hu, Can Jin, Sheng-Cong Zeng, Rui-Guang Xie, Bo Zhang, Bai-Yang Chen, Zhong Yang i in. "Microstructure and Properties of Densified Gd2O3 Bulk". Materials 15, nr 21 (4.11.2022): 7793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217793.

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In this work, Gd2O3 bulks were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1400 °C to 1600 °C for times from 6 h to 24 h, and their microstructure and properties were studied for a wider application of materials in thermal barrier coatings. The densification of the Gd2O3 bulk reached 96.16% when it was sintered at 1600 °C for 24 h. The elastic modulus, hardness, fracture toughness and thermal conductivity of the bulks all increased with the rise in sintering temperature and extension of sintering time, while the coefficient of thermal expansion decreased. When the Gd2O3 bulk was sintered at 1600 °C for 24 h, it had the greatest elastic modulus, hardness, fracture toughness and thermal conductivity of 201.15 GPa, 9.13 GPa, 15.03 MPa·m0.5 and 2.75 W/(m·k) (at 1100 °C), respectively, as well as the smallest thermal expansion coefficients of 6.69 × 10−6/°C (at 1100 °C).

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Ilie, N., S. Bucuta i M. Draenert. "Bulk-fill Resin-based Composites: An In Vitro Assessment of Their Mechanical Performance". Operative Dentistry 38, nr 6 (1.11.2013): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/12-395-l.

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SUMMARY The study aimed to assess the mechanical performance of seven bulk-fill RBCs (Venus Bulk Fill, Heraeus Kulzer; SureFil SDR flow, Dentsply Caulk; x-tra base and x-tra fil, VOCO; Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M ESPE; SonicFill, Kerr; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar Vivadent) by determining their flexural strength (σ), reliability (Weibull parameter, m), flexural modulus (Eflexural), indentation modulus (YHU), Vickers hardness (HV), and creep (Cr). The significant highest flexural strengths were measured for SonicFill, x-tra base, and x-tra fil, while x-tra base, SureFil SDR flow, and Venus Bulk Fill showed the best reliability. The differences among the materials became more evident in terms of Eflexural and YHU, with x-tra fil achieving the highest values, while Filtek Bulk Fill and Venus Bulk Fill achieved the lowest. The enlarged depth of cure in bulk-fill RBCs seems to have been realized by enhancing the materials' translucency through decreasing the filler amount and increasing the filler size. The manufacturer's recommendation to finish a bulk-fill RBC restoration by adding a capping layer made of regular RBCs is an imperative necessity, since the modulus of elasticity and hardness of certain materials (SureFil SDR flow, Venus Bulk Fill, and Filtek Bulk Fill) were considerably below the mean values measured in regular nanohybrid and microhybrid RBCs. The class of bulk-fill RBCs revealed similar flexural strength values as the class of nanohybrid and microhybrid RBCs, and significantly higher values when compared to flowable RBCs. The modulus of elasticity (Eflexural), the indentation modulus (YHU), and the Vickers hardness (HV) classify the bulk-fill RBCs as between the hybrid RBCs and the flowable RBCs; in terms of creep, bulk-fill and the flowable RBCs perform similarly, both showing a significantly lower creep resistance when compared to the nanohybrid and microhybrid RBCs.

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TSUBOUCHI, Toshiyuki, Hideto KAMIMURA i Jitsuo SHINODA. "DEVELOPMENT OF OILY HIGH BULK MODULUS FLUID". Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 2008, nr 7-2 (2008): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.2008.329.

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Agarwal, P., Manoj Gupta i L. Dass. "Bulk Modulus and Pseudopotential in Metallic Glasses". Materials Science Forum 223-224 (lipiec 1996): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.223-224.99.

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YILMAZ, Mehmet, Seyfeddin KARAGÖZLÜ i Seyfettin DALGIÇ. "Bulk Modulus Calculations for Liquid Binary Alloys". Turkish Journal of Physics 21, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.55730/1300-0101.2475.

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Burns, J., i P. S. Dubbelday. "Bulk modulus thermoviscoelasticity theory for rubbery elastomers". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82, S1 (listopad 1987): S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2024518.

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Hasanov, Azar K., Michael L. Batzle i Manika Prasad. "Fluid and rock bulk viscosity and modulus". Leading Edge 35, nr 6 (czerwiec 2016): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle35060502.1.

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Petersen, DR, KL Fishman i D. Machmer. "Testing Techniques for Measurement of Bulk Modulus". Journal of Testing and Evaluation 22, nr 2 (1994): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte12650j.

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Djordjevic, B. R., i M. F. Thorpe. "The bulk modulus of covalent random networks". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 9, nr 9 (3.03.1997): 1983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/9/9/012.

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Boushehri, Ali, Fu Ming Tao i E. A. Mason. "Common bulk modulus point for compressed liquids". Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, nr 11 (marzec 1993): 2711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100113a037.

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Kumar, Munish. "Theory of thermal expansivity and bulk modulus". Physica B: Condensed Matter 365, nr 1-4 (sierpień 2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.04.007.

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Kumar, V., A. K. Shrivastava i Vijeta Jha. "Bulk modulus and microhardness of tetrahedral semiconductors". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 71, nr 11 (listopad 2010): 1513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2010.07.012.

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Tsubouchi, Toshiyuki, i Jitsuo Shinoda. "Characterization of Oily High Bulk Modulus Fluid". Tribology Online 5, nr 5 (2010): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2474/trol.5.230.

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