Artykuły w czasopismach: „Buildings – Hong Kong”

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Chan, C., R. Yau, A. Yeung, et al. "Zero- Ready-Carbon Building Certification Scheme for Driving Hong Kong towards Carbon Neutrality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (2024): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012032.

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Abstract Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2050 set a pathway for decarbonising the electricity supply before 2050. Building sector should play a prominent role in decarbonising the demand side, which is to reduce the energy consumption within buildings. The Hong Kong Green Building Council (HKGBC) has established a “Zero-Carbon-Ready Building Certification Scheme”, which launched in 2023 to provide necessary guideline to the industry in going for carbon neutrality. The Scheme was developed by making reference with similar scheme of other countries and the carbon neutrality pathways of the two power utilities companies, Hong Kong Electric (HKE) and China Light and Power (CLP). The routes of assessment mechanism can be either “BY EUI” or “BY % Reduction” for existing buildings, and by energy simulation for new buildings. There are three types of certifications for promoting to building owners and developers towards zero carbon ready and net zero building in Hong Kong.

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Tan, Yongtao, Chenyang Shuai, and Tian Wang. "Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for the Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Buildings in Hong Kong." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (2018): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071546.

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With the economic restructuring during the 1980s and 1990s in Hong Kong, most manufacturing plants were relocated to China and many industrial buildings were left neglected or vacant. At the same time, owing to limited land supply, a shortage of affordable housing has been a problem in Hong Kong for many years. Adaptive reuse of industrial buildings may be a way of solving this problem. However, adaptive reuse is not an easy decision because there are many factors affecting adaptive reuse. Therefore, this paper examines the current situation of adaptive reuse of industrial buildings in Hong Kong and identifies a list of factors affecting the adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. Six factors are considered Critical Success Factors (CSFs). Based on a Principal Component Analysis, 33 factors are grouped into eight principal components, namely, sustainability, economics and finance, the market, changeability, location and neighborhood, culture and public interests, legal and regulatory matters, and the physical condition of the building. The identified CSFs and principal factors provide a useful reference for various stakeholders to have a clear understanding of the adaptive reuse of industrial buildings in Hong Kong, especially for the government to review current policies of adaptive reuse.

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Tam, Vivian W. Y., Xiaoling Zhang, Winnie Lee, and LY Shen. "Applications of Extensive Green-roof Systems in Contributing to Sustainable Development in Densely Populated Cities: a Hong Kong Study." Construction Economics and Building 11, no. 1 (2011): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v11i1.1751.

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Developed cities such as Hong Kong are usually densely populated. Since the land is limited, high-rise buildings are constructed. When the building height becomes higher, air flow is reduced and heat is trapped among high-rise buildings. Air temperature will be greatly increased and air pollution becomes a serious problem. This creates a walled building problem. To reduce air temperature caused by the wall-effects, various methods have been developed in the previous studies. One typical method is the use of green roof systems. The application of extensive green roofs on the existing building rooftops has been recommended in Hong Kong since 2001. The advantage of this practice is that no additional floor area is required and it can also improve urban greenery. Although a green roof system has been introduced and adopted in Hong Kong since 2001, the emphasis is mainly given to the application of intensive green roofs for podium garden instead of extensive green roofs. It is considered valuable and necessary of the extensive green roofs for the buildings. This paper investigates the current practice of using extensive green roofs in Hong Kong. The constraints in applying extensive green roofs are investigated, which leads to studying the solutions for mitigating these constraints and improving the future development of the implementation.

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Li, Jing, Yat Hung Chiang, Lu Zhou, and Tracy N.Y. Choi. "Measuring carbon emission from energy consumption in a Hong Kong family." Facilities 32, no. 7/8 (2014): 324–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-12-2011-0099.

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Purpose – This study aims to develop a prototype for measuring the carbon emissions arising from the utilization of electrical appliances in a typical Hong Kong family in Kowloon District. Design/methodology/approach – To estimate carbon emission coefficients of energy consumption, the US building energy database books are referred to, which include home appliances’ energy end-use expenditure splits and energy end-use carbon splits. Due to differences in climate, geography and culture, the estimation equations are refined with assumptions and constraints based on the context of Hong Kong. Findings – By calculating the amount of carbon emissions from different electrical appliances, including space cooling, water heating, lighting, refrigeration, wet cleaning and cooking, it is estimated that the carbon emissions from major home electrical appliances in Hong Kong’s residential building sector is 1,805,397 metric tons. According to the findings of this study, by adopting the energy-saving guidelines for space coolers, refrigerators, water heaters and washing machines, carbon emissions in Hong Kong’s residential building sector can be reduced by 155,443 metric tons, or by 8.6 per cent of the current emission. Research limitations/implications – Due to limited resources, the case study does not cover residential units in other districts of Hong Kong, including the Hong Kong Island and the New Territories. In addition, relevant institutional and financing costs of implementing the proposed practices such as increasing the air-conditioning temperature and upgrading the lighting system should be further considered. Future research will be extended to the wider territory of Hong Kong and to obtain more cases for analysis. Originality/value – This paper provides a microscopic perspective on investigating the carbon emissions associated with energy consumption from major home electrical appliances in Hong Kong’s residential buildings. By unveiling the interaction between energy consumption and carbon emission, we formulate measures and strategies for implementing a cost reduction and carbon saving scheme of Hong Kong’s residential buildings, which is in line with government’s guidelines on green buildings.

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Mesthrige, Jayantha Wadu, and Hoi-Ting Chan. "ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATION SCHEMES AND PROPERTY VALUES: EVIDENCE FROM THE HONG KONG PRIME COMMERCIAL OFFICE MARKET." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 23, no. 2 (2019): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2019.7434.

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A barrier to green-building development is the uncertainty and scepticism about the financial implications. This study aimed to investigate whether the green-certification schemes help buyers to recognize the benefits of green office buildings by their willingness to pay a premium for such buildings. The study used a hedonic-model based on a sample of 67 prime office buildings (including non-green comparables) certified by HKBEAM, BEAM-Plus and LEED in Hong Kong. The empirical findings suggest that green certification schemes add extra value to an office property. The rental value of office properties certified by HKBEAM, BEAM Plus and LEED is about 10.9% higher than for non-certified office buildings. More specifically, tenants/users are willing to pay a premium of 10.9% for green-certified office properties. The findings have practical implications in encouraging green building development in Hong Kong and elsewhere. The findings indicate that the higher rental income from green office buildings can cover the additional cost of obtaining green certification within a period of 22-months (22.32 months) in Hong Kong. The results provide references for various stakeholders (developers/investors/users) in establishing the business case for green-office buildings, because of the ability of the market to capitalize the environmental benefits of green office properties.

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Sat, P., D. Choi, A. Lo, and C. Chan. "Digitalisation retrofitting and retro-commissioning towards carbon neutrality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (2024): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012034.

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Abstract The Hong Kong Green Building Council (HKGBC) is committed to helping Hong Kong’s buildings to decarbonise and advance towards net zero emissions. In support of the Government’s recent announcement of striving to achieve carbon neutrality before 2050, most of the commercial building owners are setting a long term reduction target. There are over 42,000 private buildings with about one-fifth of them are commercial that covering 66% of total energy consumption of Hong Kong, in which over 80% of them will be in existence in 2050. There is opportunity to reduce the operational carbon of existing buildings through replacement, retrofitting and retro-commissioning of existing building services installation. To understand whether the target is achievable in existing buildings, an energy performance assessment is required to be conducted by using operating data and corresponding key performance indicators (KPIs). The process of retro-commissioning, retrofitting and replacement should be digitalised by means of sensors, actuators and data management platform for assessing the change in performance before and after such improvement measures taken place in existing buildings.

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Davies, Hilary. "Environmental benchmarking of Hong Kong buildings." Structural Survey 19, no. 1 (2001): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110384220.

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Yau, Albert, and Samuel K. M. Ho. "Fire Risk Analysis and Optimization of Fire Prevention Management for Green Building Design and High Rise Buildings: Hong Kong Experience." Nang Yan Business Journal 3, no. 1 (2014): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nybj-2015-0004.

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Abstract There are many iconic high rise buildings in Hong Kong, for example, International Commercial Centre, International Financial Centre, etc. Fire safety issue in high rise buildings has been raised by local fire professionals in terms of occupant evacuation, means of fire-fighting by fire fighters, sprinkler systems to automatically put off fires in buildings, etc. Fire risk becomes an important issue in building fire safety because it relates to life safety of building occupants where they live and work in high rise buildings in Hong Kong. The aim of this research is to identify the fire risk for different types of high rise buildings in Hong Kong and to optimise the fire prevention management for those high rise buildings with higher level of fire risk and to validate the model and also to carry out the study of the conflict between the current fire safety building code and the current trend of green building design. Survey via the 7-point scale questionnaire was conducted through 50 participants and their responses were received and analysed via the statistical tool SPSS software computer program. A number of statistical methods of testing for significantly difference in samples were adopted to carry out the analysis of the data received. When the statistical analysis was completed, the results of the data analysis were validated by two Fire Safety Experts in this area of specialisation and also by quantitative fire risk analysis.

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HUI, Eddie C. M., Cheuk-kin TSE, and Ka-hung YU. "THE EFFECT OF BEAM PLUS CERTIFICATION ON PROPERTY PRICE IN HONG KONG." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 21, no. 4 (2017): 384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2017.1409290.

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In response to the public’s increasing awareness of sustainable development, the construction industry has introduced “green” buildings which emphasize better environmental performance. However, as a building’s environmental performance is difficult to discern for laymen, different green building certifications have been established for evaluations in this regard. This study evaluates whether there exists a price premium for living space in buildings certified with BEAM Plus. The findings show that the prices of flats in BEAM Plus-certified buildings are 4.4% higher than those in nonregistered buildings, and that housing units in buildings with an “unclassified” rating are transacted at a discount of 5.9%. Nevertheless, if homebuyers mistake an “unclassified” building for a non-registered building, due to the non-disclosure of the “unclassified” result by developers, the price premium of BEAM Plus certification becomes higher (6.2%). Regardless, the price premium is much lower than those on the office sector. The reasons behind such differences can be attributed to the disparities in the tangible and intangible benefits associated with green living space and green office space. Policy implications with reference to Hong Kong’s GFA concession policy are then discussed.

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Zhao, Ying, Yani Bao, and Wai Lee. "Barriers to Adoption of Water-Saving Habits in Residential Buildings in Hong Kong." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (2019): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072036.

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The fresh water supply is finite, but the fresh water demand is infinite. A sustainable supply of fresh water is emerging as one of the most critical resource issues in the world. Hong Kong is one of the highest per capita fresh water users in the world. This has led to many government initiatives to promote water-saving habits in Hong Kong. However, after almost a decade of efforts, there has been no obvious reduction in consumption. Little has been done to identify the reason for this. Through the use of questionnaire surveys, site measurements, and controlled experiments, the aim of this study is to investigate the level of adoption of different water-saving habits, the most influential water-saving habits, and the barriers to the adoption of water-saving habits in residential buildings in Hong Kong. It was found that if the policies are targeted to break the identified barriers, then there is a potential for reducing the total domestic fresh water consumption in Hong Kong by 14.7%. It was also found that the knowledge of water scarcity and good water use habits are not the barriers to the adoption of water-saving habits in Hong Kong households. Rather, the government should draw public’s attention to the environmental impact of water usage and the high fresh water consumption level of Hong Kong people to break the knowledge barrier and should re-examine the water tariff to break the motivation barrier. The results of this study provide useful information for decision makers in the context of water conservation in Hong Kong as well as elsewhere in the world.

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Yu, Chuan-Rui, Han-Sen Guo, Qian-Cheng Wang, and Rui-Dong Chang. "Revealing the Impacts of Passive Cooling Techniques on Building Energy Performance: A Residential Case in Hong Kong." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124188.

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Environmental concerns and growing energy costs raise the importance of sustainable development and energy conservation. The building sector accounts for a significant portion of total energy consumption. Passive cooling techniques provide a promising and cost-efficient solution to reducing the energy demand of buildings. Based on a typical residential case in Hong Kong, this study aims to analyze the integration of various passive cooling techniques on annual and hourly building energy demand with whole building simulation. The results indicate that infiltration and insulation improvement are effective in regard to energy conservation in buildings, while the effectiveness of variations in building orientation, increasing natural ventilation rate, and phase change materials (PCM) are less significant. The findings will be helpful in the passive house standard development in Hong Kong and contribute to the further optimization work to realize both energy efficiency and favorably built environments in residential buildings.

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R.K.L. Su, Nelson Lam, and H.H. Tsang. "Seismic Drift Demand and Capacity of Non-seismically Designed Concrete Buildings in Hong Kong." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, no. 01 (March 28, 2008): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.9101.

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This paper reviews the seismic engineering research conducted in Hong Kong with special emphasis on the prediction of the seismic drift demand and capacity of existing buildings which have not been designed and detailed to address potential seismic hazards. The paper begins with a comprehensive summary of the local construction and detailing practice of concrete structures, followed by a summary of the drift ratio capacity, ductility capacity, stiffness variation and non-linear damping properties of the non-seismically designed reinforced concrete components. Seismic design response spectra for rock sites developed from Chinese Code GB50011-2001 are compared with the uniform hazard response spectra developed at the University of Hong Kong. The over-conservatism of the Chinese Code particularly in the long period range (T > 2 sec) is highlighted. A direct displacement based method used for the prediction of the maximum drift demands of existing buildings in Hong Kong is also introduced. Phenomena such as stiffness degradation, period shifting, non-linear damping and higher mode effects have been incorporated into the modelling. Lastly, the predicted maximum inter-storey drift demand of 0.3% is compared with the minimum ultimate drift capacity of approximately 1.5%. The capacity predictions were based on results from experimental cyclic load testings of concrete sub-assemblages undertaken in Hong Kong in recent times. The potential risk of damage in Hong Kong buildings under seismic attacks is discussed.

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Scott, D. M., J. W. Pappin, and M. K. Y. Kwok. "Seismic Design Of Buildings In Hong Kong." HKIE Transactions 1, no. 2 (1994): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.1994.10667671.

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Oka, Eriko, Takashi Fujii, and Kunihiro Narumi. "Building Rehabilitation of Multi-story Apartment-Buildings in Hong-Kong." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 43.3 (2008): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.43.3.379.

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Oka, Eriko, Takashi Fujii, and Kunihiro Narumi. "Building Rehabilitation of Multi-story Apartment-Buildings in Hong-Kong." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 43 (2008): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/cpij1.43.0.64.0.

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Lau, Wai Kin, and Daniel Chi Wing Ho. "Open Building Implementation In High-Rise Residential Buildings In Hong Kong." Open House International 36, no. 1 (2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2011-b0004.

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Aging of building stock is emerging. Open Building as a sustainable approach to deal with the problems associated with the aging housing stock is seldom applied in high-rise, densely populated built environment. With aims to identify the constraints and seek rooms for Open Building implementation in aforementioned context, a survey of 495 building layout plans from ten major housing estates in Hong Kong is conducted. The floor plans are analysed against the Open Building characteristics and criteria laid down by Tiuri (1998). Facts and obstacles of achieving Open Building in the territory are unearthed, and opportunities for implementation are then discussed. The layout and structure of the surveyed private residential buildings in Hong Kong are very much alike. They are in fact closed buildings without the capacity to adapt, so any change in user requirements cannot be accommodated easily. Implementing Open Building using flexible and green fittings remains a viable option that enables transformation in existing housing stock.

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Йордан Христов. "HONG KONG LOGISTICS SKYSCRAPERS." World Science 2, no. 7(35) (2018): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/12072018/6009.

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   The publication reveals some architectural features of contemporary logistics buildings in Hong Kong with 15 and more floors, called in the article "logistics skyscrapers". These vertically developed spatial structures make it possible to preserve the urban structure compactness. At the same time they support the development of logistic business in the conditions of acute insufficiency of land for construction and a constantly growing need for logistics areas within the city boundaries, caused largely by the explosive development of the e-commerce branch. Evolution of the type is being analysed in the context of global economic interdependence and connectivity. Types of logistics skyscrapers are classified on the basis of arrangements, which are carried out through the vertical loading links.  

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Luk, John W. K., and Tze-Haw Chan. "A comparison of the housing policies of Hong Kong and Singapore with a pragmatic and fast relief proposal for Hong Kong's housing problems." HKIE Transactions 31, no. 1 (2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v31n1thie-2023-0042.

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Hong Kong has grappled with a longstanding and severe housing problem, prompting this study to explore potential solutions. By comparing the housing policies of Hong Kong and Singapore, the research aims to identify lessons that Hong Kong can learn from Singapore's approach to alleviate its housing challenges. The study reveals that major political, social, financial, and legal differences exist between the two cities, making direct policy replication challenging or even impossible. Nevertheless, it underscores the importance of government policy in addressing the complex and multi-faceted housing problem. To offer a pragmatic and swift relief proposal, the study proposes leveraging structural and building engineering expertise to innovate in constructing mega tall residential buildings. A preliminary feasibility design employing the Theory of Elasticity showcases the viability of this proposal. The research contributes valuable insights into resolving Hong Kong's housing crisis and offers a tangible approach for immediate relief.

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Caroline T.W. Chan. "Promoting Vertical Greening in High-rise Residential Buildings within Urban Areas." Pacific International Journal 1, no. 2 (2018): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v1i2.43.

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Same as many urban cites, Hong Kong is a densely populated area. To improve the residential environment, increase greenery coverage is a viable and economical solution. Despite the widespread interest in the application of vertical greenery, little application has been observed in residential developments in Hong Kong. Most research in vertical greenery focuses on the benefits and technical issues of the system. This study aims to identify the effective strategies to foster vertical greenery implementation in Hong Kong. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 60 architectural practices. Survey results indicate that the industry agrees on the benefits of vertical greening. While the high initial and maintenance cost was identified as a major obstacle to green wall implementation, several public policies were suggested to promote vertical greenery, including financial support from the government for the installation, provision of gross floor area concession, mandatory green wall installation in new buildings and funding support in related researches. The study contributes to a relatively sparse body of literature by investigating possible strategies to foster vertical greenery in an urban city. The findings shed light on the underlying problems and provide ideas on the promotion of vertical greening in Hong Kong and other urban areas.

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Tian, Kaining. "Integrated development strategy of industrial buildings and farming communities in Hong Kong." Theoretical and Natural Science 14, no. 1 (2023): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/14/20240879.

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Insufficient agricultural land and a high vacancy rate in industrial buildings are important problems facing Hong Kong. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether industrial buildings are suitable as agricultural spaces and to formulate corresponding utilization strategies to promote agricultural production and food supply in Hong Kong. Research objects include industrial building space and hydroponic agricultural space. This paper used literature research and field research as the main research tools to collect relevant information on the utilization potential of industrial buildings and hydroponic agriculture. In addition, research data are derived from literature studies and surveying data, which provide detailed information about the industrial building structure and surrounding environment to better assess its suitability and feasibility. This research concludes that industrial buildings are potentially suitable for use in agricultural spaces, especially hydroponic agriculture. Its internal structure and environmental conditions can support agricultural production and effectively use vacant industrial building space to expand the scale of agricultural production. Regarding utilization strategies, this study recommends using recycling systems and related technologies, such as hydroponic systems and LED lighting, to transform industrial buildings internally to create farming communities. This will help make agricultural production more efficient and sustainable while providing cities with a fresh supply of produce.

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W.M. Chan, Daniel, Henry T.W. Hung, Albert P.C. Chan, and Tony K.K. Lo. "Overview of the development and implementation of the mandatory building inspection scheme (MBIS) in Hong Kong." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 4, no. 1 (2014): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-07-2012-0040.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a concise overview of the problem of building decay in Hong Kong, the current government measures concerning dilapidated buildings and the latest development and implementation of the mandatory building inspection scheme (MBIS). A comparison of various MBISs from other jurisdictions of the world is also given. Design/methodology/approach – A desktop study of building inspection procedures, repair and maintenance policies was carried out, followed by an industry-wide opinion survey conducted by means of self-administered questionnaires. Target respondents are within the construction community of Hong Kong. The perceived benefits, potential difficulties and insightful recommendations or good practices are investigated. A comparison of the relative ranking of individual mean scores from various groups of respondents is presented in this paper. Findings – The execution of MBIS was found to be effective in enhancing public awareness of the importance of building upkeep and recognition of the property owner's legal responsibilities in this respect. Private property owners were made aware of the necessity to take holistic preventive measures to maintain the overall safety of their own buildings. A comparison of MBIS with other similar MBISs across different cities, revealed similarities as regards the inspection cycle, scope of inspection and qualifications of inspectors. The main difference related to the age rather than the height of target buildings. Practical implications – Proper inspection and maintenance is necessary to keep buildings in good condition to avoid injury or loss of life due to sudden collapse of structures or their elements such as concrete spalling and fall of window frames. The official launch of MBIS on 30 June 2012 is one of the proposed effective measures to resolve the long-standing problems of building neglect and deterioration in Hong Kong with particular regard to the existing old private premises. Originality/value – The execution of MBIS should be useful in improving the safety and health status of the dilapidated premises and in so doing safeguarding the residents and general public. To further identify the perceived benefits and potential difficulties of MBIS, and to suggest insightful recommendations or good practices for its successful future implementation, an opinion survey was launched among construction practitioners in Hong Kong between March and April of 2012.

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LAU, Wai Kin, Daniel Chi Wing HO, and Yung YAU. "ASSESSING THE DISABILITY INCLUSIVENESS OF UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS IN HONG KONG." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 20, no. 2 (2016): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2015.1107653.

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Tended to view disability inclusion as merely another mandate, building and construction practitioners have yet to recognize its value in social sustainability. In academia, similarly, it has received less attention than other building performance attributes such as environmental friendliness and indoor air quality. With rights to access now acknowledged as basic human rights, there is demand for a tool to assess building disability inclusiveness, indicating the extent to which building considerations include persons with disabilities (PWDs). This paper proposes a Building Inclusiveness Assessment Score (BIAS) to fill the existing gap. The BIAS framework comprises two hierarchies of inclusion attributes identified from literature, guides, and standards of barrier-free access and universal design. The final product consists of two building disability inclusiveness assessment tools: the Physical Disability Inclusion Sub-score (PDIS) and the Visual Impairment Inclusion Sub-score (VIIS). These are simple, quantitative, objective tools for assessing buildings. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation to validate the assessment protocols. Following the validation, we assessed 48 university buildings at four universities in Hong Kong to illustrate the real-life application of the tools.

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Tam, Vivian W. Y., Jane L. Hao, and S. X. Zeng. "WHAT AFFECTS IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN BUILDINGS? AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN HONG KONG." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 16, no. 2 (2012): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2011.645559.

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This paper examines the factors affecting the implementation of green buildings for the local construction industry. Questionnaire surveys and structural interviews were conducted to investigate the economical and social factors in the implementation of green buildings. From the survey results, the industry strongly believes that green building implementation is environment-friendly and can improve social values to the consumers. However, material costs, construction and transportation for green materials and green building features are more expensive than those for the conventional buildings. Four major factors affecting the existing limited implementation of green buildings were also discussed. Recommendations to improve the implementation of green buildings were also explored. This study can bring insights locally and around the world on how green buildings can be implemented to achieve environment-friendly, long-term cost saving and being recognized by the society and the consumers to reduce difficulties and burden encountered in the implementation.

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Li, Danny H. W., and Zhenyu Wang. "Study of Residential Thermal Transfer Values (RTTV) and vertical daylight factors (VDF) for Heavily Obstructed Public Housing Flats." E3S Web of Conferences 406 (2023): 04042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340604042.

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Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated cities in the world, consumes more than a quarter of its total energy in residential buildings. The high urban density leaves many residential flats in a heavily obstructed environment,seriously affecting indoor lighting performance. In response, the Hong Kong government issued requirements for residential thermal transfer values (RTTV) and vertical daylight factors (VDF). The control of RTTV and VDF is considered to be effective in improving the energy efficiency and daylighting performance of residential buildings. However, achieving the required RTTV and VDF at the same time can be conflicting in terms of building façade design. This paper studies the daylight performance and energy use of public housing flats facing large sky obstructions through computer simulations. General correlations between RTTV, energy consumption, and daylighting performance are investigated.

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Langston, Craig, Edwin H. W. Chan, and Esther H. K. Yung. "Embodied Carbon and Construction Cost Differences between Hong Kong and Melbourne Buildings." Construction Economics and Building 18, no. 4 (2018): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v18i4.6280.

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Limiting the amount of embodied carbon in buildings can help minimize the damaging impacts of global warming through lower upstream emission of CO2. This study empirically investigates the embodied carbon footprint of new-build and refurbished buildings in both Hong Kong and Melbourne to determine the embodied carbon profile and its relationship to both embodied energy and construction cost. The Hong Kong findings suggest that mean embodied carbon for refurbished buildings is 33-39% lower than new-build projects, and the cost for refurbished buildings is 22-50% lower than new-build projects (per square metre of floor area). The Melbourne findings, however, suggest that mean embodied carbon for refurbished buildings is 4% lower than new-build projects, and the cost for refurbished buildings is 24% higher than new-build projects (per square metre of floor area). Embodied carbon ranges from 645-1,059 kgCO2e/m2 for new-build and 294-655 kgCO2e/m2 for refurbished projects in Hong Kong, and 1,138-1,705 kgCO2e/m2 for new-build and 900-1,681 kgCO2e/m2 for refurbished projects in Melbourne. The reasons behind these locational discrepancies are explored and critiqued. Overall, a very strong linear relationship between embodied energy and construction cost in both cities was found and can be used to predict the former, given the latter.

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Lai, Yonghang, Ian A. Ridley, and Peter Brimblecombe. "Air Change in Low and High-Rise Apartments." Urban Science 4, no. 2 (2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4020025.

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Air exchange in tall apartment buildings is critical in controlling indoor environments in urban settings. Airtightness is relevant to energy efficiency, thermal comfort and air quality experienced by urban dwellers who spend much of their time indoors. While many air change measurements have been made in residential homes, fewer are available for high-rise apartments. The blower-door and CO2 exchange methods were used to measure air change in some Hong Kong apartment buildings, for comparison with those from other parts of the world. Hong Kong apartments are often small and typical rented apartments show a median of seven air changes per hour under a 50 Pa pressure difference, similar to Mediterranean houses, though much greater than the airtight buildings of Northern Europe. Extrapolation of blower-door measurements made at 50 Pa to the natural pressure difference measured for individual Hong Kong apartments provides an approximation (within 8%) of the natural air change rate measured with a tracer. Air flow is a function of the pressure difference ∆Pnf and the exponent n was found close to the typical 0.6. There was a positive relationship between air permeability and construction age, but some of this also seems to reflect varying levels of maintenance by the building management companies. The median exchange in the apartments under naturally ventilated conditions was 0.26 h−1, not atypical of some houses on the US West Coast.

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Chow, W. K., and S. K. Fong. "Simulation of Building Energy Use for Three Buildings in Hong Kong." Energy Engineering 103, no. 3 (2006): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998590609509464.

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Mui, Kwok Wai, Ling Tim Wong, Manoj Kumar Satheesan, and Anjana Balachandran. "A Hybrid Simulation Model to Predict the Cooling Energy Consumption for Residential Housing in Hong Kong." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 4850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164850.

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In Hong Kong, buildings consume 90% of the electricity generated and over 60% of the city’s carbon emissions are attributable to generating power for buildings. In 2018, Hong Kong residential sector consumed 41,965 TJ (26%) of total electricity generated, with private housing accounting for 52% and public housing taking in 26%, making them the two major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, air conditioning was the major source consuming 38% of the electricity generated for the residential building segment. Strategizing building energy efficiency measures to reduce the cooling energy consumption of the residential building sector can thus have far-reaching benefits. This study proposes a hybrid simulation strategy that integrates artificial intelligence techniques with a building energy simulation tool (EnergyPlus™) to predict the annual cooling energy consumption of residential buildings in Hong Kong. The proposed method predicts long-term thermal energy demand (annual cooling energy consumption) based on short-term (hourly) simulated data. The hybrid simulation model can analyze the impacts of building materials, construction solutions, and indoor–outdoor temperature variations on the cooling energy consumed in apartments. The results indicate that using low thermal conductivity building materials for windows and external walls can reduce the annual cooling energy consumption by 8.19%, and decreasing the window-to-wall ratio from 80% to 40% can give annual cooling energy savings of up to 18%. Moreover, significant net annual cooling energy savings of 13.65% can be achieved by changing the indoor set-point temperature from 24 °C to 26 °C. The proposed model will serve as a reference for building energy efficiency practitioners to identify key relationships between building physical characteristics and operational strategies to minimize cooling energy demand at a minimal time in comparison to traditional energy estimation methods.

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Chau, C. K., J. Burnett, and W. L. Lee. "Eco‐labelling scheme for buildings in Hong Kong." Facilities 17, no. 3/4 (1999): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632779910256579.

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Ho, D. C. W. "Maintenance management of ageing buildings in Hong Kong." Property Management 11, no. 3 (1993): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003403.

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Yu, Philip C. H., and W. K. Chow. "Energy use in commercial buildings in Hong Kong." Applied Energy 69, no. 4 (2001): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(01)00011-3.

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Yu, P. C. H., and W. K. Chow. "Energy use in commercial buildings in Hong Kong." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 43, no. 4 (2002): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(02)86552-3.

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Du, P. Y., J. Burnett, and S. M. Chan. "Reliability of standby generators in Hong Kong buildings." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 39, no. 6 (2003): 1592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2003.818978.

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Anson, Michael, and Shou Qing Wang. "Performance of Concrete Placing in Hong Kong Buildings." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 124, no. 2 (1998): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1998)124:2(116).

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Yim, Stephen, S. Ng, M. Hossain, and James Wong. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Carbon Emissions for the Development of High-Rise Residential Building." Buildings 8, no. 11 (2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8110147.

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Despite the fact that many novel initiatives have been put forward to reduce the carbon emissions of buildings, there is still a lack of comprehensive investigation in analyzing a buildings’ life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in high-density cities. In addition, no studies have made attempt to evaluate GHG emissions by considering the whole life cycle of buildings in Hong Kong. Knowledge of localized emission at different stages is critical, as the emission varies greatly in different regions. Without a reliable emission level of buildings, it is difficult to determine which aspects can reduce the life cycle GHG emissions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the life cycle GHG emissions of buildings by considering “cradle-to-grave” system boundary, with a case-specific high-rise residential housing block as a representative public housing development in Hong Kong. The results demonstrated that the life cycle GHG emission of the case residential building was 4980 kg CO2e/m2. The analysis showed that the majority (over 86%) of the emission resulted from the use phase of the building including renovation. The results and analysis presented in this study can help the relevant parties in designing low carbon and sustainable residential development in the future.

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Singh, Minerva, and Xin Cai. "Coastal Flooding Hazard, Exposure, and Readiness of Buildings in Hong Kong in 2080–2100, and the Implications for Real Estate Management." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 3 (2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12030086.

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Coastal flooding has been a significant hazard in Hong Kong. Influenced by climate change, extreme coastal flooding events have been frequently observed in the past decades. Nowadays, the real estate sector has increasingly recognized the significance of managing future coastal flooding risks. However, there are few relevant Geographic Information System (GIS)-based assessment tools and studies about future scenarios. Against this background, this study aims to understand the risk and readiness of properties in Hong Kong for future coastal flooding and to reduce the gap in the risk management decision-making process. This study included the return period, sea level rise, tide activity, and storm surge as the main factors for estimating the frequency and magnitude of coastal flooding events. The estimation and other geospatial data were calculated to describe the exposure, hazard, and readiness of every building in Hong Kong. Based on this risk data of buildings, clustering analysis was adopted to create clusters representing different building risk profiles. The results highlight that there will be 16.3% and 24.7% of buildings in Hong Kong exposed to coastal flooding under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 8.5 and SSP 4.5, respectively, and 2.5% of them will have an extremely high hazard level. This study then constructed an indicator-based assessment model for the real estate sector regarding future coastal flooding risks. Classifying the buildings based on characteristics of their risk profile obtained eight clusters, with clusters 1 and 2 having high risk and low readiness, and clusters 7 and 8 having low risk and low to medium readiness. In addition, distinct spatial patterns were found between the clusters that have low and high readiness of green infrastructure. Therefore, recommendations for the policymaker, planner and companies were provided based on their local situation. Specifically, the discussion suggests that although Yuen Long is an area that has a relatively larger number of high-risk buildings, clusters 3 and 4 in Yuen Long have more potential for adopting various loss mitigation measures. However, clusters 5 and 6 in the city center are more recommended to adopt financial tools and small-scale nonstructural improvements.

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Yau, Yung, and Ka Chi Yip. "No More Illegal Subdivided Units? A Game-Theoretical Explanation of the Failure of Building Control in Hong Kong." Buildings 12, no. 7 (2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12071005.

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Safety has long been regarded as one of the most important functional requirements of buildings. However, building safety in Hong Kong has long been jeopardised by the proliferation of unauthorised building works (UBWs), which are essentially works constructed without any prior approval or consent of the government. Due to the acute problem of housing supply–demand imbalance, the numbers of illegal subdivided units (ISUs) in the city have been increasing since the early 2010s, frequently resulting in injuries and deaths amongst the residents. It is therefore a matter of urgency for the government to tackle the problem. Speculative property owners construct ISUs in their premises for economic gain so the government needs to enforce rules against the construction of ISUs. Building inspection should be carried out to uncover cases of illegal construction for subsequent enforcement actions. In this article, a game-theoretic model for the strategic control of existing buildings in Hong Kong is developed to illustrate that, when the level of punishment against ISU increases, the less frequent ISU inspections needed by the government will be, and concurrently, the chances of ISU construction by property owners will decrease. The model offers valuable insights into why Hong Kong’s building control system fails to solve the problem of ISU proliferation in the city.

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Zeng, Frankie Fanjie, Jiajun Feng, Yuanzhi Zhang, et al. "Comparative Study of Factors Contributing to Land Surface Temperature in High-Density Built Environments in Megacities Using Satellite Imagery." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (2021): 13706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413706.

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In this study, the root sources contributing to the urban heat island (UHI) effect between megacities, such as Hong Kong and Shenzhen, were integrated and compared using satellite remote sensing data. Classification and multilayer perceptron regression tree (CARTMLP) algorithms were used to classify land use. The radiative transfer equation method was applied to retrieve the land surface temperatures (LSTs) in the study area. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between land-use types and UHIs. The experimental results show a large area of relatively high temperature dispersed within Shenzhen, and comparatively small areas highly centralized in Hong Kong, with the retrieved LST in Hong Kong lower than that in Shenzhen. In addition, the surface temperature of large complex buildings decorated with high-albedo materials in Hong Kong was higher than in Shenzhen (e.g., Hong Kong International Airport, 25.12 °C; Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport, 23.38 °C), with artificial heat being an important contributor to these differences. These results also imply that high-albedo materials are sufficient to alleviate high temperatures. These findings are integrated to propose an organic combination strategy for reducing UHI effects in urban areas in megacities worldwide, such as Hong Kong and Shenzhen in China.

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Tsang, Tsz-Wun, Kwok-Wai Mui, and Ling-Tim Wong. "Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management in Hong Kong: The Way Forward." Atmosphere 15, no. 5 (2024): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15050546.

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There has been an increasing awareness of indoor air quality (IAQ) management in green building designs, driven by the need to mitigate potential health risks and create sustainable and healthy indoor environments. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the critical role of ventilation and IAQ in reducing the risk of indoor airborne transmission. Governments and organisations worldwide have responded to this growing concern by implementing ventilation requirements and updating IAQ standards and guidelines. In the case of Hong Kong, a developed and densely populated city characterised by high-rise buildings, this study aims to provide a strategic framework for non-governmental agencies to address IAQ issues effectively. A comprehensive review of policies, regulations, and guidelines by international bodies and individual governments, along with an examination of the current IAQ management scheme in Hong Kong, has been conducted. Drawing inspiration from successful IAQ management strategies, the study aims to identify insights and potential pathways for the city’s future development of IAQ management strategies. Overall, this research highlights the importance of proactive IAQ management for buildings and offers a roadmap for Hong Kong’s pursuit of healthier indoor environments.

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Wadu Mesthrige, Jayantha, and Ho Yuk Kwong. "Criteria and barriers for the application of green building features in Hong Kong." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 7, no. 3/4 (2018): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-02-2018-0004.

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Purpose An understanding about the criteria determining the successful application of green features, and the barriers to implementation is essential in order to promote and enhance green building development. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, the criteria determining the success of GBFs; and second, the barriers to implementing GBFs in Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach A multi-method approach comprising a comprehensive questionnaire survey and a semi-structured group discussion with construction professionals, along with three case studies was adopted to address these two issues. Findings Findings suggest that although environmental performance is the most significant criterion, the living quality of occupants and the costs of green features play a crucial role in determining the success of their application. However, the environmental aspects of buildings are not sufficient for rating or determining the greenness level of a building. As for barriers, the green cost implications; the structural unsuitability of the current stock of old buildings; and the lack of financial incentives were found to be crucial barriers preventing the application of green features in the Hong Kong building sector. Originality/value GBFs have received extensive attentions by the academia and industry. This paper used a mix method approach by exploring success criteria and barriers to implementing green features in the building sector in Hong Kong. As green building development is still a contemporary subject of discussion, this study would be beneficial to decision makers as it identifies the criteria determining the success of green building adoption and barriers to implementation of such features. Hence, relevant stakeholders will have better understanding of the factors affecting the adoption of GBFs.

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Kamgar, Reza, Sayyed Morteza Hatefi, and Noorollah Majidi. "A Fuzzy Inference System in Constructional Engineering Projects to Evaluate the Design Codes for RC Buildings." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 9 (2018): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091147.

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Economical design of a building is one of the main aims that should be followed because of its importance in constructional projects. In order to have an economical design, longitudinal reinforcing bars in the reinforced concrete members are among those parts of the structure that can be designed economically. The application of fuzzy inference systems provides an effective tools to handle the uncertainties and subjectivities arising in the designing process of buildings. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to propose a fuzzy inference system to evaluate the building design codes from an economical point of view. For this purpose, after designing the mentioned fuzzy inference system, three examples of three-dimensional concrete buildings are analyzed and designed using different codes. For all these codes, the structural properties of concrete buildings, the gravity and the seismic loads are considered to be the same. Finally, it finds that the fuzzy logic theory is an effective and practical tool to compute a value that shows the distance between the designed building and the economically designed building. Also, it concludes that between the studied codes, (EUROCODE 2-1992, Hong Kong CP-04, CSA A23.3-04 and ACI 318-05), the ACI 318-05 and Hong Kong CP04 codes lead to a more economical design for taller buildings. For low-rise buildings, the CSA A23.3-04 and ACI 318-05 codes lead to an economical design. Also, the EUROCODE 2-1992 has a minimum value for the economical design of all the considered buildings.

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Chi‐wing Ho, Daniel, Yung Yau, Siu‐kei Wong, Alex King‐chung Cheung, Kwong‐wing Chau, and Hing‐fung Leung. "Effects of building management regimes of private apartment buildings in Hong Kong." Property Management 24, no. 3 (2006): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637470610660174.

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Lam, J. C., and C. J. Goodsall. "A survey of building envelope designs for commercial buildings in Hong Kong." Building Research & Information 22, no. 2 (1994): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613219408727355.

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Cheng, V., and E. Ng. "Comfort Temperatures for Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Hong Kong." Architectural Science Review 49, no. 2 (2006): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/asre.2006.4924.

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Chow, W. K., and Cora T. Y. Lam. "Evacuation Studies for Tall Office Buildings in Hong Kong." Journal of Applied Fire Science 15, no. 3 (2006): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/af.15.3.a.

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Yu, F. W., and W. T. Ho. "Tactics for carbon neutral office buildings in Hong Kong." Journal of Cleaner Production 326 (December 2021): 129369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129369.

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Chan, Albert, Esther Cheung, and Irene Wong. "Revitalizing industrial buildings in Hong Kong—A case review." Sustainable Cities and Society 15 (July 2015): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.10.004.

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Davies, Hilary. "Repair methods for tile‐clad buildings in Hong Kong." Structural Survey 16, no. 1 (1998): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809810210901.

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Burnett, John. "Indoor Air Quality Certification Scheme for Hong Kong Buildings." Indoor and Built Environment 14, no. 3-4 (2005): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x05053788.

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Picken, David H., and Ben D. Ilozor. "Height and construction costs of buildings in Hong Kong." Construction Management and Economics 21, no. 2 (2003): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000079671.

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