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1
Rodionov, Vitaliy G. "“NOTE” (“RISALA”) BY IBN FADLAN AND FEATURES OF THE EARLY STAGE OF THE VOLGA BULGARS FORMATION (X century)". Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, nr 2 (30.06.2022): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2022-2-98-111.
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The tribes mentioned in Ibn Fadlan’s “Note” before their migration to the Middle Volga lived on the territory of the Khazar Khaganate (the North Caucasus, the Volga-Don steppes). It was there that they began to move to a settled life, as well as to converge in language and culture. The main part of the tribes genetically belonged to the Turkic-Ogurs, the ancestors of the Bersils were Persian-speaking, and the Esegels were Ugrians. Consequently, their ethnonyms were constructed in a completely different form. During the formation of the state of the Volga Bulgars, the term as-Sakaliba meant not only a specific ethnic group, but a political unification of various northern tribes. From the 10th century its place was taken by the polytonym Bolgars (Bulgars), known in the Byzantine world since the end of the 5th century and meaning the Oghur-speaking heirs of the Huns. The process of interaction between the intraethnic groups of the Volga Bulgars of that time was based on the traditions, on the one hand, of migrants from the North Caucasus and, on the other, of the Bulgar ethnic groups from the Volga-Don steppes. The main leaders of these intraethnic groups in 922 were, as Ibn Fadlan described, Emir Almysh and a certain “imposter” from the Suvars, nicknamed “thief, robber, bandit” (Vărăh). The main reason for the public unrest was the official acceptance of the religion of Islam by the Bulgarian king, which was followed by oblivion of the traditions of the ancestors. The society was divided into two groups: traditionalists and passionaries. The cult of Muslim saints of the Volga Bulgars developed through the development of early genealogical traditions of the Oguro-Bulgar tribes. Over time, they merged with images from the Judeo-Muslim literature. The new ethnic consciousness of the Volga Bulgars since the 10th century began to function in a two-level mode. At the interstate level, the exoethnonym Bulgar is approved, and at the level of the region and the Bulgar ethnos – the endoethnonym Bulyar.
2
Khalikov, A. Kh. "Medieval Doctors in the Volga Bulgars and their Danube-Bulgarian Parallels". Kazan medical journal 70, nr 5 (15.10.1989): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj101514.
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In the ninth and thirteenth centuries, two states with the same name Bulgars or Bilgars, that is, Volga Bulgaria in the Volga-Kama region and Danube Bulgaria in the Danube basin, were formed and developed in Europe. Despite the considerable distance of these countries from each other, different historical destinies and ethno-cultural environment, many features of the culture and life of the peoples, also called Bulgars, or Bilgars, were similar.
3
Atamanov, Mikhail Gavrilovich. "ON THE PROCESS OF ISLAMIZATION AND TURKIFICATION OF THE UDMURTS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES". Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, nr 3 (2.10.2020): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-3-476-483.
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This article discusses conversion of pagan Udmurts to Islam in the XIX-XX centuries and their assimilation among the Kazan Tatars and partly among the Bashkirs. In the VII-VIII centuries AD, the Bulgars came to the Volga-Kama region, where the Udmurt tribes lived since ancient times, and they began active contacts with the local aboriginal population, whom they called "ar" (Chuv. ar, tat. Ir - “husband”, “man”) following the Khazars, and the Ar-Udmurts called them "biger". Linguistic, archaeological, anthropological, folklore data indicate active contacts of the Bulgars with the Ar-Udmurts. At the end of the VIII century, especially in the IX century, almost at the same time, when the Bulgars moved to the Volga, a large group of northern Udmurts, for reasons unknown to us, went to the Lower Kama region, to the Volga, where the state of Volga Bulgaria was creating. In the emerging state, mixing of cultural traditions of both groups, their leveling and the creating a new culture, which laid the foundation for the culture of the Volga Bulgaria, is observed. In some areas the Chepets-Ural population prevailed in number over the Bulgars. The process of Islamization and Turkification of the Udmurts was from the middle of the XIX century until the October Revolution of 1917.
4
Kalinina, Tatyana. "The Significance of al-Biruni’s Stories about the Volga Bulgaria". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, nr 4 (2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020622-1.
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The article analyzes the information of the famous scientist of the 11th century. Abu Reyhan al-Biruni about the Volga Bulgaria, which are in his surviving works – “Monuments of past generations”, “Masudov’s tables on the astronomy of stars”, “Geodesy”, “The book of admonishment to the beginnings of the science of stars”, “Separation of speech about the problem of shadows”, “The Book of Information for the Knowledge of Jewels”, “India”. In these works, the adherence of the Bulgars to Islam is mentioned several times, which was especially emphasized by the author, despite the fact that this people lived far to the north, on the edge of the “inhabited land”. This northern location of the Volga Bulgaria and its localization among the seven climates were especially noted by al-Biruni. He specifically paid attention to the geographical coordinates of the two cities of Bulgaria, which, according to his ideas, were in the state of the Slavs (as-sakaliba). It is possible that this view was based on Ibn Fadlan's book about his journey to the Volga Bulgaria, although al-Biouni does not mention this event. The author also showed the position of the shores of this country among the seas of the Earth, pointing to a certain northern bay of the Surrounding Sea, which is in contact with the country of the Volga Bulgars. This information has different interpretations. Al-Biruni singled out the information of the Bulgars about trade with the northern peoples of the Isu and Yura. Al-Biruni was one of the first to inform about the trade relations of these peoples with the Bulgars, their methods of trade (“barter trade”) and their ways of moving on the snow. A unique evidence of the language spoken by the inhabitants of the Bulgar city of Suvar as a combination of Turkic and Khazar is revealed. Some of the messages cited by al-Biruni were obtained by him from the books of geographers of the 9th–10th centuries, but revised by the author in accordance with his own knowledge and ideas; some of the messages are original. The idea of our author about the cities and people of the Bulgars as the most remote people of the civilized world is emphasized by the fact that the Bulgars, unlike other nearby peoples (such as the Isu and Yura), are Muslims, which was repeatedly emphasized by him in different books. Despite the use of the books of his predecessors, al-Biruni showed that the Bulgars in his time were quite important in the international arena due to the Muslim religion and trade.
5
Konovalova, Irina. "Volga Bulgaria on the Map of Ibn Hawqal". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, nr 4 (2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021123-2.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of information about the Volga Bulgaria in “The Book of the Picture of the Earth” (Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ) by an Arab scholar of the second half of the 10th century Ibn Ḥawqal who combined descriptive and cartographic ways of showing the earth in his work. This makes it possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the cartographic image of the country, on the one hand, and its textual description, on the other. The article reveals the main sources about the Bulgars and states that the image of Bulgaria on Ibn Ḥawqal’s world map was based on the Arab tradition of describing the Volga Bulgars as a people who lived on the banks of the Atil River. The real information underlying this tradition was connected with the Volga-Caspian trade route well known to Islamic merchants already in the 9th century. Therefore, the localization of the Volga Bulgaria on the map was attached to the image of the Atil River and the peoples adjacent to the Bulgars — the Rus and the Slavs. The novelty of Ibn Ḥawqal’s information about the Volga Bulgaria was connected with the cartographic localization of the Bulgars and with the positioning of Bulgaria on the religious and political map of the world as a state that occupied a peripheral position in relation to the three world empires (Islamic world, Byzantium and China), but at the same time was significant in the context of the story about the ecumene as a whole.
6
Belenov, Nikolay Valeryevich. "Najib Hamadani and Ahmed at-Tusi’s Bulgarian oikonyms and their location in the former Volga Bulgaria". Samara Journal of Science 5, nr 3 (1.09.2016): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20163206.
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This article attempts to localize the fortresses of the Volga Bulgars (first of all, fortresses Marj and Tehshu) known from medieval authors reportedly Najib Hamadani and Ahmed at-Tusi. In the course of solving this problem the question of these authors data reliability is raised, as well as the common source of this information borrowing. There is a good reason to see this in the source known among the Arab-Persian historical and geographical medieval manuscripts as Rizal by Ahmed ibn Fadlan, the Secretary of Abbasid embassy to the Volga Bulgars Elteber Almush, who visited the Volga in 922. This fact explains the absence of Bulgarian cities known from other sources in the given lists as well as the question of uniqueness of Hamadani and at-Tusis information. On the basis of the sources synthesis, place-and folklore studies, the article proposes some options for localization of some of these forts and etymology options of Bulgarian oikonyms mentioned in the papers by the considered authors. The author proves the importance of place names data at the present stage of Bulgar study research, especially of Volga Bulgaria historical geography as well as further studies are planned.
7
Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko, Konstantin Aleksandrovich ч. "MEDIEVAL UDMURTS AND VOLGA BULGARIA IN X - EARLY XIII CENTURIES". Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 15, nr 3 (28.09.2021): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634//2224-9443-2021-15-3-469-480.
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The article deals with the problem of relations between two neighboring peoples - medieval Udmurts and Volga Bulgars in the 10 - early 13 centuries. The main material for the study was the archaeological materials presented at the present time by a significant number of studied archaeological objects - settlements and burial grounds. The author examines three stages of ethnocultural contacts: 1) X - the second half of the XI century; 2) the end of the XI - the middle of the XII century; 3) the second half of the XII - the beginning of the XIII century. At the beginning of the first stage, the degree of development of the material culture of both Bulgars and the Cheptsa population was at the same level, and the possibilities of development on the basis of raw materials in the Udmurt Cis-Urals were much higher. This situation persisted until the second half of the 10 century, when the Bulgar state began to actively develop the trade space to the north of its borders. Nevertheless, the Chepets population during this period was less exposed to the Bulgar trade expansion than the Mari, Mordovians and Murom, developing crafts and expanding ties with the Perm Urals. At the second stage, groups of settlers from the Volga Bulgaria appeared on Chepts, who influenced the development of high-tech industries and the emergence of new types of artifacts, for example, items of the Askiz type. By the end of the XII century. they have completely assimilated. In the same period, the connections of the Chepets population with the Perm Cis-Urals and Russian lands expanded. This situation continued at the third stage. At that time, mainly rare goods, for example, silk fabrics, were brought from the Volga Bulgaria. Thus, for three centuries, close ties of the medieval Udmurts with the Volga Bulgars remained, demonstrating special mechanisms of interaction in the changing conditions of the functioning of medieval ethnic groups in different models of cultural development.
8
Valeev, Rafael M., i Yuri A. Zeleneev. "Muslim Coins as a Commodity and Means of Payment in International and Internal Trade In Volga-Ural Region In 8th- Beginning of 11th cc". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, nr 38 (20.12.2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.4.38.137.151.
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The article examines the spread of Muslim Kufic coins in Eastern, Western and Northern Europe, on the territory of Volga Bulgaria, Ancient Rus, the neighbours of Bulgars – ancestors of the Mari, Udmurt, Mordva and other Finno-Ugric ethnicities during the early Middle Ages in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries. The research of these coins shows the list of countries and Muslim dynasties the above-mentioned countries had trade relations with and their chronological framework. Coins of Umayyads, Abbasids, Samanids, Buwayhids, Ziyarids, Qarakhanids and other Muslim dynasties were discovered. Ways of Kufic dirhems expansion and their chronological framework are shown. The main role of Khazar Khanate is marked for the time span of 8th – 9th centuries whereas since X century the principal part was played by Volga Bulgaria. American numismatist T. Noonan designated them as Khazar and Bulgar phases of trade of Kufic coins. Bulgar coins, minted in 902–990-s, participated actively in this process. Together they acted as a commodity and medium of exchange, which reflected the scale of trade operations of the early Middle Ages. The study of Muslim Kufic dirhems allowed the author to clear up the role of Khazar Khanate and Volga Bulgaria in the functioning of Great Silk and Volga routes in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries.
9
Khamidullin, Salavat I. "RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BASHKIRS AND THE VOLGA BULGARS IN THE 10TH–13TH CENTURIES". Ural Historical Journal 71, nr 2 (2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-2(71)-137-145.
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The article examines the history of relations between the Bashkirs and the Volga Bulgars based on written sources (Arab-Muslim, Mongolian and Western European) and archaeological data. The study analyzes the earliest historical information preserved in the geographical tradition of al-Balkhi, represented by such authors of the 10th century as al-Istakhri and Ibn Haukal, as well as in the work of the 12th century geographer al-Idrisi. Special attention is paid to the problem of political affiliation of the Сhiyalik culture tribes, which, according to most scientists, were of Ugric origin. On this basis, they are figuratively called “Eastern Hungarians” in historical literature. The article concludes that the majority of Сhiyalik tribes were a part of the Bashkir polity already in the 10th century. At least, the 13th century Western European authors (Rubruck, Plano Carpini) equated Bashkiria with “Great Hungary” (Magna Hungaria). However, some of Сhiyalik tribes recognized the suzerainty of the Volga Bulgars. These, apparently, should include the Bashkir tribe Bulyar, which corresponds to the “land of Bular”, mentioned in the Hungarian chronicle “Gesta Hungarorum” and by al-Gharnati (12th century) as a part of Volga Bulgaria. With the beginning of the Mongol invasion in the Ural-Volga region, the Bashkirs accepted the Chingissids’ offer of an alliance, after which they participated in the conquest of Volga Bulgaria and in campaigns on the territory of other Eastern European countries.
10
Salmin, Anton. "Matters of the Danube Bulgars Identity and the Historical Ancestors of Chuvash in the Studies of Arist Kunik". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, nr 1 (luty 2022): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.1.14.
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Introduction. Academic of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg Arist Kunik published his work “On the Relationship of Hagan-Bulgarians with the Chuvash According to the Slavic-Bulgarian Nominalia” in 1878. The matters of the historical relationship of Bulgarians and Chuvash have been widely discussed since that time. The objective of the article is to evaluate the basic provisions of Kunik’s study from the point of view of innovative advances in this field. Attention is focused on the identity of Danube Bulgars and the historical ancestors of modern Chuvash. Methods and materials. Kunik based his reasoning on two books of Andrey Popov with the review of chronicles in the Russian version. Such chronicles are consolidated in scientific literature under the conventional name ‘Nominalia’. Kunik also used the opinions of Vasily Radlov. Analysis. Matters of the Danube Bulgars ethnogenesis enter largely into Kunik’s work. Given the fact that the Bulgars had come from the Caucasus and then divided into descents in the Volga and the Danube regions, Kunik resorts to comparative characteristics of the Danube and Volga historical ancestors of the Bulgars. In the Middle Volga region, the Bulgars appeared in the 8th – 9th centuries. This is evidenced by the archeological monuments of the saltov type. Bulgarian researchers find direct correspondence between the Kubrat and Asparuhovo Bulgarians. Results. Kunik says that the Chuvash are direct descendants of Bulgars. However, his views on this matter are quite unreliable. His doubts were dispelled in the 20th – 21st centuries by the historical science. In spite of the ambiguity of a lot of Kunik’s provisions on the identity of Danube Bulgars and the Chuvash, now his suppositions are confirmed to a great extent – primarily, by linguists. Generally Kunik based his research on the names of Bulgarian khans and numeral adjectives in the Nominalia.
11
Stavitsky, Vladimir V. "The problem of locating the battle of 1223 between the Mongols and the Volga Bulgars". Golden Horde Review 12, nr 2 (2024): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-2.282-291.
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Research objectives: To clarify the localization and circumstances of the battle that took place in 1223 between the Mongols and the Volga Bulgars. Research materials: Data from the Complete History of Ibn al-Asir, Russian chronicles, archaeological materials of Zolotarevsky settlement are analyzed, hypotheses of Russian historians are considered: A.Kh. Khalikov, L.N. Gumilev, I.L. Izmailov and others. Research results and scientific novelty: The 800 years since the battle of Volga Bulgars with Mongols is celebrated this year. Direct information about the battle is contained only in the work of Ibn al-Asir. Geographical coordinates of the battle are absent; it is only recorded that it took place when the Mongols approached the city of Bulgar. A.Kh. Khalikov suggested that the battle took place in the Volga region, near Samarskaya Luka. L.N. Gumilev believed that the Mongols were defeated at the crossing of the Volga, but this point of view does not agree with the data provided by Ibn al-Asir. I.L. Izmailov came to the conclusion that the battle took place on the, Upper Sura in the vicinity of the Zolotarev settlement where a significant collection of elite Mongol armament was gathered. The settlement was on a trade way from Bulgar to Kiev. Therefore, if the Mongols went from the territory of the Don region, they could hardly pass it. However, according to Chinese and Old Russian sources, the main goal of the Mongols was to defeat the Cumans. In pursuit of them they had to go to Saksin and only from there turn to the north. In the message of Ibn al-Asir there is a figure of 4 thousand Mongol warriors. A number of historians believe that it refers only to the number of troops who retreated to Saksin, but more likely is the assumption that this is the number of those who died in the battle. In this connection, only the vanguard detachment pursuing the Polovtsians was defeated in the battle.
12
Valeev, Rafael M. "Trade Contacts of Volga Bulgaria with the Mordvins in the 10th – Beginning of the 15th Century". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, nr 44 (30.06.2023): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2023.2.44.63.71.
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The author publishes the results of studies of trade contacts between the Volga Bоlgars and Mordvins in the 10th – early 15th centuries. First of all, coin hoards are investigated, the number of coins found in burial grounds, as well as household items and inscriptions indicating the presence of trade contacts between the Bulgars, Tatars and Mordvins are analyzed. The findings of metal boilers and kettles among the Finno-Ugric peoples, primarily the Mordvins, who performed a sacred function, and their place in trade are analyzed. In addition, some data from written monuments are given, for example, "Tale of Bygone Years". Based on these sources, a comprehensive analysis of the changes in trade contacts between the Bulgars and Mordvins during the times of Volga Bоlgaria and the Golden Horde is carried out, data on their evolution, an increase in trade volumes and the reasons that led to this are given, a general description of the processes is given.
13
Abdullin, Yahya G. "Islam in the history of the volga kama bulgars and tatars". Central Asian Survey 9, nr 2 (styczeń 1990): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634939008400695.
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K., Rudenko. "Dating of the Iron Buckles, Plaques on the Belt and Hooks of the Middle Ages Period from the Middle Volga Region (based on the Materials of the Ostolopovo Settlement in Tatarstan)". Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 34, nr 4 (grudzień 2022): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(4).-06.
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The article deals with iron buckles, plaques on the belt and hooks from the excavations of the Ostolopovo settlement in Tatarstan. It existed in the 11th — 12th centuries. The Ostolopovo settlement was one of the settlements in the central part of the Volga Bulgaria, located on the way from the center of the state to the Kama River, which was the most important trade route of Bulgaria. The settlement was investigated in 1969 and 1997–2013. It is distinguished by a unique stratigraphy, which is associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the settlement. This settlement existed for a short time — from the end of the 10th century to the second half of the 12th century. The heyday of the settlement fell on the second half of the 11th — the fi rst half of the 12th century. During the excavations, 40 iron buckles, plaques on the belt and hooks were found. The peculiarity of these artifacts was that they were made according to samples that came to the Bulgars from Southern Siberia. Their prototypes were items of the Askiz archaeological culture. Such fi nds are typical for the Bulgar archaeological sites of the pre-Mongol period. In addition, Bulgar copies of Askiz originals spread beyond the borders of Volga Bulgaria. They are found among the medieval Mari, Udmurts, Permians, Mordovians. Th erefore, finding out the time of existence of such items is very important for dating the archaeological materials of the entire Volga-Kama region. Well-dated layers of the Ostolopovsky settlement allow this to be done. The analysis of the finds showed that they begin to occur in the third stratigraphic layer, which dates back to no earlier than the middle — second half of the 11th century. It contained a few items from a belt with an iron buckle and plaques on the belt that adorned it. Most of the finds come from the second layer, which was formed from the turn of the 11th–12th centuries until the second third of the 12th century. They are notable for their improved form design, which also included decoration of the surface with ornaments and possibly silver inlay. Finds of this type are no longer found in the upper horizon of the second layer. Thus, the period of the use of the Bulgar derivatives of Askiz products in the Ostolopovo settlement is the second half of the 11th — the second third of the 12th century. According to stratigraphy, the greatest use of such artifacts was in the first half of the 12th century.
15
Feldman, Alex. "The Decline and Fall of Khazaria – Might or Money?" Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, nr 4 (2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021412-0.
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This paper explores the underlying reasons for the 10–11th-century decline and disappearance of Khazaria. According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, Khazaria was conquered by the Kievan Rus’ian prince Svjatoslav in the 960s after a prolonged period of mutual estrangement between Byzantine Christendom and Khazaria following the khağans’ late-9th-century adoption of Judaism. This is undoubtedly an important part of the story of Khazaria’s decline and disappearance, but it ignores larger economic factors at play – which were more related to Islamic-Judaic economics than Christian-Judaic politics. In the early 920s, the Islamic scholar and traveler ibn Fadlān ventured around the eastern Caspian to Bolgar, the town of Almuš, the ruler of the Volga Bulgars, who was concurrently subjugated to the Judaic Khazarian khağan. Utilizing ibn Fadlān’s Islamic learning, Almuš converted to Islam and effectively declared independence from the Judaic Khazarian khağan. Within a generation, the silver trade routes which flowed from the south through the Caucasus to Khazaria in exchange for pagan slaves from the far north, on which the Khazarian khağans had relied for centuries, shifted around to ibn Fadlān’s route to the east of the Caspian Sea, from Islamic Khwārazmia to Islamic Volga Bulgaria, and bypassing the tolls levied by the Judaic khağans. Very quickly, the khağans could not pay their soldiers to defend their realm from the increasingly emboldened Rus’ assaults. Ultimately, there is evidence that the decline and fall of Khazaria reflected an Islamic preference to do direct business between Khwārazmia and the Volga Bulgaria and to bypass Khazaria altogether.
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Robustova, E. V., i N. M. Liukina. "The Language of the Besermians in the Light of the Historical Communication Processes of the Peoples of the Volga-Urals Region". Язык и текст 8, nr 2 (2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2021080208.
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The article considers the linguistic aspects of the "Bessermian problem", the essence of which lies in the debatability of the question of the Bessermian ethnogenesis, namely about either the Turkic or Finno-Ugric origin of the Bessermian ethnos, whose history, unfolding during the last centuries on the territory of the Urals region, has no written sources and is little-studied. The interest to this problem stems from the studies of historical migrations of the peoples who constituted the population of Volga Bulgaria, a powerful state formation, which ceased to exist during the Mongol-Tatar conquests, and clarification of the historical fate of the people, recorded in a number of medieval sources under the designation "Beserm'en". In the connection with the attempts to verify the hypothesis, allowing to consider Bessermians as "direct descendants of the Kama Bulgars", the materials collected by the researchers of Bessermian language in the late 19th century, as well as in the 20th – early 21st centuries, were updated and subjected to the scientific-historical consideration, where the comparison of Bessermian dialect with Chuvash language, scientifically recognized as the only living language of Bulgar (or Oghur) group of the Turkish languages, was made. On the basis of the historiographical analysis the conclusion is made: despite the fact that at present Besermians are referred to small Finno-Ugrian groups, the question of their identification with the autochthonous Finno-Ugrian.
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Rodionov, Vitaliy G. "IMAGES OF THE FIRST PRIMAL FOREFATHERS OF THE HUNNO-BULGARS AND THEIR ETHNOGENETIC TRADITIONS". Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, nr 3 (29.09.2023): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2023-3-122-131.
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The purpose of the study is to trace the evolutionary path of the images of the primal forefathers of the Hunno-Bulgars and their descendants.
Materials and methods. Ethnographic data from ancient and later sources were used, an ethnolinguistic and comparative approach to the study was applied. The etymological works of modern linguists-Turkologists are considered.
Results. In this article, the word “primal forefather” refers to the “natural-ancestral divine essence” of Eastern (primarily Chinese) antiquity. The most ancient images of the Hunno-Bulgars’ primal forefathers were formed in the pre-Altai era. They reflected the surrounding world of ancient hunters, primarily the world of wild animals. People concluded an agreement on mutual donation with the ancestral primal forefather *taŋgïrï (“oath”, “deity”). In the era of contacts with the ancestors of the Chinese, the Huns (Xiongnu) began to represent their primal forefather as a celestial inhabitant, setting the world in motion by shifting the masculine and feminine principles. In different epochs of interrelations with the tribes of Eastern Iranians, the culture of the ancestors of the Bulgaro-Chuvash experienced the beneficial effect of their “animal style”. In the early Middle Ages, various narrative texts about the primal forefathers-giants and epic heroes-bogatyrs began to appear in their folk art. The ethnogenetic legends of the Chuvash eventually transformed into legends about the origin of their settlements.
Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the images of the primal forefathers of the ancient ancestors of the Hunno-Bulgars and their descendants showed that these images were constantly evolving, gaining new features. At first they appeared to people in the guise of a sacred animal; a little later, instead of the leading animal, the primal forefather-hunter appears who finds new lands; then the Bulgarian plot of the ethnogenetic legend gradually turns into a narrative about an extraordinary giant hero, surprising with his physique and strength. The Turkic–speaking peoples of the Volga region and the Urals called such a hero Ulap/Alp, and the meadow Mari and the Udmurts – Onar and Alangasar.
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Yuzeev, A. N. "Tatar Philosophy (General and Special Traits — The Middle Ages)". Islam in the modern world 16, nr 3 (25.10.2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2020-16-3-81-92.
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Tatar philosophy has a long history and dates back to the ancestors of the Tatars, i. e. the Volga Bulgars, who fi rst laid the foundations of philosophical knowledge in the Middle Ages in the X century. Medieval Tatar literature of the X — third quarter of the XVIII centuries is one of the foundations of Tatar social and philosophical thought (A. Yasavi (XII century), Qul- Gali (XIII century), Qutb (XIV century), S. Sarai (XIV century), Muhammadyar (XVI century)). Most of the works of Tatar thinkers of the X–XVIII centuries are syncretic. Works at the same time were both a literary source, and a book on ethics, and an essay that reveals the philosophical views of Tatar thinkers.
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Timokhin, Dmitriy M. "Muslim sources on the connections of Khorezm, Desht-i Qipchak and the Volga region in the XII century". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, nr 4 (2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020547-8.
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This study is devoted to the analysis of information from Muslim sources regarding the political and economic relations of Khorezm with the Volga region and the nomadic Turkic tribes of the eastern Desht-i Qipchak in the 12th century. The author paid attention to the message of the Persian historian Juzjani in his work “Tabakat-i Nasiri” (“Nasir Tables”) that Khorezmshah Qutb ad-Din Muhammad (1097-1127) kept the borders of his state “from the infidel Saksins, Bulgars and Qipchaks”. Despite the fact that at first glance this message does not correlate well with the historical realities known to researchers and information from other Muslim monuments, the author of the article tried to find out what could be hidden behind this statement of Juzjani. This medieval author confused Qutb ad-Din Muhammad and his son, 'Ala' ad-Din Atsyz (1127-1256), who not only made several military campaigns within Desht-i Qipchak, but, from the point of view, the author may be the same ruler of Khorezm, about whom another Muslim historian, al-Garnati, gives a historical anecdote, which refers to the siege of the city of Saksin by Khorezmian troops, which allegedly continued for forty years. The aggressive political and economic expansion of Khorezm during the years of Atsiz's reign could well become a prototype not only for al-Garnati's report, but also become the basis for the quoted quotation from Tabakat-i Nasiri. The mention of "Bulgars" in it can also be explained through the work of al-Garnati, who mentions that a large Bulgarian community was present in Saksin.
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Rashitov, Danil Damirovich. "Traditions of using jewelry and precious metals in customs, religion and folklore of the Tatars". Культура и искусство, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2021.1.32186.
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The article discusses the historical-culturological component of jewelry and precious metals in culture and living environment of the Volga Tatars. Emphasis is placed on the customs, folklore and religious aspects with mentioning on the jewelry and precious metals. Detailed description is given to the current situation and meaning of jewelry within the framework of the topic of research. The goal lies in conducting a historical-culturological overview and analysis of jewelry and precious metals in the context of spiritual culture of the Volga Tatars, which necessitates to examine the cult component of jewelry and images related to precious metals. The author also touches upon the influence of pre-Islamic and Islamic culture upon the survived artifacts. Analysis is conducted on such aspects of the Tatar culture, which indicate correlation between jewelry, spiritual heritage, and religion. The author point out the instances when jewelry reflects intangible culture in the material component of the Tatar people; as well as reveals the unique code of the Tatar culture that to one or another extent is depicted on jewelry items. The article reviews some cultural traces of the period before the Bulgars, and chronological development of the Tatar culture up to the present day under the influence of Islam.
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Shafikov, I. F. "By Ways of Memory: Identity and Pattern of the Past in H. Amirkhan's «Tawarikh-e Bulgharia»". Minbar. Islamic Studies 16, nr 2 (9.06.2023): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2023-16-2-273-290.
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The article presents the thoughts of one of the first Tatar historians Husain Amirkhan (1814–1893) about the historical genealogy of the Muslims of the Volga-Urals and the Muslim tradition of the region as a whole. The original text, in many respects, conducts a dialogue and opposes the work of Hisamuddin Muslimi with the same title dated by the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. Accents, in the form of the author’s historical memory, comply to the system of values in which the author was formed as a person, as an alim, as a historian. The perception of the past and the historical genealogy of one's people reflects the first attempt at a systematic analysis outside the methods of modern knowledge.H. Amirkhan calls his contemporaries “Muslims”, the word “Tatars” appears in the sections about the origin of the Bulgars and in the story about the history of Kazan after joining Russia. The existence of Islam and its history become the main context of the “stories” of the region, the author absorbs and adapts local stories within the history of the Muslims of the Volga-Urals. This is reflected in the use of shajara and the history of settlements.H. Amirkhan uses texts that were the part of the local tradition of historical writing, while actively engaging in polemics with them. Following the logic of written and possibly oral sources, the author most loyally and ethically presents a consistent and chronological narrative about the past of the Muslim population of the Volga-Urals and of the region as a whole. A created pattern of perception of the past, which, with certain assumptions, exists to the present.
22
Grebennikov, Nikita. "“Godless” and “heathen”: image of the Volga Bulgars in Old-Russian chronicling of the 12th – beginning of the 13th century". CASUS. The individual and unique in history 15 (2020): 311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2306-0638-2020-15-311-334.
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Zimonyi, István. "The Role of Trade in the Conversion to Islam and in the History of the Volga Bulghars". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, nr 4 (2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021351-3.
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The trade-network of Afro-Eurasia changed radically in the 9th–10th centuries, instead of the former east-west routes the south-north came to the fore. The Volga-Kama region became the most important port of trade between the Islamic world and Eastern Europe in the beginning of the 10th century which set in motion the formation of the Volga Bulghar state and the conversion to Islam. The Volga Bulghars are mentioned in the Muslim sources as the center of trade. Ibn Faḍlān, al-Masʿūdī give a detailed picture of this intensive trade. The Muslim dirhams came from Samanid mints to the Volga region and the Volga Bulghar merchants bought northern merchandise (furs, slaves, wax, honey etc.) in the 10th century. Al-Muqaddasī gives an exhaustive list of trade goods from the Volga Bulgar area at the end of the 10th century. After the disappearance of the silver dirhams in the first decades of the 11th century the state of the Volga Bulghars remained a significant trade center. The Muslim maps of Ibn Ḥawqal, Maḥmūd al-Kāshġarī and al-Idrīsī reflect a river system called Etil which is waterway commercial network. It connects Central Asia via Siberia with the Volga-Kama region, the northern regions can be reached on the way along the Kama and perhaps the Vyatka, the northeastern network includes the Oka, Unzha and upper Volga. The southern routes represent the lower Volga from the territory of Volga Bulghars to the Caspian Sea and the Volga-Don portage plus the lower Don until its estuary to the Azov Sea.
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Dziekan, Marek M. "Niezwykłe dzieje pierwszych edycji Kitāb Ibn Faḍlāna. Orientalistyka i polityka w połowie XX w." Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 68, nr 2 (29.06.2023): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.23.013.17875.
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The article is devoted to the political circumstances that influenced certain decisions regarding the first two editions of the travel report of the Arab traveler Ibn Faḍlān from Baghdad to the Volga Bulgars (921–922). The now-famous text of the voyage account, known as the Mashhad manuscript, was discovered in 1923 by a Turkish orientalist of Bashkir origin, Ahmed Zeki Velidi Togan (1890–1970) and formed the basis of his doctoral dissertation defended at the University of Vienna in 1935. Due to various problems, the German translation (in book form) was only published in print in 1939. The same year saw the publication of a Russian translation of the voyage description by a Soviet Arabist – Andrei P. Kovalevskiy (1895–1969). Both scholars conflicted with the USSR authorities: Togan had fought with the Soviet Army in 1920–1923, while Kovalevskiy was sentenced to five years in the gulag in 1938 on (as it later turned out) a wrongful charge of counterrevolutionary activity. These circumstances unexpectedly influenced the scholarly study of Ibn Faḍlān’s medieval work, incorporating it into the USSR’s domestic and foreign policy at the time.
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Porsin, Artem, i Zukhra Junissova. "Eastern and Western Hungarians in the Uluses of Chagatai and Jochi". Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, nr 5 (31.10.2023): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp235307333.
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The purpose of the study is to identify the links between the groups referred to in the sources of the XIII—XV centuries as “Magyars” or “Hungarians” with nomadic Hungarians or subjects of the Hungarian king who were taken to the east after the Mongol invasion. Traditionally, the first recorded contact between Catholic missionaries and Eastern Hungarians dates back to 1235. However, there is a reason to date the first journey of Julian not to 1234—1235, but to 1221—1222. Julian described two groups of Eastern Hungarians. The first on was located on the territory of the Volga Bulgaria. Those people have already moved to a settled way of life, but have retained the language. The second group — nomadic Hungarians, bordered on the Bulgars from the east. At the time of Julian’s visit to them, they entered into a military alliance with the Jochi Mongols. A year after Julian’s departure in the second half of 1223, the Mongols began a war with the Hungarians and the Eastern Kypchaks. Apparently, it began on the orders of Chagatai, whom Genghis Khan sent to the west along with Jochi. The confrontation between the Eastern Hungarians and the Mongols ended with the subjugation of Greater Hungary in 1236. Part of the Eastern Hungarians moved west to the borders of Rus’, where they lived in the second half of the 15th century. Another group of Hungarians is recorded in the 14th century in the Chagatai ulus. This was an aristocratic group that included someone from the Arpad dynasty, while circumstantial evidence suggests their stable relationship with the Jochids.
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SALDZHIEV, Hristo. "THE TURKIC R-/L-THEORY – HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS". Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum), ezs.swu.v20i2 (30.05.2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v20i2.1.
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The present article deals with some of the many controversial aspects of the Turkic –l/-r theory concerning the origin and affiliation of the language of the so called “Danube Bulghars” (7th – 9th century. The theory in question is based on the hypothesis of supposed relative relationships between “Danube” and “Volga” Bulghars. However, contrary to these views accepted a priori in the modern Turkic studies there are a lot of evidences that bring in question the entire hypothesis: the appearance of the ethnonym “Bulghar” in the region of Volga is obviously connected with the oikonym “Bolgar” whose origin is unclear (it could be result of migration of some group with “Bulghar” identity or to be a local hidronym of Finno-Ugric origin transformed to oikonym), the evidences of the early Arab author Ibn Fadlan who personally visited “Volga Bulghars” in 922 do not support the existing of “Bulghar ethnical identity” in the region of Volga at the beginning of the 10th century, just like the latter Volga-Kama inscriptions do not support the existing of similar identity in the period between 13th – 15th century, the clan names of and the titles used by the “Danube Bulghars” do not have any correspondences among “Volga Bulghars”, the attempts at etymologizing some “Danube Bulgharian” words as –l/-r correspondences to the Chuvash numerals and words which are based on “phonetic rules” refuted by the language traces - words and antroponyms, known from the language of the “Danube Bulghars”.
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Zoidov, Kobiljon Kh, i Alexey A. Medkov. "Problems of formation and development of the modern Russian economy on the evolutionary and institutional basis of the Russian statehood". Market economy problems, nr 1 (2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33051/2500-2325-2021-1-149-162.
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The research is aimed at identifying, describing and analyzing the problems of the formation and development of the modern Russian economy on the evolutionary and institutional basis of the Russian statehood and developing recommendations for the implementation of a promising state foreign and domestic economic policy. Goal. On the basis of historical and economic analysis, to identify the ways of further socio-economic development of Russia, the directions of the revival and strengthening of the Russian statehood, by activating the transport and transit direction «North-South», the formation of innovative and industrial belts of trade routes of the XXI century, connecting the country with the Islamic world. Tasks. Conducting historical and economic analysis of the evolutionary and institutional foundations of Russian statehood, forms of interstate and corporate partnership in the development, functioning and development of global trade routes in a broad sense. Substantiation of the Norman-Islamic theory of the origin of the Ancient Russian statehood based on the analysis of historical facts, as well as the logic of the origin, functioning and evolutionary development of trade routes. Identify the main areas of interaction and socio-economic development of Russia and the countries of the Islamic world and develop recommendations for political, economic, organizational and institutional changes. Methodology. The research uses the methods of evolutionary and institutional theory, the theory of production-technological balance, world system analysis and historical approach. The results of the study are based on the theory of transit economy developed by the authors, modeling the functioning of trade routes, and understanding the processes of formation and evolution of Global Eurasia. Results. It is determined that Islam became the state-forming factor of Ancient Russia through the displacement, the formation of new and the development of trade routes operated by the Normans. Three directions of the influence of the Islamic world on the formation of a united Ancient Russian state are identified: the search for new routes to Byzantium by the Normans after the expansion of the Arab Caliphate in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula; establishment of direct relations with the Arab Caliphate along the Volga-Caspian water trade route; adoption of Islam by the neighbors of Ancient Russia - the Volga Bulgars, who have close trade relations with the Arab Caliphate and control the Volga-Caspian water trade route. Conclusions. The revival of modern Russia should and will be based on the functioning and evolutionary development of trade routes in the direction of «North-South» by establishing, expanding and strengthening contacts with the Islamic world. The creation and development of the Norman-Aryan Trade Route of the XXI century and its vast innovation and industrial belt should become a global political, economic, industrial and technological direction for ensuring interaction and socio-economic development of Russia and the countries of the Islamic world.
28
Liphanov, Nikolay. "Book review: Bogachev A. V., Frantsuzov D. A. Costume of the Proto-Bulgars of the Middle Volga region: late 7th — early 10th century (Samara: SGTU, 2012. 350 pp.)". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, nr 8 (20.06.2014): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2014.2.8.261.283.
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Howard-Johnston, James. "Rus and Khazars". Studia Ceranea 13 (30.12.2023): 381–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.13.45.
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The southern thrust of the Rus in the ninth–tenth centuries is to be explained not only by Viking hunger for wealth and glory, but also by the large, rapidly growing market for furs in the Caliphate. In order to reach that market, the Rus had to cross the Khazars’ sphere of influence in the steppes and wooded steppes of the Volga and Don regions. The khaganate was a great power, which presided over many client peoples. It was perhaps awareness of the potential threat posed by the Rus which prompted the Khazars to improve their northern defences in the 830s. There is clear evidence that they then extended their authority over the Rus, their khagan being acknowledged as Rus ruler. The subsequent history of the Rus, up to their successful rebellion in 965, can only be understood if account is taken of Khazar influence and of wider geopolitical circumstances. The following propositions, all to some extent conjectural, are put forward: (1) that the first Rus attack on Constantinople in 860 was a show of force, timed to coincide with several Arab raids on Byzantine territory, and that it was initiated by the Khazars at the urging of the central Abbasid authorities; (2) that Byzantium was seeking a useful ally both against the Balkan Bulgars and against the Sajids of Azerbaijan, when it offered substantial trade concessions to the Rus in 911, that no objection was made by the Khazars, who had recently faced problems from the Oghuz Turks and their Pecheneg clients, and that the treaty resulted in a damaging Rus raid in the Caspian region after 912–913; (3) that there was a serious deterioration in Khazar-Byzantine relations in the 920s; (4) that the second Rus attack on Constantinople in 941 (this time in great force) was instigated by the Khazars, in response to an abortive Rus rebellion; and (5) that the Rus subsequently patched up relations with the Khazars, who allowed them to invade Azerbaijan in 944–945, and made peace with the Byzantines, signing a new trade treaty in 944. Apart from some evidence of assimilation of Khazar customs, it was the division of the Rus into twenty or so distinct principalities which was the principal longterm outcome of Khazar influence.
30
Halim, Harliana, Kamaruzaman Yusoff, Shakila Ahmad, Mohd Faizal Abdul Khir, Abdul Hafiz Abdullah, Hani Suraya Aziz, Shamsaadal Sholeh Saad i Abdullah Sulaim. "Ibn Fadlan’s Role in The Islamisation of Bulghar Society". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.9 (2.10.2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.9.20674.
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Islam is the oldest established religion among Bulghar entity, the residents along the riverbanks of the Volga-Kama triangle. This valley was famous as the first Islamic country erected in the Eastern European region. The presence of Islam in the region has raised the name of the ruler of Volga Bulgaria and was reinforced by relationship with Baghdad. The Islamisation of the Bulghar society is relevant to the role played by Ahmad ibn Fadlan, the ambassador of the Abbasid government based in Baghdad. Therefore, this article aims to examine the role played by Ibn Fadlan in the Islamization of the Bulghar society. For this study, a qualitative method using historical descriptive approach was employed, which involved compilation and evaluation of the facts of the Risalah Ibn Fadlān. Data for this study were obtained through library research. The data analyses were conducted through texts and document analyses, as well as comparison method. This study finds that Ibn Fadlan plays an important role in the islamisation of the Bulghar society, not just as an ambassador of Abbasid government but as a teacher, preacher and counselor to the Bulghar king and the whole nation.
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Krylasova, Natalia B., i Andrey R. Smertin. "Still – these are Heeltaps (on the topic of heeled footwear in the Middle Ages)". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, nr 46 (22.12.2023): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2023.4.46.223.234.
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Among materials from the Volga Bulgaria of the 11th–13th centuries, as well as the territories under Bulgarian rule, forged oval-shaped articles reminiscent of shoe heel section can be found. There is no unanimous opinion concerning these finds among researchers. A considerable assortment of these items was excavated at the Rozhdestvensky settlement in the Perm Region. Analysis showed that they were made of raw steel, with the base a half-oval plate with folded edges and with three apertures for little cylinder-capped nails, the cap standing out on the item’s surface.Cylinder nuts were put on the nails from the inner side and were forged when heated. The nuts held a leather plate in place, which was thought to be a lower lift of the built-up heel. Thus the items under scrutiny served as heeltaps. It is recognized that first heels appeared in the 9th century as a feature of Persian riders’ footwear. They helped to hold the feet firmly in the stirrups when the warrior stood on the stirrups to shoot with a bow or to slash with a sabre more efficiently. Volga Bulgaria had close relations with Iran, therefore Bulgar riders may well have adopted a new kind of footwear. Even though there is no other evidence save the iron heeltaps, it may be assumed that heeled footwear was adopted in Volga Bulgaria sooner than in Rus and European countries, where it happened in the 16th century. This fact is essential for both studying the footwear of the Middle Ages and tactics of fighting on horseback.
32
Rudenko, Konstantin. "The Toreutics of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde Bulgar Ulus: problems of tradition continuity". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, nr 6 (20.12.2013): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2013.4.6.34.46.
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Mukhetdinov, D. V. "Kh. Faizhanov’s Historical Heritage". Islam in the modern world 19, nr 2 (11.07.2023): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2023-19-2-27-46.
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The article, which continues the cycle of works timed to the 200th anniversary of Khusain Faizkhanov (1823-1866), considers the evo lution of methods of historical research of the scientist. It shows the stag es of Kh. Faizkhanov’s formation as a historian and reveals the factors of transformation of his views and approaches. The fi rst experience of prepa ration of independent research work was received by Kh. Faizkhanov ap proximately in 1859–1860 when he was writing the general history of the population of the Middle Volga Region. Under the infl uence of his own fur ther discoveries in source study and in-depth research methods, Kh. Faiz khanov, probably, started preparing special scientifi c works on the history of Volga Bulgaria, Kazan, and Kasimov Khanates in 1862. The fi rst of them is considered lost, the other two were not fi nished but were found in the form of manuscripts, the analysis of which made it possible to claim that they were defi nitely included in the later work of Sh. Marjani “Mustafād al- ʼaḫbār fī aḥvāl Ḳazān va Bulg̣ār”. The contradictions within the work of Sh. Marjani itself lead to the idea that Kh. Faizkhanov’s work on Volga Bulgar ia suff ered the same fate.
34
Valeev, Rafael. "Forms of trade development in Volga Bulgaria in the 9th — early 15th centuries". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, nr 10-4 (1.10.2020): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi89.
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The article examines forms of trade development in Volga Bulgaria in IX - beginning of XV centuries. Their existence and evolution was influenced by different factors, studied in this paper. Forms of trade are evidence of its continuity and significant evolution in social and economic life of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde.
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Abdulganieva, D. I., V. A. Spiridonov, A. G. Sitdikov, A. I. Zholobov, I. R. Gazimzyanov, V. S. Baranov, Sh F. Erdes, M. S. Protopopov, T. Yu Afanasyeva i A. G. Garifullina. "ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS IN THE VOLGA BULGARIA". Rheumatology Science and Practice 53, nr 3 (10.09.2015): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2015-342-345.
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Giniyatullin, R. R., i R. Sh Malikov. "A just personality as a component of humanistic utopian pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria of the late XII – early XV centuries". Vestnik Majkopskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tehnologiceskogo Universiteta, nr 2 (7.07.2024): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2078-1024-2024-16-2-69-76.
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The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the medieval utopian humanistic pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria, reflected in the poem «Kyyssai Yusuf» by the enlightener Kul Gali, has not yet been fully revealed. In this regard, the research problem is to reveal the personal characteristics of the ruler of a humane society, which interested people of all times, but found a solution only in the utopia of medieval enlighteners. The goal of the research is to reveal the humane personal qualities necessary for a ruler to organize a utopian humanistic society, which medieval educators dreamed of and described in their didactic works, including the Bulgar poet Kul Gali. The methodological basis of the study is represented by the use of methods of comparison, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization and abstraction.The research results: the study reveals the features of utopian humanistic pedagogical thought, at the center of which is the construction of a just society, which requires a person with a number of positive qualities, which were described in detail by the poet-educator Kul Gali in his poem «Kyyssai Yusuf».Key conclusions: the utopian humanistic pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria, described by the medieval poet-enlightener Kul Gali in the poem «Kyyssai Yusuf», is inextricably linked with the positive personal characteristics of the ruler, thanks to which justice, legality, equality, respect, love, mercy, sufficient food supply, etc., reign in society.
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Nigamaev, Albert, i Irina Kornilova. "Forming the urban planning traditions in the east of Europe: small towns of Volga Bulgaria". E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337603004.
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The article is devoted to the problem of originating towns in the east of medieval Europe. The authors particularly focus on the attributes of the medieval feudal town in the Volga-Kama region. The unclear criteria for the socio-historical interpretation of Bulgar hillforts present significant problems not only to distinguish towns from the total number of fortified settlements, but also to draw a line between large, medium-sized and small towns. To identify small towns, it is necessary to rely not only on such well-known criteria as the area of a fortified settlement, the features of topography, the layout of defensive fortifications, but also to consider the specific features of the origin, the structure of the population and the functions of towns. The main problem lies at the methodological level as due to the informative lack of the available written sources, such a historical and cultural phenomenon as the Bulgar town is mainly studied by using archaeological methods. As a rule, most small towns appeared much earlier than the settlements of the surrounding rural population. Almost all of them were located along rivers and land trade routes, so their main functions were to control those vital economic and military routes. Moreover, the small towns in the Kama region had served as land centers since the Pre-Mongol period. In contrast to the medium-sized towns, most small towns have preserved their historical names. The data given in the article have taken account of the number of Pre-Mongol towns in Volga Bulgaria.
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Halim, Harliana, Kamaruzaman Yusoff, Shakila Ahmad, Mohd Faizal Abdul Khir, Abdul Hafiz Abdullah, Shahidah Hamzah, Hani Suraya Aziz, Shamsaadal Sholeh Saad i Mansoureh Ebrahimi. "Analysis on social change among Bulghar society based on Risalah Ibn Fadlan 922 AD". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.9 (2.10.2018): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.9.20671.
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The role of Islam in the forming of the society solidarity consisting of multi-ethnic backgrounds into a consistency ethno system is a great thing about the Volga Bulgaria that occupied by Bulghar society. The process of Islamization has become the main factors for social changes happened in the society. Thus, this writing is intended to analyse the social changes that occurred in the society that affected Bulghar society achievement, by referred to text analysis on Risalah Ibn Fadlan, 922 AD and some other sources related. For this study, the qualitative method using historical descriptive approach has been employed which involving compilation and evaluation of the facts of the Risalah Ibn Fadlān. Therefore, data onto this study were obtained through library research. The analyses on data study were conducted through texts and document analyses, as well as comparison method. This study finds islamization is the major factor contributing to the social change among Bulghar society. The social change in Bulghar society incorporating the changing of thinking to achieve development in education, the way of life, infrastructure, literature and the spirit of dacwah, the norms and values based on Islam, which the society adheres after becoming Muslim.
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Sarapulov, Aleksey Nikolayevich. "South Russian traces in the origins of the tillage in the Perm Region (archaeological evidence)". Samara Journal of Science 8, nr 3 (5.08.2019): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983212.
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The paper deals with some issues of the origins of the tillage in the Perm Region at the turn of the 12th century. During that time, a new type of implement got widespread. They were ards fitted with broad-bladed iron shares. The finds of the shares were analyzed and compared with the analogous ones from the territory of Kievan Rus. The analysis showed that the South Russian articles found in the Upper Kama region appeared together with Bulgarian articles and sometimes with the ard shares. South Russian things of 10-11 centuries were also found on the territory of Volga Bulgaria. Being a large mediaeval state, Volga Bulgaria both had a strong influence on the Finno-Ugric population of the Kama region and had dealings with Kievan Rus (northern and southern parts) using the Volga trade route. Therefore, the origins of the tillage and the appearance of the broad-bladed iron shares in the Perm Region may be connected with the spreading of the South Russian agricultural traditions through the agency and under the influence of Volga Bulgaria.
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Stanislavovna Kuptsova, Malvina. "Medieval clayware as a determiner of the ethnocultural composition of the population". Nexo Revista Científica 34, nr 01 (14.04.2021): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i01.11298.
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This article examines the medieval utensils found on the territory of the medieval towns of Volga, Bulgaria. Statistical analysis, technical and technological analysis is carried out. Based on the analysis of material materials, ethnocultural groups are linked, their interaction, and their influence on the local Bulgarian population. Volga Bulgaria is a major state transformation on the territory of medieval Eastern Europe, which included a large number of immigrants, one of which, in this case, the Ugric component, will be considered in the article.
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Anshakov, Yu P. "RESIDENTS OF THE VOLGA REGION IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE FREEDOM OF BULGARIA DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-1878. Part 2". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 5, nr 1 (2023): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2023-5-1-31-46.
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The article is devoted to the participation of the residents of the Volga region in the hostilities on the territory of Bulgaria during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The regiments that arrived in Bulgaria from the provinces of the Volga region took part in the most important battles of the war, such as the battle of Lovcha, the assault on Plevna, and the crossing of the Troyan Pass to the Trans-Balkan region in December 1877. The author examines such an important event of the war as the battle of Stara Zagora (Eskizağra) in July 1877, when Russian soldiers and Bulgarian militia fought under the Samara flag. He also discusses some subjects related to the reaction of the population of the Volga region to certain events of the Russian-Turkish war.
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Anshakov, Yu P. "RESIDENTS OF THE VOLGA REGION IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE FREEDOM OF BULGARIA DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-1878. PART 1." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, nr 4 (2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-4-16-28.
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The article is devoted to the participation of the residents of the Volga region in the hostilities on the territory of Bulgaria during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The regiments that arrived in Bulgaria from the provinces of the Volga region took part in the most important battles of the war, such as the battle of Lovcha, the assault on Plevna, and the crossing of the Troyan Pass to the Trans-Balkan region in December 1877. The author examines such an important event of the war as the battle of Stara Zagora (Eskizağra) in July 1877, when Russian soldiers and Bulgarian militia fought under the Samara flag. He also discusses some subjects related to the reaction of the population of the Volga region to certain events of the Russian-Turkish war.
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Salmin, Anton K. "History of the Savirs/Suvars: Evidence from Archaeology". Oriental Studies 15, nr 6 (29.12.2022): 1244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-64-6-1244-1253.
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Introduction. The paper examines some archaeological evidence for a line of continuity between the Savirs (an ethnic group that had inhabited the Caucasus up to the mid-1st millennium CE), the Suvars (who were part of the northward migration of the Bulgar tribal federation to the middle reaches of the Volga later in the 1st millennium CE), and the present-day Chuvash people (first attested under that name in the early 16th century). Goals. The article aims to shed light on the history of ancestors of the Chuvash. Materials. Pottery and other artefacts support the link postulated to exist between the mentioned ethnic groups from different periods in history, while other archaeological discoveries indicate what connected them to and what distinguished them from their neighbors, suggest how they lived, and show the persistence of certain traditions and practices up to date. Results. Excavations of archaeologists from Makhachkala reject the version of the mid-fifth-century migration of Savirs from the region of Derbent towards southeastern Ciscaucasia allegedly because of the Pseudo-Avars that had arrived from Siberia. In fact, such movement resulted from the offensive of Sassanid Iran. The paper also reviews burial grounds located in Kizilyurtovsky District of Dagestan. The analysis of archaeological evidence confirms there is a continuity of black-and-gray pottery from the North Caucasus and Volga Bulgaria.
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Kirillova, Irina Yurievna. "Volga Bulgaria Image in the Chuvash Historical Dramaturgy". Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, nr 10 (wrzesień 2020): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.10.15.
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Valiulina, Svetlana. "Iranian Glazed Ceramics of the 12th—Beginning of the 13th Centuries in the Volga Bulgaria". Heritage 4, nr 4 (20.10.2021): 3712–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040204.
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This article is devoted to the analysis of Iranian art ceramics from the monuments of the Volga Bulgaria of the 12th to early 13th centuries. As a historical source, glazed ceramics have great opportunities in determining the directions of trade and cultural links, as well as priorities of intercultural interaction. It is especially important that the materials under consideration were obtained as a result of excavations, which means that they are stratified and provided with an archaeological context. Iranian ceramics are represented by fritware luster, mina’i, and pierced decoration. The study was carried out using morphological and stylistic methods and scanning electron microscopy method (SEM-EDS). Based on the results of the work, the technological characteristics of glazed ceramics, the stability of the craft tradition, and some changes in recipes within the same morphological group have been determined. The dynamics and chronology of the import flow from Iran to the Middle Volga are established, which revealed correspondence to the main stages of urban culture development of the Volga Bulgaria.
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Rudenko, Konstantin. "The Emergence of Cities in Volga Bulgaria and the Bulgar Area of the Golden Horde (on the basis of archaeological data)". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, nr 1 (20.09.2012): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2012.1.1.68.77.
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Bakhmatova, Vera, i Nail Nabiullin. "Juketau-Group Ceramics from the Bulgarian Hillfort of Juketau (Chistopol , Republic of Tatarstan): Summarizing Research Results". Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 4, nr 24 (7.11.2022): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2022-4-24-63-93.
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Goals. The article aims to summarize some results of the research into Juketau-group ceramics from the medieval hillfort of Juketau (10th – 13th centuries CE). Results. Archaeological remains of the historically famous Bulgar-Tatar city of Juketau (‘Zhukotin’ according to Russian 10th – 14th century chronicles) are located on the left bank of the Kama River, on the western border of present-day Chistopol (Tatarstan). In the ceramic complex of the settlement, the share of dishes clustering with Juketau-group ceramics constitutes 65–70%. Morphological and technological analyses of this ceramic group have identified a number of distinct pottery production features, namely: the bulk of items examined are samples of handicraft pottery, though with certain archaic elements (round bottoms and individual forms of the ‘lip’ as a functional part of vessels, patching techniques, high concentration of tempers, use of ovens or bonfire devices for pottery firing). The skills of working with a potter’s wheel and a pottery kiln are characteristic of Juketau-group ceramic handicraft production. Conclusions. The study suggests the city of Juketau was a center of highly developed pottery production in the medieval state of Volga Bulgaria.
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Dybo, A. V. "Bulgar loanwords in Slavic languages: vowels". Rusin, nr 66 (2021): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/66/11.
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The article focuses on the phonetic adaptation of the early Turkic loanwords in Slavic languages. As it has been demonstrated, there is no evidence for Turkic loans in the Proto-Slavic language. In this article, the author deals with the loanwords a) from the Danube-Bulgar language into the South Slavic languages and b) from the Volga-Bulgar language into the East Slavic languages to establish a system of vowel correspondences, which appeared during the adaptation of Bulgarian words into the early state of the Slavic languages. The presumable phonetic appearance of Bulgar words was established using, on the one hand, the latest version of the reconstructed Proto-Turkic linguistic situation and, on the other hand, the data of the Bulgarian phonetics obtained from the only living descendant of the Bulgar languages, Chuvash, and from the analysis of the consequences of mass borrowing from two different states of the Bulgar languages (Proto-Bulgar and Danube-Bulgar) into Hungarian. In particular, the result of the study confirms the preserved non-phonological opposition of long vs. short vowels, correlated with their qualitative differences in the early state of the Slavic languages.
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Rudenko, Konstantin. "V. F. Gening and problems of the Volga Bulgaria archaeology". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, nr 7 (20.03.2014): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2014.1.7.136.148.
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Gagin, Igor' A. "On the Question of the Capital of the Volga Bulgaria". Вестник Северо-Восточного государственного университета. История 3, nr 4 (2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53549/27132374_2022_3_4_7.
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