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McLean, James Stephen. "Navigational Complexity Within Building Codes." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/812.
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The premise, that building codes have become too complex, has been discussed, commented on, and documented by practicing engineers; however, prior to this research there was little scientific evidence that codes have increased in complexity over time. There are many aspects of building codes that are complicated, and this reflects a combination of the inherent complexity of building design and the dynamical processes that produce the codes. This research focuses on navigational complexity and specifically the aspects that can be quantified to demonstrate current codes are more complex than their predecessors. Navigational complexity is defined as the complexity created by document cross referencing and other unintended structural features of a code. A metric for quantifying navigational complexity has been developed based on estimates of time consumed by an engineer stepping and navigating through codes. The metric can be used to quantify navigational complexity within a given code and between different codes. Although it is unclear as to what extent navigational complexity contributes to the overall level of complexity within a code, this research affirms that navigational complexity has increased in various codes over the years and can be used to compare complexity between different codes.
The complexity of building codes has been shown to be increasing in several commonly used codes, and it may be necessary to simplify some codes. Additionally, this research postulates that it is possible for codes to become too complex and that there may be instances where the cognitive limit of navigational complexity within any given code is exceeded. However, building codes are complex for several reasons, and attempting to make codes less complex is not trivial. Without a method to reduce complexity, the task of simplification may be impenetrable. The developed metric for navigational complexity has been coupled with graphical representations to identify areas where navigational complexity can be reduced and areas where it may be beyond the cognitive limit of code users. The combination of numerical data and graphical representations may provide additional significant advantages that are not yet realized. Measuring and understanding navigational complexity within any code opens up the possibility of mitigation through reorganization and developing better navigational tools for future editions.
2
Taylor, Jonathan. "An evaluation of site factors in building codes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13121.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1992.<br>Title as it appears in the M.I.T. Graduate List, Feb. 1992: An evaluation of site factors for use in bulding codes.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-163).<br>by Jonathan Taylor.<br>M.S.
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Broderick, Charles R. (Charles Robert) 1977. "A simple interface for building environment simulation codes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81524.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 65).<br>by Charles R. Broderick, III.<br>M.Eng.
4
Al-Marwaee, Mohammed Aish. "Tubular daylight guidance systems cost, value and building codes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433020.
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Averill, Jason D. "Performance-Based Codes: Economics, Documentation, and Design." Digital WPI, 1999. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/809.
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The advent of performance-based codes in the United States underscores the need for a thorough, systematic approach to the documentation and accomplishment of a performance-based design. This project has three objectives: economic analysis of performance-based codes from a social view point, documentation of a performance-based design, and an example application of the ICC Performance-Based Code to high-rise office building. Economic issues explored include the externalities, insurance, and liabilities associated with performance-based codes. Documentation of a performance-based design includes delineation of the scope and goals with agreement between the designer, architect, building owner, and authority having jurisdiction, examination of the relevant code statutes, development of appropriate fire scenarios which meet the requirements of the performance matrices, thorough documentation of all design tool and calculation assumptions and limitations, and a clear demonstration of satisfactory accomplishment of stated goals and objectives. Finally, performance-based design alternatives to a prescriptively-designed 40 story office building were developed. There were three major design alternatives. The first design feature was the evacuation of occupants using elevators. The second alternative was the use of the assured fire safety system, which combined emerging technologies in fire detection, alarm, and suppression. The final design alternative was the routing of the domestic water supply through the sprinkler riser in order increase the reliability of the sprinkler system and save design, material, and installation costs associated with the domestic water supply risers. Finally, this project analyzed the specific life-cycle economic impact of the design alternatives when compared to the prescriptive design.
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BONAVERO, FEDERICA. "URBAN RETROFIT DESIGN Codes and Labels for Building Energy Efficiency." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2710812.
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Buildings are a major contributor to energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions, and their energy-efficient renovation has been widely accepted as a cornerstone in the low-carbon transition of Europe’s cities.
Through an investigation into the policies and practices for the retrofitting of residential buildings, the research draws on the experience gained by leading member states and exemplary retrofit projects to highlight their most innovative aspects and practical implications from a design perspective.
To this aim, the research starts by presenting facts and figures about the current state of the building stock across Europe, and discussing the most relevant European directives and policy instruments for national implementation (i.e. Building Energy Codes, Building Energy Labels and related incentives). Then, it proceeds by describing the regulatory framework for building retrofitting in three reference countries (i.e. Denmark, France and Germany) and analysing a number of retrofit projects involving post-war multi-family buildings and estates. Finally, it summarizes and systemizes findings from the case studies, identifying a set of retrofit measures that have proven to be effective in meeting energy efficiency requirements while improving urban quality of life.
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Yeung, Chi-hung, and 楊志雄. "A survey of environmental impacts of building energy codes on energy management in building services installations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575424.
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Yeung, Chi-hung. "A survey of environmental impacts of building energy codes on energy management in building services installations." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575424.
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Alms̊, Johannes. "Building performance evaluation an organization for documentation." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0822102-183645.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.<br>Keywords: building performance -- fire safety -- fire spread -- fire detection and initial action -- automatic sprinkler systems -- smoke movement, control and toxicity -- structural frame -- fire brigade intervention -- life safety. Includes bibliographical references.
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Gouasmia, Abdelhacine. "Seismic response of reinforced concrete structures designed using North American building codes." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5467.
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Wallace, Gabrielle, and not supplied. "Microeconomic reform of the building and development process: the development and outcomes of building regulation reform in Australia 1990-2003." RMIT University. Social Science and Planning, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070205.123414.
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As a component of the regulatory structure controlling building construction and land development in Australia, the system of building regulation was reformed during a period of significant restructuring of the Australian economy. The microeconomic reforms aimed to find efficiencies in government and industry sectors, and with respect to the latter, facilitate the development of competitive trade structures across national and global markets. The research provides a critical narrative account of the development and outcomes of the microeconomic reform of building regulation between 1990 and 2003. The microeconomic reform process is examined in the context of the vastly differing approaches of two Australian states, Victoria and New South Wales, with respect to the national reform agenda which was initiated and led by the Commonwealth government in response to the increasing globalization of the national economy. An understanding of what happened and why and how t he states differed with respect to the national reform agenda enabled the outcomes of the reforms to be examined for their impact upon government, industry and the community. The regulation of building construction is a constitutional responsibility of the state governments and has traditionally been controlled by local government. However, control is increasingly being centralized at the national level, in response to international pressures to adopt performance-based regulations, standards and governance systems that accord to neoliberal ideology. This has resulted in a reduction of state and local government involvement in certain building control functions with a commensurate increased role for the private sector; an increase in the complexity and quantity of regulatory instruments; a reduction in government accountability for the standard of building construction; the development of structures to facilitate competitive intranational and international trade in construction-related goods and services and a reduction in the quality and standard of buildings. The principal benefits of the reforms have accrued to industry and to government and the least benefits have accrued to the community/consumer.
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Lindgren-Mönestam, Björn. "Evaluation of energy performance in single family houses." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80227.
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In order to improve people’s living situation and decrease the use of fossil energy in the world, researchers’ attention has been focused on the energy side of the building sector. Especially single family houses in the Nordic countries Norway, Sweden and Finland have been given attention in the Increasing Energy Efficiency in Buildings (IEEB) project, with the purpose of increasing energy efficiency in buildings. In the project presented in this report, this has been studied by simulating a low energy single family house at different locations in Scandinavia, and applying the various national building codes to the house to see how it would match the energy requirements. The simulated locations included the different climates in Helsinki, Oulu (Finland), Oslo, Narvik (Norway), Piteå, Umeå, Karlstad, Borlänge, Stockholm and Kalmar (Sweden). The house fulfilled almost all the national energy requirements with more or less margin because of its low energy use. A comparison with actual measurements of the house did not match as good, because of uncertainty in measurement methods and climate aspects. The national building codes and climate in the Nordic countries turned out to be similar enough for a coordination of the building codes to be possible in the future.
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Waddoups, Linda Jane. "A binary representation for built forms." Thesis, Open University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343749.
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Rahman, Muhammad Mostafijur. "Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Using Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC 1993) and Comparison with Other Codes (ASCE 7-10 And IS 1893-2002)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin150487859306952.
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McLean, William. "Inspector Discretion and Industry Compliance in the Street-Level Implementation of Building Codes." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2003. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/63.
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This dissertation examines inspector discretion and industry compliance in the street-level implementation of building codes. In particular, this study examines the effects that agency-level, individual-level, and environmental variables have on the choice of inspectors to exercise discretion. Unique to this study is the examination of policy congruence between building departments and street-level inspectors as a predictor of industry compliance with regulatory policy. In addition, the various effects of building department enforcement philosophies, departmental capacity for enforced compliance, and environmental variables are considered. The findings indicate that regulatory policy implementation and impact are complex phenomena. There is no single, best predictor for determining what influences inspector behavior and industry compliance. Rather, this study shows that it is a multiplicity of factors, in concert, that shape regulatory outputs and outcomes. From this dissertation we can learn lessons that can be applied to other policy areas to create a better understanding of inspector discretion, improve industry compliance with regulations, and achieve more effective street-level implementation and understanding of policy impact.
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Almås, Johannes. "Building Performance Evaluation: An Organization for Documentation." Digital WPI, 2003. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/954.
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"An organization of a variety of useful references and tools for evaluating typical situations that have to be addressed in a performance based fire safety design are structured in this project. The chapters in this paper are arranged the same way as the situations may appear in fire scenarios. Each chapter discusses relevant issues for regulatory required sub evaluations in fire safety engineering. In this paper the sub evaluations are named; Fire spread within the origin, Barriers and fire spread beyond the origin, Fire detection and initial action, Automatic sprinkler systems, Smoke movement, control and toxicity, Structural frame, Fire brigade intervention and Life safety. The paper addresses standards and publications to evaluate fire safety in buildings. The tools and references presented are an assortment from a variety of methods and correlations that have been developed through the years in order to achieve knowledge of the dynamics of the fire and how to control its severity. The topics for the sub evaluations are codes and standards, design fire development, fire protection efficiencies in fires, reliability issues, building and construction characteristics, occupant characteristics, evaluation tools and evaluation software."
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Al-Fahad, Jasem Y. "Reform of building codes, regulations, administration and enforcement in Kuwait : within the legal, administrative, technical & social framework." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9883.
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The majority of building code development and implementation practices are normally connected with the progress of construction community changing awareness, needs and perspectives, advanced technology in construction and new level of knowledge. Unproven practices and the technology of building code development and implementation in case of insufficient and outdated codes, the use of unproven advanced codes of other countries, or the infringement of the existing codes, in most cases, could lead to a large number of shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare, and poor quality of buildings. Every aspect of a building code development and implementation practice could be influenced by insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations that could cause buildings failures. Generally, the success of a building code development and implementation practice is directly connected with the involved insufficiencies and infringements in the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social), i.e. faults of building code development and implementation should be successfully resolved in order to come to an end of a building project assuring code's objectives (public health, safety and general welfare). One of the early research problems of building code development and implementation practice was conducted by Productivity Commission (2004) where the research organized and categorized the causes of shortcomings of BC according to four main functions of building code, including legal, administrative, technical, and social functions. Productivity Commission Research had been the starting point of research problems of building codes in Kuwait. For the past 20 years, many researchers have high numbers of categories, components and rankings to explain different types of insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations. However, these categories and rankings produce inconsistent and overlapping cause and impact factors. In addition, researchers and practitioners at this point tend to focus on the technical and administrative sides related to the issues of building codes development and implementation, and neglecting the importance of legal and social sides. Legal issues like finding a law to prepare and enforce building codes, cover of insurance companies, building materials testing system, weak regulations related issues, building specifications, and clarity of regulation texts; as well as social issues like community awareness, issuing and enforcing legal court rules, deterrent punishments for violators, violations or cheatings in related issues, all of these were deemed not that critical by most reviewers. The research is specifically concerned with the insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations which cause shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare, and how related cause and impact factors are selected and organized. Existing research highlights the need for further researches of how to relate between research and building regulations that are at present. There is evidence that construction industries around the world have little experience in this area (CIB TG37, 2001). The proposal within this research is to address this aspect of the debate by seeking to clarify the role of the four functions of building code; legal, administrative, technical, and social function as a frame of reference that stakeholder parties (building officials, design and construction professionals) might agree with and which should act as the basis for the selection and formation of occurrences of cause factors, and their iv impact on public health, safety and general welfare. The focus on the four functions of building code as a fault (cause) frame of reference potentially leads to a common, practical view of the (multi) dimensionality setting of fault (cause) within which cause factors may be identified and which, we believe, could be grounded across a wide range of practices specifically in this research of building code development and implementation. The research surveyed and examined the opinions of building officials, design and construction professionals. We assess which fault (cause) factors are most likely to occur in building and construction projects; evaluate fault (cause) impact by assessing which fault (cause) factors that building officials, design and construction professionals specifically think are likely to arise in the possibility of shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare. The data obtained were processed, analyzed and ranked. By using the EXCEL and SPSS for factor analysis, all the fault (cause) factors were reduced and groups into clusters and components for further correlation analysis. The analysis was able to prove an opinion on fault (cause) likelihood, the impact of the fault (cause) on the objectives of building code. The analysis indicates that it is possible to identify grouping of insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations that is correspondent to the different parts of the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social) these suggest three identified groups when viewing cause from the likelihood occurrence and four identified groups and their impact for each building code objective. The evidence related to the impact of building code objectives, view of cause, and provides a stronger view of which components of cause were important compared with cause likelihood. The research accounts for the difference by suggesting that a more selection and formation of cause and impact, offered by viewing cause within the context of a framework of building code, and viewing impact within the context of building code objectives (public health, safety and general welfare) allows those involved in building code development and implementation to have an understandable view of the relationships within cause factors, and between cause and impact factors. It also allows the various cause components and the associated emergent clusters to be more readily identified. The contribution of the research relates to the assessment of cause within a construction that is defined in the context of a fairly broad accepted view of the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social). The fault (cause) likelihood construction is based on the building code framework proposed in this research and could facilitates a focus on roles and responsibilities, and allows the coordination and integration of activities for regular development and implementation with the building code goals. This contribution would better enable building officials and code writers to identify and manage faults (causes) as they emerge with BC aspects/parts and more closely reflect building and construction activities and processes and facilitate the fault (cause) administration exercise.
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Williams, George Reese. "Assessing the Repercussions of a Mass Departure of Building Inspectors from the Code Professional Industry in Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5609.
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National studies suggest that eighty percent of existing code professionals are expected to retire within the next fifteen years. As part of this research, it was determined that approximately half of all licensed building inspectors in the State of Utah will reach retirement age within the next ten years. As building inspectors make up a large part of the Code Professional Industry this demographic was selected as the focus of this research. The purpose of this research project was to assess the urgent need for new entrants into the Code Professional Industry in Utah. As part of this research, trends within the local industry over a 20 year period were evaluated. A statewide survey of over 300 licensed building inspectors was conducted to investigate the demographics of the industry, and gain first-hand insight from individual code professionals. This research was successful in quantifying the size of the Code Professional Industry in Utah, and numbering the populations of certified professionals in each individual code discipline. In addition, projected losses were established within each code discipline, discovering many disciplines in which over 50% of current professionals would be lost within a ten year period. In addition projections were made contrasting the number of code professionals leaving the industry versus the small anticipated number of individuals entering the industry. This research conclusively predicts a steady and dramatic decline in the number of licensed code professionals, unless the industry actively works toward addressing the issue. The group of aging code professionals possess a level of knowledge and experience not easily replaced. This study was based on an extensive statewide survey of licensed building inspectors in Utah, and collected opinions, concerns and insights directly from the Code Professional Industry. The findings of this study provide a unique look at this specialized industry within a single state. The lessons learned likely apply to populations of code professionals in other locations. This study concluded that a combination of phased retirement, modified work duties and mentoring programs would be of great benefit to the Code Professional Industry, by allowing the transfer of knowledge between the outgoing generation and the future generation of code professionals.
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Pint, Alexander Steven. "Building energy codes and their impact on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20534.
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Master of Science<br>Architectural Engineering and Construction Science<br>Russell J. Murdock<br>The purpose of this study is to identify and explore relationships between the building industry, building energy usage, and how both the industry and the energy usage correspond to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. Building energy codes seek to reduce energy usage and, subsequently, GHG emissions. This study specifically seeks to determine the impact that most current U.S. building energy codes could have on national GHG emissions if widespread adoption and enforcement of those codes were a reality.
The report initially presents necessary background information about GHG emissions is first discussed. This establishes the current state of global GHG emissions, the position of the U.S. within the global scale, and what portion of the contribution can be attributed to the building industry. The report also describes the current issues and benefits of building energy codes. An overview of building energy codes evaluation is included, with explanation of the energy analysis used to determine the effectiveness of new building energy codes.
In order to determine how to improve the building energy code system, an analysis of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013 (equivalent to 2015 IECC, the most recent standard available) is conducted to reveal unrealized GHG emission reductions that are expected with adoption and compliance to the newest code. Standard 90.1-2013 is analyzed due to the national popularity of the code relative to other building energy codes. This analysis includes compilation of energy usage intensity, square footage, and current code adoption data throughout the United States. Results showed that the excess GHG emission savings from enhanced adoption and compliance was not significant on a national scale. However, in terms of GHG emissions currently saved by building energy codes, the extra savings becomes more significant, proving that increased adoption and compliance is a worthwhile pursuit. Recommendations are then made for how to increase adoption and compliance. This information will give policymakers improved understanding of the current state of the industry when crafting laws regarding GHG emissions and building energy codes. Furthermore, findings from this study could benefit specific states that are attempting to lower GHG emissions.
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Dent, Laura E. "A survey of design codes with specific reference to contemporary suburban housing /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69768.
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The appearance of the contemporary suburb is one of its most criticized and problematic features. Architects find themselves challenged by its increasing size and complicated planning issues. These challenges are compounded because traditional methods of control do not specifically confront these issues. A less comprehensive method of control, design codes, has recently emerged to address some of the limitations associated with traditional forms of control. This thesis is a survey of five design codes used in contemporary suburbs. Specific focus is given to examining the organization and objectives of design codes, and what architectural elements are regulated. The survey suggests that the most noticeable features of design codes is that they are specific to a project and site, address unique objectives of a particular community, and specifically address suburban design problems. This underlines the essential role design codes have in reshaping and ultimately improving the diminished appearance of the contemporary suburb.
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Guarise, Alberto. "Cases of high-profile building failures and related changes in codes and comparison between AISC Code and Eurocode in Steel Design." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2331/.
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Allard, Ingrid. "Achieving building energy performance : requirements and evaluation methods for residential buildings in Sweden, Norway, and Finland." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-103749.
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Building energy performance has always been important in the cold climate of Sweden, Norway and Finland. To meet the goal that all new buildings should be nearly zero-energy buildings by 2020, set in the EU directive 2010/31/EU [1] on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD recast), the building sector in Europe now faces a transition towards buildings with improved energy performance. In such a transition, a discussion is needed about the objective of the improvement – why, or to what end, the building energy performance should be improved. The objective of improving building energy performance is often a political decision, but scientific research can contribute with knowledge on how the objectives can be achieved. This thesis addresses how the indicators used in the requirements used to achieve building energy performance in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, and the methods used to evaluate these requirements, reflect building energy performance. It also addresses difficulties in achieving comparable and verifiable indicators in evaluations of building energy performance. The research objective has two parts: to review, compare, and discuss (i) requirements and (ii) evaluation methods used to achieve energy performance of residential buildings in Sweden, Norway and Finland. The work in this thesis includes reviews of the requirements used in national building codes and passive house criteria to achieve building energy performance, of methods used to evaluate compliance with such requirements, and of methods used specifically to evaluate the indicator Envelope Air Tightness. The results show that different sets of indicators are used to achieve building energy performance in the studied building codes and passive house criteria. The methods used to evaluate compliance with requirements used to achieve building energy performance are also different, but calculation methods are generally more often used than measurement methods. The calculation- and measurement methods used are often simple. A methodology to analyze the deviation between predictions- and measurements of building energy performance (the performance gap) was developed, to investigate the effects of different evaluation methods on different indicators used to achieve building energy performance. The methodology was tested in a case-study. This study indicated that the choice of method affects which parts of the performance gap reflected in the indicators Supplied Energy (see Terminology), Net Energy (see Terminology), and Overall U-value. Among the reviewed methods to evaluate air tightness, the Fan/Blower Door Pressurization is well known and preferred by professionals in the field. The results in this thesis may be useful when choosing indicators and evaluation methods to achieve different objectives of improving building energy performance and in the quest towards comparable and verifiable indicators used to achieve building energy performance.<br>Increasing Energy Efficiency in Buildings (IEEB)<br>Sustainable Buildings for the High North (SBHN)
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Mieldazys, Judita A., and Judita mieldazys@dpcd vic gov au. "The International Development of Performance-Based Building Codes and Their Impact on the Australian Construction Industry in Offshore Trade." RMIT University. Property, Construction and Project Management, 2005. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090724.120856.
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The interplay of forces behind globalisation, promoting trade and prosperity, and the desire for offshore trade are not fully understood. This is further complicated by the role of the political economy, global sovereignty versus national boundaries, economic status of a country and community needs. The literature found that 'one size does not fit all'. Globalisation results in the consideration of global similarities such as standards, harmonisation of laws, international codes and the growth of international organisations. In addition, there is international pressure to adopt 'performance-based' designs by members of the World Trade Organization countries in order to promote trade. This research examines the development of performance-based building codes at the international level, its benefits and issues and whether it will achieve a positive impact on trade for the Australian construction industry.
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Aswegan, Kevin Paul. "Rational Procedure for Damage Based Serviceability Design of Steel Buildings Under Wind Loads and a Simple Linear Response History Procedure for Building Codes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51549.
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This thesis is divided into two topics: the development of a procedure for wind serviceability design of steel buildings and the development of a simple linear response history analysis for building codes.
In the United States the building codes are generally silent on the issue of serviceability. This has led to a wide variation in design practices related to service level wind loads. Chapter 2 of this thesis contains a literature review which discusses pertinent aspects of wind drift serviceability, including selecting the mean recurrence interval (MRI), mathematical modeling of the structure, and establishment of rational deformation limits. Chapter 3 contains a journal article submitted to Engineering Journal which describes the recommended procedure for damage based wind serviceability design of steel structures. The procedure uses a broad range of MRIs, bases damage measurement on shear strains, includes all sources of deformation in the model, and bases deformation limits on fragility curves.
Chapter 4 of this thesis contains a literature review which examines issues related to performing linear response history analysis. Chapter 5 contains a conference paper submitted to the Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering which serves as a position paper promoting the inclusion of a linear response history analysis procedure in future editions of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions and ASCE 7. The procedure address the following issues: selection and scaling of ground motions, the use of spectral matched ground motions, design for dependent actions, and the scaling of responses with the response modification coefficient (R) and the deflection amplification factor (Cd).<br>Master of Science
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Morgan, Jessica L. "Have wind design provisions become too complicated? a look at the progression of design provisions for mid-rise buildings." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1513.
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SILVEIRA, RENATO C. da. "Avaliacao da estabilidade estrutural de contencoes metalicas de centrais nucleares." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10795.
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Ozturk, Ismail. "A Comparative Assessment Of An Existing Reinforced Concrete Building By Using Different Seismic Rehabilitation Codes And Procedures." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608036/index.pdf.
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Lateral load carrying capacities of reinforced concrete structures which are designed
by considering only gravity loads or according to outdated earthquake codes can be
insufficient. The most important problem for these buildings is the limited ductility
of the frame elements. How to evaluate the performance of an existing structure and
to what level to strengthen it had been major concerns for structural engineers.
Recent earthquakes which occurred in the Marmara Region in the last decade have
increased the number of seismic assessment projects drastically. However, there
was no special guideline or code dealing with the assessment of existing buildings.
In order to have uniformity in assessment projects, a new chapter has been included
in the revised Turkish Earthquake Code (2006).
In this study, the existing and retrofitted conditions of a reinforced concrete
building were assessed comparatively by employing linear and nonlinear
assessment procedures according to different seismic rehabilitation codes. The
study was carried out on a six storey reinforced concrete telephone exchange
building. Although there was no damage in the structure due to the recent
earthquakes that occurred in the Marmara Region, the building was assessed and
retrofitted in 2001 by using equivalent lateral load analysis results. The results of
linear and nonlinear assessment procedures performed in the scope of this thesis,
were also compared with the assessment results of this previous study.
In the nonlinear assessment procedures, pushover analysis results were used. In
addition to comparison of the assessment procedures, efficiency of a widely used
approximate pushover method was also investigated.
28
Ogan, Musaagaoglu Bilge. "Performance Of The Stone Building Envelope:cladding To Curtain Wall." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606735/index.pdf.
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The main objective of this thesis is to review the problems of stone facades according to the performance criteria determined with codes and standards and to propose solutions for proper application. In this process the codes, standards, other documents and the knowledge of the researcher all served to determine the inadequacies present in this field. The thesis also aims at clarifying the terminolgy confusion related to stone cladding and stone curtain wall.
29
MADUAR, MARCELO F. "Determinacao de fatores de conversao de dose para radiacao gama externa em residencias." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10816.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
06870.pdf: 3530366 bytes, checksum: 5bddd2a5ab0508e81a57fdbb2c5f73d1 (MD5)<br>Dissertacao (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
30
Cucchi, Andrea. "Changes in codes, standards, practices following building structural failures and limit states steel design comparison: AISC 13th ed vs. Eurocode 3 (2005)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2333/.
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31
Williams, Murray Noel. "Building Yesterday's Schools: An Analysis of Educational Architectural Design as Practised by the Building Department of the Canterbury Education Board from 1916-1989." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9591.
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This thesis considers the nature of primary, intermediate and district high school buildings designed by the Building Department of the Canterbury Education Board from its consolidation in 1916 until its termination in 1989. Before 1916, the influence of British models on the CEB’s predecessors had been dominant, while after that date, Board architects were more likely to attempt vernacular solutions that were relevant to the geographic situation of the Canterbury district, the secular nature of New Zealand education and changing ideas of the relative importance of the key architectural drivers of design i.e. function and form. One development, unique to Canterbury, was that for a short period, from 1924-29, a local pressure group, the Open Air Schools’ League became so powerful that it virtually dictated the CEB’s design policy until the Board architects George Penlington and John Alexander Bigg reassumed control by inflecting the open-air model into the much acclaimed veranda block. The extent to which Board architects had the freedom to express themselves within a framework of funding control exercised by the Department of Education was further circumscribed by successive building codes that, at their most directive, required national standardisation under the 1951 Dominion Basic Plan and to a slightly lesser extent under the1956 code and associated White Lines regime. Following World War 2, the use of prefabricated structures had prompted the recognition that better designed relocatable rooms could hold the key to a more flexible and effective allocation of resources in an environment increasingly subject to rapid demographic change. By the end of the period, the exploitation of new construction technologies and modern materials led to the dominance of the relocatable CEBUS buildings in Canterbury schoolyards. A concurrent development was the response of architects A. Frederick (Fred) McCook and John Sinclair Arthur to the Department’s call to design more flexible spaces, i.e. open planning, to facilitate a change in pedagogical method. Other issues raised in this study are the CEB’s solutions to the challenges of building on the West Coast, and the recurring need to ensure structural integrity in a region where there was a continuous risk of seismic activity.
32
Broms, Carl Erik. "Concrete flat slabs and footings : Design method for punching and detailing for ductility." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Brobyggnad inkl stålbyggnad, 2005. http://innopac.lib.kth.se/search/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm, Sweden), 2005.<br>"ISRN KTH/BKN/B-80-SE." "Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Division of Structural Design and Bridges, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. " Includes bibliographical references. Available from the Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden) Library as a .pdf document http://www.lib.kth.se/main/eng/
33
Cladera, Bohigas Antoni. "Shear design of reinforced high-strength concrete beams." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6155.
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Aunque el hormigón de alta resistencia se está utilizando de manera creciente en los últimos años para la construcción de estructuras, la norma Española vigente, la Instrucción EHE, sólo abarca hormigones de resistencias características a compresión inferiores a 50 MPa. El aumento de resistencia del hormigón está directamente asociado a una mejora en la mayoría de sus prestaciones, especialmente de la durabilidad, aunque también produce un aumento en la fragilidad y una disminución de la rugosidad de las fisuras, lo que afecta de forma muy especial a la resistencia a cortante.<br/><br/>El objetivo principal de este trabajo es contribuir al avance del conocimiento del comportamiento frente a la rotura por cortante de vigas de hormigón de alta resistencia. Para ello, y en primer lugar, se ha llevado a cabo una extensa revisión del estado actual del conocimiento de la resistencia a cortante, tanto para hormigón convencional como para hormigón de alta resistencia, así como una profunda investigación de campañas experimentales anteriores. <br/><br/>Se ha realizado una campaña experimental sobre vigas de hormigón de alta resistencia sometidas a flexión y cortante. La resistencia a compresión del hormigón de las vigas variaba entre 50 y 87 MPa. Las principales variables de diseño eran la cuantía de armadura longitudinal y transversal. Los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente han sido analizados para estudiar la influencia de las distintas variables en función de la resistencia a compresión del hormigón.<br/><br/>Con el objetivo de tener en cuenta, no sólo los resultados de nuestros ensayos, sino también la gran cantidad de información disponible en la bibliografía técnica, se ha preparado una base de datos con vigas de hormigón convencional y de alta resistencia a partir del banco de datos de la Universidad de Illinois. Los resultados empíricos han sido comparados con los cortantes últimos calculados según la Instrucción EHE, las especificaciones AASHTO LRFD, el Código ACI 318-99 y el programa Response-2000, basado en la teoría modificada del campo de compresiones.<br/><br/>Se han construido dos Redes Neuronales Artificiales (RNA) para predecir la resistencia a cortante en base a la gran cantidad de resultados experimentales. La principal característica de las RNA es su habilidad para aprender, mediante el ajuste de pesos internos, incluso cuando los datos de entrada y salida presentan un cierto nivel de ruido. Con los resultados de la RNA se ha realizado un análisis paramétrico de cada variable que afecta la resistencia última a cortante.<br/><br/>Se han propuesto nuevas expresiones que tienen el cuenta el comportamiento observado para el diseño frente al esfuerzo cortante de vigas tanto de hormigón convencional como de alta resistencia con y sin armadura a cortante, así como una nueva ecuación para la determinación de la armadura mínima a cortante. Las nuevas expresiones presentan resultados que se ajustan mejor a los resultados experimentales que los obtenidos mediante la utilización de las normativas vigentes.<br/><br/>Finalmente se han planteado varias sugerencias de futuras líneas de trabajo, que son resultado de la propia evolución del conocimiento sobre el tema de estudio durante el desarrollo de esta tesis.<br>Although High-Strength Concrete has been increasingly used in the construction industry during the last few years, current Spanish Structural Concrete code of practice (EHE) only covers concrete of strengths up to 50 MPa. An increase in the strength of concrete is directly associated with an improvement in most of its properties, in special the durability, but this also produces an increase in its brittleness and smoother crack surfaces which affects significantly the shear strength. <br/><br/>The aim of this research is to enhance the understanding of the behaviour of high-strength concrete beams with and without web reinforcement failing in shear. In order to achieve this objective, an extensive review of the state-of-the-art in shear strength for both normal-strength and high-strength concrete beams was made, as well as in-depth research into previous experimental campaigns.<br/><br/>An experimental programme involving the testing of eighteen high-strength beam specimens under a central point load was performed. The concrete compressive strength of the beams at the age of the tests ranged from 50 to 87 MPa. Primary design variables were the amount of shear and longitudinal reinforcement. The results obtained experimentally were analysed to study the influence of those parameters related to the concrete compressive strength.<br/><br/>With the aim of taking into account, in addition to the results of our tests, the large amount of information available, a large database was assembled based on the University of Illinois Sheardatabank for normal-strength and high-strength concrete beams. These test results were compared with failure shear strengths predicted by the EHE Code, the 2002 Final Draft of EuroCode 2, the AASHTO LRFD Specifications, the ACI Code 318-99, and Response-2000 program, a computer program based on the modified compression field theory. <br/><br/>Furthermore, two Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were developed to predict the shear strength of reinforced beams based on the database beam specimens. An ANN is a computational tool made up of a number of simple, highly-interconnected processing elements that constitute a network. The main feature of an ANN is its ability to learn, by means of adjusting internal weights, even when the input and output data present a degree of noise. Based on the ANN results, a parametric study was carried out to study the influence of each parameter affecting the failure shear strength.<br/><br/>New expressions are proposed, taking into account the observed behaviour for the design of high-strength and normal-strength reinforced concrete beams with and without web reinforcement. A new equation is given for the amount of minimum reinforcement as well. The new expressions correlate with the empirical tests better than any current code of practice.<br/><br/>Finally, as a natural corollary to the evolution of our understanding of this field, some recommendations for future studies are made.
34
Ng, Anthony Kwok-Lung. "Risk Assessment of Transformer Fire Protection in a Typical New Zealand High-Rise Building." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1223.
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Prescriptively, the requirement of fire safety protection systems for distribution substations is not provided in the compliance document for fire safety to the New Zealand Building Code. Therefore, the New Zealand Fire Service (NZFS) has proposed a list of fire safety protection requirements for distribution substations in a letter, dated 10th July 2002. A review by Nyman [1], has considered the fire safety requirements proposed by the NZFS and discussed the issues with a number of fire engineers over the last three years. Nyman concerned that one of the requirements regarding the four hour fire separation between the distribution substation and the interior spaces of the building may not be necessary when considering the risk exposure to the building occupants in different situations, such as the involvement of the sprinkler systems and the use of transformers with a lower fire hazard. Fire resistance rating (FRR) typically means the time duration for which passive fire protection system, such as fire barriers, fire walls and other fire rated building elements, can maintain its integrity, insulation and stability in a standard fire endurance test. Based on the literature review and discussions with industry experts, it is found that failure of the passive fire protection system in a real fire exposure could potentially occur earlier than the time indicated by the fire resistance rating derived from the standard test depending on the characteristics of the actual fire (heat release rate, fire load density and fire location) and the characteristics of the fire compartment (its geometric, ventilation conditions, opening definition, building services and equipment). Hence, it is known that a higher level of fire safety, such as 4 hour fire rated construction and use of sprinkler system, may significantly improve the fire risk to health of safety of occupants in the building; however, they could never eliminate the risk. This report presents a fire engineering Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) on a transformer fire initiating in a distribution substation inside a high-rise residential and commercial mixeduse building. It compares the fire safety protection requirements for distribution substations from the NZFS to other relevant documents worldwide: the regulatory standards in New Zealand, Australia and United States of America, as well as the non-regulatory guidelines from other stakeholders, such as electrical engineering organisation, insurance companies and electricity providers. This report also examines the characteristics of historical data for transformer fires in distribution substations both in New Zealand and United States of America buildings. Reliability of active fire safety protection systems, such as smoke detection systems and sprinkler systems is reviewed in this research. Based on the data analysis results, a fire risk estimate is determined using an Event Tree Analysis (ETA) for a total of 14 scenarios with different fire safety designs and transformer types for a distribution substation in a high-rise residential and commercial mixed-use building. In Scenario 1 to 10 scenarios, different combinations of fire safety systems are evaluated with the same type of transformer, Flammable liquid (mineral oil) insulated transformer. In Scenario 11 to Scenario 14, two particular fire safety designs are selected as a baseline for the analysis of transformer types. Two types of transformer with a low fire hazard are used to replace the flammable liquid (mineral oil) insulated transformer in a distribution substation. These are less flammable liquid (silicone oil) insulated transformers and dry type (dry air) transformers. The entire fire risk estimate is determined using the software package @Risk4.5. The results from the event tree analysis are used in the cost-benefit analysis. The cost-benefit ratios are measured based on the reduced fire risk exposures to the building occupants, with respect to the investment costs of the alternative cases, from its respective base case. The outcomes of the assessment show that the proposed four hour fire separation between the distribution substations and the interior spaces of the building, when no sprinkler systems are provided, is not considered to be the most cost-effective alternative to the life safety of occupants, where the cost-benefit ratio of this scenario is ranked fifth. The most cost-effective alternative is found to be the scenario with 30 minute fire separation and sprinkler system installed. In addition to the findings, replacing a flammable liquid insulated transformer with a less flammable liquid insulated transformer or a dry type transformer is generally considered to be economical alternatives. From the QRA analysis, it is concluded that 3 hour fire separation is considered to be appropriate for distribution substations, containing a flammable liquid insulated transformer and associated equipment, in non-sprinklered buildings. The fire ratings of the separation construction can be reduced to 30 minute FRR if sprinkler system is installed. This conclusion is also in agreement with the requirements of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
35
Habte, Filmon Fesehaye. "Database-Assisted Analysis and Design of Wind Loads on Rigid Buildings." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2573.
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The turbulent nature of the wind flow coupled with additional turbulence created by the wind-building interaction result in highly non-uniform, fluctuating wind-loading on building envelopes. This is true even for simple rectangular symmetric buildings. Building codes and standards should reflect the information on which they are based as closely as possible, and this should be achieved without making the building codes too complicated and/or bulky. However, given the complexity of wind loading on low-rise buildings, its codification can be difficult, and it often entails significant inconsistencies. This required the development of alternative design methods, such as the Database-Assisted-Design (DAD) methodology, that can produce more accurate and risk-consistent estimates of wind loads or their effects.
In this dissertation, the DAD methodology for rigid-structures has been further developed into a design tool capable of automatically helping to size member cross sections that closely meet codified strength and serviceability requirements. This was achieved by the integration of the wind engineering and structural engineering phases of designing for wind and gravity loads. Results obtained using this method showed DAD’s potential for practical use in structural design. Different methods of synthesizing aerodynamic and climatological data were investigated, and the effects of internal pressure in structural design were also studied in the context of DAD. This dissertation also addressed the issues of (i) insufficiently comprehensive aerodynamic databases for various types of building shapes, and (ii) the large volume (in size) of existing aerodynamic databases, that can significantly affect the extent to which the DAD methodology is used in engineering practice.
This research is part of an initiative to renew the way we evaluate wind loads and perform designs. It is transformative insofar as it enables designs that are safe and economical owing to the risk-consistency inherent in DAD, meaning that enough structural muscle is provided to assure safe behavior, while fat is automatically eliminated in the interest of economy and CO2 footprint reduction.
36
Nilsson, Tracy. "The New Madrid Seismic Zone." Thesis, KTH, Teknisk geologi och geofysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96112.
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The Mississippi River Valley, is hardly known as an earthquake zone, but may in fact be a natural disaster just waiting to happen. Historical records and paleoseismic investigations have shown that large magnitude earthquakes have occurred in the area and there are constantly microquakes all along the New Madrid Fault System. The inhabitants of the Midwest are living in a death trap so long society doesn’t preoperly prepare for earthquakes. The study presented here aims to prove that, as predicting earthquakes is difficult to the point of impossible, the only serious alternative is to reinforce existing buildings and infrastructure and make sure all new developments are seismically safe. The conclusion reached is, that although expensive, building earthquake safe and retrofitting existing buildings, is for the high risk areas by far cheaper than doing nothing when, not if, a new large magnitude earthquake occurs. For a city in the high risk area, the cost of retrofitting the current structures was 13 billion dollar to be compared with the 100 billion dollars in lost lives and properties of a worst case scenario.
37
Borges, Carlos Alberto de Moraes. "O conceito de desempenho de edificações e a sua importância para o setor da construção civil no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-25092008-094741/.
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O conceito de desempenho na construção civil está, há muitos anos, associado ao comportamento em uso nas edificações, dentro de determinadas condições. O desafio mundial é que este comportamento atenda às expectativas dos usuários das edificações ao longo de uma determinada vida útil e dentro da realidade técnica e socioeconômica de cada país e empreendimento. Apesar do conceito de desempenho estar consolidado no meio acadêmico, sua aplicação prática é bastante difícil e envolve muitos conflitos de interesses. No caso brasileiro, com o grande crescimento que o mercado da construção civil experimenta neste momento, e com a publicação da primeira Norma Brasileira de Desempenho de Edificações, prevista para 2008, é oportuno que haja uma reflexão sobre como atendê-la e utilizá-la, além do próprio conceito de desempenho em beneficio de todos os agentes do setor. A proposta desta dissertação de mestrado é fazer uma pesquisa abrangente sobre a evolução conceitual do tema desempenho na construção civil, demonstrar a importância estratégica da sua aplicação no Brasil para a evolução do setor, e propor caminhos para a efetiva utilização da norma brasileira de desempenho de edificações.<br>The performance concept in building has been, for many years, associated with the behaviour in use of buildings, within certain conditions. The global challenge is to make this behaviour meet the users expectations throughout a specific service life and within the technical and socioeconomic reality of each country or site. Although the performance concept is already consolidated in the academic world, its practical application is very difficult and involves many conflicts of interest. In the Brazilian scenario, with the large growth experienced by the building construction segment at this moment, and with the upcoming publication of the first Brazilian Performance Based Building Code in 2008, it is convenient to establish a reflection on how to meet and use this code and its own performance concept to the advantage of all players in the business. The proposal of this Masters Dissertation is to provide a broad research on the conceptual evolution of the performance-based theme in building; to demonstrate its strategic importance of this application in Brazil for the evolution of the sector; and to propose a path for the effective use of the Brazilian performance-based building code.
38
Ma, Yunlong. "Holistic assessment of the impacts of building energy code improvements on Australian commercial buildings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/205597/1/Yunlong_Ma_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis conducted a holistic investigation of the impacts of National Construction Code improvements on Australian commercial building performance from the energy, economic and environmental aspects. A customisation of the Best Code was established by comparing building energy codes in selected different countries. This study demonstrates significant financial and environmental benefits that Australia could achieve through more stringent building energy codes. The findings can inform the Australian government’s consideration of National Construction Code improvements in the current Regulation Impact Assessment process for the future, and contribute to promoting reductions in Australian building energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.
39
Kucukarslan, Sertac. "A Finite Element Study On The Effective Width Of Flanged Sections." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612180/index.pdf.
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Most of the reinforced concrete systems are monolithic. During construction,
concrete from the bottom of the deepest beam to the top of slab, is placed at
once. Therefore the slab serves as the top flange of the beams. Such a beam is
referred to as T-beam. In a floor system made of T-beams, the compressive
stress is a maximum over the web, dropping between the webs. The
distribution of compressive stress on the flange depends on the relative
dimensions of the cross section, span length, support and loading conditions.
For simplification, the varying distribution of compressive stress can be
replaced by an equivalent uniform distribution. This gives us an effective
flange width, which is smaller than the real flange width. In various codes
there are recommendations for effective flange width formulas. But these
formulas are expressed only in terms of span length or flange and web
thicknesses and ignore the other important variables. In this thesis, three-dimensional finite element analysis has been carried out on
continuous T-beams under different loading conditions to assess the effective
flange width based on displacement criterion. The formulation is based on a
combination of the elementary bending theory and the finite element method,
accommodating partial interaction in between. The beam spacing, beam span
length, total depth of the beam, the web and the flange thicknesses are
considered as independent variables. Depending on the type of loading, the
numerical value of the moment of inertia of the transformed beam crosssection
and hence the effective flange width are calculated. The input data and
the finite element displacement results are then used in a nonlinear regression
analysis and two explicit design formulas for effective flange width have been
derived. Comparisons are made between the proposed formulas and the ACI,
Eurocode, TS-500 and BS-8110 code recommendations.
40
Galaviz, Gonzalez Marco Antonio. "Seismic response of tall buildings using ground motions based on National Building Code Canada 2015." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63552.
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The seismic analysis of tall buildings requires nonlinear analysis in order to determine their behaviour in a more realistic manner. Nonlinear analysis necessitates the input of suitable ground motions records that represent the hazard at the site of the building. Finding appropriate ground motions is an arduous task, mainly because there are not enough records that are compatible with the hazard level prescribed in the codes for the site of the building. Therefore, existing records must be modified somehow to match the target hazard. The National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) provides guidelines for selecting and scaling ground motions to a target spectrum.
This research includes the nonlinear seismic evaluation of a 44-storey concrete building. The structure resembles the characteristics of a typical high-rise in downtown Vancouver. A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) was performed to determine the governing sources of the site. These seismic sources include crustal, subcrustal and subduction ground motions. The selection and scaling for the three types of earthquakes (crustal, subcrustal and subduction) was performed per the National Building Code Canada 2015. The input of ground motions consisted of 33 pairs of records, 11 of each source. Spectral matching techniques were also employed to match the ground motions to the target spectrum, and the responses between both scaling procedures were compared.
The results showed that the subduction records mainly governed the responses of the building. But the responses from the crustal and subcrustal records were also significant and cannot be discarded. It was observed that spectral matching and the code based scaling procedure generated similar responses. In addition, issues with the Code based scaling procedure were addressed.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Civil Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
41
Malmros, Catrine, and Johnson Andrea. "Brandpåverkan på skyddskonstruktioner i funktionsskyddsrum : En undersökning av resthållfasthet i betongbalkar." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40032.
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In the beginning of the 21st century decisions were made regarding the decommission of the total defence in Sweden. Since then the security policy situation has changed, regarding both the risk of war and other types of treats such as terrorism. Due to this the total defence is now being re-established. The Swedish Fortifications Agency and Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) has initiated the Centre of excellence for fortification (CFORT) to support the development of competence in fortification. In case of a crisis or war secured function shelters constitutes a significant part of the Swedish total defence by protecting important technology and activity.The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate the remaining load bearing capacity in concrete constructions in secured function shelters after exposure to fire. This will provide a foundation for further research within the area of the effects of fire in secured function shelters. To achive this, experiments were conducted on nine concrete beams which were casted according to calculations based on the structural codes of the Swedish Fortifications Agency (FKR). Since fully scaled beams are difficult to manage and would not fit in the equipment being used, the beams were casted in a smaller size; 2000 x 150 x 210 mm. Samples of the concrete and the reinforcement were sent to the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute (CBI) for tests which provided actual values of the compressive strength, yield point and modulus of elasticity. Six of the beams were in pairs exposed to fire in a specially built oven according to three different temperature curves. All the beams were later subjected to load until failure. Calculations regarding load bearing capacity were executed with both theoretical and actual values obtained from CBI. The results were compared to the results from the loading tests. During the last fire experiment the beams spalled, most likely due to the quickly rising temperature. The loading test showed that the strength of the beams which had not spalled were not significantly lower than the unaffected beams. Those beams showed a reduction of only 0 – 6 %. However, the beams which had spalled showed a reduce in strength of approximately 20 %.<br>Centrum för fortifikatorisk kompentens
42
Ratley, Desirée Page. "Impacts of lateral code changes associated with the 2006 International Building Code and the 2008 California Building Code." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39276.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-96).<br>The 2008 California Building Code (CBC) will adopt the structural section of the 2006 International Building Code (IBC), which includes alterations to the procedure to determine earthquake design loading, and a drastic move to a complicated method to determine design wind pressures. The implementation of the revised 2006 International Building Code, and the subsequent California adoption of the structural section will have significant effects on the design and construction of structures not only in California, but also the rest of the country. Through a comparison of the design of a steel moment-resisting frame low-rise structure, it was determined that the new code will result in design values that differ from those resulting from the previous codes. In order to compare the relevant codes in different areas of the country, this thesis considers three design scenarios for the low-rise structure: seismic loading in Southern California to compare the 2001 CBC, the 2003 and the 2006 IBC, seismic loading in the Midwest to compare the 2003 IBC and the 2006 IBC, and wind loading in Northern California to compare the 2001 CBC and the 2006 IBC.<br>(cont.) In the first case, the change from the 2001 CBC to the 2003 IBC was an 8 percent increase in base shear, but a 2 percent decrease from the 2001 CBC to the 2006 IBC. The second case resulted in a 29 percent increase in base shear from the 2003 IBC to the 2006 IBC. The result of the third case was design wind pressures that decreased 20 percent from the 2001 CBC to the 2006 IBC. These design differences will change the design of the lateral force resisting system, especially the later two cases. In addition, the design engineers in California will have to learn a new, greatly more complicated method to design for wind loading. These combined effects of the code changes will impact both engineers and the resulting building designs in all parts of the country.<br>by Desirée Page Ratley.<br>M.Eng.
43
Mendi, H. Evgin. "Evaluation Of Architectural Consciousness And Exploration Of Architecture-based Issues In Seismic Design." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606480/index.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The task of &lsquo<br>earthquake resistant design&rsquo<br>of buildings is generally considered as the province of engineering profession. Although there exists considerable number of publications related to seismic design (documentations, articles, theses, books, and earthquake codes), most of them are addressed to structural engineers rather than architects. However, earthquake affects whole building and all professionals involved in construction process should have their own roles and responsibilities for earthquake resistance. This thesis is about the roles and responsibilities of architects for being one of the professionals related to building construction and, particularly, the designers of them. Exposure of the level of awareness of architects related to the importance of their architectural designs having significant effects on seismic performance of buildings, and the level of general knowledge of them related to architecture-based seismic design issues is aimed.
In this thesis, firstly, terminology related to &lsquo<br>earthquake&rsquo<br>phenomena is concisely introduced. Then, the present state of attitudes (interest, awareness and consciousness) of architectural community, architects working in the architectural offices of Ankara, towards earthquake and architecture-based seismic design issues is questioned and evaluated with a survey in the form of questionnaires. The evaluation of the results is presented with the help of statistical software called SPSS.
Finally, the architecture-based issues in seismic design are re-explored and introduced for the use of architects. Thus, general idea or basic knowledge is formed, which is inferred from the survey as being one of the ways to enhance the incorporation of architecture-based seismic design issues into architectural design process.
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Ligator, Jessica. "Top ten building code violations found by Florida building officials." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0014343.
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Natsuhara, Karen F. M. "Analysis of the Uniform Building Code." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25684.
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Nguyen, Tang-Hung. "Building inspection with automated code compliance checking." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ44876.pdf.
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McCollum, Kyle. "Top ten building code violations in Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008822.
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Kumari, Epa. "Analysis of Building Envelops to Optimize Energy Efficiency as per Code of Practice for Energy Efficient Buildings in Sri Lanka - 2008." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-117984.
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Residential and commercial buildings consume approximately 20% of the global energy generation. This value is continuously growing and the governments across the globe have realized the importance of regulating the building construction to optimize the energy utilization. Energy efficient building codes have been developed to optimize the energy efficiency in buildings. OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) is a key parameter for evaluating energy efficiency of building envelops in the present building code of Sri Lanka. In this research, the prescriptive requirements mentioned in the building code for the building envelops to optimize the energy efficiency of five (05) commercial buildings has been analyzed. The indoor climate was modeled and the annual cooling energy variation with Overall Thermal Transfer Value was studied using “DesignBuilder” software. A cost benefit analysis was carried out for enhanced energy efficiency building envelops applications. It was attempted to develop a general relationship between the OTTV and annual cooling energy requirement for each building. It has been observed that a second order polynomial relationship with R2 of 0.861 exists for RDA building, linear relationship with R2 of 0.838 exists for AirMech building. However a specific relationship could not be observed for BMICH, SLSI and WTC buildings. The impact on cooling energy requirement from envelop parameter modification is unique for each building. In some instances the reduction of OTTV has not resulted in any reduction of the cooling energy requirement. There is a combined effect from each building component which affects the final cooling energy requirement. A simulation based technique to be used to find the optimum building envelops design.
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Mwafy, Aman Allah Mohamed Abdel-Rahman. "Seismic performance of code designed RC buildings." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7285.
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zhang, shan. "Study of building code and calculation of energy consumption for same building situated in two climates, Chengdu and Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Uthålliga byggnadssystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169515.
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This report is aim to compared building standard of Chengdu city and Stockholm, as well as find out the suitable energy-saving scenario for two places. To simulate the total energy consumption of logistics building, energy software named design builder will be introduce to calculate. Some of other analysis will be implemented at the same time, including economic analysis, environment analysis and thermal comfort analysis.