Artykuły w czasopismach: „Building regulation”

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Bayu Mogana Putra i M. Zikra Zizo Alfieta. "IDEAS OF GREEN BUILDING LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN REALIZING SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN INDONESIA". Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Taiwan Proceeding 4 (17.08.2022): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52162/4.2022163.

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Sustainable development in building facilities raises strategic issues. One of which is the construction of green buildings that pay attention to and uphold environmental aspects. The current development has not fully implemented aspects of green building construction. The legal basis and obligation to implement weak laws and regulations are some of the factors that have not enabled the growth of productive green buildings in Indonesia. Therefore, this scientific paper examines the idea of regulating the construction of green buildings in the context of laws and regulations as a binding legal basis for realizing sustainable buildings in Indonesia. The method used to analyze the subject matter in this scientific paper was normative legal research methods, by examining and exploring the idea of green building arrangements in-laws and regulations in Indonesia as the embodiment of sustainable buildings that uphold environmental aspects. Eventually, this scientific paper can reveal the ideal concept in the regulation of green building laws in Indonesia's formulation of laws and regulations.

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Erbakhaev, Evgeniy A., i Maxim V. Kratenko. "Compensation for harm resulting from the usage of a building: Comparative analysis of Russian and Chinese law". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, nr 2 (2021): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.213.

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The article examines the problem of compensation for harm caused in the process of using a building and structure. Attention is paid to the side of the defendant in relation to apartment buildings and non-residential buildings, the distribution of liability in the case of a plurality of tortfeasors, the regulation of third-party liability issues by the contract. A comparative analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China regulating the liability of building’s owners (users) and contractors involved in the maintenance of a building as well as court practice is conducted. The choice of the Chinese legal system is due to the presence of special rules in Tort Liability Law of China (2009). According to the results of the study, the authors have formulated a number of proposals, in particular: to unify the legal regime for residential and non-residential buildings for the purposes of compensation for harm caused to third parties; to differentiate the liability for harm caused by the destruction of a building (its structural components) and damage due to items falling out from the building (snow or ice falling from the roof, falling advertising designs, objects being thrown out of the building, etc.), to allow the contractual regulation of owner’s liability provided that the victim is given the right to choose the defendant (the building’s owner or the maintenance company, the contractor involved). The authors also argue in favor of a codified act as a source of tort law, which will ensure consistent regulation of the studied relations.

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Rethore, Tara J. "Building “good” regulation". Natural Gas 15, nr 8 (9.01.2007): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410150809.

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Sanseverino, Eleonora Riva, Gianluca Scaccianoce, Valentina Vaccaro, Maurizio Carta i Raffaella Riva Sanseverino. "Smart Cities and Municipal Building Regulation for Energy Efficiency". International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 6, nr 4 (październik 2015): 56–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2015100104.

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The “Smart Cities & Communities Initiative” of the Strategic Energy Technology Plan is the strategic European response to lead cities and regions to a carbon free future. In this contest energy efficiency in buildings has a crucial role and must be considered in a holistic approach to the urban planning. In order to implement the minimum requirements stated by the European Directive about the Energy Performance of Buildings, and in order to consider different planning layers with the view to a smart city planning, local regulations are a key factor aiming at sustainable territorial planning. This paper investigates the possibility to draft a basic structure of Municipal Building Regulations in order to guide local administrators and technicians and to limit discretionary power of bureaucracy. The paper is organized as follows. First, a review of the most common practices for building regulations in Europe is proposed, then the basic structure of a municipal building regulation for the city of Palermo (Southern Italy) accounting for sustainability is discussed.

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An, Hyun, Nam Yong Jee i Seung Yup Roh. "A Comparison on Codes of Egress Safety in Each Country". Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (październik 2011): 2025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2025.

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As buildings tend to become bigger, higher and more complex, types of fire outbreak have diversified these days. Accordingly, it has also become difficult to cope with fire outbreaks resulting in a higher risk of suffering loss. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for securing reasonable egress plans and safety of egress by comparing egress regulations of countries including America (NFPA 101), British (Building Regulation-Approve document B), New Zealand(Building Regulation & Compliance document for New Zealand building code), Japan (Architecture Relationship Statute book) and Korea (Architecture Statute book).

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Lucky Viasari i Prima Jiwa Osly. "ANALISIS GARIS SEMPADAN BANGUNAN (STUDI KASUS JALAN RAYA PAJAJARAN KOTA BOGOR)". Jurnal Infrastruktur 3, nr 2 (1.10.2017): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/infrastruktur.v3i2.707.

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The development of the economic growth in Bogor increasing bring an impact for fulfillment will land and buildings in order to meet the activity of urban especially on highway Pajajaran Bogor which is found in the city center that will affect the spatial plans at every building and cause nonconformity border lines building particularly in the face of a building with local regulation applicable. Besides reducing aesthetic, it could also disrupt and endanger road users who will pass. This research is to analysis of border lines on buildings bylaws are being enacted. Data processing was done using software to ease in building determination of the limits of any buildings and the outer boundary of the road where next will be used to calculate long border lines building in every existing building and analyzed with local regulation applicable. The final result obtained that all building at case studies not according to rule regional government where the average building that violate is 14 % or by ± 16 yards from the middle of the road. Judging from the number of offense the authors provide recommendations that the existing changes in existing Regional Regulations in accordance with applicable policies.

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Stojkov, Marinko, Krešimir Crnogorac, Tomislav Alinjak i Bernarda Crnogorac. "Monitoring and Regulation of Indoor Conditions". Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 66, nr 2 (22.03.2022): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.19443.

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This paper presents research of energy performance analysis performed by Building Energy Management System (BEMS). BEMS is a system/platform integrated with building and it is an enormous improvement in a process to develop nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB). Near zero energy consumption stands for energy efficient idea of energy independent buildings for their function during their life time. Here, BEMS with function of monitoring and regulation of cooling energy demand is developed. BEMS regulates function of ventilation fan in area below tin roof and improves working conditions by inside building temperature reduction during summer period. Described technical solution is designed inside RESCUE IPA CBC project.

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Raw, G. J., i R. M. Hamilton. "Building regulation and health". Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, nr 3 (maj 1996): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)89044-8.

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I Gede Andhika Kusuma Darsana, I Ketut Kasta Arya Wijaya i Luh Putu Suryani. "Penertiban Izin Mendirikan Bangunan (IMB) di Kecamatan Kuta Utara Kabupaten Badung". Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 2, nr 1 (19.03.2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.2.1.2796.62-67.

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Prevention of violations of building construction permits is regulated in a regional regulation where each region has its own power which is called an autonomous region which has an institution in charge of controlling building permits handled by the Civil Service Police Unit. This study aims to determine the authority of local governments in regulating building permits and to analyze law enforcement on buildings that do not have a building permit in North Kuta District, Badung Regency. This study was designed using empirical legal research. The results show that the authority of the local government in controlling building permits aims to regulate the legal relationship between citizens and buildings that are objects of control in order to prevent spatial planning that is not in accordance with the rules. Furthermore, every resident in North Kuta District who owns a building or will build a building is required to have a permit in accordance with the regulations issued by the local government. Then, law enforcement for buildings that do not yet have a Building Construction Permit by providing a warning letter 3 times. If the building owner still ignores the Warning Letter, the Civil Service Police Unit will demolish it according to the Decree from the regional head.

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Purnomo, Vicki dwi. "Analysis of Bantul Regency Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2022 Concerning Building Management". Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 5, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2023.5.1.1.

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Regional autonomy has an influence on regional authorities to manage their own regional households in accordance with the capabilities and potential of the region. One of the affairs that fall under the authority of the regional government of Bantul Regency is related to the affairs of the Implementation of Building Construction which is then regulated through Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning Implementation of Building Construction. Regional regulations, as written laws made based on the needs of the community, must, of course, be adapted to societal developments and the legal politics of government administration. Therefore, regional regulations require periodic evaluations to see the suitability of the regulated content material with developments in implementation in the community. This research focuses on what is the urgency of the analysis and evaluation of Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Implementation of Buildings and how to analyze and evaluate the Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Organization of Buildings. The research was carried out using the juridical-normative method with the laws and regulations approach, which was then analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The research found that both formally and materially, the content was in accordance with the sectoral law, namely Law Number 28 of 2002 and further provisions stipulated in PP No. 16 of 2021 concerning Regulations for Implementing Law Number 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings, but it seems that it is only a copy and paste of the two legal bases. For this reason, in order to avoid repetition or duplication of arrangements, it is necessary to make arrangements that take into account local needs and wisdom in Bantul. Therefore, the author recommends the need for improvement in the section related to the implementation of the Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Organization of Buildings.

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Pangastuti, Dyah Ayu, i Yusuf Latief. "Conceptual Framework for Developing Web-based Maintenance Systems for Government’s Simple-Buildings within the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government". Journal of International Conference Proceedings 4, nr 1 (22.07.2021): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v4i1.1124.

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DKI Jakarta, as the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, has the highest population density in Indonesia, with a population of 16,334 people / km2. Therefore, community facilities and infrastructure within the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government play an important role so that community service can be carried out properly. As one of the main infrastructures, State Buildings must have building reliability as stated in the technical requirements stipulated in Presidential Regulation Number 73 of 2016. Building maintenance is an activity to maintain the building's reliability and infrastructure, and facilities so that the building always functions properly. Based on a survey conducted by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Office for The Creation of Works, Spatial Planning and Land Use in 2019, the number of building assets of Province DKI Jakarta are 9823 buildings. 60% of those buildings were classified as Simple-Building category. Due to the numerous building assets, maintenance activities need to be supported by an adequate maintenance system. This study aims to develop a building maintenance system based on web. The methodology used in this research are expert validation, interviews, field survey and literature studies. The results of the validation process will be developed into a simple-building’s web-based maintenance system framework.

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Nubatonis, Misraim, Petrus Kase i Nursalam Nursalam. "Implementation of building construction permit in So'e city, South Timor Tengah regency (TTS)". Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies 1, nr 2 (25.07.2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/jgas.v1i2.147.

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Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the implementation of the Building Construction Permit policy and to analyze the inhibiting factors for implementing the Building Construction Permit policy based on the Regional Regulation of South Timor Tengah regency Number 7 of 2015 in So'e city, South Timor Tengah regency. Research methodology: This research was qualitative research using a descriptive approach. The data were collected through interviews, observation and documentation. Results: The inhibiting factor for the implementation of the Building Construction Permit policy in So’e city, South Timor Tengah regency is the limited resources in the form of human resources, financial resources, operational resources, buildings that are not in accordance with spatial planning and many buildings that violate the boundary lines as well as public understanding of building permit regulations. Limitations: This study only analyzed the implementation of the Building Construction Permit policy based on the Regional Regulation of South Timor Tengah regency Number 7 of 2015 in So’e city, South Timor Tengah regency. Contribution: This research becomes scientific information for public administration program.

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Graham, Peter, Jeswynn Yogaratnam, Mehdi Taheri i Kadek Adidharma. "BUILDING FROM PRINCIPLES: PRINCIPLE-BASED RESPONSIVE REGULATION IN BUILDING PERFORMANCE TARGETS". Journal of Green Building 17, nr 4 (1.09.2022): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.4.245.

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ABSTRACT A dynamic approach to mandatory building standards is a principle-based approach. This approach complements rule-based standards for buildings and takes into consideration the principles behind building regulatory reform such as sustainability, building life-cycle and their social and economic co-benefits. This paper highlights how a principle-based approach can potentially address the engagement mechanisms with building stakeholders in one performance scheme. Instead of setting a one-time high-performance building target, principle-based targets are consecutively set by Principle-based Responsive Regulation that encourages adaptation through public policy consultations, incentives and disincentives, as well as enforcement mechanisms, working in unison to lower building-sector carbon emissions. This can be encouraged and enforced through responsive pyramids, giving stakeholders of the sector flexibility in selecting adaptation strategies to meet building performance targets. The discussions in this paper are limited to examining the potential application of principle-based responsive regulation approaches to the building sector.

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Virgayanti, Wuri. "LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON GREEN BUILDING IN INDONESIA AND THE ALTERNATIVE POLICY". Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 6, nr 2 (31.08.2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v6i2.159.

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As buildings are one of the highest energy consumers from all over the world, there is special need to focus on how to mitigate energy consumption through regulation and policy. Responding this necessity, the concept of green building is being implemented in many countries along with Indonesia as an alternate to the traditional building concept. However there is slow movement in implementing this concept, especially in Indonesia. From legal viewpoint this paper will aim to answer why the Indonesian green building sector is not well developed. The method used in this paper is normative legal research. The analysis finds that the slow movement is due to the lack of the regulatory framework on its subject. Moreover, there is only little support from the government toward policies that might drive growth of the green building development. In light of this, there should be robust and strong regulatio. This can be achieved at the national level by regulating green buildings and also having government policies that encourage the development of green buildings.

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Kuru, Aysu, Philip Oldfield, Stephen Bonser i Francesco Fiorito. "Biomimetic adaptive building skins: Energy and environmental regulation in buildings". Energy and Buildings 205 (grudzień 2019): 109544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109544.

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Apriani, Rika, i Ida Ayu Ari Angreni. "Analisis Biaya Pemeliharaan Bangunan Gedung Dengan Konsep Green building Dan Bangunan Gedung Dengan Konsep Non Green building". Borneo Engineering : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 5, nr 3 (31.12.2021): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/be.v5i3.2056.

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The concept of green building must also consider the cost of building maintenance in the post-construction stage so as not to reduce the large company costs each year. Green building is defined as a high-performance building that is made environmentally friendly, economically beneficial and healthy for life and workplace. This study intends to analyze the cost of building maintenance using the concept of green building non-green building. The data used in this study is the data on the maintenance costs of green buildings and non-green buildings. This data was taken by surveying the building management directly. Based on the analysis, the difference in the cost of maintaining green buildings and non-green buildings is Rp 10,283.22/m2/year. Based on the calculation, the maintenance costs of green building and non-green building still conform the standards of the Minister of Public Works Regulation and the standard of the Minister of Finance Regulation.

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Cui, De Qin. "Extend Building Life and Promote Building Energy Efficiency". Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (grudzień 2014): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.1239.

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Building "short-lived" phenomenon is very common in China. It is extremely wasteful for a developing country with limited resources and financial resources (per capita). Any green low carbon, energy saving and environmental protection without building safety would like water without a source, and a tree without roots. Extending the building life, based on Chinese current situation, mainly starts out here from two aspects of new buildings and the existing buildings, and need strengthen government regulation. Fundamentally extend building life and promote building energy efficiency.

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Cahya Yundani, Yandi. "Self-Regulation in Building Motivation". Iktisyaf: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah dan Tasawuf 4, nr 1 (31.03.2022): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53401/iktsf.v4i1.71.

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Pendidikan merupakan hal yang sangat penting dan berperan dalam kehidupan manusia. Salah satu kegiatan Pendidikan yang nampak adalah bersekolah, individu yang bersekolah akan melewati beberapa tingkatan dimana dalam melewati tingkatan-tingkatan tersebut akan banyak menghadapi hambatan-hambatan baik dari dalam dirinya sendiri maupun dari luar dirinya. Namun kondisi pandemi mengharuskan pendidikan dan sekolah dilakukan secara daring yang mengakibatkan siswa belajar di rumah secara daring dan tidak bertatap muka. Belajar daring mempengaruhi motivasi belajar siswa. Hal tersebutlah yang melatar belakangi dalam penulisan artikel ini. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsep regulasi diri dalam membangun motivasi. Regulasi diri merupakan hal penting dalam membangun motivasi individu, dimana regulasi diri lebih menekankan pada kognisi agar dapat menangkal dan mengubah pengaruh negatif dari lingkungan sosial

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Vicki Dwi Purnomo, Benedictus Hestu Cipto Handoyo i Syukron Abdul Kadir. "Analysis of Regional Regulations Related to the Implementation of Regulations for Substituting Building Permits in Bantul Regency". Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Formosa 1, nr 5 (30.12.2022): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/jpmf.v1i5.2269.

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One of the affairs that falls under the authority of the regional government of Bantul Regency is related to the affairs of the Implementation of Building Construction which is then regulated through Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning Implementation of Building Construction. Regional regulations as written laws made based on the needs of the community must of course be adapted to societal developments and the legal politics of government administration. Therefore regional regulations require periodic evaluations to see the suitability of the regulated content material with developments in implementation in the community. This research focuses on what is the urgency of analysis and evaluation of Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning Implementation of Buildings, and how to analyze and evaluate the Bantul Regency Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2022 concerning Organization of Buildings. The research was carried out using the juridical-normative method with the laws and regulations approach, which was then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The research found that both formally and materially the content was in accordance with the sectoral law, namely Law Number 28 of 2002 and further provisions stipulated in PP No. 16 of 2021 concerning Regulations for Implementing Law Number 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings, but it seems that it is only a copy and paste of the two legal bases. For this reason, in order to avoid repetition or duplication of arrangements, it is necessary to make arrangements that take into account local needs and wisdom in Bantul.

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Kim, Seou. "Crime Prevention through environmental design(CPTED): Current state and Improvements of Government Office Buildings". Korea CPTED Association 13, nr 2 (31.08.2022): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26470/jcssed.2022.13.2.117.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate government office buildings and the environmental factors that contribute to crime preventative designs of those buildings. It has been found that: first, in the case of central government buildings, “access management of government buildings” and “protection diagnosis” were newly established in the ｢government building management regulations and enforcement regulations｣ in December, 2016. However, this change has yet to be established in local government buildings. In addition, it was confirmed that the contents of regulations reflected here were far below par compared to the crime prevention building standards applied to personal apartments under the ｢Building Act｣. Second, as rallies and protests that take place near government office buildings increase every year, surveys confirm that exposure to noise has a negative impact on work performance. Finally, it is crucial that crime preventative designs should be strictly controlled by regulation (ex. building codes), so that civil servants are protected from crimes. It is necessary to improve sound insulation performance of windows to minimize the noise generated by protests to not hinder the work performance of civil servants. These findings help understand the current environmental conditions of government office buildings associated with crime prevention facilities. There is room for improvement in the principles and process to make the government office building better, safer and more pleasant for both citizens and officials.

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Janizar, Syapril, i Edi Kurniawan. "APRAISAL PENILAIAN HARGA SEWA GEDUNG (Studi Kasus Kantor Cabang Instansi di Kota Cimahi)". JURNAL TEKNIK SIPIL CENDEKIA (JTSC) 2, nr 1 (8.02.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51988/vol1no1bulanjulitahun2020.v2i1.28.

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Since 2002 a regulation on Building Buildings (UUBG) has been made, namely Law no. 28 and in 2005 a realization regulation was also made, namely Government Regulation No. 36 where the contents are a building must be managed administratively and technically. This research is to determine the level of building reliability from the architectural aspects of the existing structure, utility, and fire protection, access capability, and building sand for the branch office building in Cimahi City. Survey methods (measuring, counting and testing) were carried out to collect primary data. Data analysis using descriptive statistics and assessment using the AHP method. The criteria used to determine the reliability of a building are Reliable with a score of 90-100%, Less Reliable with a score of 75-90%, Unreliable <75%. The results showed that 90% of the branch office buildings in Cimahi City were categorized as reliable and the adjustment of the office building rental price was Rp. 350,199,752.48

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Meirini, Putri Amelia, Wayan Wesna Astara i I. Nyoman Sutama. "Implementasi Perda Kabupaten Gianyar tentang Retribusi Izin Mendirikan Bangunan terhadap Bangunan Pariwisata di Kabupaten Gianyar". Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 1, nr 2 (26.09.2020): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.1.2.2455.158-163.

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Every founder of a tourism building in Gianyar Regency is required to have a Building Permit (IMB) and pay the levies according to the regional government (Bupati) of Gianyar Regency. The government establishes a procedure for the construction of tourism buildings because they are one of the business fields of providing accommodation which is supervised by the Supervisor of the Investment Service and One Stop Integrated Service of the Gianyar Regency area who is appointed by the Regent and employees who are assigned certain tasks in the area of regional retribution according to applicable legal rules. The issues the present examines are the legal arrangement for permits for the construction of tourism buildings in Gianyar regency and the implementation procedures for the Gianyar Regency Regional Regulation Number 14 of 01 concerning Building Permit Retribution, especially for tourism buildings in the district. The type of research used is the empirical research, which requires the researcher to collect data by coming to the research locus which is in the One Stop Investment and Integrated Service Office and the Civil Service Police Unit Office (Satpol PPl) of Gianyar. The results of the study reveal that the permit to construct tourism buildings is granted by the local government through the application process for building a tourism building permit which must follow the principles of prime and affordable service in accordance with Regional Regulation No. 14 of 01. Law enforcement in granting building permits and paying IMB levies in Gianyar Regency is executed out by giving sanctions to legal entities or building owners who violate the applicable regulations.

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Hidayat, Muhammad Syarif. "PERENCANAAN LINGKUNGAN DAN BANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN DI INDONESIA: TINJAUAN DARI ASPEK PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN". TATALOKA 19, nr 1 (21.02.2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.19.1.15-28.

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Definitions of green buildings, in essence it should be environmentally friendly and sustainable ranging from planning, implementation to operation of the building. In the implementation of the legislation is needed to ensure its implementation. Candy MOE issued a regulation on the criteria and certification of environmentally friendly building where the content has some similarities with the green building parameters issued by GBCI. Parameter issued by GBCI is Appropriate Land, Energy Efficiency and Refrigerants, Water Conservation, Resource and Material Cycle, Quality and Comfort Air, and the Built Environment Management. This research question is whether there are other laws that support the concept of building a 'green'. The method used is descriptive review the regulations of the aspects of green building. The results showed that there are many laws and regulations in Indonesia has not accommodate green building design criteria. This could mean there are no rules or regulations already exist, but still expressed in general.

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Salnikov, Konstantin Evgenevich. "Regulation of the construction period in the Russian Federation". Финансы и управление, nr 2 (luty 2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2021.2.34477.

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The subject of this research is the regulatory relations arising in the process of reducing construction period as a branch of material production that carries out the erection and reconstruction of buildings and structures of different purposes. The object of this research is the construction sector as a whole; enterprises of various forms of ownership that operate within the investment and construction sector; organizational-legal relations between the parties to the investment and construction process; state regulation in the sphere of capital construction. The aim goal is to examine the key issues in regulating construction period; assess duration of the processes and allocation resources. The author focused on such aspects of the topic as the restricted (recommended) application of building regulations; actualization of the provisions of building regulations with regards to housing construction; development of the time or network schedules for building and construction works; enlarged construction costs standards; factors of variation of the construction period. Special attention is given to the rational variants of organizing the construction process for changing the normative duration based on the made decisions. The scientific novelty is defined by lack of knowledge on the questions of improvement, theoretical, experimental and technical-economic substantiation of technological processes, methods and forms of organizing construction and its production capacity with regards to the problems of reducing construction period. The importance of this work for the national economy lies in studying the theory and practice of reducing construction period, and seeking solutions for the scientific and technical problems of construction through development and creation of the competitive construction technologies and organizational-technological solutions that ensure intensification of the processes of erection, reconstruction, and modernization of buildings and structures while reducing labor, material-technical, fuel and energy resources.

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SONODA, Mariko. "De-regulation & Re-regulation for Existing Building Improvement". TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 21, nr 9 (2016): 9_48–9_50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.21.9_48.

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STRELKOV, Alexander K., Yuri N. ZOTOV i Irina Yu MIKHAILOVA. "ON AMENDMENTS TO THE REGULATIONS 30.13330.2016, «INTERNAL WATER PIPELINE AND SEWERAGE OF BUILDINGS. ACTUALIZED EDITION OF CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 2.04.01-85»". Urban construction and architecture 10, nr 1 (15.03.2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2020.01.8.

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The article is devoted to the practical implementation of the results of the analysis of the relationship between the system of technical regulation in construction and the regulatory regulation of relations for the provision of public services. Changes in the current normative documentation in the sphere of water supply of apartment buildings are considered. It is shown that it is necessary to improve the methodological basis for designing inhouse systems of cold and hot water supply in an apartment building and to create a legitimate methodological tool. Recommendations for improving the regulations 30.13330.2016, «internal water pipeline and sewerage of buildings. Actualized edition of construction standards and regulations 2.04.01-85» are proposed. Changes in the Construction Regulations 30.13330.2016 and the results of their expertise are given.

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Zhu, Ka’er, Ruochong Zhou, Ping Gao, Jie Wang i Fei Luo. "Analysis of Time-Sharing and Zoning Heat Load Demand and Research on Heating Control of Large Heating Buildings". International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, nr 5 (30.11.2022): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400510.

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It is of practical significance to analyze the time-sharing and zoning heat load demand and fine heating control of large heating buildings in order to reduce the building energy consumption. The existing research lacks the time-sharing and zoning form of refined heating for different functional zones of large heating buildings. For this reason, this paper carried out the time-sharing and zoning heat load demand analysis and research on heating control of large heating buildings. First, the mathematical model for the main heating links of the heating system of the large building based on the heat balance equation is constructed to realize the simulation of the dynamic change of the performance of the large building heating system. Then, the size, characteristics and influencing factors of heat load of various heating units in the building are analyzed, and three possible ways of mass regulation, mass-flow regulation and intermittent regulation that can change the flow by stages are introduced. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed heating control mode, which can effectively reduce the building heating energy consumption.

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Simaku, Gjergji. "Albanian Building Stock Typology and Energy Building Code in Progress Towards National Calculation Methodology of Performance on Heating and Cooling." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, nr 1 (19.05.2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p13-35.

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The expertise on building stock typology used openly available data from the Albanian statistical office. As the CENSUS was not especially designed for gathering data for the energetic evaluation of the building stock, some data were not available on the required level of detail. Estimations were necessary to extrapolate data to the existing stock. Technically, the study selected and described twenty representative categories of residential buildings typology for Albania. Were identified the level and the structure of final energy consumption at present and in the future by building age category, building type, climate zone, and energy end-use. Using an original template excel data sheet, were conducted the calculations of their thermal energy performance in three climate zones, designed standardized retrofit packages, calculated possible energy savings, and investment required by building type. The engineering principle of the Regulation in force, regarding to the legislative act of Energy Building Code in Albania, is beyond any doubt correct and carefully studied. The act is a rule book or the Regulation (energy building code - here The Code) which contains information that is sufficient to perform calculations of the different insulating layers for new construction after the year 2003. Also, the Regulation’s algorithms are still relevant in terms of calculation to provide Energy for heating demands in Albania. After 12 years, the Code remains the same and could provide either an optimal potential energy savings to the existing buildings, or an optimal cost-effective of building’s insulation without imposing a burden of high financial housing builders to multifamily prospective buyers. Based today Europe’s developments on Energy Performance of Buildings, the study is found relevant to provide a methodology for calculation of the energy performance in buildings (kWh/ m2a) based on volumetric coefficient heat losses (Gvt) for heating only, the existing indicator of the existing Code. The following study deals with the possibility of transposing the methodology used to the Code into an energy Performance based on minimum requirement for a new Regulation and/or EP Calculation Methodology based on efficient use of energy for heating and cooling purposes.

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Kim, Ki Pyung, Rob Freda i Tan Hai Dang Nguyen. "Building Information Modelling Feasibility Study for Building Surveying". Sustainability 12, nr 11 (11.06.2020): 4791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114791.

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Despite the advancements in digital technologies, the current building design examination practice is 2D and paper-based, and a large number of 2D plans and drawings need to be collated and interpreted to examine if the proposed designs comply with building regulations. Subsequently, it is prone to human errors that make sustainable and consistent design difficult. Although Building Information Modelling (BIM) is recognised as a means to transform the current practice into a more sustainable and productive practice, BIM has rarely been adopted in building design examination. This research aims to identify the reasons for the low uptake of BIM and to examine the feasibility of BIM for building design examination through a focus group interview and workshop. A lack of proper BIM training is identified as the most critical barrier to adopting BIM. Building design examiners indicate that BIM adoption requires consistent efforts with empirical errors, since the existing work processes are not flexible enough to embrace BIM instantly without proper BIM training. An average of three days can be saved by using BIM for a building regulations check. This research revealed that BIM is feasible for building regulation checking, and the low uptake is mainly caused by a lack of awareness of the BIM capabilities.

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Deans, Robert. "Regulation, manufacturing and building industry consensus". Regenerative Medicine 7, nr 6s (listopad 2012): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme.12.98.

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Kobayashi, Hideyuki. "Indonesian Planning and Building Regulation System". Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 24 (25.10.1989): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.24.127.

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Bentzinger, C. F., Y. X. Wang i M. A. Rudnicki. "Building Muscle: Molecular Regulation of Myogenesis". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4, nr 2 (1.02.2012): a008342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a008342.

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de Gelder, Johan. "Conceptual modelling of building regulation knowledge". Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 11, nr 3 (lipiec 1997): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0954-1810(96)00043-x.

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Kling, Robert W. "Building an Institutionalist Theory of Regulation". Journal of Economic Issues 22, nr 1 (marzec 1988): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1988.11504740.

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Mehta, Barjor, Banashree C. Mitra i Peter Nientied. "Building regulation and low-income housing". Cities 6, nr 1 (luty 1989): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(89)90006-1.

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Sümengen, Özlem, i Melike Özömer. "AN INVESTIGATION BY THE BEP-TR METHOD OF THE EFFECT OF OBSTRUCTION ANGLE PARAMETER ON LIGHTING ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND DAYLIGHT SUPPLY". Journal of Green Building 16, nr 3 (1.06.2021): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.3.179.

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ABSTRACT Following the EN 15193, 2008 Energy Performance in Buildings Regulation in the European Union Member States, a comprehensive calculation can be made on lighting energy performance and daylight effect. This improved model accounts for Turkey’s “BEP-TR” (“Regulation on Energy Performance in Buildings”). In the present study, the effect of the obstruction angle parameter of buildings on lighting energy consumption and daylight provided is examined through a sample hotel project by the BEP-TR calculation method. This study investigates the effect of daylight on lighting energy performance alternatives that were produced according to the height, building distance variations (causing obstruction angle), and the correlation between annual lighting consumption values, daylight supply factor, and obstruction parameters. Accordingly, the current study aims to develop a method to assist zoning regulations, building intervals, and height decisions by determining specific ratios between obstruction parameters, daylight supply factor and lighting energy consumption values. Results of this study clearly show that obstruction parameter variables affect both the daylight supply factor and annual lighting energy significantly.

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Paramitha, Dita, I. Nyoman Putu Budiartha i I. Nyoman Sukandia. "THE ROLE OF LAND DEED OFFICIALS (PPAT) IN THE IMPOSITION OF ACQUISITION DUTY OF RIGHT ON LAND AND BUILDING IN THE EXCHANGE PROCESS OF LAND AND BUILDING IN DENPASAR CITY". NOTARIIL Jurnal Kenotariatan 6, nr 2 (7.12.2021): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jn.6.2.2021.100-105.

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In the process of exchanging land rights, the facts show that the use of market value as the basis for calculating the acquisition duty of right on land and building often creates problems in the field. This study aims to examine the basis for imposing acquisition duty of right on land and building in the process of exchanging land and buildings in Denpasar city and to examine the role of land deed officials and the obstacles faced in the imposition of acquisition duty of right on land and building in the process of exchanging land and buildings in Denpasar city. The method used in this study is an empirical juridical research method. The results of this study showed that (1) the imposition of acquisition duty of right on land and building in the exchange process in Denpasar City is applied with the provisions of Law Number 28 of 2009 concerning Regional Taxes and Regional Levies calculated based on market value. (2) The Land Deed Official has a role in making the deed of exchange and in collecting acquisition duty of right on land and building in the process of exchanging the duties and authorities of the land deed official, namely assisting taxpayers in legal acts of exchange in the process of transferring rights to land and/or buildings from the exchange provider to exchange recipients in accordance with Government Regulation Number 24 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation Number 37 of 1998 concerning Position Regulations for Land Deed Maker Officials.

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Pangerang, Cut Hardiyanti, Sri Susyanti Nur i Muhammad Ilham Arisaputra. "Hak Kepemilikan Perumahan Di Atas Bangunan Gedung Komersil". Batulis Civil Law Review 2, nr 2 (30.11.2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/ballrev.v2i2.737.

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This research aims to find the regulation regarding to the spatial utilization above a commercial building for housing and to examine ownership rights for housing built on top of the building. This research is an empirical legal research with research locations in DKI Jakarta, precisely at the Cosmo Park and The Villas. The research location was considered in DKI Jakarta because the existence of housing above commercial buildings in Indonesia was only in DKI Jakarta. The speakers in this research were the Head of Planning and Utilization of City Spaces at the department of copyright works, spatial planning, and land in DKI Jakarta province (DCKTRP), Building Supervision Staff at the DCKTRP DKI Jakarta province and the Directorate General of Spatial Planning at the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / National Land Agency. The results of this research indicate that the current regulation regarding the spatial utilization above commercial buildings for housing refers to the local RTRW and RDTR whose spatial utilization allocations must be in accordance with the stipulated permits. Permits are granted in the form of location permits, space utilization permits and building construction permits in accordance with applicable local scale regulations. For the Cosmo Park and The Villas housing in DKI Jakarta, there is a mismatch between the initial IMB and the current use of the building. So the important thing that must be considered in the future construction of housing on commercial buildings is that the presentation of the IMB must be in accordance with the current construction realization. Ownership rights for housing built on top of the building, namely the property rights for flat units (strata title). Strata title refers to individual ownership of a proportionally part of a building either horizontally or vertically.

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Sick, Friedrich, Stefan Schade, Adel Mourtada, Dieter Uh i Michael Grausam. "DYNAMIC BUILDING SIMULATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MOROCCAN THERMAL REGULATION FOR BUILDINGS". Journal of Green Building 9, nr 1 (kwiecień 2014): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.1.145.

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Comprehensive dynamic building simulations are used in order to conduct sensitivity analyses on the influence of building shell parameters to the heating and cooling demands of a variety of building types in Morocco. In a first step, five climatic zones are defined covering the range of specific heating and cooling demand combinations of a reference building located in eleven locations throughout Morocco. Afterwards, 22 single parameter variations for each building type and each climate zone are performed and analyzed in such a way, that suitable promising combinations can be defined as well. This procedure is faster and easier to analyze than a multidimensional regression. The results show indeed that the selected combinations may reduce energy demands substantially. This paper explains the procedure and results in detail for one residential type of building and for one typical non-residential building. The major overall results are discussed.

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Xue, Yun, i Xiao Jing Wang. "Energy-Saving Renovation Research of Existing Residential Buildings in Northern". Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (lipiec 2014): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.252.

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Energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings in northern is a systematic project, including the main content of energy-saving renovation project system research of existing residential buildings –“energy-saving reconstruction of building enclosure structure , building indoor heating system measurement and temperature regulation reform ".

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Fuchs, S., M. Witbrock, J. Dimyadi i R. Amor. "Neural Semantic Parsing of Building Regulations for Compliance Checking". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, nr 9 (1.11.2022): 092022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/9/092022.

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Abstract Computerising building regulations to allow reasoning is one of the main challenges in automated compliance checking in the built environment. While there has been a long history of translating regulations manually, in recent years, natural language processing (NLP) has been used to support or automate this task. While rule- and ontology-based information extraction and transformation approaches have achieved accurate translations for narrow domains and specific regulation types, machine learning (ML) promises increased scalability and adaptability to new regulation styles. Since ML usually requires many annotated examples as training data, we take advantage of the long history of building code computerisation and use a corpus of manually translated regulations to train a transformer-based encoder-decoder model. Given a relatively small corpus, the model learns to predict the logical structure and extracts entities and relations reasonably well. While the translation quality is not adequate to fully automate the process, the model shows the potential to serve as an auto-completion system and to identify manually translated regulations that need to be reviewed.

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Kolková, Zuzana, Peter Hrabovský, Jozef Matušov, Martina Antošová i Michal Holubčík. "Control and regulation systems of energy networks in buildings". MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816806005.

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Measurement, regulation and control systems offer direct savings and reduce energy consumption, regulating heating, cooling, ventilation or lighting in the intelligent buildings. They provide quick and accurate information on the status of regulated systems or possible malfunction. Systems can use the special meteorological stations to get information about wind velocity and direction, outdoor temperature, intensity and direction of sunlight. They respond flexibly to changes in external parameters. Intelligent buildings combine architecture and aesthetics of the construction, safety, comfort and quality of the living. These buildings are productive, energy efficient and environmentally acceptable. Intelligent buildings combine internal and external intelligence building, intelligence used materials and constructions. The most important aspect is the cooperation of people with those systems. Intelligent buildings should be permanent, healthy, technologically advanced.

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Simamora, Jawarta, Leonardus Setia Budi Wibowo, Didik Purwanto i Norman Ray. "Analisis Perpindahan Lateral Struktur Beton Bertulang Pada Bangunan Bertingkat Beraturan dan Ketidak Beraturan Horizontal". Ge-STRAM: Jurnal Perencanaan dan Rekayasa Sipil 3, nr 1 (30.03.2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jprs.v3i1.2436.

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The effect of earthquake forces on buildings will certainly be different if applied to regular and irregular buildings. The performance of structures produced in irregular buildings will be different from the performance of irregular building structures for the same load intensity. In the earthquake resistant structure planning regulations, SNI 1726-2012 concerning structural irregularities. Where in this regulation there are two types of structural irregularities namely horizontal structural irregularities and vertical structural irregularities which are then subdivided into several types of irregularity. The study was carried out to compare the results of building structure performance with horizontal irregularity compared to regular buildings as seen from displacement, drift ratio, base shear, performance level based on ATC-40, differences in reinforcement weight. This research resulted in the largest displacement for the x-direction, namely the type A irregular building where it experiences a deviation of 0,49 m difference and for the y-direction of 0,44 m in the type A irregular building Type A. The biggest drift ratio of the x-direction and direction y is a Type B irregular building that is equal to 0,64 m for the x-direction and 0.57 m for the y-direction. The largest base shear occurs in regular buildings with Type B irregular buildings at 16.34%. the level of performance based on ATC-40 for all building models is immidiate occupancy, the biggest reinforcement need is the irregular building model B with a percentage difference of 11,20%.

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Song, Doosam, i Young-Jin Choi. "Effect of building regulation on energy consumption in residential buildings in Korea". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 1074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.10.008.

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Pamungkas, A., K. D. Larasati i D. Iranata. "Building emergency infrastructure requirement to enhance urban resilience for earthquake: A case study of Surabaya building regulation". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1095, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1095/1/012007.

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Abstract The high potential impact of an earthquake in Surabaya City increases the urgency of the city to prepare for the emergency due to the earthquake event. One of them is to equip the landowners with building emergency infrastructures to ensure disaster survivors can meet daily needs during emergencies. The proposed emergency infrastructures are building emergency utilities, emergency facilities, and building evacuation systems. The proposed emergency infrastructures should also be accessed by the building residents and all the communities surrounding the buildings. Those additional proposed emergency infrastructures complement current building regulations in Surabaya. Therefore, modifying current building regulations may fasten up the city in providing emergency infrastructures on a city scale.

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Osácar, Amaya, Juan Bautista Echeverria Trueba i Brian Meacham. "Evaluation of the Legal Framework for Building Fire Safety Regulations in Spain". Buildings 11, nr 2 (4.02.2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020051.

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There is a trend in Europe towards increasing the quality and performance of regulations. At the same time, regulatory failure has been observed in the area of building fire safety regulation in England and elsewhere. As a result, an analysis of the appropriateness of fire safety regulations in Spain is warranted, with the objective being to assess whether a suitable level of fire safety is currently being delivered. Three basic elements must be considered in such analysis: the legal and regulatory framework, the level of fire risk/safety of buildings that is expected and the level which actually results, and a suitable method of analysis. The focus of this paper is creating a legal and regulatory framework, in particular with respect to fire safety in buildings. Components of an ”ideal” building regulatory framework to adequately control fire risk are presented, the existing building regulatory framework is summarized, and an analysis of the gaps between the ideal and the existing systems is presented. It is concluded that the gaps between the ideal and the existing framework are significant, and that the current fire safety regulations are not appropriate for assuring delivery of the intended level of fire risk mitigation.

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Fernandes, Joana, Maria Catarina Santos i Rui Castro. "Introductory Review of Energy Efficiency in Buildings Retrofits". Energies 14, nr 23 (3.12.2021): 8100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238100.

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Energy-efficient building retrofits must be approached from three perspectives: law regulation approach, financial incentives approach, and practice approach. The concepts of zero energy building and life cycle energy building are presented as the basis for energy retrofits. Multi-criteria boards to assess the decision-making process are reviewed, analysed, and categorised under an architectonic perspective. Some examples are presented, with different packages of measures, from deep to non-invasive energy retrofits. Passive and active energy generation systems, together with control and management strategies, are the physical elements identified with the potential to improve buildings’ energy efficiency. From a practice approach, this literature review identifies the concept of performance-based architectural design to optimise the planning and design of buildings’ energy retrofits. In addition, tools such as Building Information Modelling are described as part of optimisation processes, as they enable designers to rapidly analyse and simulate a building’s performance at the design stage.

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Juan, Yi-kai, i Yu-Ching Cheng. "Improving Building Longevity, Adaptability, and Sustainability: Examination of Multi-Unit Residential Building Regulations in Taiwan". Civil Engineering Journal 4, nr 2 (6.03.2018): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-030999.

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Effectively enhancing buildings’ adaptability, extending their service lives, and reducing construction wastes has become a crucial issue in the construction industry. As the transformation of the socio-economic structure and diversification of user demands has grown, occupants in residence may have various needs in different stages, rethinking a sustainable and flexible living space has received substantial focus. “Open building (OB)” is an innovative method to accommodate various changeable occupant spaces, decrease the waste caused by space adjustment and reduce maintenance costs. Although the concept of OB is beneficial for sustainable built environments, the promotion of OB in Taiwan is constrained. One of the obstacles is that the OB approach is partly in conflict with the current building regulations. Without legally developed policies, developers are reluctant to supply OB housing in the market; occupants are unwilling to take the risk of implementing OB approaches in renovation. This study applied a Kano two-dimensional quality model to classify and prioritize OB regulation suggestions proposed by experts in Taiwan. A series of forums and interviews were conducted to develop OB regulations. Barriers and challenges will be discussed for further OB development that can be applied to improve building longevity, adaptability, and sustainability.

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Bienvenido-Huertas, David, Miguel Oliveira, Carlos Rubio-Bellido i David Marín. "A Comparative Analysis of the International Regulation of Thermal Properties in Building Envelope". Sustainability 11, nr 20 (10.10.2019): 5574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205574.

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To achieve the goals of reducing building energy consumption, regulations are being designed to guarantee the appropriate energy performance of buildings. Both European and South American countries establish requirements of thermal properties of building envelope according to the climate zone, thus implying notable differences in climate classifications and technical requirements. This research provides a general view of advantages and limitations between the different state regulations of three South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) and three European countries (Spain, Portugal, and France). A total of 792 simulations were conducted with Energy Plus by considering 12 different dwelling typologies in 66 climate zones. Building envelopes were adapted to the regulations of the various countries. Results showed tendencies of performance clearly different between the South American and the European countries, with the latter being those with the lowest energy demands. The cluster analysis of distributions of energy demand revealed that buildings located in similar climates but in different countries present very different energy performances. This research opens up the discussion on the development of more demanding policies related to thermal properties of buildings. Also, the analysis at a continental scale could reduce the differences between countries and guarantee a more sustainable life for the building stock.

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Eryudhawan, Bambang, i Andi Andi. "The challenges in conserving the heritage based on conservation practice of AA Maramis Building in Jakarta". International Journal of Environment, Architecture, and Societies 2, nr 01 (28.02.2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/ijeas.2022.2.01.43-54.

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Preserving the originality or maintaining the performance is not a choice in heritage conservation. Both aspects need to be completed as a whole consideration for a decision in the conservation project. Conservation practice becomes more complex and challenging, followed by the change of time and condition. This article aims to identify the challenges of heritage conservation practice based on the conservation practice of the A. A. Maramis building. This study was unique in that it linked architectural components of form-function-meaning with a conservation aspect of A. A. Maramis Building restoration. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this article characterizes the issues and challenges. The data were collected through a long observation from the initiation until the final stage of the conservation project. The results display some issues that can be addressed as learned from the conservation project of A. A. Maramis Building in Jakarta are related to building regulation, material, and worker skill. Building regulations related to seismic safety are prepared for new structures. Building regulation should provide tools and guidelines that could save the old historic building, prolong its life, and protect the safety of the user. A number of old materials are demanding to be replaced. The construction industry at the present time failed to support most conservation projects, notably regarding building materials such as good quality timber for beams and planks. Old skills to handle masonry construction and woodworks should be reintroduced in technical schools to support conservation projects of buildings from the colonial period.

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