Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Buckwheat”

Limestone mining in the San Franicso Mountain Range of west central Utah threatens the survival of a rare endemic species of buckwheat (Eriogonum soredium). This species is an edaphic endemic, only found growing on the outcrops of the Ordovician limestone mines in the area. Eriogonum soredium is a candidate for governmental protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). However, a common, widespread buckwheat (Eriogonum shockleyi) appears to be closely related to the narrow endemic. The genetic relatedness of the rare and and common species will greatly influence the decision of United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFW)of whether or not to list the rare species for governmental protection. This study investiaged the amount of genetic divergence between the two species to facilitate the decision. I found levels of population divergence intermediate between a state of no genetic distinction, and complete genetic divergence. However, the two species fall near the genetic divergence end of the continuum. This situation is not uncommon in plants, and suggests that the two species are currently in the process of speciation. Considering their morphological differences, and the ability of the genus Eriogonum to hybridize, these two species show significant amounts of divergence. These results suggest that the continued treatment of E. soredium as distinct from E. shcokelyi is warranted. The USFW will use the results of this study to aid their decision of whether or not to list E. soredium under the ESA. Should the species be listed for protection under the ESA, limitations to the expansion of limestone mining in the San Francisco Mountain Range will be considered.

The buckwheat is a naturally gluten-free pseudocereal, rich in phytochemicals, phenols and functional proteins, however, the functional characteristics of its flour in baking process are not as performing as those of wheat flour. The aim of this thesis was to analyse how the functional, viscosimetric and antioxidant properties of two variety of buckwheat (Polish and Italian) flours change in response to an ultrasound (US) pre-treatment carried out on different solid:liquid ratio. For this, in the differently treated Polish buckwheat samples some functional properties (water absorption index, water solubility index, swelling power, water holding capacity, water absorption capacity, foaming capacity and stability, emulsifying activity and emulsion stability) were analysed. Moreover, the thermoviscous test, antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content were quantified. Finally, bread samples, obtained with treated and untreated Polish buckwheat flour were analysed for baking loss, specific volume, colour analysis of crust, porosity and hardness. The obtained results showed that the US pre-treatment increased the water holding capacity, improved the foam stability, but decreased the ability to form foams and emulsions as well as the viscosity of the treated flour samples. The breads formulated with US treated flours had a more uniform pore distribution in the crumb and were softer than the breads formulated with untreated flour. Moreover, US pre-treatment had no effects on surface colour and phenolic content of obtained bread. In conclusion, the application of US on buckwheat flour can be a good alternative to the use of additives in formulation in order to obtain gluten-free and nutritionally rich final products.

Wastewater has become a vital new supply for irrigation; however, concerns are mounting about environmental and health hazards related to heavy metals present in wastewater. Experiments were conducted to evaluate wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) uptake of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn).
Some 15 plants per pot were allowed to establish themselves in the greenhouse for 4 and 6 weeks for buckwheat and wheat, respectively. Plants were then transferred to one of two growth chambers differing in the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), creating conditions for two different transpiration rates to occur: high (HT) and low (LT). A total 48 pots for each crop were seeded in order to evaluate the effect of 8 treatment combinations of Cu and Zn (0/0, 5/0, 15/0, 30/0, 0/25, 5/25, 15/25, 30/25) levels (mg L-1). Treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design within each growth chamber.
Three plants were harvested from each pot at days 10 and 20 for wheat, and days 6, 12 and 18 days for buckwheat to measure dry mass and Cu and Zn content in different plant parts. Heavy metal treatments had no significant effect on transpiration rate for either crops. The higher transpiration rate increased Cu/Zn uptake. A Zn amendment in the absence of Cu had a beneficial effect on buckwheat growth, whereas with Cu at 15 mg Cu L-1 or 30 mg Cu L-1 the lowest dry weights were recorded, regardless of the transpiration rate. Roots contained greater concentrations of Cu and Zn, irrespective of the treatment level and transpiration rate, than did stems, leaves or grain. High retention of heavy metals in the roots of cereal crops may be desirable because these parts are not generally utilized as food or feed.

The focus of this research project is the complex of infraspecific taxa that make up the crisp-leaf buckwheat species Eriogonum corymbosum (Polygonaceae), which is distributed widely across southwestern North America. This complex provides an ideal taxonomic group for research into population relationships and speciation. To avoid unnecessary debates about taxonomic validity or contentious issues regarding appropriate species definitions, the historical evolution of the species concept is first reviewed in detail, demythologizing an often-assumed species problem. Following that review, the E. corymbosum complex is examined specifically. Although eight varieties of E. corymbosum are currently recognized based on morphological characters, this group of large, woody shrubs has a history of revisions that demonstrates the uncertainty inherent in circumscriptions based on morphology alone. The apparent rarity of some E. corymbosum varieties also presents conservation and management challenges, demonstrating the need for taxonomic verification. To bring greater resolution to this group, I genetically tested samples from populations of six of the eight varieties of E. corymbosum, as well as a number of related buckwheat species. With 103 AFLP loci and chloroplast sequence data from 397 samples, I found strong support for the designation of the recently named E. corymbosum var. nilesii. This predominantly yellow-flowered variety had previously been considered part of a more common variety, and thus its management had not been of particular concern. But as a separate variety, its known distribution is quite limited, and management for this rare plant is now advised. An examination of the biogeography of the E. corymbosum complex provides further support for the apparent rarity of var. nilesii, as well as var. aureum. Both taxa are found at the periphery of the complex, and both may represent insipient species. While all other varieties appear more closely related to each other than to varieties aureum and nilesii, with overlapping ranges confined mostly to the Colorado Plateau, both var. aureum and var. nilesii appear to have allopatric ranges largely off the Colorado Plateau. It appears these two peripheral varieties may each entail a separate center of origin for two new taxa.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by cellular insulin resistance and consequent disturbances in glucose metabolism. Long-term consumption of buckwheat has been previously shown to improve glycemia in individuals with T2DM; however, the underlying mechanisms as well as the contribution of improved acute glycemic responses have not been fully characterized. The current study used cell culture and clinical studies to investigate the mechanisms and effectiveness of common buckwheat for acute modulation of glucose metabolism and glycemia. Glucose uptake was inhibited in H4IIE cells treated with a buckwheat extract (BWE), an effect attributed to the actions of an unknown compound(s). Reduced glucose uptake and transepithelial glucose transport was also present in Caco2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and monolayers. The mechanism behind inhibited glucose uptake did not involve modulation of several signaling pathways regulating glucose metabolism, including p38 MAPK, p42/44 ERK, PI3Kγ, PKC, PKA, mTOR and AMPK. Interestingly, BWE treatment was associated with other effects on glucose metabolism, including elevated glucose production and levels of gluconeogenic enzymes. However, these effects were not mediated through the classical pathway of CREB activation involving cyclic AMP and PKA. In a blinded, reference product-controlled study, consumption of a cracker product made from whole grain common buckwheat flour containing 50 grams of available carbohydrate was not associated with changes in post-prandial glucose or insulin concentrations in both healthy individuals and those with diet-controlled T2DM. However, consumption of buckwheat crackers was associated with changes in selected gastrointestinal satiety hormones. Interestingly, several significant correlations observed between fasting concentrations and the overall post-prandial response of these hormones were affected by T2DM. In conclusion, glucose-lowering effects of common buckwheat are not due to the actions of known bioactive compounds, and may involve direct inhibition of facilitative transporters by a novel compound. Although a buckwheat food product did not reduce post-prandial glycemia, identifying the compound responsible for inhibited glucose uptake will allow development of food products enriched with this compound, and may represent a more effective dietary approach to managing glycemia.

This thesis analyses buckwheat as a cover crop in Florida. The study was designed to demonstrate: soil enrichment with nutrients, mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi interactions, growth in different soil types, temperature limitations in Florida, and economic benefits for farmers. Buckwheat was planted at the FIU organic garden (Miami, FL) in early November and harvested in middle December. After incorporation of buckwheat residues, soil analyses indicated the ability of buckwheat to enrich soil with major nutrients, in particular, phosphorus. Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased inorganic phosphorus uptake and plant growth. Regression analysis on aboveground buckwheat biomass weight and soil characteristics showed that high soil pH was the major limiting factor that affected buckwheat growth. Spatial analysis illustrated that buckwheat could be planted in South Florida throughout the year but might not be planted in North and Central Florida in winter. An economic assessment proved buckwheat to be a profitable cover crop.

Dietary intake may cause variable bacterial prevalence in the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in the cecum and feces following flaxseed and buckwheat supplemented diets. Seventy-two C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned to a diet group and fed for eight weeks: high fat (45% Kcal fat); 10% whole flaxseed (45% Kcal fat); 6% defatted flaxseed (45% Kcal fat); 4% flaxseed oil (45% Kcal fat); 10% buckwheat (45% Kcal fat); and low fat (16% Kcal fat). Significant differences in the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in the cecum (p < 0.0348) and feces post treatment (p < 0.0033) were observed. The groups with the highest prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae were whole flaxseed, buckwheat, and defatted flaxseed. The groups with the lowest prevalence were flaxseed oil and high fat. Our results indicated that a positive relationship exists between high fermentable fiber diets and Enterobacteriaceae proliferation.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第8987号
農博第1169号
新制||農||819(附属図書館)
学位論文||H13||N3506(農学部図書室)
UT51-2001-F317
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 大西 近江, 教授 遠藤 隆, 教授 谷坂 隆俊
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Кірдан, М. А. Агроекономічний аналіз рослинницької галузі ФГ «БІЛІ РОСИ» Чернігівської обл., Коропського району, с Понорниця та заходи поліпшення технології вирощування гречки в умовах Полісся: дипломна робота : 201 Агрономія/ М. А. Кірдан ; керівник роботи Локоть О. Ю; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2020. – 73 с.
На сучасному етапі в рослинництві пріоритетним напрямом є виробництво продукції, що потребує меншого застосування ресурсів при максимальному використання потенціалу вирощуваних культур і регіональних особливостей. Відомо, що кращими попередниками гречки є: озима пшениця, ячмінь, цукровий буряк, кукурудза, зернобобові. Гречка для гречки є поганим попередником, недоцільно розміщувати її посіви після суданської трави, соняшнику, які пересушують ґрунт. Основною причиною низьких врожаїв культури є те, що її вважають не вимогливою до ґрунту і попередників. Ідеальні для вирощування гречки (сировини для виробництва гречаної крупи) простори Вінницькій, Київській, Кіровоградській, Полтавській, Сумській, Тернопільській, Харківській і Чернігівській областей. Оберимо для дослідження Чернігівську область, яка розміщена в Поліссі.
At the present stage in crop production the priority is the production of products that require less use of resources with maximum use of the potential of crops and regional characteristics. It is known that the best precursors of buckwheat are: winter wheat, barley, sugar beet, corn, legumes. Buckwheat for buckwheat is a bad precursor, it is impractical to place its crops after Sudan grass, sunflower, which overdry the soil. The main reason for low crop yields is that it is considered undemanding to the soil and predecessors. Areas of Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Kirovohrad, Poltava, Sumy, Ternopil, Kharkiv and Chernihiv regions are ideal for growing buckwheat (raw materials for buckwheat production). Let's choose the Chernihiv region, which is located in Polissya, for research.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第11990号
農博第1534号
新制||農||922(附属図書館)
学位論文||H18||N4103(農学部図書室)
23803
UT51-2006-C670
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 大西 近江, 教授 遠藤 隆, 教授 谷坂 隆俊
学位規則第4条第1項該当

The potential control of cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittatum (Fab.) and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber)(both Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) two major pests of cucurbits, was assessed in a cucurbit agroecosystem by using buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) border habitat to attract the natural enemies, Celatoria diabroticae (Shimer) and Celatoria setosa (Coquillett) (both Diptera: Tachinidae) and Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Deg.) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae). Five different plants were seeded in the border and buckwheat dominated. Four natural enemy groups were also included as indicators of the attractiveness of the floral border: The Order Diptera; the Families Tachinidae and Syrphidae of Diptera; and the Order Hymenoptera. In 1995-1996, rows of squash, Cucurbita pepo (L.) var. melopepo (Alef.) ‘Seneca Prolific’, and cucumbers, Cucumis sativa (L.) ‘Arkansas Littleleaf’, were planted perpendicular to floral border habitats. Sticky traps and modified Malaise traps on transects at intervals from the border were used to monitor insect numbers. Insect counts and yields of cucurbits were analyzed using analysis of variance with contrasts for linear and quadratic effects and regression model fitting. Borders were strongly attractive to Diptera and moderately attractive to C. pennsylvanicus, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, and Hymenoptera. C. setosa and C. diabroticae counts were too low to analyze and borders habitats did not have any meaningful effect on yields. The border conserved populations of Diptera, leatherwings, Hymenoptera, and tachinids on some dates and may be useful with economic thresholds for pest management because of an observed gradient of insect movement.
Master of Science

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第10241号
農博第1313号
新制||農||863(附属図書館)
学位論文||H15||N3762(農学部図書室)
UT51-2003-H662
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 大西 近江, 教授 遠藤 隆, 教授 谷坂 隆俊
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Darbo apimtis 45 puslapiai, tame tarpe 31 paveikslas. Literatūros sąraše 51 šaltinis. Darbo pradžia 2009 09 01, pabaiga 2011 05 10. Tikslas. Ištirti grikių grūdų sklaidą nuožulniajame oro sraute. Literatūros apžvalgoje atlikta sėklų rūšiavimo būdų mokslinių tyrimų apžvalga. Atlikta grūdų valomųjų analizė bei teorinių tyrimų apžvalga. Laboratoriniais tyrimais nustatytos grikių grūdų aerodinaminės savybės ir drėgnis. Eksperimentiniais tyrimais nustatyta grikių grūdų sklaida nuožulniajame oro sraute, keičiant oro srauto greitį, kampą bei grikių grūdų srautą. Tyrimų rezultatais pagrįsta, kad grikių grūdus rūšiuojant nuožulniajame oro sraute, rekomenduojamas oro srauto greitis 10 m/s, oro srauto kampas 3 laipsniai ir grikių grūdų srautas 0,9 kg(m/s). Nustatant grikių grūdų rūšiavimo parametrus būtina atsižvelgti į dėžutėse subirusių 1000 grūdų masę. Tinkamai parinkus nuožulniojo oro srauto parametrus grikių grūdus galima rūšiuoti oro srautu.
This work consists of 45 pages, including 31 figures. There are 51 entries in the references. This work was started on the 1 st of September 2009 and it was finished on the 10th of May 2011. The object of the work. To investigate the dissemination of buckwheat grain at the bevelled air flow. The analysis studies of seed sorting techniques is made in the literature review. The research work review of grain cleaner and theoretical studies is also done. The critical speed and humidity of buckwheat grain is established by laboratory studies. Experimental studies have shown the buckwheat grain dissemination at the bevelled air flow, by changing the supply of buckwheat flow, air flow speed and angle. It was determined, that recommended buckwheat sorting at the bevelled air flow is the most effective at 10 m/s air flow rate of 0,9 kg(m/s) shall be filed in buckwheat grain flow and air flow 3 angle. In determining the screening parameters of buckwheat sorting, must be taken into account 1000 grain weight. Properly selected the parameters of beveled air flow, buckwheat can be sorting by the air flow.

Картак, О. В. Розроблення рецептурного складу йогуртів на основі рослинного молока : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 181 "Харчові технології" / О. В. Картак ; керівник роботи Ж. В. Замай ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра харчових технологій. – Чернігів, 2021. – 49 с.
У кваліфікаційній роботі доведена та експериментально досліджена можливість виготовлення йогурту на рослинному молоці. Розроблені відповідні рецепти. Проведено аналітичний огляд джерел інформації, на основі яких визначено напрямок самого дослідження. Його кінцевим результатом є створення нового функціонального харчового продукту. Проведено порівняльну характеристику органолептичних показників, фізико-хімічних показників контрольного продукту та виробів, виготовлених за розробленою рецептурою. Досліджено можливість заміни коров’ячого молока рослинним.
In the qualification work the possibility of making yoghurt on vegetable milk is substantiated and experimentally investigated. Appropriate recipes have been developed. An analytical review of information sources was conducted, on the basis of which the direction of own research was determined, the end result of which is the creation of a new functional food product. The comparative characteristic of organoleptic, physical and chemical indicators of the control product and the products made according to the developed recipes is carried out. The possibility of replacing cow's milk with vegetable milk has been studied.

En les darreres dècades, les prevalences d’obesitat, de dislipèmia aterogènica i de síndrome metabòlica han augmentat considerablement a nivell mundial. La resistència a la insulina és una característica comuna en aquests trastorns cardiometabòlics. La patogènesi de la resistència a la insulina està clarament relacionada amb l’estrès oxidatiu, la inflamació i l’acumulació de lípids bioactius com els diacilglicerols i les ceramides. Els àcids grassos poliinsaturats ω-3 (AGPI ω-3) presents en l’oli de peix, l’àcid eicosapentaenoic (EPA) i l’àcid docosahexaenoic (DHA), s’associen a un menor risc de desenvolupar trastorns cardiometabòlics. No obstant això, quan es proporciona en excés, el DHA pot provocar efectes perjudicials sobre la salut. La combinació de compostos bioactius pot ser una estratègia preventiva per protegir contra l’aparició de trastorns cardiometabòlics. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és avaluar l’efecte de l’oli de peix i la seva combinació amb els polifenols de llavors de raïm o la D-fagomina del blat sarraí sobre els factors de risc cardiometabòlics i l’estrès oxidatiu en rates sanes i en rates alimentades amb una dieta rica en greixos. La suplementació amb l’oli de peix ric en DHA millora diversos factors de risc cardiometabòlics, però augmenta el dany oxidatiu a biomolècules en rates sanes. La suplementació combinada amb l’oli de peix amb una proporció de EPA/DHA 1:1 i els polifenols de llavors de raïm tendeix a atenuar l’estrès oxidatiu, i afecta significativament el contingut de lípids bioactius al fetge de rates alimentades amb una dieta rica en greixos. La suplementació combinada amb l’oli de peix amb una proporció de EPA/DHA 1:1 i la D-fagomina de blat sarraí exerceix efectes beneficiosos sobre l’estrès oxidatiu i sobre alguns factors de risc cardiometabòlics en rates alimentades amb una dieta rica en greixos. Augmentar la ingesta dietètica d’AGPI ω-3 mitjançant suplements d’oli de peix amb una proporció de EPA/DHA 1:1, de forma individual o combinada amb els polifenols o la D-fagomina, pot ser una estratègia nutricional útil per protegir contra els mecanismes implicats en l’aparició de trastorns cardiometabòlics en individus sans i en individus amb un alt risc de malaltia.
En las últimas décadas, las prevalencias de obesidad, de dislipidemia aterogénica y de síndrome metabólico han aumentado a nivel mundial. La resistencia a la insulina es una característica común en estos trastornos cardiometabólicos. La patogenia de la resistencia a la insulina está claramente relacionada con el estrés oxidativo, la inflamación y la acumulación de lípidos bioactivos como los diacilgliceroles y las ceramidas. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ω-3 (AGPI ω-3) presentes en el aceite de pescado, el ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), están asociados a un menor riesgo de desarrollar trastornos cardiometabólicos. Sin embargo, cuando se administra en dosis excesivas, el DHA puede provocar efectos perjudiciales para la salud. La combinación de compuestos bioactivos puede ser una estrategia preventiva para proteger contra la aparición de trastornos cardiometabólicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los efectos del aceite de pescado y su combinación con polifenoles de semillas de uva o D-fagomina del trigo sarraceno sobre los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico y el estrés oxidativo en ratas sanas y en ratas alimentadas con una dieta rica en grasas. La suplementación con el aceite de pescado rico en DHA mejora varios factores de riesgo cardiometabólico, pero aumenta el daño oxidativo de las biomoléculas en ratas sanas. La suplementación combinada con el aceite de pescado con una proporción EPA/DHA 1:1 y los polifenoles de semillas de uva tiende a reducir el estrés oxidativo y modula significativamente el contenido de lípidos bioactivos en el hígado de ratas alimentadas con una dieta alta en grasas. La suplementación combinada con el aceite de pescado con una proporción EPA/DHA 1:1 y la D-fagomina del trigo sarraceno tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre el estrés oxidativo y sobre algunos factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en ratas alimentadas con una dieta rica en grasas. Aumentar la ingesta dietética de AGPI ω-3 mediante suplementos de aceite de pescado con una proporción EPA/DHA 1:1, de forma individual o combinada con los polifenoles o la D-fagomina, puede ser una estrategia nutricional útil para proteger contra los mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo de trastornos cardiometabólicos en individuos sanos y en individuos con un alto riesgo de enfermedad.
The past few decades have seen an alarming increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance is a common characteristic in these cardiometabolic disorders. The pathogenesis of insulin resistance is clearly related to oxidative stress, inflammation as well as accumulation of bioactive lipids such as diacylglycerols and ceramides. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) from fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with lower risk for developing cardiometabolic disorders. Nevertheless, when provided in excess, DHA may lead to deleterious effects on health. Combining bioactive compounds may be a powerful preventive strategy to protect against the onset of cardiometabolic disorders. The aim of the present work is to explore the influence of fish oil and its combination with grape seed polyphenols or buckwheat D-fagomine on cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress in healthy rats and in rats fed a high fat diet. The supplementation with the fish oil rich in DHA beneficially affects several cardiometabolic risk factors, but increases oxidative damage to biomolecules in healthy rats. The combined supplementation with fish oil containing EPA/DHA 1:1 and grape seed polyphenols tends to attenuate oxidative stress, and significantly modulates abundances of bioactive lipids in the liver of rats fed a high fat diet. The combined supplementation with fish oil containing EPA/DHA 1:1 and buckwheat D-fagomine exerts beneficial influence on oxidative stress and on some related cardiometabolic risk factors in rats fed a high fat diet. The increase in dietary intake of ω-3 PUFA from fish oil supplements containing EPA/DHA 1:1, alone or combined with polyphenols or D-fagomine, may be a useful nutritional strategy to protect against the mechanisms underlying the onset of cardiometabolic disorders in healthy individuals and in individuals at high risk of disease.

Геращенко, П. О. Вплив окремих агротехнічних заходів в інтенсивній технології вирощування гречки посівної (Fagopyrum esculentum) на урожайність культури : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 201 "Агрономія" / П. О. Геращенко ; керівник роботи Л. А. Шевченко ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2021. – 48 с.
У роботі представлені результати визначення впливу новітніх калійних та фосфорних безхлорних добрив на вирощування гречки в умовах Чернігівської області. За результатами досліджень встановлено, що максимальна продуктивність посівів та найкраща якість зерна гречки досягається при дозріванні на рослинах 70% плодів, що можливо завдяки правильній комбінації калійних та безхлорних добрив, при двофазному способі збирання яких урожай зерна становить у середньому 1,02–1.16 t/ha.га.
The paper presents the results of determining the influence of the latest potassium and phosphorus chlorine-free fertilizers on the cultivation of buckwheat in the Chernihiv region. According to research, it is established that the maximum productivity of crops and the best quality of buckwheat grain is achieved when ripening on plants 70% of the fruit, which is possible due to the right combination of potassium and chlorine-free fertilizers, with a two-phase method of harvesting the grain yield averages 1.02–1,16 т/

Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto is mass-released for biological control of the leafroller pest, light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in Australian vineyards. Parasitoid performance can, however, be constrained by a lack of suitable adult food and no information is available on the effect of nectar on the parasitism and longevity of T. carverae. To address this, the effect of alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) flowers on E. postvittana parasitism was studied in a vineyard experiment with and without releases of T. carverae. Egg parasitoid activity was assessed with E. postvittana egg 'sentinel cards' and no parasitism was recorded in plots without T. carverae releases. Where T. carverae were released, there was no significant enhancement of parasitism by the presence of L. maritima flowers. Three hypotheses were subsequently tested to account for the lack of an effect: (i) T. carverae does not benefit from L. maritima nectar, (ii) T. carverae was feeding on nectar from other flowering plants (weeds) present in the vineyard, (iii) T. carverae was feeding on sugars from ripe grapes. A growth-cabinet experiment using potted L. maritima plants with and without flowers did not support hypothesis one. No parasitism was recorded after day two for T. carverae caged without flowers whilst parasitism occured until day eight in the presence of flowers. A laboratory experiment with common vineyard weeds (Trifolium repens, Hypochoeris radicata, Echium plantagineum) as well as L. maritima did not support hypothesis one but gave partial support to hypothesis two. Survival of T. carverae was enhanced to a small but statistically significant extent in vials with intact flowers of L. maritima, white clover (T. repens) and catsear (H. radicata) but not in vials with flowering shoots of these species from which flowers and flowering buds had been removed. Paterson's curse (E. plantagineum) flowers had no effect on T. carverae survival. In a laboratory study, punctured grapes significantly enhanced T. carverae survival compared with a treatment without grapes, supporting hypothesis three. Trichogramma carverae performance in the field experiment was probably also constrained by relatively cool and wet weather. Further work on the enhancement of T. carverae efficacy by L. maritima and other carbohydrate sources is warranted. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate whether T. carverae benefit from different groundcover plant species. Ten T. carverae adults (<24h after eclosion) were caged with different groundcover species and a control with no plant materials. Epiphyas postvittana egg sentinel cards were used to measure parasitism and longevity was recorded visually. Survival and realised parasitism of T. carverae was significantly higher in L. maritima than in Brassica juncea, Coriandrum sativum, shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed and nil control treatments. A similar experiment with Fagopyrum esculentum (with- and without-flowers) and a control treatment showed that survival was significantly higher in intact F. esculentum than in without-flower and control treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism in the early stages of that experiment, though parasitism was recorded in the presence of F. esculentum flowers for 12 days, compared with 6 days in other treatments. Higher parasitism was observed in intact Borago officinalis than in the flowerless shoot, water only and no plant material control treatments in a third experiment. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism. Fitted exponential curves for survival data differed significantly in curvature in the first, second and third experiments but the slope was a non-significant parameter in the second and third experiments. In a second series of laboratory experiments, one male and one female T. carverae were caged with groundcover species to investigate male and female longevity and daily fecundity. Both male and female longevity in F. esculentum and L. maritima treatments were significantly higher than on shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed, and than in the control treatments. Daily fecundity was significantly greater in the intact L. maritima treatment than in all other treatments. Fitted exponential curves for daily fecundity differed significantly in position and slope but not in curvature. There was no significant treatment effect on longevity or parasitism when a male and female were caged with intact B. juncea, B. officinalis or without-flower of these species, nor in the treatment with no plant materials. No parasitism was observed in a survey of naturally occurring egg parasitoids on two sites close to Orange and Canowindra in New South Wales, illustrating the importance of mass releases of T. carverae in biological control of E. postvittana. In an experiment on the Canowindra site, parasitism was significantly higher on day one and day two after T. carverae release when with-flower treatments were compared with without-flower treatments. Parasitism was significantly higher in the F. esculentum treatment than in C. sativum, L. maritima, vegetation without-flowers and control treatments on these dates. On day five, parasitism was higher in C. sativum than in all other treatments. There was no significant increase in parasitism in a second experiment conducted on the Orange site. Coriandrum sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima appear to be suitable adult food sources for T. carverae and offer some scope for habitat manipulation in vineyards The adults of many parasitoid species require nectar for optimal fitness but very little is known about flower recognition. Flight cage experiments showed that the adults of T. carverae benefited from L. maritima bearing white flowers to a greater extent than was the case for light pink, dark pink or purple flowered cultivars, despite all cultivars producing nectar. Survival and realised parasitism on non-white flowers were no greater than when the parasitoids were caged on L. maritima shoots from which flowers had been removed. The possibility that differences between L. maritima cultivars were due to factors other than flower colour, such as nectar quality, was excluded by dyeing white L. maritima flowers by placing the roots of the plants in 5% food dye (blue or pink) solution. Survival of T. carverae was lower on dyed L. maritima flowers than on undyed white flowers. Mixing the same dyes with honey in a third experiment conducted in the dark showed that the low level of feeding on dyed flowers was unlikely to be the result of olfactory or gustatory cues. Flower colour appears, therefore, to be a critical factor in the choice of plants used to enhance biological control, and is likely to also be a factor in the role parasitoids play in structuring invertebrate communities. Provision of nectar producing plants to increase the effectiveness of biological control is one aspect of habitat manipulation, but care needs to be taken to avoid the use of plant species that may benefit pest species. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate whether the adult E. postvittana and larvae benefit from nectar producing groundcover species. Newly emerged E. postvittana adults were caged with different groundcover species and a honey-based artificial adult diet. The longevity of male and female E. postvittana when caged with shoots of borage (B. officinalis) and buckwheat (F. esculentum) bearing flowers was as long as when fed a honey-based artificial diet. This effect was not evident when caged with shoots of these plants from which flowers had been removed. Longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with coriander (C. sativum) or alyssum (L. maritima) irrespective of whether flowers were present or not. There was no significant treatment effect on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. A second experiment with mustard (B. juncea) (with- and without-flowers), water only and honey-based artificial adult diet showed no significant treatment effects on the longevity of male and female E. postvittana or on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. The anomalous lack of a difference between the water and honey-based diet treatments precludes making conclusions on the value of B. juncea for E. postvittana. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of groundcover species on the larval development of E. postvittana. In the first experiment, larval mortality was significantly higher in C. sativum, and L. maritima than in B. juncea, B. officinalis and white clover (T. repens) a known host of E. postvittana. Coriandrum sativum and L. maritima extended the larval period. In B. juncea and B. officinalis, mortality did not differ from that in T. repens. In F. esculentum, larval mortality was significantly higher than in T. repens. A short larval period was observed on B. juncea, B. officinalis and F. esculentum. Fitted exponential curves for larval mortality differed significantly in curvature between plant treatments. Similarly, successful pupation was significantly lower in C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima than in T. repens. The percentage of successful pupation in B. juncea and B. officinalis did not differ from F. esculentum and T. repens. Fitted exponential curves for pupation differed significantly in curvature. A similar trend was observed in a second experiment with potted plants. The overall results suggest that C. sativum and L. maritima denied benefit to E. postvittana adults and larvae, so could be planted as vineyard groundcover with minimal risk of exacerbating this pest. Overall results suggest that T. carverae require nutrients to reach their full reproductive potential and flowers provide such nutrients. Lobularia maritima and C. sativum may be considered 'selective food plants' for T. carverae whereas F. esculentum appears to be a 'non-selective food plant'; both T. carverae and E. postvittana benefited from it. Fruits such as grapes can be used as food resources in habitat manipulation and this merits further research. This result also suggests that within species flower colour is an important factor for flower selection in habitat manipulation.

The design of foods enriched in dietary fiber has recently received great attention among academia and food industry, since in many European countries the daily intake of dietary fiber is much lower than the recommended levels (25 g; EFSA, 2010). Being a staple food category, cereal products may represent a valid resource to satisfy the optimal amount of soluble and insoluble fiber and other bioactive components. Despite the nutritional benefits, the incorporation of fiber into flour negatively affects the textural and sensory properties of bread and pasta products. This PhD project dealt with the application of physical and/or biotechnological strategies to modify the structural properties of peculiar macromolecules (such as non-starch-polysaccharides or proteins) to enhance the quality of fiber-enriched foods. Samples from the outermost layers of cereals and pseudocereals particularly rich in bioactive compounds (e.g. purple wheat and buckwheat) were included in pasta or bread after treatment and evaluated in terms of technological behavior. The first part of the thesis regarded the application of a two-step debranning process to purple wheat that allowed the selective recovery of bioactive compounds, such as fiber and phenolic compounds. Debranned fractions from the first and the second step were used separately to produce fiber-enriched pasta. Bran from conventional milling was also used as a control. Both fractions had higher or comparable content in total and soluble fiber than bran. Moreover, both of them exhibited a higher ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) than bran, whereas the highest amount of anthocyanins was found in the first fraction. When compared with pasta enriched in bran, the samples enriched either in the first or second fraction had similar FRAP values and higher amount of anthocyanins, while retaining a fair cooking quality. In the second part of the thesis micronization was applied to buckwheat bran to evaluate the effect of granulometry on dough/bread quality. The role of coarse and fine buckwheat bran enrichment on wheat dough was studied at increasing levels (5, 10, 20%). Dough and bread properties were negatively affected by the interplay of bran addition level and particle size. The thermo-mechanical behavior of dough was found to be mainly related to starch phase transitions during heating with no regards of particle size. Front-face fluorescence studies reveled differences in gluten structural arrangement and solvation with a distinct effect of particle size. Despite the better or similar dough rheological properties (e.g. elasticity, resistance to extension, extensibility), bread enriched in fine bran had lower baking quality in comparison with samples enriched in coarse bran, in terms of loaf specific volume and crumb softness. Concerning the texture, the variations in the perceived crumb hardness were mainly related to changes in crumb density. The application of an adapted Ashby-Gibson model to correct hardness values for the variation in density revealed that the mechanical properties of the solid crumb matrix were controlled by the differences in moisture and in bran volume fraction. Buckwheat bran was used also to evaluate the effects of superheated steam (SS) on bran properties. SS is an innovative technology that has allowed drying of many food matrices while limiting collateral effect on the product. After screening the process conditions, the selected treated bran samples (120 °C, 140 °C, or 160 °C; 40 min; 0.7 aw) were incorporated into high-enriched dough (20%) and their influence on the rheological properties and on the baking quality were considered. The treatment deeply affected the chemical/physical properties of buckwheat bran. In particular, changes in water affinity were progressively observed with increasing temperature, also due to the formation of protein aggregates. These modifications influenced the thermo-mechanical properties of high-bran enriched doughs that reflected baking behavior. When appropriate setting was chosen (temperature: 160 °C) SS treatment increased buckwheat bran performances in terms of specific volume and crumb softness in comparison with untreated bran. The last part of the thesis regarded the use of specific enzymatic treatment (i.e. pectinases and cellulases) to decrease the size of non-starch-polysaccharide chains, aiming at mitigating the worsening effects of fiber on enriched products. Either coarse buckwheat bran or SS bran (treated at 140 °C; 40 min; 0.7 aw) were used. From a technological standpoint, the preliminary bran treatment with cellulases could be a feasible solution to produce bread enriched in buckwheat bran. Besides this, no synergistic effect was observed between SS treatment and enzymatic treatment. Future studies will include the assessment of the effects of bran-treatments on the macromolecular structure of fiber, to define not only its rheological performance but also its nutritional functionality.

Гуща, І. А. Розробка технології хліба пшеничного з додаванням ячмінного та гречаного борошна : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 181 "Харчові технології" / І. А. Гуща ; керівник роботи Н. П. Буяльська ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра харчових технологій. – Чернігів, 2021. – 55 с.
У кваліфікаційній роботі здійснено огляд літературних джерел вітчизняних та зарубіжних авторів, на основі якого визначено напрям власних досліджень, кінцевим результатом якого є створення нового функціонального харчового продукту на основі гречаного та ячмінного борошна. Досліджений вплив добавок ячмінного та гречаного борошна у кількості від 10 до 20% на показники якості тіста та готового виробу з його добавкою, встановлено, що оптимальним дозуванням борошна ячменю при виробництві хліба пшеничного є 10 %, гречаного борошна - 15 %. Розроблена рецептура та запропонована технологічна схема виробництва пшеничного хліба з використанням ячмінного та гречаного борошна.
In the qualification work the review of literary sources of domestic and foreign authors is carried out, on the basis of which the direction of own researches is defined, the final result of which is creation of a new functional food product on the basis of buckwheat and barley flour. The effect of barley and buckwheat flour additives in the amount of 10 to 20% on the quality of dough and finished product with its addition was studied, it was found that the optimal dosage of barley flour in the production of wheat bread is 10%, buckwheat flour - 15%. A recipe has been developed and a technological scheme for the production of wheat bread using barley and buckwheat flour has been proposed.

Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto is mass-released for biological control of the leafroller pest, light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in Australian vineyards. Parasitoid performance can, however, be constrained by a lack of suitable adult food and no information is available on the effect of nectar on the parasitism and longevity of T. carverae. To address this, the effect of alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) flowers on E. postvittana parasitism was studied in a vineyard experiment with and without releases of T. carverae. Egg parasitoid activity was assessed with E. postvittana egg �sentinel cards� and no parasitism was recorded in plots without T. carverae releases. Where T. carverae were released, there was no significant enhancement of parasitism by the presence of L. maritima flowers. Three hypotheses were subsequently tested to account for the lack of an effect: (i) T. carverae does not benefit from L. maritima nectar, (ii) T. carverae was feeding on nectar from other flowering plants (weeds) present in the vineyard, (iii) T. carverae was feeding on sugars from ripe grapes. A growth-cabinet experiment using potted L. maritima plants with and without flowers did not support hypothesis one. No parasitism was recorded after day two for T. carverae caged without flowers whilst parasitism occured until day eight in the presence of flowers. A laboratory experiment with common vineyard weeds (Trifolium repens, Hypochoeris radicata, Echium plantagineum) as well as L. maritima did not support hypothesis one but gave partial support to hypothesis two. Survival of T. carverae was enhanced to a small but statistically significant extent in vials with intact flowers of L. maritima, white clover (T. repens) and catsear (H. radicata) but not in vials with flowering shoots of these species from which flowers and flowering buds had been removed. Paterson�s curse (E. plantagineum) flowers had no effect on T. carverae survival. In a laboratory study, punctured grapes significantly enhanced T. carverae survival compared with a treatment without grapes, supporting hypothesis three. Trichogramma carverae performance in the field experiment was probably also constrained by relatively cool and wet weather. Further work on the enhancement of T. carverae efficacy by L. maritima and other carbohydrate sources is warranted. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate whether T. carverae benefit from different groundcover plant species. Ten T. carverae adults (<24h after eclosion) were caged with different groundcover species and a control with no plant materials. Epiphyas postvittana egg sentinel cards were used to measure parasitism and longevity was recorded visually. Survival and realised parasitism of T. carverae was significantly higher in L. maritima than in Brassica juncea, Coriandrum sativum, shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed and nil control treatments. A similar experiment with Fagopyrum esculentum (with- and without-flowers) and a control treatment showed that survival was significantly higher in intact F. esculentum than in without-flower and control treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism in the early stages of that experiment, though parasitism was recorded in the presence of F. esculentum flowers for 12 days, compared with 6 days in other treatments. Higher parasitism was observed in intact Borago officinalis than in the flowerless shoot, water only and no plant material control treatments in a third experiment. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism. Fitted exponential curves for survival data differed significantly in curvature in the first, second and third experiments but the slope was a non-significant parameter in the second and third experiments. In a second series of laboratory experiments, one male and one female T. carverae were caged with groundcover species to investigate male and female longevity and daily fecundity. Both male and female longevity in F. esculentum and L. maritima treatments were significantly higher than on shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed, and than in the control treatments. Daily fecundity was significantly greater in the intact L. maritima treatment than in all other treatments. Fitted exponential curves for daily fecundity differed significantly in position and slope but not in curvature. There was no significant treatment effect on longevity or parasitism when a male and female were caged with intact B. juncea, B. officinalis or without-flower of these species, nor in the treatment with no plant materials. No parasitism was observed in a survey of naturally occurring egg parasitoids on two sites close to Orange and Canowindra in New South Wales, illustrating the importance of mass releases of T. carverae in biological control of E. postvittana. In an experiment on the Canowindra site, parasitism was significantly higher on day one and day two after T. carverae release when with-flower treatments were compared with without-flower treatments. Parasitism was significantly higher in the F. esculentum treatment than in C. sativum, L. maritima, vegetation without-flowers and control treatments on these dates. On day five, parasitism was higher in C. sativum than in all other treatments. There was no significant increase in parasitism in a second experiment conducted on the Orange site. Coriandrum sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima appear to be suitable adult food sources for T. carverae and offer some scope for habitat manipulation in vineyards The adults of many parasitoid species require nectar for optimal fitness but very little is known about flower recognition. Flight cage experiments showed that the adults of T. carverae benefited from L. maritima bearing white flowers to a greater extent than was the case for light pink, dark pink or purple flowered cultivars, despite all cultivars producing nectar. Survival and realised parasitism on non-white flowers were no greater than when the parasitoids were caged on L. maritima shoots from which flowers had been removed. The possibility that differences between L. maritima cultivars were due to factors other than flower colour, such as nectar quality, was excluded by dyeing white L. maritima flowers by placing the roots of the plants in 5% food dye (blue or pink) solution. Survival of T. carverae was lower on dyed L. maritima flowers than on undyed white flowers. Mixing the same dyes with honey in a third experiment conducted in the dark showed that the low level of feeding on dyed flowers was unlikely to be the result of olfactory or gustatory cues. Flower colour appears, therefore, to be a critical factor in the choice of plants used to enhance biological control, and is likely to also be a factor in the role parasitoids play in structuring invertebrate communities. Provision of nectar producing plants to increase the effectiveness of biological control is one aspect of habitat manipulation, but care needs to be taken to avoid the use of plant species that may benefit pest species. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate whether the adult E. postvittana and larvae benefit from nectar producing groundcover species. Newly emerged E. postvittana adults were caged with different groundcover species and a honey-based artificial adult diet. The longevity of male and female E. postvittana when caged with shoots of borage (B. officinalis) and buckwheat (F. esculentum) bearing flowers was as long as when fed a honey-based artificial diet. This effect was not evident when caged with shoots of these plants from which flowers had been removed. Longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with coriander (C. sativum) or alyssum (L. maritima) irrespective of whether flowers were present or not. There was no significant treatment effect on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. A second experiment with mustard (B. juncea) (with- and without-flowers), water only and honey-based artificial adult diet showed no significant treatment effects on the longevity of male and female E. postvittana or on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. The anomalous lack of a difference between the water and honey-based diet treatments precludes making conclusions on the value of B. juncea for E. postvittana. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of groundcover species on the larval development of E. postvittana. In the first experiment, larval mortality was significantly higher in C. sativum, and L. maritima than in B. juncea, B. officinalis and white clover (T. repens) a known host of E. postvittana. Coriandrum sativum and L. maritima extended the larval period. In B. juncea and B. officinalis, mortality did not differ from that in T. repens. In F. esculentum, larval mortality was significantly higher than in T. repens. A short larval period was observed on B. juncea, B. officinalis and F. esculentum. Fitted exponential curves for larval mortality differed significantly in curvature between plant treatments. Similarly, successful pupation was significantly lower in C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima than in T. repens. The percentage of successful pupation in B. juncea and B. officinalis did not differ from F. esculentum and T. repens. Fitted exponential curves for pupation differed significantly in curvature. A similar trend was observed in a second experiment with potted plants. The overall results suggest that C. sativum and L. maritima denied benefit to E. postvittana adults and larvae, so could be planted as vineyard groundcover with minimal risk of exacerbating this pest. Overall results suggest that T. carverae require nutrients to reach their full reproductive potential and flowers provide such nutrients. Lobularia maritima and C. sativum may be considered �selective food plants� for T. carverae whereas F. esculentum appears to be a �non-selective food plant�; both T. carverae and E. postvittana benefited from it. Fruits such as grapes can be used as food resources in habitat manipulation and this merits further research. This result also suggests that within species flower colour is an important factor for flower selection in habitat manipulation.

U okviru disertacije ispitani su i upoređeni pokazatelji kvaliteta integralnog pšeničnog i integralnog heljdinog brašna dobijenog mlevenjem netretiranih (netretirano integralno heljdino brašno) i autoklaviranih zrna heljde (autoklavirano integralno heljdino brašno). Nakon ispitivanja nutritivnih i funkcionalnih svojstava pomenutih brašna, kreirane su i proizvedene integralne taljatele sa različitim sadržajem integralnog heljdinog brašna (10–30%).Pokazatelji senzorskog, nutritivnog i funkcionalnog kvaliteta proizvedenih taljatela sa integralnim heljdinim brašnima ispitani su u poređenju sa kontrolnim uzorkom taljatela od integralnog pšeničnog brašna.U ispitivanim uzorcima brašna i taljatela određeni su osnovni hemijski sastav, sadržaj mineralnih materija, sadržaj ukupnih rastvorljivih polifenola, utvrđen je kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav polifenolnih jedinjenja, ispitana je antiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH˙ i određen je sadržaj fitinske kiseline i 5-hidroksimetilfurfural.Pored analize nutritivnih i funkcionalnih svojstava, na taljatelama su sprovedena ispitivanja fizičkih osobina (dimenzije) i svojstva taljatela pri kuvanju. Instrumentalno su izmereni boja i teksturna svojstva nekuvanih i kuvanih taljatela. Senzorska ocena taljatela sprovedena je uz primenu panela utreniranih ocenjivača, metodom bodovanja i panela potrošača, testom dopadljivosti.Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se supstitucijom dela integralnog pšeničnog brašna integralnim heljdinim brašnom (autoklaviranim ili netretiranim) postiže unapređenje nutritivnog i funkcionalnog profila uzoraka obogaćenih taljatela, uz manje ili više izraženo narušavanje senzorskog profila, u zavisnosti od stepena supstitucije i vrste integralnog heljdinog brašna.
This study investigated quality parameters of wholegrain wheat flour and wholegrain buckwheat flour from non-treated buckwheat grains (non-treated wholegrain buckwheat flour) and autoclaved buckwheat grains (autoclaved wholegrain buckwheat flour). After investigation of nutritional and functional properties of aforementioned flours, new wholegrain tagliatelle formulations, with different wholegrain buckwheat flour content (10–30%) have been developed.Sensory, nutritional and functional quality parameters of buckwheat containing tagliatelle samples were analysed and compared with control tagliatelle sample from wholegrain wheat flour.Proximate composition, content of minerals, content of total polyphenols and quantitative and qualitative composition of polyphenols were investigated in both, flour samples and produced uncooked and cooked tagliatelle samples. Antiradical activity on DPPH radicals, and content of less favourable compounds, phytic acid and HMF, have been tested, as well.Tagliatelle physical properties, dimensions, cooking properties, colour and textural properties were determined by instrumental and sensory methods. Tagliatelle acceptability was evaluated by the consumers. The obtained results indicate that wholegrain buckwheat flour (autoclaved or non-treated) incorporation into tagliatelle formulation led to an improvement of nutritional and functional profiles of tagliatelle samples, followed by greater or lesser deterioaration of sensory profile, depending on substitution level and type of wholegrain buckwheat flour.

En s’appuyant sur les démarches récentes en palynologie appliquée à l’histoire rurale, la thèse pose trois objectifs : (1) questionner la chronologie des essors et déprises des paysages agropastoraux du nord de la Haute-Bretagne entre le XIe et le XVIe siècle, (2) réfléchir à l’originalité de ce secteur par rapport aux territoires environnants, (3) analyser le poids descontextes économiques et sociaux sur l’aménagement des paysages. Les dynamiques des paysages agropastoraux mettent en évidence une chronologie classique pour le début de la période. Un essor de la croissance touche l’ensemble du secteur aux XIe-XIIe s. Cet essor amène progressivement à une situation de blocage à partir du XIIIe s. Ces dynamiques se transcrivent dans les pratiques. On observe un glissement de pratiques de cultures temporaires et de prairies gérées extensivementà une intensification progressive des activités agricoles. L’originalité concerne les crises des XIVe-XVe s. qui ne sont perçues qu’à proximité de la frontière normande. Le secteur de Rennes est concerné par un dynamisme agricole qui prend la forme d’une intensification de la céréaliculture, avec la mise en place d’un système de rotation intégrant la culture du sarrasin. Ce changement dans les pratiques agropastorales est peut-être une réponse au blocage de la croissance. Il est surtout permis par le dynamisme économique qui touche le duché de Bretagne aux XIVe-XVe s. La croissance n’atteint la frontière normande qu’à compter de la seconde moitié du XVe s. Ce décalage s’observe également dans la production de chanvre textile qui a marqué les paysages des campagnes de Haute-Bretagne. Les données polliniques interrogent ainsi l’origine des zones de production de toiles connues à l’époque moderne
Based on recent approaches in pollen analysis applied to rural history, this PhD dissertation has three objectives: (1) to question the chronology of agrarian expansion and regression in northern Upper Brittany between 11th and 16th century; (2) to ponder the originality of this area in relation to the surrounding areas; (3) to analyze the weight of economic and socialcontexts on the construction of landscapes. The changes in agro-pastoral landscapes reveal a rather classical chronology for the beginning of the period. The agricultural expansion affects the whole area in the 11th and 12th centuries. This expansion gradually leads to a stalling of growth in the 13th century. These changes affected practices. Thus we observe a shift from practices of temporary crops and extensively-managed grasslands towards a gradual intensification of agricultural activities. The originality concerns the late medieval agrarian crisis which is only detected close to the Norman border. The area of Rennes, on the other hand, is affected by an agricultural expansion which takes the form of an intensification of cereal farming, with the introduction of a new system of crop rotation integrating the cultivation of buckwheat. This change in agro-pastoral practices may be an answer to the stalling of growth. This change is mainly allowed by the economic dynamism that affects the duchy of Brittany in the 14th and 15th centuries. Growth doesn’t reach the Norman border until the second half of the 15th century. This time-lag can also be seen in the production of bastfibres of hemp which transformed the landscapes of rural Upper Brittany. Thus the palynological analysis questions the origin of the areas of production of canvases known in early modern times

Experiments were conducted to assess whether a concept termed 'attract and reward' (A&R) could enhance conservation biological control (CBC). In A&R, a synthetically-produced herbivore induced plant volatile (HIPV) ('attract') is combined with a floral resource ('reward'). It is anticipated that the two will work synergistically attracting natural enemies into the crop ('attract') and maintaining them within the crop ('reward'). The study system consists of brassica, the most commonly occurring brassica herbivores, their natural enemies and higher order natural enemies. The HIPV deployed is methyl salicylate (MeSA) and the floral resource is buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum. The aim of the first two field experiments, in 2007 and 2008, was to evaluate the effects of MeSA and MeSA combined with buckwheat (A&R) on the abundance of arthropods from three trophic levels. In 2007, a field experiment was conducted using MeSA alone. The mean abundance of the leafmining fly Scaptomyza flava (trophic level 2), the diamondback moth (trophic level 2)(DBM) parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (trophic level 2) and the hoverfly Melangyna novaezealandiae (trophic level 3) was increased in MeSA-treatments by up to 300% and for the brown lacewing parasitoid Anacharis zealandica a maximum mean increase of 600% was recorded. Significantly more females of the D. semiclausum and M. novaezealandiae were attracted to MeSA than males. When A&R was deployed in 2008, were arthropods from the third and fourth trophic levels affected. For none of the species was there a synergistic effect between 'attract' and 'reward' on their abundance. The brown lacewing Micromus tasmaniae (trophic level 3), two parasitoids of DBM and one of cabbage white butterfly Pieris rapae (trophic level 2) increased significantly in treatments with buckwheat. The hoverfly Melanostoma fasciatum (trophic level 3) was significantly more abundant in treatments with MeSA, but significantly less abundant in treatments with buckwheat. The effect of MeSA on the fourth trophic level parasitoid Anacharis zealandica (trophic level 4) was inconsistent between years. Here it significantly decreased its abundance, while treatments with buckwheat increased it. Significantly fewer male than female D. semiclausum were attracted to MeSA only treatments. These experiments show that MeSA and buckwheat can have unwanted effects on arthropod abundance which may disrupt CBC. To assess the effect of A&R on CBC a further field experiment evaluating herbivore densities, predation, parasitism and hyper-parasitism rates was conducted. The only effect was significantly higher aphid parasitism in treatments with MeSA. Based on the results from the field experiments it remained unclear whether it was MeSA or a blend of volatiles produced by MeSA-induced host plants that were attractive to the arthropods. An olfactory experiment was conducted to evaluate if the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani can be attracted to two different concentrations of MeSA diluted in Synertrol oil. Significantly more parasitoids were attracted to 2.0% MeSA than to air while the parasitoid did not respond to the 0.5% concentration. These results indicate that A&R has potential as a CBC technique, as long as any unwanted side effects can be managed. Although there were no synergistic effects between 'attract' and 'reward' on the abundance of individual natural enemies, combining MeSA and buckwheat could still be beneficial because the two techniques increase the abundance of different natural enemies.

De nos jours, le sarrasin ou « blé noir », est toujours associé aux fameuses galettes bretonnes, cependant, son histoire demeure méconnue. Introduit comme culture vivrière dans l’ouest de la France (Bretagne et Normandie occidentale) au cours des XVe et XVIe siècles, le sarrasin y devient la principale culture et denrée alimentaire à partir du XVIIe siècle. Cette étude s’intéresse au rôle du sarrasin dans les différents pans des sociétés de l’Ouest du XVIe au XXe siècle, autour de quatre grandes parties : l’introduction et la diffusion du sarrasin en Europe, sa place dans les systèmes agraires du Massif armoricain, son incidence dans l’alimentation des populations de cette région, et son utilisation dans l’atténuation des crises de subsistances. Au fil des chapitres, les pratiques bretonnes et normandes font l’objet d’une comparaison, afin d’identifier les éléments constitutifs d’une identité commune aux populations de l’Ouest et ceux qui relèvent de particularismes territoriaux. Cette approche comparative est reproduite au sein même de ces deux espaces, pour appréhender leurs spécificités locales
Today, buckwheat is unavoidably associated with the famous Breton galettes (buckwheat pancakes), yet we know little of its history. Introduced as a subsistence crop in western France (Brittany and west Normandy) during the 15th and 16th centuries, buckwheat became the predominant crop and foodstuff in the region from the 17th century. This study examines the role of buckwheat in various aspects of societies in western France from the 16th century to the 20th century, via four main sections: the introduction and spread of buckwheat in Europe, its place in the agrarian systems of the Armorican Massif, its impact on the diets of populations in this region and its use in relieving subsistence crises. The chapters compare practices in Brittany and Normandy, to identify elements of a common identity among populations in western France, and elements that are specific to territories. This comparative approach is repeated within these two spaces, to identify local particularities

In this study, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.)) flowers were used to examine the effect of floral resources on the efficacy of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) in vineyards. This was done by assessing the influence of these flowers on parasitoid abundance and parasitism rate, and by investigating the consequences of this for leafroller abundance. In laboratory experiments, alyssum flowers were used to investigate the effect of floral food on the longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of D. tasmanica. Dolichogenidea tasmanica comprised more than 95 % of parasitoids reared from field collected leafrollers in this study. The abundance of D. tasmanica during the 1999-2000 growing season was very low compared with previous studies, possibly due to the very low abundance of its leafroller hosts during the experiment. The number of males of this species on yellow sticky traps was increased (although not significantly) when buckwheat flowers were planted in a Marlborough vineyard; however, the number of female D. tasmanica on traps was no greater with flowers than without. The abundance of another leafroller parasitoid, Glyptapanteles demeter (Wilkinson)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on traps was also not significantly affected by the presence of buckwheat flowers, although females of this species were caught in greater numbers in the control than in buckwheat plots. Naturally-occurring leafrollers were collected from three vineyard sites in Marlborough, and one in Canterbury during the 2000-2001 season to assess the effect of buckwheat and alyssum flowers on parasitism rate. Parasitism rate more than doubled in the presence of buckwheat at one of the Marlborough vineyards, but alyssum had no effect on parasitism rate in Canterbury. A leafroller release/recover method, used when naturally-occurring leafrollers were too scarce to collect, was unable to detect any effect of buckwheat or alyssum on parasitism rate. Mean parasitism rates of approximately 20 % were common in Marlborough, although rates ranged from 0 % to 45 % across the three vineyard sites in that region. In Canterbury in April, mean parasitism rates were approximately 40 % (Chapter 4). Rates were higher on upper canopy leaves (40-60 %) compared with lower canopy leaves and bunches (0-25 %). Leafroller abundance was apparently not affected by the presence of buckwheat in Marlborough, or alyssum in Canterbury. Buckwheat did, however, significantly reduce the amount of leafroller evidence (webbed leafroller feeding sites on leaves or in bunches) in Marlborough, suggesting that the presence of these flowers may reduce leafroller populations. Leafrollers infested less than 0.1 % of Cabernet Sauvignon leaves throughout the 1999-2000 growing season, but increased in abundance in bunches to infest a maximum of 0.5 % of bunches in late March in Marlborough. In Pinot Noir vines in the 2000-2001 season, leafroller abundance was also low, although sampling was not conducted late in the season when abundance reaches a peak. In Riesling vines in Canterbury, between 1.5 % and 2.5 % of bunches were infested with leafrollers in April. In the laboratory, alyssum flowers significantly increased the longevity and lifetime fecundity of D. tasmanica compared with a no-flower treatment. However, daily fecundity was not increased by the availability of food, suggesting that the greater lifetime fecundity was related to increases in longevity. Parasitoids were also able to obtain nutrients from whitefly honeydew, which resulted in similar longevity and daily fecundity to those when alyssum flowers were present. The availability of food had a significant effect on the offspring sex ratio of D. tasmanica. Parasitoids reared from naturally-occurring leafrollers produced an equal sex ratio, assumed to be the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for this species. In the laboratory, this ESS was observed only when parasitoids had access to alyssum flowers. Without food, or with honeydew only, sex ratios were strongly male-biased. In the field, floral resources affected the sex ratio of D. tasmanica only when this species was reared from leafrollers released and recovered in Marlborough. In that experiment, buckwheat shifted the sex ratio in favour of female production from the equal sex ratio found in control plots. No firm explanations can be given to account for these results, due to a lack of research in this area. Possible mechanisms for the changes in sex ratio with flowers are discussed. This study demonstrated that flowers are an important source of nutrients for D. tasmanica, influencing the longevity, fecundity and offspring sex ratio of this species. However, only some of the field experiments were able to show any positive effect of the provision of floral resources on parasitoid abundance or parasitism rate. More information is needed on the role these parasitoids, and other natural enemies, play in regulating leafroller populations in New Zealand vineyards, and on how they use floral resources in the field, before recommendations can be made regarding the adoption of this technology by growers.

Arthropod species that have the potential to damage crops are food resources for communities of predators and parasitoids. From an agronomic perspective these species are pests and biocontrol agents respectively, and the relationships between them can be important determinants of crop yield and quality. The impact of biocontrol agents on pest populations may depend on the availability of other food resources in the agroecosystem. A scarcity of such resources may limit biological control and altering agroecosystem management to alleviate this limitation could contribute to pest management. This is a tactic of ‘conservation biological control’ and includes the provision of flowers for species that consume prey as larvae but require floral resources in their adult stage. The use of flowers for pest management requires an understanding of the interactions between the flowers, pests, biocontrol agents and non-target species. Without this, attempts to enhance biological control might be ineffective or detrimental. This thesis develops our understanding in two areas which have received relatively little attention: the role of flowers in biological control by true omnivores, and the implications of flower use by fourth-trophic-level life-history omnivores. The species studied were the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica. Buckwheat flowers Fagopyrum esculentum provided floral resources and aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum served as prey. Laboratory experiments with M. tasmaniae demonstrated that although prey were required for reproduction, providing flowers increased survival and oviposition when prey abundance was low. Flowers also decreased prey consumption by the adult lacewings. These experiments therefore revealed the potential for flowers to either enhance or disrupt biological control by M. tasmaniae. Adult M. tasmaniae were collected from a crop containing a strip of flowers. Analyses to determine the presence of prey and pollen in their digestive tracts suggested that predation was more frequent than foraging in flowers. It was concluded that the flower strip probably did not affect biological control by lacewings in that field, but flowers could be significant in other situations. The lifetime fecundity of A. zealandica was greatly increased by the presence of flowers in the laboratory. Providing flowers therefore has the potential to increase parasitism of M. tasmaniae and so disrupt biological control. A. zealandica was also studied in a crop containing a flower strip. Rubidium-marking was used to investigate nectar-feeding and dispersal from the flowers. In addition, the parasitoids’ sugar compositions were determined by HPLC and used to infer feeding histories. Although further work is required to develop the use of these techniques in this system, the results suggested that A. zealandica did not exploit the flower strip. The sugar profiles suggested that honeydew had been consumed by many of the parasitoids. A simulation model was developed to explore the dynamics of aphid, lacewing and parasitoid populations with and without flowers. This suggested that if M. tasmaniae and A. zealandica responded to flowers as in the laboratory, flowers would only have a small effect on biological control within a single period of a lucerne cutting cycle. When parasitoids were present, the direct beneficial effect of flowers on the lacewing population was outweighed by increased parasitism, reducing the potential for biological control in future crops. The results presented in this thesis exemplify the complex interactions that may occur as a consequence of providing floral resources in agroecosystems and re-affirm the need for agroecology to inform the development of sustainable pest management techniques.

碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系碩士在職專班
104
Buckwheat is rich in dietary fiber on the human body has an important physiological active ingredient. Such as rutin and quercetin, in the international market it is considered functional food ingredients. Buckwheat is an important crop Second Changhua Town, rich in protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and vit B complex. In this experiment, buckwheat flour as raw material, add it to the flour, then add the cream, made of high-fiber cookies and biscuits buckwheat research products. The results show: its appearance color, the more the amount of sugar, caramel greater the impact the appearance, the color is dim; overall aroma, cream and buckwheat proportion of aroma obvious impact; overall flavor aspect, buckwheat flour increase, rising flavor cream flavor less can reduce fuel consumption,; fiber flu, sugar and more time, water retention can make sense of the weaker of the fibers, allowing more cream taste more smooth, crisp baking powder effect is consumer preference. On the fragrance aspect, the best value was 3.65, and the lowest was 2.89; on the overall flavor, adding buckwheat flour,the value was rised 4.24, and the minimum was 3.1; in the milk flavor, the value was rised 3.70, and the minimum was 2.44. The overall feeling, the high sugar, less butter, a higher degree of overall product preference less buckwheat flour. Buckwheat due to low gluten content, easy molding, product easy to break, it is the difficulty of production and processing. Therefore, the flour and buckwheat certain proportions to produce a new type of baked goods, cookies make preservation a long period, to overcome the difficulties on processing, while improving the nutritional value of products.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學系研究所
86
The major purposes in this thesis are to perform the preliminary studies on the characteristics of buckwheat starch, to measure the rutin content in buckwheat plants during their growing stage, and to evaluate the possibilities to predict the buckwheat quality by using the Near-InfraRed Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). To characterize the starch of buckwheat grain, we used SDS-PAGE and EITB to analyze the proteins present in starch granule of buckwheat endosperm. We find out that in all the eight cultivars used, there is a protein with approximates 60KD molecular weight. It has the similar molecular weight with that of sorghum Wx protein. Since it was recognizable by anti-Wx protein antibody., we hence suggested there was GBSS protein present in buckwheat grain. The rutin content of the whole plants were measured in four different buckwheat varieties. The rutin content of Kao-sa (高砂) , a late-maturing variety, reached the maximum before flowering. The rutin content of the other varieties reached their maximum at flowering and then decreased gradually. In the first and the second planting stages, the difference of the rutin content in the four cultivars are not significant (LSD, p=0.05) For the first planting Stage, the rutin content was not significant for Kong -Chi (宮崎) . For the second planting stage, there was no significant difference for Taichung No. 1 and Kao-sa in different growth stages. To evaluate the possibilities to predict the buckwheat quality using NIRS, several samples were used. For moisture content, we used 56 samples comprised of one cultivar harvested in two places. For crude protein, starch, amylose, total sugars and rutin, we used 35 cultivars to establish the calibration lines with whole grain or their powder. We used the spectroscopic data scanning from the wave length 1100-2500 nm, the chemical analyses data, and the multiple regression model "Multiple Linear Regression Step-up Search" to establish multiple regression equations and to examine the feasibility of NIRS in the analyses of the buckwheat quality. We get the calibration lines of moisture with R=0.97 in whole grain or their powder, and the other calibration lines are not finished because of the deficient sample numbers.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
100
Awamori is the special liquor in Okinawa of Japan and is traditionally brewed and distilled from Thai rice with special Aspergillus and yeast. Moromi vinegar is the natural acidic beverage rich in organic acids and amino acids that is produced from the distillation residue of Awamori production process. Recently, moromi vinegar became popular in the market owing to its benefits to human health. In this study, tartary buckwheat was used as alternative material of traditional Thai rice to enrich the functional components of moromi vinegar. Aspergillus awamori was inoculated into Thai rice for preparing koji. Different ratios of cooked tartary buckwheat and Thai rice were mixed and inoculated with prepared koji and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for further fermentation. After distillation, the residue was filtrated to obtain the moromi vinegar. The analytical results show that the full tartary buckwheat-brewed mash produced less ethanol than other mixed groups in 28 days fermentation. However, the moromi vinegar prepared from full tartary buckwheat formula conserved the functional components of rutin, organic acids, amino acids, and GABA and showed similar pH value and acidity to those of the commercial products. The sensory evaluation results showed no significant difference between the tartary buckwheat-brewed moromi vinegar and commercial products. These results confirm that tartary buckwheat-brewed moromi vinegar is capable of enriching the functional components in moromi vinegar and show the potential as the nutritional and functional supplements.

碩士
弘光科技大學
生物科技研究所
95
Buckwheat, a traditional carbohydrate food stuffs containing relatively high amount of rutin and quercetin, long has been known to be very beneficial to cardiovascular disease preventions. In this study, we examined the germination time vs. functionality profile of buckwheat with respect to contents of rutin, quercetin, total polyphenolics and ascorbic acid. The ethanolic extracts of non germinating seeds and sprouts (on day 4, 8, 10, and 14) were evaluated by their overall antioxidant abilities. The parameters included the DPPH radical scavenging capability (DRSC), the ferrous ion chelating capability (FICC), the thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) and the peroxide values (POV). The sprouts on day 8 was found to be the most potent among all. Animal Model I intended to investigate the different effects between the non germinating seeds and the day 8-sprouts on serum and liver lipid profile in hamsters. While Animal Model Ⅱ was aimed at the effect of day–8 sprouts on the damages caused by high fat and high cholesterol in the male hamsters. The contents of total polyphenolics, rutin and quercetin were found to reach the peak contents 693.77 mg, 174.29 mg, and 4.39 mg/100g, respectively, in the day-8 old sprouts. The unsaturated linoleic and linolenic acid all increased with germination. As seeding days progressed, the contents of monosaccharide (fructose and glucose) in buckwheat sprouts were markedly increased, while disccaharides were rapidly decreased. In antioxidant tests using the ethanol extract of dry day-8-sprouts showed the highest capability: DPPH radical scavenging capability raching 89.27%; the malondialdehyde inhibitory effects 66.54%; with the ferrous ion chelating capability approaching 61.67%. In addition, the ferric thiocyanate method had revealed that the ethanol extract of dry day-8-sprouts had a higher peroxide inhibitory effects than the buckwheat seeds and day-4 , day-10 and day-14 sprouts with respect to linoleic acid peroxidation. Animal study Ⅰ was designed to investigate the difference of effect between the buckwheat seeds and the day-8-sprouts on serum lipids. Thirty-six hamsters were randomly divided into 6 dietary groups and fed on the following diets：the control group (C), the high-fat high-cholesterol (H), the buckwheat seed (2.5%) group, the buckwheat seed (25%) group, the buckwheat sprout (2.5%) group, and the buckwheat sprout (25%) group, all fed on a basic high-fat high cholesterol diet. Results demonstrated that ingestion of 2.5% or 25% buckwheat seeds, or sprouts all significantly reduced the levels of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), with reduced the LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C ratios. Apparently, buckwheat sprouts had more marked effect than the buckwheat seeds. However, levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was totally unaffected in this treatment. As contrast, 25% buckwheat day-8 sprout diet could have reduced the liver triglyceride levels, but not by the 2.5% and 25% buckwheat seed diets or 2.5% buckwheat sprout diets. Moreover, intake of 2.5% or 25% buckwheat seeds, and sprouts diet also reduced the ratio of the liver to body weight ratio. Supplementation with 2.5% or 25% buckwheat seeds, and sprouts diet could reduce liver cholesterol, at unlikely having any effect on triglyceride levels (p>0.05). Animal study Ⅱ was figured out to examine the effect of buckwheat the day-8-sprouts on serum lipids. Data revealed that 1%, 3%, and 5% buckwheat sprouts diets significantly reduced the levels of triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were not affected in this manner. As contrast, 3% or 5% buckwheat day-8 sprout diet could have reduced the blood total cholesterol levels（p<0.01）, but not by the 1% buckwheat sprout diets. Similarly, intake of 1%, 3%, and 5% of day-8 buckwheat sprout diet also reduced the levels of liver total cholesterol（p<0.05）, at unlikely having any effect on triglyceride levels and ratio of the liver to body weight ratio (p>0.05). . In conclusion, buckwheat exhibited rather potent antioxidant and lipemia-reducing activities. Day-8 buckwheat sprouts had a better effect than the non germinating seeds.

Yang, Nan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-117).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.I
ABSTRACT --- p.II
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.IX
Chapter Chapter 1 --- general introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Functions of cholesterol and lipoprotein --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Cholesterol metabolism and regulation in the body --- p.5
Chapter 1.3.1 --- General process of cholesterol metabolism --- p.5
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Cholesterol metabolism in liver --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- The uptake of LDL cholesterol into the liver --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Cholesterol synthesis --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Synthesis of bile acids --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- RCT pathway --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Lipids absorption in the intestine lumen --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Niemann-Pick Cl like 1(NPC1L1) --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- ABCG5/8 --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.3.3 --- Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 2 --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Cholesterol homeostasis --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.5 --- The regulation of the cholesterol metabolism --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.5.1 --- The role of SREBP-2 --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.5.2 --- The role of LXR --- p.13
Chapter 1.3.5.3 --- Feedback regulation of cholesterol --- p.13
Chapter 1.4 --- Bile acid metabolism --- p.13
Chapter 1.4.1 --- The function of bile acid --- p.13
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Bile acid synthesis --- p.14
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Enterohepatic circulation of bile --- p.14
Chapter 1.5 --- Effect of Dietary composition on the blood cholesterol --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Dietary cholesterol --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Dietary protein --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Research history of dietary protein on the cholesterol --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Dietary casein --- p.17
Chapter 1.5.2.3 --- Soy protein --- p.18
Chapter 1.5.2.4 --- Buckwheat protein --- p.18
Chapter 1.5.2.5 --- Mechanism of dietary protein on the cholesterol --- p.18
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Dietary fiber --- p.18
Chapter 1.5.4 --- Other functional components in the diet --- p.19
Chapter 1.5.4.1 --- Phytosterol --- p.19
Chapter 1.5.4.2 --- Dietary flavonoids --- p.21
Chapter 1.6 --- Chemical composition of Tartary buckwheat --- p.22
Chapter 1.6.1 --- Buckwheat protein --- p.22
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Dietary fiber --- p.23
Chapter 1.6.3 --- Phytosterols --- p.23
Chapter 1.6.4 --- Flavonoids --- p.23
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Effect of Tartary Buckwheat Flour on Blood Cholesterol Level in Male Hamsters
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.25
Chapter 2.2 --- Objective --- p.27
Chapter 2.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.27
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Hamsters --- p.27
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Diets --- p.28
Chapter 2.3.3 --- "Determination of plasma lipid, lipoproteins" --- p.30
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Determination of cholesterol concentration in organs --- p.31
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Determination of fecal neutral and acidic sterols output --- p.31
Chapter 2.3.6 --- "Western blotting of liver SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR, LXR and CYP7A1 proteins" --- p.36
Chapter 2.3.7 --- "Real-Time PCR Analysis of mRNA or Liver SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR, and CYP7A1 and Small Intestine NPC1L1, ABCG5, ABCG8, ACAT2, and MTP" --- p.37
Chapter 2.3.8 --- Intestinal ACAT2 activity measurement --- p.37
Chapter 2.3.9 --- Statistics --- p.39
Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.40
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Nutritional composition of different flours --- p.40
Chapter 2.4.2 --- "Growth, food intake and relative organ weights" --- p.44
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Effect of different flour diets on the plasma lipid profile --- p.44
Chapter 2.4.4 --- Effect of different flour diets on organ cholesterol of hamsters --- p.44
Chapter 2.4.5 --- Cholesterol balance and excretion of fecal neutral and acidic Sterols --- p.44
Chapter 2.4.6 --- "Effect of different flour diets on hepatic SREBP-2, HMGR, LDLR and CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass" --- p.51
Chapter 2.4.7 --- "Effect of different flour diets on intestinal ABCG5, ABCG8, NPC1L1, MTP, and ACAT2 immunoreactive mass" --- p.54
Chapter 2.4.8 --- Effect of different diet group on intestinal ACAT activity --- p.54
Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.57
Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.61
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Effect of DefattedTartary Buckwheat Protein Extract on Blood Cholesterol Level in Male Hamsters
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.62
Chapter 3.2 --- Objective --- p.63
Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Hamsters --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Diets --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.3 --- "Determination of plasma lipid, lipoproteins" --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Determination of cholesterol concentration in organs and fecal neutral and acidic sterols output --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.5 --- "Western blotting of liver SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR and CYP7A1 proteins" --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.6 --- "Real-Time PCR Analysis of mRNA or Liver SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR, and CYP7A1 and Small Intestine NPC1L1, ABCG5, ABCG8, ACAT2, and MTP" --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.7 --- Intestinal ACAT2 activity measurement --- p.67
Chapter 3.3.8 --- Protein digestibility determination --- p.67
Chapter 3.3.9 --- Statistics --- p.67
Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.68
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Diet composition --- p.68
Chapter 3.4.2 --- "Growth, food intake, fecal excretion" --- p.72
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Relative organ weights and organ cholesterol concentration --- p.72
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effect of different defatted protein extracts on the plasma lipid profile --- p.76
Chapter 3.4.5 --- Cholesterol Balance and Excretion of Fecal Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.76
Chapter 3.4.6 --- "Apparent protein digestibility in casein, TBP, WP and RP diet groups" --- p.77
Chapter 3.4.7 --- "Effect of different defatted protein extracts on hepatic SREBP-2, HMGR, LDLR and CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass" --- p.83
Chapter 3.4.8 --- "Effect of different defatted protein extracts on intestinal ABCG5, ABCG8, NPC1L1, MTP, and ACAT2 immunoreactive mass" --- p.83
Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.87
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.91
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.92
References --- p.94

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系
94
Buckwheat, belonging to the family of Polygonaceae and the genus of Fagopyrium, is mainly grown in Europe and Asian. Buckwheat is abundant in nutrients, containing protein, dietary fiber, vitamin B1, B12 and minerals. The study on the addition of buckwheat into dough to make bread to improve the healthy efficacy of baked foods has not been reported. Accordingly, this research used husked buckwheat or unhusked buckwheat as an ingredient adding in a amount of 15% to the bread, and the husked buckwheat bread and unhusked buckwheat bread thus obtained were analyzed for its proximate composition, physicochemical properties, taste quality, volatile components, storage properties, antioxidant properties, bioactive components and sensory quality as compared to the white bread control. Crude fiber content of husked buckwheat bread (3.02%) in proximate composition is significantly higher than those of unhusked buckwheat bread (1.10%) and white bread (1.81%). With regard to physicochemical properties, the lightness of the three breads were in the descending order of white bread (76.75) > unhusked buckwheat bread (69.52) > husked buckwheat bread (67.98). The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the intensities of their peaks increased with storage time and the diffraction patterns were changed from V-type to B-type. White bread, husked buckwheat bread and unhusked buckwheat bread were stored at 25ºC for 6 days and texture profile analysis showed that along with the storage time, the hardness increased for three breads whereas springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and resilience decreased. With regard to the taste quality, the contents of 5′-nucleotides of three bread were in descending order of white bread (129.95 μg/g) > husked buckwheat bread (125.95) > unhusked buckwheat bread (98.84 μg/g). Unhusked buckwheat bread contained more soluble sugars (23.96 mg/g) than husked buckwheat bread (21.80 mg/g) and white bread (15.04 mg/g). Forty volatile compounds were identified from these three breads. The amounts of total volatile compounds of three breads were in descending order of husked buckwheat bread (4941.58 ppb) > unhusked buckwheat bread (3564.37 ppb) > white bread (1757.98 ppb). Therefore, the addition of husked buckwheat and unhusked buckwheat could enhance palatable taste and sweet taste of the bread and further improve its flavor and nutritive values. With regard to antioxidant properties, the ethanol extracts from three breads were more effective. The antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts from three breads were in descending order of unhusked buckwheat bread (70.96%) > husked buckwheat bread (59.93%) > white bread (25.33%) at 20.0 mg/ml. The reducing power and scavenging abilities of the ethanol extracts on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals increased with increased concentrations. The three ethanol extracts from three breads were not effective in chelating abilities on ferrous ions. With regard to bioactive components, rutin, quercetin and γ-aminobutyic acid were detected in husked buckwheat bread and unhusked buckwheat bread whereas those components were not found in white bread. On day 6, the total plate counts of husked buckwheat bread (6.02 log CFU/ml) and unhusked buckwheat bread (6.54 log CFU/ml) were significantly lower than that of white bread (7.72 log CFU/ml). With regard to the hedonic scores in sensory evaluation, husked buckwheat bread and unhusked buckwheat bread were better in flavor and mouth feel than white bread. In conclusion, adding husked buckwheat or unhusked buckwheat to dough to make bread increased nutrition values and provided a new alternative of functional baked products to consumers.

碩士
弘光科技大學
食品暨應用生物科技所
99
Abstract Buckwheat can reduce cardiovascular disease with biological active ingredients, such as rutin (rutin) and quercetin (quercetin), and buckwheat in protein, fat, vitamins, mineral content is generally higher than rice, wheat and corn, or buckwheat in the vitamin B group was higher than that of ordinary species of buckwheat. Erlin Township, Changhua County, buckwheat is an important crop, although there are buckwheat noodles, buckwheat bread, etc., but how to combine specialties and other major business in Taichung is the focus of the study. In this study, buckwheat in shell and shelled bitter buckwheat sweet as raw material, respectively 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% instead of formula in the low-gluten flour, made from buckwheat, sun cakes, and cakes for the traditional sun control group, for its general composition, physical properties, taste quality, aroma components, antioxidant properties, functional components, storage testing and analysis of sensory evaluation. In general composition, the moisture content of the traditional sun cake (SC) the highest water content of 14.01%, and with the addition of buckwheat flour, the more the less the water content to bitter buckwheat content of 100% (TB4) moisture content 10.66 % minimum, as buckwheat and buckwheat was no significant difference. In the ash, lipid, crude fiber, protein content is also based on respect (SC) minimum, and all the more with the buckwheat and the higher the buckwheat and buckwheat was not significantly different. The physical nature of the sun cakes the order of the whiteness of white traditional sun cakes the most, followed by buckwheat sun cake, buckwheat cakes most black sun, and with the addition of more, the greater the difference. Texture analysis of the results when 25% of buckwheat hardness and brittleness of the control group without significant difference, but when the addition of a further increase, either buckwheat or buckwheat are significant differences. The nature of the taste to bitter buckwheat content 100% (TB4) nucleotide content of the highest 125.95μg / g, followed by the addition of buckwheat 100% (CB4) of 123.65 ㎍ / g, while the traditional sun cakes (SC) 111.75 ㎍ / g minimum. In aroma analysis, identified a total of nine samples of 113 kinds of volatile compounds, from high to low was buckwheat 100% (TB4) of 3841.68 ppb> Buckwheat 25% (CB1) of 2886.63 ppb> Sweet buckwheat 50% (CB2) of 2288.28 ppb> Buckwheat 75% (CB3) of 2132.14 ppb> Buckwheat 100% (CB4) of 1738.73 ppb> Buckwheat 75% (TB3) of 1323.93 ppb> Buckwheat 25% (TB1) of 1323.76 ppb> Buckwheat 50% (TB2) of 1106.85 ppb, while the traditional sun cake (SC) of 851.78 ppb was the lowest, so whether or add a bitter buckwheat cake buckwheat Jieneng enhance the flavor of the sun. The antioxidant properties, the nine samples better tailor the effect of ethanol extraction in the antioxidant activity, reducing power and capture the 1 ¸ 1 - diphenyl - DPPH radical scavenging ability part, with the addition of more buckwheat flour much greater capacity, and the sun to add bitter buckwheat cake better. The ferrous ion chelating ability of the part of nine samples of the chelating ability at low concentrations are poor, when the concentration increases, then with the addition of more buckwheat, chelating ability with the higher concentration of 20 mg / mL, with TB4 100% is the highest. In terms of functional components, shell in shell, buckwheat buckwheat cake and sun sun cakes were detected rutin, quercetin and γ-amino butyric acid and plant sterol ingredients and bread in addition to containing a small amount of traditional solar plants steroids, but not with the other three components. In terms of total plate counts, when the storage to 30 days, TB4 was 2.03 log CFU / mL; CB4 to 2.53 log CFU / mL, significantly higher than the total Zhongshengmycin the traditional sun cake SC 2.88 log CFU / mL is low. In the oil acid value, POV and TBA, the add buckwheat cake better than the traditional effect of the sun, and buckwheat better than the buckwheat, and the addition of the more the better. Sensory evaluation of consumer preferences in the analysis, add 25% of the shell and the shell Sweet bitter buckwheat buckwheat flour, consumer acceptance and no significant difference between the control group. The above analysis, 25% sweet or bitter buckwheat buckwheat flour production to replace the sun cakes, in addition to improving the nutritional value of bread and the sun to provide the consumer preference functional foods, it can also increase the use of Taiwan's agricultural products, improve farm way, how much to contribute to Taiwan's agricultural products. Keywords:common buckwheat, tatary buckwheat, buckwheat sun cakes, rutin, quercetin.