Rozprawy doktorskie: „Building- Earthquake”

1

Ito, Eri. "Integrated Earthquake Risk Evaluation for Mega-Thrust Earthquakes". Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263356.

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2

Salman, Firas, i Mouhammed Hussain. "Earthquake Resistant Wooden House". Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5908.

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Wood-stud shear walls are commonly used to provide lateral stability against horizontal forces in wood houses. Therefore, accurate predictions of the deformation properties of shear walls are necessary in order to improve the design of wood frame houses against earthquake loading. The aim of this thesis is to increase damping capacity of wood-stud shear walls and hence improve wood frame houses resistance against earthquake.

The starting point has been the laboratory experiments of nail joint’s deformation properties. Purpose of the experiments was to determine material properties of a nail joint. The material properties have later been used as material input data in the finite element (FE) model of wood-stud shear wall elements under alternating lateral loading. FE results have shown that wood-stud shear wall element’s damping capacity is mainly dependent on nail joints properties, number of nail joints, wall dimension and the use of middle studs.

Skjuvväggar av trä används ofta för att ge stabilitet åt horisontalbelastade träshustommar. Därför är kunskaper om skjuvväggars deformationsegenskaper nödvändiga för att kunna förbättra utformningen av trästommar utsatta för jordbävningslaster. Syftet med detta examenarbete är att visa på olika sätt som ökar skjuvväggars absorberande energi eller dämpningskapacitet och som därigenom ger möjligheter att förbättra trästommars motstånd mot jordbävningslaster.

Utgångspunkten har varit laboratorieexperimenten avseende spikförbandens deformationsegenskaper. Syftet med experimenten var att bestämma materialegenskaper för två olika spikförband. Materialsambanden användes därefter som indata i finita element (FE) modeller av skjuvväggselement utsatta för växlande sidobelastning. FE resultaten har visat att skjuvväggars totala dämpningskapacitet beror i huvudsak på spikförbandets materialegenskaper, antal spikförband, väggdimensionen och användningen av mellanreglar.

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3

McHattie, Samuel Alexander. "Seismic Response of the UC Physics Building in the Canterbury Earthquakes". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resource Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8801.

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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the seismic response of the UC Physics Building based on recorded ground motions during the Canterbury earthquakes, and to use the recorded response to evaluate the efficacy of various conventional structural analysis modelling assumptions. The recorded instrument data is examined and analysed to determine how the UC Physics Building performed during the earthquake-induced ground motions. Ten of the largest earthquake events from the 2010-11 Canterbury earthquake sequence are selected in order to understand the seismic response under various levels of demand. Peak response amplitude values are found which characterise the demand from each event. Spectral analysis techniques are utilised to find the natural periods of the structure in each orthogonal direction. Significant torsional and rocking responses are also identified from the recorded ground motions. In addition, the observed building response is used to scrutinise the adequacy of NZ design code prescriptions for fundamental period, response spectra, floor acceleration and effective member stiffness. The efficacy of conventional numerical modelling assumptions for representing the UC Physics Building are examined using the observed building response. The numerical models comprise of the following: a one dimensional multi degree of freedom model, a two dimensional model along each axis of the building and a three dimensional model. Both moderate and strong ground motion records are used to examine the response and subsequently clarify the importance of linear and non-linear responses and the inclusion of base flexibility. The effects of soil-structure interaction are found to be significant in the transverse direction but not the longitudinal direction. Non-linear models predict minor in-elastic behaviour in both directions during the 4 September 2010 Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake. The observed torsional response is found to be accurately captured by the three dimensional model by considering the interaction between the UC Physics Building and the adjacent structure. With the inclusion of adequate numerical modelling assumptions, the structural response is able to be predicted to within 10% for the majority of the earthquake events considered.

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4

Koc, Ersan. "Commitment Building For Earthquake Risk Management: Reconciling". Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612619/index.pdf.

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To a large extent, natural phenomenon like earthquakes, floods, lanslides and etc may seem &ldquo
natural events&rdquo
which are out of human control. In fact, the sociopolitical structure is the main cause of earth tremors which turn into disasters. What is notable and striking is that, because of institutional and social vulnerabilities and little or misguided efforts for disaster loss mitigation, natural events may turn into disasters resulting negative and devastating consequences. Institutional vulnerabilities connote a lack of local administrations&rsquo
capacity for disaster mitigation planning, furthermore awareness for accreting local stakeholders for disaster loss reduction. Social vulnerabilities, refers to miss-knowledge and lack of awareness for disasters in the society. In Turkey, it is hard to say that there has never been efforts for disaster loss reduction, whereas
the main focus of the state agencies has been on post-disaster emergency relief, literally wound healing for decades. Generally speaking, localities which experience a disaster may encounter significant losses in development, hence a significant decrease in local capacities which takes enormous resources to restore. The housing stock and urban fabric, which inherit an historical background weaved by missguided disaster policy that only focus on post-disaster emergency relief phase, pictures the extent of the problem in Turkey. In addition, both &ldquo
institutional errors which lead to underachievement in disaster policy and practice&rdquo
and &ldquo
opportunities for building robust and resilient forms of institutions&rdquo
come into local agenda. Errors, which might have been altered by long term and comprehensive modes of local planning for disasters, may lead to underachievement by local agents. To achieve such a model, we are in need to carry out qualitative and quantitative data collecting and analyzing techniques in different phases. The two analysis techniques are in-depth interviews (IDI) and drawing Concept Maps that will be conducted in the analyses process with local respondents selected by snowball technique.

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5

Vitoontus, Soravit. "Risk assessment of building inventories exposed to large scale natural hazards". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43676.

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Earthquakes are among the most devastating and unpredictable of natural hazards that affect civil infrastructure and have the potential for causing numerous casualties and significant economic losses over large areas. Every region that has the potential for great earthquakes should have an integrated plan for a seismic design and risk mitigation for civil infrastructure. This plan should include methods for estimating the vulnerability of building inventories and for forecasting economic losses resulting from future events. This study describes a methodology to assess risk to distributed civil infrastructure due to large-scale natural hazards with large geographical footprints, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, and provides a detailed analysis and assessment of building losses due to earthquake. The distinguishing feature of this research, in contrast to previous loss estimation methods incorporated in systems such as HAZUS-MH, is that it considers the correlation in stochastic demand on building inventories due to the hazard, as well as correlation in building response and damage due to common materials, construction technologies, codes and code enforcement. These sources of correlation have been neglected, for the most part, in previous research. The present study has revealed that the neglect of these sources of correlation leads to an underestimation of the estimates of variance in loss and in the probable maximum loss (PML) used as a basis for underwriting risks. The methodology is illustrated with a seismic risk assessment of building inventories representing different occupancy classes in Shelby County, TN, considering both scenario earthquakes and earthquakes specified probabilistically. It is shown that losses to building inventories estimated under the common assumption that the individual losses can be treated as statistically independent may underestimate the PML by a factor of range from 1.7 to 3.0, depending on which structural and nonstructural elements are included in the assessment. A sensitivity analysis reveals the statistics and sources of correlation that are most significant for loss estimation, and points the way forward for supporting data acquisition and synthesis.

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6

Maples, Kenneth. "Optimal Control of a Building During an Earthquake". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2006. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/184.

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In this thesis I develop a mathematical model for an apartment building during an earthquake. The movement of the building is restricted to a plane and twisting motions have been assumed negligible. A control system for the building is developed using optimal control techniques. For a quadratic objective functional, the existence of an optimal control is determined and numerical results are generated that show that the controller significantly lowers the chaotic oscillations in the building. The numerical work was done with the Miser3 package for Matlab. Relaxation of different constraints are considered, including multiple controls, varying stories, and different objective functionals.

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7

Hill, John C. "Building in the earthquake zone : American antifoundational theory". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261013.

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8

Arbabian, H. "Changes in building construction in an earthquake country". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532983.

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9

Sanchez-Silva, Mauricio. "A systems approach to earthquake vulnerability assessment". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294584.

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10

Kim, Jin Kyung. "A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Post-Earthquake Fire Performance of Buildings". Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/306.

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Earthquakes can severely damage building structural and nonstructural systems and components, including active and passive fire protection and egress systems. If the occurrence of such damage is not anticipated at the design stage, the impact of a post-earthquake fire could be significant, as building and fire protection systems may not perform as expected. Unfortunately, even though both the seismic and fire engineering communities utilize performance-based approaches for designing well-performing and resilient buildings under earthquake and fire hazards respectively, each discipline carries out their associated building performance analyses independently. As a result, fire protection engineers have little guidance as to how to estimate structural and nonstructural building systems and component damage as inputs to help them develop post-earthquake building fire scenarios. To help bridge this gap, a conceptual framework is developed that illustrates how performance-based approaches for earthquake and fire engineering analysis and design can become more integrated for the development of post-earthquake fire scenarios. Using a fictional building in an earthquake prone area as an example, the conceptual framework is implemented to show (a) how earthquake-induced damage to building fire protection systems could be estimated using an earthquake performance assessment tool, (b) how the damage estimates might be translated into physical damage parameters in a way that is meaningful for developing post-earthquake building fire scenarios, (c) how the damage states might be implemented in terms of fire and egress modeling input parameters, and (d) how this information could be used to and compare post-earthquake building fire safety performance to a normal(undamaged) building fire conditions.

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11

Majid, Taksiah A. "Structural pounding of an adjacent building under dynamic loading". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263904.

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12

Key, D. E. "The earthquake response of building structures with energy absorbing dampers". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370492.

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13

Xu, Xuan. "Earthquake protection of low-to-medium-rise buildings using rubber-soil mixtures". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43224192.

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14

Martin, David N. "Evaluation and comparison of a non-seismic design and seismic design for a low rise office building". Master's thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03172010-020113/.

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15

Rahgozar, Mohammad Ali. "Ductility and strength demands in building structures subjected to earthquake forces". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0006/NQ32349.pdf.

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16

Chandler, Adrian Mark. "Coupled torsional response of single-storey building models to earthquake loading". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308733.

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17

Yoo, Dong Y. "Repair time model for different building sizes considering the earthquake hazard". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10142981.

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Recent earthquakes devastated lives and destroyed a great stock of buildings. As a result, the earthquake-impacted regions incurred huge business and operation interruption losses. To minimize the business interruption losses through Performance-Based Seismic Design, there is an obvious need for a validated downtime model that would cover a large spectrum of building sizes and types. Building downtime consists of securing finances, mobilizing contractors, engineers and supplies, and the time to perform the actual repair, i.e., repair time. This study focuses on developing a model to characterize the repair time contribution to the downtime as an extension to FEMA P-58 Loss Assessment Methodology. The proposed repair time model utilizes the Critical Path Method for repair scheduling and realistic labor allocations that are based on the amount and severity of building damage. The model is validated on a significant sample of data collected through case studies from previous earthquakes, interviews with contractors, engineers, and inspectors. The proposed model also has a capability of scheduling resources to meet resource limitations that can either come from labor congestions or from a surge in demands following a disaster. The proposed resource scheduling method provides an efficient way of reducing the number of workers during labor congestions while minimizing its effect on the project duration. The final outcome is a realistic estimation of repair time associated with an earthquake.

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18

Rahgozar, Mohammad Ali Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil and Environmental. "Ductility and strength demands in building structures subjected to earthquake forces". Ottawa, 1998.

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19

Işık, Onur Turan Gürsoy. "Response improvement by using active control of an earthquake excited building/". [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/insaatmuh/T000482.doc.

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20

Shaikhutdinov, Rustem V. "Structural damage evaluation : theory and applications to earthquake engineering /". Pasadena : California Institute of Technology, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, 2004. http://caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu.

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21

Xu, Xuan, i 许旋. "Earthquake protection of low-to-medium-rise buildings using rubber-soil mixtures". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43224192.

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22

Gad, Emad F. "Performance of brick-veneer steel-framed domestic structures under earthquake loading /". Connect to thesis, 1997. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003001.

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23

Huang, Xiameng. "Strategic placement of viscous dampers in steel buildings under strong earthquake ground motions". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/102450/.

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Supplemental passive dampers are generally considered as an effective tool to control the seismic response of multi-storey buildings. Since the optimum placement of passive dampers in buildings can potentially improve the structural performance or reduce construction cost, there is an increasing number of researchers engaged to optimize the damper placement in buildings. Given that a large number of studies have been conducted to investigate damper placement methods, a systematic method or a clear conclusion for strategically distributing dampers in buildings is not presented in any building guidelines. The main limitations of current damper placement studies may include the lack of focus on collapse resistance of retrofitted buildings, on beam and column nonlinear behaviors, and the lack of considering the variations of earthquake characteristics and intensity levels. The fundamental damper placement issue can be separated as the distribution of dampers throughout the height of the buildings and the distribution of dampers in different bays in building frames. In this research, both distributions are explored and their effect on the collapse performances of buildings under strong earthquakes is thoroughly studied. The effectiveness of advanced damper placement approaches is evaluated by comparisons with classical damper placement methods. Considering the uncertainty in earthquake ground motion characteristics, multiple ground motions scaled to various intensity levels are involved to evaluate the seismic performance of buildings. Finally, major conclusions towards the philosophy of the strategic damper placement in practical building constructions are presented in terms of the overall structural performance under strong ground motions.

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24

Al-Shawwa, Nasser. "Rapid estimation of earthquake damage on instrumented steel frame buildings using simplified tools: towards 'city scale' building simulation". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119465.

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In the context of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) there is an increasing need for the development of rapid damage assessment methodologies for buildings that will enable stakeholders to take informed decisions for management of rescue resources, for reliable estimation of economic losses after an earthquake event in an urban area and for seismic rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure. An important difficulty to assess the post-earthquake functionality of a steel building is the fact that after an earthquake a detailed engineering inspection is typically required. These inspections cause long delays in getting back to operational stage even in those buildings that would most likely be classified as safe and functional after the inspection. This research thesis proposes a computationally efficient methodology for rapid earthquake damage on instrumented steel buildings located in an urban area that can facilitate these needs. A continuous model is employed as part of the proposed methodology that is calibrated within seconds with a computationally efficient optimization scheme, which uses an improved version of a general pattern search in combination with the modal minimization method. Based on the calibrated numerical model, the maximum story drift profile along the height of an instrumented steel building is obtained, given the recorded earthquake response at the instrumented floors of the same building. This drift profile is then used with drift-based fragility curves that express the probability of reaching or exceeding pre-described damage states in pre-qualified beam-to-column fully restraint moment connections. The proposed methodology is validated with a number of instrumented steel frame buildings located in a highly seismic urban area that experienced an actual earthquake event. Results show near perfect mapping of structural damage for light, intermediate and severely damaged steel frame buildings after a comparison with the actual damage inspections of the same buildings after the earthquake. The proposed methodology for rapid earthquake damage assessment on instrumented buildings is employed to demonstrate the concept of city-scale building simulation to facilitate emergency actions after a seismic event in an urban area. For this reason, we employed data from 22 stations in California that recorded the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Generalized structural damage maps are developed with the use of GIS for steel frame buildings around the Los Angeles area to illustrate the concept of "city-scale" structural damage assessment. The utilization of the proposed methodology is also demonstrated through an Android cell-phone application that has been developed that allows a structural engineer to conduct a qualitative structural damage assessment of an instrumented steel building after an earthquake on-the-fly while being on the building site.
Dans le contexte de la conception parasismique basée sur la performance (PBEE), il existe un besoin de développer des méthodes rapides d'évaluation de l'endommagement des bâtiments qui permettront aux intervenants de prendre des décisions éclairées dans leur gestion des ressources de sauvetage, l'estimation fiable des pertes économiques suite à un tremblement de terre dans une zone urbaine, ou bien la réhabilitation sismique des infrastructures endommagées. L'une des plus grandes difficultés rencontrées lors de l'évaluation de la fonctionnalité d'un bâtiment à ossature d'acier se présente lors de l'inspection technique détaillée, généralement requise suite à un tremblement de terre important. Ces inspections peuvent occasionner de longs retards avant le retour à la phase opérationnelle, et ce même lorsqu'un bâtiment est classé sécuritaire et fonctionnel. Pour pallier ces délais, cette thèse propose une méthodologie de calcul efficace qui permettra d'estimer rapidement la réponse maximale et le niveau d'endommagement probable d'un bâtiment en acier instrumenté dans une zone urbaine suite à un tremblement de terre de courte durée. Un modèle continu étalonné en quelques secondes avec un schéma d'optimisation de calcul efficace est proposé.. Le modèle utilise une version améliorée d'un modèle général de recherche ainsi que la méthode de minimisation modale. En appliquant le modèle numérique calibré aux réponses enregistrées aux étages instrumentés d'un bâtiment, il est possible d'obtenir le profil de déplacement inter-étage maximum. Ce profil est ensuite utilisé avec des courbes de fragilité qui indiquent la probabilité d'atteindre ou dépasser les états endommagés dans une connexion pré-qualifiée pour résister aux moments à l'intersection de la poutre et de la colonne. La méthodologie proposée est validée par un certain nombre de bâtiments instrumentés de type cadre en acier situés dans une zone hautement sismique en milieu urbain qui a subi un tremblement de terre. La comparaison entre les résultats du modèle et les dommages réels des bâtiments inspectés après le tremblement de terre indique une cartographie presque parfaite des dommages structuraux pour les bâtiments en acier avec des niveaux d'endommagement faible, intermédiaire et sévère. La méthodologie proposée pour l'évaluation rapide des dommages liés aux tremblements de terre sur les bâtiments instrumentés est utilisée pour illustrer le concept de "simulation des dommages à l'échelle urbaine" pour faciliter le déploiement des mesures d'urgence après un séisme. Pour cette application, nous avons utilisé les données de 22 stations situées en Californie qui ont enregistré le tremblement de terre de 1994 à Northridge. Des cartes répertoriant les dommages structuraux sont développées avec l'utilisation des SIG pour les bâtiments à ossature en acier autour de la région de Los Angeles. Il a été démontré que l'utilisation de la méthode proposée est également possible grâce à une application sur téléphone portable Android et qui permet à un ingénieur en structure de procéder à une évaluation qualitative "à la volée".

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25

Muthukumar, Subrahmanyam. "The application of advanced inventory techniques in urban inventory data development to earthquake risk modeling and mitigation in mid-America". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26662.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--City Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: French, Steven P.; Committee Member: Drummond, William; Committee Member: Goodno, Barry; Committee Member: McCarthy, Patrick; Committee Member: Yang, Jiawen. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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26

Weldelibanos, Fitsumberhan. "A survey of earthquake mitigation strategies & building principles for small traditional dwellings /". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69746.

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A survey of earthquake disaster mitigation strategies and building principles which could applied in rural areas of the Less Developed Countries. Earthquake vulnerability of traditional buildings and problems of earthquake hazard mitigation in these countries are discussed, along with some strategies that may help reduce the impact of future earthquakes. The performance of rural buildings during past earthquakes is analyzed to have a clear understanding of building behaviour during an earthquake. After the analysis, the research traces various recommendations and safe building techniques that would improve the earthquake-resistance of these buildings. Moreover, the study reviews problems often involved in implementing mitigation measures and in transferring technical information to semi-illiterate and unskilled workers, in conjunction with some methodologies on how to transfer information to the rural population. The study concludes by outlining the urgency for the need of pre-earthquake mitigation strategies and suggests some ideas to help narrow the gap which exists between the available information on earthquake mitigation measures and its application in those countries most affected by earthquakes.

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27

Lefki, Lkhider. "Critical evaluation of seismic design criteria for steel buildings". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63980.

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28

Weston, Neil R. "Development of energy dissipating ductile cladding for passive control of building seismic response". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13052.

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29

Ramirez, Carlos Marcelo. "Building-specific loss estimation methods & tools for simplified performance-based earthquake engineering /". May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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30

Moisidi, Margarita. "Geological geophysical and seismological investigations for earthquake hazard estimation in western Crete". Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4454.

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The purpose of the thesis is the determination of potentially seismic active sources and of the dynamic response evaluation of surface and subsurface structure at sites where the geometric and dynamic properties of the ground can strongly amplify seismic motions. A combination of methods involving the study of geology, geophysics and seismology disciplines permitting cross-comparison of techniques in a robust approach is applied to address these issues. The study area is focused in Kastelli-Kissamou and Paleohora half graben basins in northwestern and southwestern Crete that is located in one of the most seismically active parts of the Africa-Eurasia collision zone. Ground truthed geological field survey, 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Horizontal to Vertical Spectra Ratio (HVSR) technique using microtremors and microseismicity study are conducted. Microseismicity study involves two different earthquake dataset acquired from a regional permanent network installed on Crete and local temporal network installed on Paleohora. 2D Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) reveals seven faults in the territory of Kastelli-Kissamou and three faults large scale faults in the territory of Paleohora basin. HVSR technique using microtremors is applied only in the populated area of Kastelli and Paleohora basins and reveals five fault zones in Kastelli and four major fault zones in Paleohora crosscutting the densely populated areas. The effects of the surface and subsurface structure are well patterned in the horizontal to vertical spectra ratios. One amplified clear frequency, two high amplified clear frequencies, broad and flat or low amplitude HVSR peaks attributes the effects of surface and subsurface structure on seismic ground motion. The effects of soft rocks, stiff soils, thick and thin alluvial deposits, fault zones, lateral heterogeneities and discontinuities on seismic ground motion are determined. The higher ground amplification level is observed in Paleohora (A=5.7) compared to Kastelli (A=3.4). Three case studies of building vulnerability evaluation in Paleohora half-graben basin using HVSR technique and microtremors are presented. Temporal seismological network is installed in the territory of Paleohora to study the seismotectonic setting of southwestern Crete. Microseismicity using data from the permanent seismological regional network of Crete is used to compare the seismicity of the study areas.

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31

Hsu, Cheng-Chieh. "Control of seismic response of building structures using passive cladding and active tendon systems". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20747.

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32

Krishnan, Swaminathan. "Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Analysis of Tall Irregular Steel Buildings Subject to Strong Ground Motion". Thesis, Pasadena : California Institute of Technology, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, 2004. http://caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--California Institute of Technology, 2003.
"September 2003." Includes bibliographical references. EERL report series available at their website: http://caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu.

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33

Anil, Engin Burak. "Utilization of As-is Building Information Models Obtained from Laser Scan Data for Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Reinforced Concrete Buildings". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/499.

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Objective, accurate, and fast assessment of damage to buildings after an earthquake is crucial for timely remediation of material losses and safety of occupants of buildings. Currently, visual inspection of buildings for damage and manual identification of damage severity are the primary evaluation methods. However, visual inspections have a number of shortcomings. In different research studies, visual observations and inspector judgment have been shown to differ amongst different inspectors in terms of thoroughness and reliability of inspection, details included in inspection reports, and results of the damage assessment. Automatic damage assessment could help in evaluating damaged buildings by reducing the dependency on subjective data collection and evaluation of the damage observations. Laser scanning is a promising tool for field data collection for post-earthquake damage assessment as laser scanners are able to produce accurate and dense 3D measurements of the environment. Laser scan data can be processed to extract damage indicators. Identifying the damage severity requires the damage indicators be related to the building components in 3D space, as well as the structural configuration of the building, details of the reinforcement, and actual material properties. A Building Information Model (BIM) within which a structural system and damage are represented can serve as the underlying information source for damage assessment and post-earthquake seismic performance evaluation. However, further research is required for utilizing laser scan data and as-is BIMs generated from laser scan data for storing and reasoning about damaged buildings. In order to address the challenges and needs stated above, (1) the unique characteristics of laser scan data, which can potentially limit the reliability of the scanner data for crack identification under certain scenarios were investigated; (2) the information requirements for representing and reasoning about damage conditions were formalized; (3) a representation schema for damaged conditions was developed; and (4) reasoning mechanisms were studied for identifying the damage modes and severities of components using the identified damage parameters and structural properties. The research methods involved experiments to identify the characteristics of laser scanners for damage detection, investigation of damage assessment guidelines, and investigation and analysis of Building Information Modeling standards. The results of the investigation on damage assessment standards were used for identifying the information requirements for the representation of damage and for developing the representation schema. Validation studies include: (1) validation of the information requirements by an analysis to quantify the sensitivity of damage assessment to the identified damage parameters; (2) validation of generality of the representation schema to masonry components; (3) validation of the reasoning mechanisms with a user study. The contributions include: (1) characterization of two laser scanner for detecting earthquake induced cracks; (2) identification of information requirements for visual assessment of earthquake damage on reinforced concrete shear walls; (3) a schema for representing the earthquake damage for supporting the visual assessment; and (4) approach for identifying the damage mode and severity of reinforced concrete walls.

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34

Sumer, Emre. "Earthquake Damage Detection Using Watershed Segmentation And Intensity-gradient Orientation Approaches". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605485/index.pdf.

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Earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters on earth. Rapid and reliable post-quake damage assessment has an important role to reduce the drastic effects of an earthquake by setting the responsible agencies in motion. In this study, the collapsed buildings due to earthquake were detected from post-event aerial images. Two approaches were proposed to detect the collapsed buildings. These approaches were implemented in a selected urban area of Golcuk. The first approach was based on the analysis of shadow casting edges. First, the shadow casting edges of the buildings were identified and a buffer zone was generated for each building polygon along these edges. Then, the shadow regions were detected using the watershed segmentation algorithm. This was followed by measuring the agreement between the shadow producing edges of the buildings and their corresponding shadows. Of the 284 buildings analyzed, 229 were successfully labeled as collapsed or un-collapsed providing an overall accuracy of 80,63%.In the second approach, a two-branch method based on building light intensities and the gradient orientation was used. In the first branch, an intensity threshold was determined and applied to building image patches. Then, a pixel ratio was computed to categorize the buildings. In the second branch, a series of processings were carried out including the smoothing of the building image patches and the determination of the magnitude and the orientation of the gradient. Then, an optimum angle threshold was determined to label the buildings. The final decision about the condition of a building was made by integrating the two branches. Of the 284 buildings analyzed, 254 were correctly labeled providing an overall accuracy of 89,44%. The same assessments were repeated after generating a one-pixel wide buffer zone around the building polygons and an overall accuracy of 90,85% was obtained. The results of the proposed approaches prove that the collapsed buildings caused by the earthquake can be successfully detected from post-event aerial images.

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35

Civjan, Scott Adam. "Investigation of retrofit techniques for seismic resistant steel moment connections /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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36

Koohikamali, Mehrdad. "Assessment of Post-earthquake Building Damage Using High-resolution Satellite Images and LiDAR Data - a Case Study From Port-au-prince, Haiti". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700081/.

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When an earthquake happens, one of the most important tasks of disaster managers is to conduct damage assessment; this is mostly done from remotely sensed data. This study presents a new method for building detection and damage assessment using high-resolution satellite images and LiDAR data from Port-au-Prince, Haiti. A graph-cut method is used for building detection due to its advantages compared to traditional methods such as the Hough transform. Results of two methods are compared to understand how much our proposed technique is effective. Afterwards, sensitivity analysis is performed to show the effect of image resolution on the efficiency of our method. Results are in four groups. First: based on two criteria for sensitivity analysis, completeness and correctness, the more efficient method is graph-cut, and the final building mask layer is used for damage assessment. Next, building damage assessment is done using change detection technique from two images from period of before and after the earthquake. Third, to integrate LiDAR data and damage assessment, we showed there is a strong relationship between terrain roughness variables that are calculated using digital surface models. Finally, open street map and normalized digital surface model are used to detect possible road blockages. Results of detecting road blockages showed positive values of normalized digital surface model on the road centerline can represent blockages if we exclude other objects such as cars.

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37

Kontrim, Kathryn L. "Seismic analysis of Fire Station No. One : a historic unreinforced masonry building /". Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09042008-063734/.

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38

Cevik, Deniz. "Determination Of The Change In Building Capacity During Earthquakes". Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607085/index.pdf.

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There is a great amount of building stock built in earthquake regions where earthquakes frequently occur. It is very probable that such buildings experience earthquakes more than once throughout their economic life. The motivation of this thesis arose from the lack of procedures to determine the change in building capacity as a result of prior earthquake damage. This study focuses on establishing a method that can be employed to determine the loss in the building capacity after experiencing an earthquake. In order to achieve this goal a number of frames were analyzed under several randomly selected earthquakes. Nonlinear time-history analyses and nonlinear static analyses were conducted to assess the prior and subsequent capacities of the frames under consideration. The structural analysis programs DRAIN-2DX and SAP2000 were employed for this purpose. The capacity curves obtained by these methods were investigated to propose a procedure by which the capacity of previously damaged structures can be determined. For time-history analyses the prior earthquake damage can be taken into account by applying the ground motion histories successively to the structure under consideration. In the case of nonlinear static analyses this was achieved by modifying the elements of the damaged structure in relation to the plastic deformation they experience. Finally a simple approximate procedure was developed using the regression analysis of the results. This procedure relies on the modification of the structure stiffness in proportion to the ductility demand the former earthquake imposes. The proposed procedures were applied to an existing 3D building to validate their applicability.

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39

Hasdemir, Berna. "Analysis Of Existing Building Stock According To Mitigation Plan Objectives". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611563/index.pdf.

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Earthquakes in Turkey, among all natural disasters claim the highest losses in terms of human lives, material and economic assets. Most of the lives are lost within the collapsed buildings, and most of the material and economic losses are again directly related to the functional capacities of the building stock. The method of risk assessment in the existing building stock is therefore an essential step in the maintenance of safer urban environments. Analysis of risks in the building stock is usually claimed to demand surveys of engineering studies. Yet risk determination studies by planners could prove not only a more comprehensive approach, but less time consuming and cheaper. As carried out by engineers, most of safety studies in the building stock are directly related with estimating the probability of collapse and damage in individual buildings. It is necessary to recognize the need for analysis of the building stock not only in terms of structural robustness, but as part of a mitigation plan, taking into consideration all sources of hazards and the urban pattern, densities, landuse, forms of ownership, social features, management capacities, and local opportunities. Risky buildings determined by a simple set of criteria within a comprehensive planning context are comparatively explored in this study to observe the level of fit with those determined by engineering surveys. The case of Fatih District in Istanbul provides an opportunity to carry out comparative analyses. It indicates that a &lsquo
perfect fit&rsquo
can not be achieved if for nothing but due to the disregard of multi-hazard areas, hazardous activities and other vulnerabilities like timber buildings other than reinforced concrete in the district by the engineering survey. Several trials indicated that there is a trade-off between ratio of fit and the total volume of relative vulnerability assumed. Ratios like 70% or more could make the planning approach a preferable method owing to its nature of least time-consuming and costly alternative in the determination of what constitutes risk in any urban area. Ultimate assessment could be made with the occurance of the earthquake itself.

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40

Wan, Chi Kin. "Time history analysis and optimal drift design of multi-storey concrete building structures under seismic excitations /". View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20WAN.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-131). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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41

Guler, Muhammet Ali. "Detection Of Earthquake Damaged Buildings From Post-event Photographs Using Perceptual Grouping". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12604982/index.pdf.

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Two approaches were developed for detecting earthquake damaged buildings from post-event aerial photographs using shadow analysis and perceptual grouping. In the first approach, it is assumed that the vector boundaries of the buildings are not known a priori. Therefore, only the post-event aerial photographs were used to detect the collapsed buildings. The approach relies on an idea that if a building is fully damaged then, it will not generate a closed contour. First, a median filter is applied to remove the noise. Then, the edge pixels are detected through a Canny edge detector and the line segments are extracted from the output edge image using a raster-to-vector conversion process. After that, the line segments are grouped together using a three-level hierarchical perceptual grouping procedure to form a closed contour. The principles used in perceptual grouping include the proximity, the collinearity, the continuity and the perpendicularity. In the second approach, it is assumed that the vector boundaries of the buildings are known a priori. Therefore, this information is used as additional data source to detect the collapsed buildings. First, the edges are detected from the image through a Canny edge detector. Second, the line segments are extracted using a raster-to-vector conversion process. Then, a two-level hierarchical perceptual grouping procedure is used to group these line segments. The boundaries of the buildings are available and stored in a GIS as vector polygons. Therefore, after applying the perceptual grouping procedure, the damage conditions of the buildings are assessed on a building-by-building basis by measuring the agreement between the detected line segments and the vector boundaries.

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42

Tahmilci, Fatih. "Analysis Of Blast Loading Effect On Regular Steel Building Structures". Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609052/index.pdf.

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Concern about effect of explosives effect on engineering structures evolved after the damage of Second World War. Beginning from 90&rsquo
s with the event of bombing Alfred P. Murrah Federal building located in Oklahoma City this concern deepened and with the attack to World Trade Center twin towers on September 11, 2001 it is peaked. Recent design codes mainly focus on earthquake resistant design and strengthening of the structures. These code design methodologies may sometimes satisfy current blast resistant design philosophy, but in general code compliant designs may not provide recognizable resistance to blast effect. Therefore designer should carry out earthquake resistant design with the blast resistant design knowledge in mind in order to be able to select the most suitable framing scheme that provide both earthquake and blast resistance. This is only possible if designer deeply understands and interprets the blast phenomenon. In this study, it is intended to introduce blast phenomenon, basic terminology, past studies, blast loading on structures, blast structure interaction, analysis methodologies for blast effect and analysis for blast induced progressive and disproportionate collapse. Final focus is made on a case study that is carried out to determine whether a regular steel structures already designed according to Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 requirements satisfy blast, thus progressive collapse resistance requirements or not.

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43

Hareer, Rahila Wardak. "Seismic response of building façade system with energy absorbing connections". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16537/1/Rahila_Hareer_Thesis.pdf.

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Facades are popular in modern buildings and are made of different materials such as pre-cast concrete, glass, aluminium, granite or marble and steel. During recent times seismic activity in densely populated areas has resulted in damage and a consequent loss of life. There were many types of building failure, including failure of building facade systems. Facade systems are highly vulnerable and fail more frequently than the buildings themselves with significant devastating effects. During an earthquake building frames suffer large interstorey drifts, causing racking of the building facade systems. The facade systems may not be able to cater for such large deformations and this can result in either functional or total failure at the facade connections or damage by pounding (impact) with adjacent facade panels. Façade failure and collapse can cause serious damage to buildings and injury to people in the vicinity. Moreover, facade represent between 10- 20 % or more of the total building cost depending on the size and importance of the facility and facade material (Facades1980). Considering the cost and safety issues, the importance of a well designed facade system on a building needs to be emphasised. In modern buildings, energy absorbing passive damping devices are very commonly used for energy absorption in order to manage the vibration response of multistorey buildings in an earthquake event. A number of manufactured dampers such as Viscoelastic and viscous, friction and yielding dampers are available. These dampers use a range of materials and designs in order to achieve diverse levels of damping and stiffness. This thesis is an investigation of the seismic behaviour of building facade systems and studies the effects of facade and connection properties on this response. The objectives with energy absorbing connections of the study are to determine and control facade distortions and to establish the required connection properties. Finite Element techniques have been used for modelling and analysis of the building frame, facade and connections. Time history analyses under earthquake loadings were carried out to determine the system response in terms of inter-storey drifts, facade distortions, differential displacement between facades and frames and the axial force in horizontal connections. Connection properties with respect to stiffness and energy absorption capability (or damping) have been modelled and varied to obtain the desired response. Findings illustrate the influence of these connection properties on system response and show that it is possible to control facade distortions to within acceptable limits. They also demonstrate that energy absorbing connections are able to reduce inter-storey drifts and mitigate the detrimental seismic effects on the entire building facade system.

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44

Hareer, Rahila Wardak. "Seismic response of building façade system with energy absorbing connections". Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16537/.

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Facades are popular in modern buildings and are made of different materials such as pre-cast concrete, glass, aluminium, granite or marble and steel. During recent times seismic activity in densely populated areas has resulted in damage and a consequent loss of life. There were many types of building failure, including failure of building facade systems. Facade systems are highly vulnerable and fail more frequently than the buildings themselves with significant devastating effects. During an earthquake building frames suffer large interstorey drifts, causing racking of the building facade systems. The facade systems may not be able to cater for such large deformations and this can result in either functional or total failure at the facade connections or damage by pounding (impact) with adjacent facade panels. Façade failure and collapse can cause serious damage to buildings and injury to people in the vicinity. Moreover, facade represent between 10- 20 % or more of the total building cost depending on the size and importance of the facility and facade material (Facades1980). Considering the cost and safety issues, the importance of a well designed facade system on a building needs to be emphasised. In modern buildings, energy absorbing passive damping devices are very commonly used for energy absorption in order to manage the vibration response of multistorey buildings in an earthquake event. A number of manufactured dampers such as Viscoelastic and viscous, friction and yielding dampers are available. These dampers use a range of materials and designs in order to achieve diverse levels of damping and stiffness. This thesis is an investigation of the seismic behaviour of building facade systems and studies the effects of facade and connection properties on this response. The objectives with energy absorbing connections of the study are to determine and control facade distortions and to establish the required connection properties. Finite Element techniques have been used for modelling and analysis of the building frame, facade and connections. Time history analyses under earthquake loadings were carried out to determine the system response in terms of inter-storey drifts, facade distortions, differential displacement between facades and frames and the axial force in horizontal connections. Connection properties with respect to stiffness and energy absorption capability (or damping) have been modelled and varied to obtain the desired response. Findings illustrate the influence of these connection properties on system response and show that it is possible to control facade distortions to within acceptable limits. They also demonstrate that energy absorbing connections are able to reduce inter-storey drifts and mitigate the detrimental seismic effects on the entire building facade system.

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45

Oksuz, Arif. "Software Development For R/c Building Vulnerability Index And Member Importance Calculation". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604847/index.pdf.

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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR R/C BUILDING VULNERABILITY INDEX AND MEMBER IMPORTANCE CALCULATION Turkey has many active faults which have the potential to generate large earthquakes. Recent earthquakes showed that the buildings in Turkey are not well designed and vulnerable to earthquakes. Previous studies on the subject showed that many structures in Turkey need to be strengthened before the next major earthquake to minimize property loss and casualties. A number of fast and approximate (mostly empirical) methods have been developed in the past to process large building stock. However, there are some important and special structures that do not fit with the general building stock and needs special consideration (e.g., disaster management center, governmental buildings, hospitals, tall structures, etc.). This study targets to evaluate those important and special structures in a detailed, fast, and correct manner. The developed software, which constitutes an important part of this study, does process the building information several times to determine member-based importance factors. The vulnerability index of the building will be determined using the importance of each load-carrying member and how much each member is forced with respect to its capacity. In order to augment user perception, a functional graphical user-interface is designed. Software is equipped with modules that generate input files for SAP2000 analysis program, conduct dynamic and static analysis automatically, and postprocess the generated analysis results which enable the engineer to make a decision on the vulnerability of the structure. Program is written in C++, using object-oriented programming technique. The main difference between this and similar studies is the generator program which automatically generates 3D-FE models and post-processes nonlinear analysis results for an effective decision mechanism. In this way, more realistic results can be obtained much faster. As future studies, new routines are planned to be implemented to the graphical user interface of the program which will suggest smart and engineered retrofit/strengthening alternatives to the user.

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46

Biddah, Aiman Mahmoud Samy. "Evaluation of the seismic level of protection of steel moment resisting frame building structures". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/NQ42833.pdf.

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47

Wang, Jell, i 王傑兒. "Evaluation of Earthquake Design Regulation of Current Building Codes Using Earthquake Records". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51760294217195542474.

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48

Yassin, Mohmmad Hany. "Post-earthquake fire performance of building structures". Thesis, 2008. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/975932/1/MR45358.pdf.

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The potential of fire event after a strong earthquake is quite high and the damage caused by this fire could be significantly higher as compared to normal fire not accompanied by an earthquake. Thus it is important to know the behavior of structures under such circumstances. Modern buildings are designed to have adequate resistance against an expected level earthquake, and sufficient fire safety, considering these events to occur separately. However, fire following a seismic excitation is not uncommon. After an earthquake the structure may sustain a considerable damage and the fire resistance of the system will be significantly impaired. In this case, the fire performance of the structure will be significantly reduced, and such condition may pose a serious threat to structural integrity, which is detrimental to the life safety of the occupants and rescue workers. Thus, it is necessary to consider such scenarios in the design of a building constructed in a seismic zone. In this study the performance of two types of structures has been studied. Load bearing wood stud walls and moment resistant steel frames under such condition has been modeled and analyzed. The performance analysis of the wood stud wall in fire has been verified with the results from the NRC fire tests. For the steel frames, the results are validated with different finite element systems such as SAFIR and ANSYS. The analysis includes heat transfer analysis and thermal stress analysis by using numerical model for wood wall and finite element solver for steel frame. Existing numerical model for stability analysis of wood frame walls cannot be applied to cases with fire and earthquake induced fire. Modifications are proposed to the existing methods in order to account for the time dependent changes in strength, stiffness and geometry due to earthquake and fire in order to determine the fire resistance of the structures. Two analytical approaches have been proposed for modeling the damage in the steel structure after earthquake. Fire resistance rates are investigated for both normal and post earthquake fire scenarios. It is observed from the study that the fire followed by an earthquake reduces the fire resistance of a structure in both wood-frame and steel-frame structures. The study presented here forms a preliminary understanding of the PEF phenomenon and its effect on structures. Further studies are needed to enhance the understanding, quantify the parametric changes and formulate design guidelines to account for PEF hazard to structures in seismic zones. Keywords. post-earthquake fire hazards, conflagration, performance-based design, structural strengthening, monitoring, simulation.

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49

Ding, Bo-Ting, i 丁柏廷. "Earthquake Response Control of Building Using Skin Facades". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47309538421007735953.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
102
This research designs a type of skin facade (SF system) to control 1st mode vibration of primary structure. Three experimental cases are conducted in order to compare the control effectiveness of each case. A set of SF system consists of a window-shaped plate and two viscos dampers. The vibration of the window-shaped plate can provide additional stiffness to the primary structure. The window-shaped plate can be installed additional mass to tune the vibration frequency. Thus, the stiffness provided by SF system can be altered. The installment of two viscos dampers can provide additional damping to the primary structure. The concept of this SF system is similar to the conventional tuned mass dampers. Both systems contain a dashpot system to absorb energy. Furthermore, the vibration of the window-shape plate can also regulate the atmosphere and make this SF system more eco-friendly. The primary structure is NEREE’s eight-floor shear frame building. Three cases are conducted on shaking table. The EL Centro, Kobe, and TUC129 excitations are used for shaking table test. Performance test of viscos dampers are conducted before shaking table test to identify damping coefficient. Use subspace identification method to identify the dynamic properties of SF systems and compare the results with each case. The primary structure motion can be substantially reduced by SF systems introduced in this research. However, some case’s control effectiveness is limited. Investigating the inferior case and the perfect case by analyzing transfer function of SF system can find difference between two cases and give a reasonable explanation. Further research is required for adjust the mechanism of the SF system to make the control effectiveness more effective.

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50

Hsu, Ming-Kai, i 許銘凱. "Using Earthquake Building Damage Data in Establishing Building Fragility Curves and its Application". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41023286956152863523.

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碩士
國立中央大學
地球科學學系
105
The assessment of the seismic risk for the city represent an important resources in order to measure the potential losses due to future earthquake. The evaluation of seismic risk involves the combination of three main components: seismic hazard model, exposure model defining the spatial distribution of elements exposed to the hazard and vulnerability functions capable of describing the distribution of percentage of loss for a set of intensity measure levels. Building fragility curve is an important component to influence the seismic risk. The fragility curves in this study will be made based on the building damage records collected from the 1999 Chi-Chi and 2016 Meinong earthquakes. The fragility curves in Taiwan were previously developed based on the value in peak ground acceleration (PGA). In the knowledge finding on the relation of hazard to damage as to be risk related, PGA is not a critical parameter for this estimation. In view of this, we intend to develop building fragility curves in other strong motion parameters (e.g., peak ground velocity or revised intensity). By using maximum likelihood estimation method we estimate the building damage and economic loss in comparison to the previously established PGA-based curves. In this case the reliability of the building damage and economic losses for our result are higher than the estimation from pre-existing fragility. We implemented both the pre-existing fragility curves and those we have obtained to the probabilistic seismic risk assessment for Taipei and Tainan City. Our intention is to give the new building fragility curves in different types of intensity and the first attempt on the modeling the seismic risk on an open platform for Taiwan.

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