Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „BRWW”

Recently, a new trend called cold brewing gained the popularity in the tea and coffee beverage industry. Cold brew and hot brew black tea may have different sensory qualities and antioxidant levels because of their polyphenolic properties and brewing process. The objectives of this study were to determine antioxidant properties and the polyphenolic content of commercial brands of cold brew and hot brew black tea. The total phenolics content of the cold brew tea was determined to be 0.19 mg/mL gallic acid equivalents/100 g and hot brew tea was 0.43 mg/mL gallic acid equivalents/100 g when assayed by Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent method. The total flavonoids content of the cold brew tea was 0.40 mg/mL catechin equivalents/100 g and hot brew was 1.01 mg/mL catechin equivalents/100 g. Moreover, antioxidant capacity of cold brew and hot brew black tea were analyzed where their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals were 86.3% and 88.1% respectively. There was a significant difference in total phenolics content between cold brew and hot brew (p = 0.004). Similarly, there was a significant difference in total flavonoids between cold brew and hot brew (p = 0.004). Additionally, there was a significant difference in DPPH scavenging activity between cold brew and hot brew (p = 0.016). Overall, it can be concluded that although cold brew tea contained a lower amount of phenolics and flavonoids as compared to hot brew tea, they both were able to scavenge DPPH radicals in nearly same capacity.

My artwork reflects my search for my own artistic voice. Life demands examination from me at inconvenient times, but with the intention of growing as a person I proceed willingly, and as an artist, equipped with a paintbrush. My search has led me to discover new materials and techniques and my structured self-reflection has uncovered a new source of inspiration. I now combine the physical layering of art materials with layers of personal meaning as well. My work has an autobiographical theme which I have interpreted through the filter of my sense of humor. Working so intimately with my own personal history and visually expressing myself by combining multiple techniques has transformed my understanding of myself as an artist and a person.

This thesis considers Herman Melville's Moby-Dick as a textual strategy of possible, alternative models of reading, as well as a text in itself. I approach the text as a drama of interpretations and argue that the individual consciousnesses of different interpreters represent different interpretive strategies, and that these differences suggest distinct structures of community. This approach becomes more focussed in the discussion of Ahab and Ishmael as representatives of two contrasting interpretive possibilities, of "reading" the text as a "pasteboard mask" which conceals a stable identity and single "truth," versus "reading" the text of the "defaced" and hence indeterminate surface of changing "meanings." Each strategy implies a different way of conceiving "space" as the "place" where community is formed, and though critics frequently perceive the ending of Moby-Dick as a paradoxical conflict between these two visionary quests, I suggest that Ishmael's survival presents a possible resolution, where Moby Dick becomes the narrative of filling space with many narratives to create the text Moby-Dick.

The effect of regime type on conflict onset is a well-studied phenomenon, and various studies have found that variance in regime type, and within regime types, affects conflict onset. For instance, militarization in autocracies seems to be linked with increased risk of initiating conflict. However, even in the studies that disaggregate types of autocracies, the categorizations are relatively shallow. This thesis aims to create a definition of military dictatorships which captures their complexity more fully, to determine whether militarization truly does increase the risk of conflict onset. Military dictatorships are here defined as a state that achieves and maintains power through threat or actual use of force, is outwardly or effectively controlled by military officers, and places high value on maintaining a powerful armed force to protect constitutional and territorial integrity. The method used is a logistic regression, where the independent variable is military dictatorship, and the dependent variable is directed dyads. The results show that when a state is a military dictatorship, the log odds of it initiating conflict is 0.73; military dictatorships are indeed more likely to initiate conflict than autocracies in general.

This thesis examines the theoretical premises of and ways that macro deliberative approaches to decision making function in application to specific instances of science and technology governance. Macro-level deliberations constitute complex, extended, distributed decision making processes, in contrast to individual micro deliberation exercises undertaken in particular settings. Macro deliberations employ the mechanism of ‘division of labour' in terms of actors, tasks and methods in order to secure the two essential qualities of ‘inclusiveness' and ‘deliberativeness' – thus resolving the inherent tension between number of participants and deep discussion. Accordingly, the thesis focuses on the ways in which this paradoxical mechanism of ‘inclusion by division' functions in macro deliberations. An interrogation of two UK nationwide public deliberation cases – GM Dialogue (on GM crops) and the CoRWM process (on radioactive waste) – sheds light on the significant role of reflexivity in such macro deliberative approaches to decision making. The thesis adopts a triangulated approach towards both documents and interviews employing contending representations to cross-check the one with the other. In considering the ways in which reflexivity constitutes a critical quality of the process and outcome of division of labour in macro deliberations, the thesis argues that the notion of reflexivity is central to explaining how macro deliberation functions: The reflective and self-contingent feature of reflexivity enables participants to explore diverse rationales on division of labour through continuous generation of new rationales; this recursive self-reconfiguration process of rationales on division of labour entails an evolutionary development of division of labour. As division of labour is played out not in a static, exogenous fashion, but through a dynamic, endogenous construction process, reflexivity in real-world macro deliberations illuminates some significant contrasts in the ways that ‘deliberation' and ‘inclusion' take place to those characterised in theory. Indeed, deliberation emerges in practice as more than just open rational dialogue. In order to understand this more fully, it must be seen in terms of diversity of material, social and political interactions, and relationships – referred to here as ‘discursive relations'. In reality, then, inclusion occurs in more emergent ways than intended by design, rather, unfolding as participants engage with each other. In this way, actors' divergent views are cross-reflected and mutually influence each other, not through theoretically-envisaged top-down aggregation but via a kind of endogenous ‘fermentation' process. In this way, reflexivity actually makes macro public deliberation a more effectively inclusive and deliberative decision making process. In short, recognition of this inherent reflexivity in macro deliberations offers practically to aid improved understanding of the complex process of engagement in science and technology governance. It suggests that we would benefit from shifting our attention somewhat away from the direct provision of strictly prescriptive design protocols towards the construction of better general environments for facilitating more reflexivity, which should enable actors to shape their own reflexive deliberation. Then let them brew!

In recent years the 6.67 GHz masing transition of CH3OH has proven to be a superior tracer of massive star formation (see Minier 2001). Maser sites often occur in proximity to UCHII regions, however, up to 75 per cent of sites have no detectable radio counterpart (Walsh 1998) and are instead hypothesised to trace the less evolved 'hot molecular core' phase of stellar evolution. This has been confirmed for a only handful of well known sources (e.g., Cesaroni 1994). Presented here are the results of multi-species molecular line observations towards warm, dusty clumps, undertaken with the goal of investigating the relationship between hot cores, UCHII regions and CH3OH masers. Data from the 22-m Mopra telescope is used extensively in this thesis and substantial efforts were made to calibrate the brightness temperature scale. Measurements conducted on SiO masers and planets show that the beam pattern is divided into a Gaussian main beam plus an inner error lobe, which in 2004 contained 1/3 of the power in the main beam. Full-width half-maximum beam sizes were measured from the data and the beam efficiencies were derived for the years 2000-2004. A 3-mm wavelength molecular line survey was conducted, using Mopra, towards 83 massive star-forming clumps associated with CH3OH masers. Emission from the transitions 13CO (1-0), N2H+ (1-0), HCO+ (1-0), HCN (1-0) and HNC (1-0) was detected towards 82 sources (99 per cent), while CH3OH emission was detected towards 78 sources (94 per cent). The warm gas tracer CH3CN was observed specifically to search for hot core chemistry, and was detected towards 58 sources (70 per cent), confirming that CH3OH masers are excellent tracers of hot cores. CH3CN is found to be brighter and more commonly detected towards masers associated with UCHII regions compared to 'isolated' masers. That CH3CN is detected towards isolated maser sources strongly suggests that these objects are internally heated. The molecular line data have been used to derive rotational temperatures and chemical abundances in the clumps and these properties have been compared between sub-samples associated with different indicators of evolution. In particular, CH3OH is found to be brighter and more abundant in UCHII regions and in sources with detected CH3CN, and may constitute a crude molecular clock in single dish observations. Gas-kinematics were analysed via asymmetries in the HCO+ line profiles. Approximately equal numbers of red and blue-skewed profiles, indicative of inward or outward motions, respectively, are found among all classes of object. Bolometric luminosities were derived via greybody fits to the sub-millimetre and mid-infrared spectral energy distributions, and an empirical gas-mass to luminosity relation of L proportional to M^0.68 was fit to the sample. This is a considerably shallower power law than L proportional to M^3 for massive main-sequence stars. In the mid-infrared, 12 sources were identified as 'infrared dark clouds' (IRDCs). Such objects have been hypothesised as precursors to the hot core phase of evolution, however, we find these sources have greater linewidths and rotational temperatures than the bulk of the sample, and one contains an embedded HII region The filamentary star forming region NGC3576 was also investigated via a molecular line and 23 GHz continuum mapping survey, utilising the ATCA, Mopra and Tidbinbilla telescopes. The results of these observations provide detailed information on the morphology, masses, kinematics, and physical and chemical conditions along the cloud. Analysis of NH3 data has revealed that the temperature and linewidth gradients exist in the western arm of the filament. Values are highest near to the central HII region, indicating that the embedded cluster of young stars is influencing the conditions in the bulk of the gas. Six new H2O masers were detected in the arms of the filament, all associated with clumps of NH3 emission. Star formation is clearly underway, however, clump masses range from 1 to 128 solar masses, possibly too low to harbour very massive stars. The lack of detected 23 GHz continuum emission in the arms supports this assertion.

Includes bibliographical references.
In recent years South Africa has seen the formation of a nascent craft beer industry, with scores of small, independently owned breweries appearing in all corners of the country. Given this growth this descriptive study aims to provide an account of the marketing strategies used within the industry. This study used method and data triangulation, involving both qualitative and quantitative research approaches . Consecutive sampling of all active South African craft breweries was us ed, in order to give a holistic and accurate account (where n=86) . Data was analysed through qualitative content analysis of surveys administered to 24 craft brewers. Furthermore, social media data from the Facebook and Twitter pages of the 86 breweries was analysed quantitatively and through inferential statistics. This aimed at determining whether there were relationships between social media activity and audience size and engagement. The results of this research suggest that craft breweries in South Africa rely heavily on below - the - line and direct marketing tactics. The social media analysis also showed significant positive correlations between brewery -driven activity and audience size as well as engagement.

Physical Science is one of the subjects in which learners perform poorly in most Namibian schools. For instance, in ║Kharas region where the study was conducted, from 2010 to 2016, the overall performance has ranged between 20-40%. Furthermore, according to the results analysis report from the Directorate of National, Examination and Assessments (DNEA), from 2012 to 2016, the ||Kharas region was ranked 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 10th in the regional rankings. From the Examiner’s reports, the most poorly answered questions in the National Senior Certificate examinations are those that require learners to explain and show understanding. Additionally, the reports highlighted that learners lack practical skills or lack exposure to experiments and demonstrations to enhance their understanding (Namibia, 20142015). It is against this background that this study sought to explore how teachers mediate learning of experimental techniques using fermentation and distillation of a traditional brew. In particular, the study addressed the following sub-questions:1) what are Grade 11 Physical Science teachers’ perceptions and experiences on the inclusion of indigenous knowledge during Science lessons? 2) What factors influence Grade 11 Physical Science teachers’ perceptions and experiences on the inclusion of indigenous knowledge? 3) How do Grade 11 Physical Science teachers teach experimental techniques conventionally- fermentation and distillation? 4) How does the inclusion of a practical demonstration on making Ombike enable or constrain Grade 11 Physical Science teachers when explaining concepts on experimental techniques - fermentation and distillation? Thus, the focus was on conceptual understanding through linking content to the context of the learners. The study was underpinned by an interpretive paradigm whose focus is on understanding people’s worldviews. Within the interpretive paradigm, a mixed methods (Quant-QUAL methods) case study approach was employed in two sequential phases with Physical Science teachers at one secondary school in Keetmanshoop. Data were collected using document analysis (to strengthen my context). In the first phase, a questionnaire with closed-ended and open-ended questions was used to gather quantitative and qualitative data from 17 Physical Science teachers. Additionally, I conducted interviews with two Physical Science teachers from one Secondary School in Keetmanshoop who were selected based on their expertise, teaching experience and their qualifications. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency tables and graphs. For phase two, lesson and the practical demonstration observations were videotaped and transcribed inductively. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The study was informed by Vygotsky’s (1978) socio-cultural theory with a focus on the mediation of learning, social interactions and learner engagement within the learners’ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in conjunction with Shulman’s (1987) theory on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The findings of the study indicated that the majority of the Physical Science teachers were aware of and supported the inclusion of IK; on the other hand the teachers indicated some challenges that come with IK integration. Some teachers acknowledged the importance of IK, such as the enhancement of understanding, proving of theories, and arousal of interest and context relevance. However, some teachers felt that there are misconceptions in IK that can be carried into the classroom, IK resources like textbooks are not available, and IK is not integrated in the syllabus and examinations and lack of teacher training inter alia.The study recommends that the Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture especially the Division of Curriculum Planning and Development (NIED) needs to explicitly include IK in the Syllabus documents and suggest the inclusion of IK in the textbooks to the publishers to address these challenges. In order to enhance the teaching and learning with IK in Science, it is critical that teachers’ training workshops are conducted and IK resources are designed so that IK integration can be successfully implemented. For that to happen, it is recognized that the teachers’ PCK should be regularly upgraded through Continuous Professional Development (CPD) by the Subject Advisors (SA) so that the teachers are consistently guided on appropriate teaching methodologies and pedagogies about the inclusion of IK.

Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu
Nationwide, the craft brew industry has enjoyed massive growth. Hops are an important ingredient in craft brew beer and rapid growth of this industry has created many opportunities to grow hops. Currently, hops production is concentrated in the Pacific Northwest. That is beginning to change with new hops acres being planted every year across the country. The study looks at how economically feasible it is to plant hops in Nebraska. Is there enough local demand? Finally, given that Nebraska’s weather is dramatically different than the Pacific Northwest, can hops flourish there? The research begins by assessing all costs associated with a starting a three acre hops operation. Estimated yield and income is projected for ten years to establish cash flow. Instances of hail, wind and tornados for Clay County Nebraska for the years 2006-2016 were calculated to determine a probability of those weather events occurring. The probability was then used to determine the effect it could have on yield of hops per year. In addition to cost of production, the study also documented the growth of Nebraska’s craft brew industry to establish demand for locally grown hops. The researched concluded that if production stayed constant and our discount rate at 5%, assuming prices remain where they are or higher, then it is economically feasible to grow hops in Nebraska. Wind, hail and tornadoes do pose a threat in the Midwest but their effect on yield is not enough to deter someone from planting hops there. Access to reliable capital to begin and sustain a hops operation appears to have a greater impact. In addition, Nebraska’s craft brew industry continues to expand rapidly suggesting a strong market for locally grown hops. This information is important for anyone who is considering planting a commercial hops yard. Given how expensive the start-up costs are and how labor intensive the crop is, this research can provide guidance to those seeking to add hops production to their new or existing farming operation.

It is widely acknowledged by scholars of sport media that female athletes are largely under-represented in all forms of news coverage. It is also commonly stated that sports media coverage has a tendency to infantilize, sexualize and marginalize sportswomen and their performances. At the same time there has been a growing number of studies (King 2007; Kian et al 2009; Mackay and Dallaire 2009) in recent years which suggest that sports media coverage is achieving, or close to achieving, gender parity. Such claims are often based on media coverage during major sporting events, such as the Olympic Games. This thesis will explore these claims over a two-year period. The semi-longitudinal approach, not previously undertaken in similar research, will provide the opportunity to investigate whether these claims of gender parity are sustained when investigating day-to-day reporting in selected British newspapers in 2008 and 2009. The thesis investigates the representation of sportswomen in the British print media 2008-2009. Based on archival research of five Sunday national newspapers, three broadsheets (The Sunday Times, The Observer and The Sunday Telegraph) and two tabloids (the Mail on Sunday and the Sunday Express), and using content analysis this investigation contributes new knowledge to the field of sport, gender and media with its original timeframe, newspaper sample and findings. 22,954 news articles and 25,717 photographs were collected and constitute the quantitative data set which sets the scene for understanding how sportswomen are reported on, how coverage of sportswomen is organised and dominant themes within the quantitative representation. The qualitative data set of 172 news items explores in greater detail how sportswomen are represented in three thematic chapters on the construction of bodies, the media discourse of inequality and the use of stereotypes.

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Two experiments were carried with the aiming at determining the nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for brow-egg laying hens. The first experiment was performed at the end of the first production cycle, in the period from 50 a 66 weeks of age and the second with birds in the period from 74 to 90 weeks of age. In both experiments, 150 layers Shaver Brow laying hens, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (digestible lysine levels: 0.79, 0.82, 0.85, 0.8 and 0.91%), six replications and five birds for experimental unit. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks and it was divided in four periods of collection of the eggs, being each one corresponding to 28 days. The parameters evaluates were the productive performance (production, mass and egg´ weight), of the intake consumption (feed and lysine), of the feed conversion (mass and egg dozen), egg components (albumen, yolk and shell), of the egg quality (albumen and yolk index, Haugh units and egg shell specific quality). In the first experiment, the productive performance, the feed intake, the feeds conversions, the components percentage, egg quality and yolk index were not influenced (P>0.05) by the levels of digestible lysine, except for the lysine intake which show a linear response (P<0.05) with increase in the digestible lysine levels. For the albumen index and Haugh units, the LRP model (Linear Response Plateau) adjusted better to the data, estimating at 0.832% and 0.883 % of the lysine digestible, respectively. In the second experiment, was observed a linear increase (P<0.05) of lysine intake increased as the level of dietary lysine and quadratic effect (P<0.05) of the yolk percentages, estimating the level of 0,837% digestible lysine for the lowest percentage of yolk. Variables such as performance, consumption, feed conversion, components percents and egg quality had not shown significant differences (P>0.05). Based on productive parameters that were not influenced by levels of lysine diets in both experiments, suggested the level of 0.79% of lysine, for brow-egg laying hens in the period from 50 to 66 weeks and 74 to 90 weeks of age
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar a exigência nutricional de lisina digestível para poedeiras semipesadas. O primeiro experimento foi realizado ao final do primeiro ciclo de produção, no período de 50 a 66 semanas de idade e o segundo com aves no período de 74 a 90 semanas de idade. Em ambos os experimentos, foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Shaver Brow, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) contendo cinco tratamentos (níveis de lisina digestível: 0,79; 0,82; 0,85; 0,88 e 0,91%), seis repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Cada período experimental teve duração de 16 semanas, subdividido em quatro períodos de coleta dos ovos, sendo cada um correspondente a 28 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho (produção, peso e massa de ovos), de consumo (ração e lisina), de conversão alimentar (dúzia e massa de ovos), de componentes dos ovos (porcentagem de gema, de casca e de albúmen) e de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos (índice de gema e de albúmen, unidade Haugh e gravidade específica). No primeiro experimento, o consumo de ração, as conversões alimentares, os percentuais dos componentes, a qualidade externa e o índice de gema dos ovos não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de lisina digestível, com exceção para consumo de lisina que aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) conforme aumentou o nível deste aminoácido na ração. Para o índice de albúmen e unidade Haugh, o modelo LRP (Linear Response Plateau) melhor se ajustou aos dados, estimando em 0,832% e 0,883% de lisina digestível, respectivamente. No segundo experimento, observou-se aumento linear (P<0,05) sobre o consumo de lisina conforme aumentou o nível deste aminoácido na ração e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre a porcentagem de gema, estimando-se o nível de 0,837% de lisina digestível para menor valor desta variável. Os parâmetros de desempenho, consumo, conversão alimentar, porcentagens dos componentes, qualidade interna e externa não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05). Com base nos parâmetros produtivos que não foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina das rações em ambos os experimentos é sugerido o nível de 0,79% de lisina digestível, para poedeiras semipesadas nos períodos de 50 a 66 semanas e de 74 a 90 semanas de idade

This essay explores the influence of contemporary values in two iterations of the Greek Prometheus myth and argues that the events portrayed in the two texts follow the structure of the myth and that the discourse in the texts shows traces of contemporary moral values. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) is used as a starting point, but the focus is on Howard Phillip Lovecraft’s “Herbert West: Reanimator” (1922) as a later iteration of the Prometheus myth.The method for comparison is centred on disassembling the texts in accordance with the instructions found in Mieke Bal’s Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative (1997) to form tables of events. The functions of the events found in the Prometheus myth will then be used to sort the events from Lovecraft’s and Shelley’s work to assert focal points for comparing the moral values in the discourse.

This thesis offers critical exploration of the intersection of four elements within the historical space, or field, of UK theatre dance between 2007 and 2012: disability, impairment, dance and artistry. It addresses four questions: What is disability? What is disability in relation to dance? What supports the entry of a disabled dance artist into the field of professional dance in the twenty-first century? How can we approach a critical analysis of the works they create? At the centre of the thesis are case studies of three self-described disabled dance artists, performers and choreographers: Caroline Bowditch, Marc Brew, and Claire Cunningham. The studies attend to the form and content of their creative work, the structures of the dance field in which they practice as artists, and their personal and career trajectories. The studies are both situated by and situate earlier chapters addressing constructions of disability, cultural representations of disability and the emerging field of Disability Arts. They demonstrate that disability, in dance as in other fields, concerns attitudes, arrangements and structures that disable participation. These are attitudes fed by imaginings around the ideal dancing body, and the illusion that variations in bodily form and capabilities are neither normal nor to be expected. I draw on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and field to consider the interconnections between structures, external and internalised, that support or limit the disabled artist’s perception of what is possible for them within the professional dance field. Using Cameron’s affirmative model of disability, I argue that when disabled dance artists are freed to use their experiences of living in a disabling world, and to make use of the unique capabilities of their bodies as valid sources for their art, they can and do contribute to the capacity of dance as an art form to explore the full depth and range of human experience.

Entrepreneurship is an interdisciplinary process regarded to have the potential to create wide ranging socio-economic impact, however the fuller understanding of entrepreneurs operating within emerging markets or developing economies remains somewhat ambiguous. As such, this study examined entrepreneurship through the interdependence of the individual and context, examining the unique notion of co-evolution and reflexivity to and from entrepreneurial action and institutional elements within a specific context. Creating a more comprehensive understanding of the duality of the entrepreneur and operational context within an emerging market, this study addressed three main objectives, investigating: the individual internal characteristics, or drivers, of the entrepreneur; the influences from external dynamics and institutions, or determinants, on entrepreneurial outlook and action; and finally, if and how entrepreneurial action can be reflexive to and from existing institutions as both co-evolve within operational structures. The conceptual framework developed for this research was informed by Structuration Theory, which interprets entrepreneurship as a co-evolving construction of structure, agent and social system, providing a theoretical outline for the empirical analysis of entrepreneurship as a reflexive interdependent duality. Research used the coffee sectors of Ethiopia and Rwanda to structure the investigation of entrepreneurs given the similarly linear formations of each marketplace. Use of the respective coffee markets provided a framework for detailed analysis of entrepreneurship occurring across a range of entrepreneurial classifications and different business models across the coffee industries, comprising Smallholder Producers, Processors and Exporters. This comparative analysis further examined the entrepreneurial phenomenon within opposing economic systems of market liberalization and political embrace, using participatory qualitative and quantitative methods to collect and analyse data, and interpret results. Empirical analysis between the internal construct of Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs revealed inherent differences as well as varying strengths and weaknesses of the tested drivers across the different business types. Comparative analyses of operational contexts found multiple elements to influence entrepreneurship and revealed situations of entrepreneurial constriction and entrepreneurial dynamism. Examination of entrepreneurship as an interdependent whole demonstrated the reflexive nature of entrepreneurial action on systems and structures, revealing both positive and negative outcomes of reflexivity and additionality. This thesis identified, demonstrated and explored entrepreneurship as a multifaceted, composition of the interdependence of the entrepreneur and operational context; with entrepreneurship found to have the potential for introducing change, only if embraced through the appropriate systems.

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Com o crescimento da tecnologia de telefonia celular, estes dispositivos passaram cada vez mais a focar seus objetivos em processamento e transmissão de dados. Devido ao seu grande poder de conectividade e a sua mobilidade, os celulares também se tornaram uma potencial plataforma para o desenvolvimento de aplicações. Desta forma, os fabricantes de aparelhos passaram a disponibilizar plataformas de desenvolvimento para que terceiros pudessem desenvolver aplicações para os seus celulares. A primeira iniciativa neste sentido foi a inclusão de uma máquina virtual Java nos telefones TDMA e GSM; e um ambiente de execução de aplicações chamado BREW para CDMA. Com a evolução do hardware dos dispositivos, começou-se a adotar sistemas operacionais abertos como: Symbian; Windows Mobile; e Embedded linux. Estes sistemas operacionais também permitem o desenvolvimento de aplicações por terceiros. Assim, percebe-se que não existe uma plataforma padrão para desenvolvimento de aplicações para dispositivos móveis. Para que uma aplicação possa ser instalada no maior número de dispositivos possível, esta deve ser portada entre as diferentes plataformas de desenvolvimento. Além disto, todas estas plataformas de desenvolvimento são dirigidas a eventos. No entanto, elas não oferecem uma arquitetura que facilite o desenvolvimento de aplicações desta forma. O objetivo deste trabalho é especificar e implementar um framework de aplicações para dispositivos móveis que minimize o esforço de porting de aplicações entre as plataformas. Deve ser disponibilizada também uma arquitetura que auxilie o desenvolvimento de aplicações dirigidas a eventos. Além disto, visa-se propor uma solução para um ambiente de desenvolvimento multi-plataforma que seja integrado ao Framework proposto e auxilie na interoperabilidade do desenvolvimento em várias plataformas diferentes. Este objetivo foi alcançado através da implementação do CMF - C.E.S.A.R Mobile Framework - framework multi-plataforma de aplicações para dispositivos móveis; e do Gluon, ambiente de desenvolvimento para estes dispositivos. O CMF auxilia o desenvolvimento de aplicações dirigidas a eventos e permite que uma aplicação que foi desenvolvida para uma determinada plataforma possa ser executada em outras plataformas, sem que seu código seja alterado. O Gluon possibilita um aumento de produtividade no desenvolvimento destas aplicações, automatizando várias tarefas de configuração de ambiente, compilação e depuração do código, permitindo que o desenvolvedor foque no desenvolvimento da aplicação.

Animal behaviour is a state variable of the individual that deserves special attention given its determinant role in eco-evolutionary processes (Wolf et al. 2007 in Nature). The decomposition of the behavioural variation in between- and within-individual variability has revealed the existence of consistent between-individual differences referred to as personality or behavioural types (Dall et al. 2004 in Ecology Letters). Five axes of personality are usually recognized (exploration, aggressiveness, activity, sociability and boldness), and individual specificities along them tend to be correlated leading to what is known as behavioural syndromes. Recently, these patterns of covariation have been enlarged to accommodate movement behaviour within a personality-dependent spatial ecology theory (Spiegel et al. 2017 in Ecology Letters). Most animals tend to forage, reproduce and develop any activity within specific bounded space, which leads to the formation of home range (HR) areas (i.e., HR behaviour, Börger et al. 2008 in Ecology Letters). The increasing development of animal tracking technology is providing a huge amount of movement data revealing that HR behaviour is widespread among taxa and shows a large consistent variability, both at within- and between-individual level, which allows to define the existence of well-contrasted spatial behavioural types (SBTs). SBTs, as other personality traits, play an important role in selective processes as those impelled by harvesting activities. The Pace-of-Life-Syndrome (POLS) theory (Réale et al. 2010 in Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci), hypothesises on how personality traits are expected to be correlated with life history (LH) traits along the fast-slow continuum (Stearns 1992 in Oxford Univ. Press) in the broadest sense. Accordingly, patterns of covariation between specific SBTs, physiology-related features and LHs would be expected to exist whenever they maximize the animal performance in a given environment. However, the way in which behavioural variation at the within-species level is translated to the wide range of LH traits remains a fundamental yet unresolved question, mainly due to the lack of a proper theoretical framework (Mathot & Frankenhuis, March 2018 in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology). Thus, unrevealing the mechanisms behind is certainly scientifically very exciting but also socially relevant. In such a context, this PhD thesis aimed to address from conceptual, empirical and theoretical perspectives cornerstone questions in behavioural ecology: what are the feasible mechanisms underpinning the establishment of HR areas and within-species variation, what are their consequences for animal functioning and performance (i.e., in. LH traits) at the individual and eco-evolutionary levels, or what are the implications for the assessment and conservation of wildlife of the existence of SBTs. The PhD thesis focusses in a fish heavily exploited by recreational fishers but it aims to provide general reasoning applicable to a wide range of wild animals. First, the PhD thesis proposes a mechanistic theory of personality-dependent movement behaviour based on dynamic energy budget models (i.e., a behavioural-bioenergetics theoretical model). Second, integrated in the field of animal personality (i.e., decomposition of behavioural variability into within- and between-individual’s components), it addresses empirically the study of behavioural variability in the main axis of personality for a marine fish species and looked for evidences of whether personality-mediated differences in energy acquisition may exist. Aiming to support empirically the possible connections between personality traits and space-use behaviour, the thesis provides some insights on the application of a novel-tracking algorithm to analyse the movement of individual fish submitted to different experimental conditions. Third, it provides two examples of how applying HR-related theoretical concepts may improve the management of natural resources: attending the properties of HR may facilitate the assessment of wildlife using fixed monitoring sampling stations, and considering SBTs may influence the assessment of the status of wild fish stocks. Finally, the adaptive value of the proposed behavioural-bioenergetics theory is explored by means of dynamic optimization to understand the eco-evolutionary consequences related with HR variability. In summary, this PhD thesis makes an important contribution to behavioural ecology by developing a unifying theory to test the generality and adaptive value of POLS based on dynamic energy budgets. This behavioural-bioenergetics model connects (1) personality traits (2) HR behaviour, (3) physiology and (4) LH traits through an interwoven of mass/energy fluxes, within which they interact and feedback with the ecological context. Overall, from an eco-evolutionary perspective, the proposed framework constitutes a powerful tool for exploring the ecological role of HR behaviour and predicting what combination of behavioural traits would be evolutionally favoured in a given ecological context. Moving forward to including managerial scenarios, this unifying theory provides scientifically founded knowledge that would promote to improve natural resource management by attending the behavioural component of animal populations.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du café « Bourbon Pointu », Coffea arabica var. laurina, né d'une mutation spontanée de la variété Bourbon à l’île de La Réunion. Les teneurs moyennes des composés majoritaires non volatils du café vert sont (pourcentage de matière sèche) les suivantes : saccharose (7,1), trigonelline (1,3), caféine (0,75), acide caféoyl-5- quinique (4,7), acide palmitique (5,0), acide linoléique (6,5). L’analyse sensorielle a permis de mettre au point un profil de torréfaction original de courte durée. Parmi les 145 composés volatils extraits des poudres de café torréfié par SPME, cinq sont majoritaires (teneurs moyennes en ppm): acide acétique (34), 2-furaneméthanol (117), 5-méthyl-2-furfural (166), furfural (144), 2-méthylpyrazine (47). Ces cinq composés volatils extraits par SPE se retrouvent dans le café en tasse : acide acétique (23), 2-furaneméthanol (405), 5-méthyl-2-furfural (36), furfural (85), 2-méthylpyrazine (73) avec en plus, la -butyrolactone (97). Le ratio entre la concentration de la molécule et son seuil de perception définit l’Odor Activity Value (OAV). La conversion des concentrations des composés volatils en unités OAV a permis de dégager neuf molécules ayant un impact olfactif important : 2-furfurylthiol (café torréfié), 2-méthylpropanal (chocolat), dodécanal (agrume), 2-éthylhexan-1-ol (agrume), -pinène (boisé, agrume), furfural (boisé, caramel), 2-hydroxy-3-méthylcyclopent-2-én-1-one (érable), hex-2-énal (pomme verte), 2-méthylbut-2-énal (fruité, vert). La détermination de ces OAV a permis de différencier les trois catégories commerciales au niveau olfactif avec la prédominance d’aldéhydes pour les « Grand cru », le phénylacétaldéhyde pour les « Sublime », et les pyrazines pour les « Authentique ». Les conditions géoclimatiques et les transformations post-récoltes influencent de façon non négligeable la composition chimique du café vert et donc les arômes générés lors de la torréfaction et en conséquence, la répartition des cafés dans les trois catégories. L’ensemble de ces résultats fait du «Bourbon Pointu», un café haut de gamme classé parmi les «cafés gourmets»
This thesis is devoted to the study of “Bourbon Pointu” coffee, Coffea arabica var. laurina, born from a spontaneous mutation of the Bourbon variety in Reunion Island. The mean contents of non-volatile main compounds of green coffee are (percentage of dry matter): sucrose (7.1), trigonellin (1.3), caffeine (0.75), cafeoyl-5-quinic acid (1.7), palmitic acid (5.0), linoleic acid (6.5). Sensory analysis allowed to develop an original short time roasting profile. Among the 145 volatiles compounds extracted from roasted coffee powders by SPME, the mean contents of the five major components (ppm) are: acetic acid (34), 2-furanmethanol (117), 5-methyl-2-furfural (166), furfural (144), 2 methylpyrazine (47). These five volatile compounds extracted by SPE are found in the brew coffee: acetic acid (23), 2-furanmethanol (405), 5-methyl-2-furfural (36), furfural (85), 2- methylpyrazine (73) plus -butyrolactone (97). The ratio of molecule content to its perception threshold defines the “Odor Activity Value” (OAV). The conversion of the contents of volatile compounds in units OAV emphasized nine molecules with an important olfactory impact: 2-furfurylthiol (roasted coffee), 2-methylpropanal (chocolate), dodecanal (citrus), 2-ethylhexan-1-ol (citrus),-pinene (woody, citrus), furfural (woody, caramel), 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one (maple), hex-2-enal (green apple), 2-methylbut-2- enal (fruity, green). The determination of these OAV differentiated the three commercial categories related to their typical odor due to the predominance of aldehydes for the "Grand cru", phenylacetaldehyde for "Sublime" and pyrazines for "Authentic". Geoclimatic conditions and post-harvest processing have a significant influence on the green coffee composition, on the flavors generated during roasting and thus, on the coffee distribution in the three categories. All these results define the "Bourbon Pointu" as a premium coffee and classify it as a "specialty coffee."

Doutoramento em Bioquímica
Os polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanhos de alto peso molecular contendo nitrogénio, designados de melanoidinas. As melanoidinas do café apresentam diversas atividades biológicas e efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, a sua estrutura exata e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação permanecem desconhecidos, bem como a relação estrutura-atividade biológica. A utilização de sistemas modelo e a análise por espectrometria de massa permitem obter uma visão global e, simultaneamente, detalhada das modificações estruturais nos polissacarídeos do café promovidas pela torra, contribuindo para a elucidação das estruturas e mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas. Com base nesta tese, oligossacarídeos estruturalmente relacionados com a cadeia principal das galactomananas, (β1→4)-Dmanotriose (Man3), e as cadeias laterais das arabinogalactanas, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose (Ara3), isoladamente ou em misturas com ácido 5-Ocafeoilquínico (5-CQA), o ácido clorogénico mais abundante nos grãos de café verde, e péptidos compostos por tirosina e leucina, usados como modelos das proteínas, foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a seco, mimetizando o processo de torra. A oxidação induzida por radicais hidroxilo (HO•) foi também estudada, uma vez que estes radicais parecem estar envolvidos na modificação dos polissacarídeos durante a torra. A identificação das modificações estruturais induzidas por tratamento térmico e oxidativo dos compostos modelo foi feita por estratégias analíticas baseadas principalmente em espectrometria de massa, mas também em cromatografia líquida. A cromatografia de gás foi usada na análise de açúcares neutros e ligações glicosídicas. Para validar as conclusões obtidas com os compostos modelo, foram também analisadas amostras de polissacarídeos do café obtidas a partir de resíduo de café e café instantâneo. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos oligossacarídeos modelo quando submetidos a tratamento térmico (seco), assim como à oxidação induzida por HO• (em solução), indicam a ocorrência de despolimerização, o que está de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportam a despolimerização das galactomananas e arabinogalactanas do café durante a torra. Foram ainda identificados outros compostos resultantes da quebra do anel de açúcares formados durante o tratamento térmico e oxidativo da Ara3. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico a seco dos oligossacarídeos modelo (individualmente ou quando misturados) promoveu a formação de oligossacarídeos com um maior grau de polimerização, e também polissacarídeos com novos tipos de ligações glicosídicas, evidenciando a ocorrência de polimerização através reações de transglicosilação não enzimática induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco. As reações de transglicosilação induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco podem ocorrer entre resíduos de açúcares provenientes da mesma origem, mas também de origens diferentes com formação de estruturas híbridas, contendo arabinose e manose como observado nos casos dos compostos modelo usados. Os resultados obtidos a partir de amostras do resíduo de café e de café instantâneo sugerem a presença de polissacarídeos híbridos nestas amostras de café processado, corroborando a ocorrência de transglicosilação durante o processo de torra. Além disso, o estudo de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de cada oligossacarídeo modelo, mimetizando regiões do grão de café com composição distinta em polissacarídeos, sujeitos a diferentes períodos de tratamento térmico, permitiu inferir que diferentes estruturas híbridas e não híbridas podem ser formadas a partir das arabinogalactanas e galactomananas, dependendo da sua distribuição nas paredes celulares do grão e das condições de torra. Estes resultados podem explicar a heterogeneidade de estruturas de melanoidinas formadas durante a torra do café. Os resultados obtidos a partir de misturas modelo contendo um oligossacarídeo (Ara3 ou Man3) e 5-CQA sujeitas a tratamento térmico a seco, assim como de amostras provenientes do resíduo de café, mostraram a formação de compostos híbridos compostos por moléculas de CQA ligadas covalentemente a um número variável de resíduos de açúcar. Além disso, os resultados obtidos a partir da mistura contendo Man3 e 5-CQA mostraram que o CQA atua como catalisador das reações de transglicosilação. Por outro lado, nas misturas modelo contendo um péptido, mesmo contendo também 5-CQA e sujeitas ao mesmo tratamento, observou-se uma diminuição na extensão das reações transglicosilação. Este resultado pode explicar a baixa extensão das reações de transglicosilação não enzimáticas durante a torra nas regiões do grão de café mais ricas em proteínas, apesar dos polissacarídeos serem os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café. A diminuição das reações de transglicosilação na presença de péptidos/proteínas pode dever-se ao facto de os resíduos de açúcares redutores reagirem preferencialmente com os grupos amina de péptidos/proteínas por reação de Maillard, diminuindo o número de resíduos de açúcares redutores disponíveis para as reações de transglicosilação. Além dos compostos já descritos, uma diversidade de outros compostos foram formados a partir dos sistemas modelo, nomeadamente derivados de desidratação formados durante o tratamento térmico a seco. Em conclusão, a tipificação das modificações estruturais promovidas pela torra nos polissacarídeos do café abre o caminho para a compreensão dos mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas e da relação estrutura-atividade destes compostos.
Polysaccharides are the major components of green and roasted coffee beans, and coffee brew. The most abundant ones are galactomannans, followed by arabinogalactans. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans undergo structural modifications that are far to be completely elucidated due to their diversity and complexity of the compounds formed. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans react with proteins, chlorogenic acids, and sucrose, originating high molecular weight brown compounds containing nitrogen, known as melanoidins. Several biological activities and beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee melanoidins. However, their exact structures and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain unknown, as well as the structure-biological activity relationship. The use of model systems and mass spectrometry analysis allow to obtain an overall view and, simultaneously, detailed, of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting, contributing to the elucidation of the structures and formation mechanisms of melanoidins. Based on this thesis, oligosaccharides structurally related to the backbone of galactomannans, (β1→4)-D-mannotriose, and the side chains of arabinogalactans, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose, alone or in mixtures with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the most abundant chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans, and dipeptides composed by tyrosine and leucine, used as models of proteins, were submitted to dry thermal treatments, mimicking the coffee roasting process. The oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was also studied, since these radicals seem to be involved in the modification of the polysaccharides during roasting. The identification of the structural modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment of the model compounds was performed mostly by mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies, but also using liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in the analysis of neutral sugars and glycosidic linkages. To validate the conclusions achieved with the model compounds, coffee polysaccharide samples obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee were also analysed. The results obtained from the model oligosaccharides when submitted to thermal treatment (dry) or oxidation induced by HO• (in solution) indicate the occurrence of depolymerization, which is in line with previous studies reporting the depolymerization of coffee galactomannans and arabinogalactans during roasting. Compounds resulting from sugar ring cleavage were also formed during thermal treatment and oxidative treatment of Ara3. On the other hand, the dry thermal treatment of the model oligosaccharides (alone or when mixed) promoted the formation of oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization, and also polysaccharides with new type of glycosidic linkages, evidencing the occurrence of polymerization via non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment. The transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment can occur between sugar residues from the same origin, but also of different origins, with formation of hybrid structures, containing arabinose and mannose in the case of the model compounds used. The results obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee samples suggest the presence of hybrid polysaccharides in these processed coffee samples, corroborating the occurrence of transglycosylation during the roasting process. Furthermore, the study of mixtures containing different proportions of each model oligosaccharide, mimicking coffee bean regions with distinct polysaccharide composition, subjected to different periods of thermal treatment, allowed to infer that different hybrid and non-hybrid structures may be formed from arabinogalactans and galactomannans, depending on their distribution in the bean cell walls and on roasting conditions. These results may explain the heterogeneity of melanoidins structures formed during coffee roasting. The results obtained from model mixtures containing an oligosaccharide (Ara3 or Man3) and 5-CQA and subjected to dry thermal treatment, as well as samples derived from spent coffee grounds, showed the formation of hybrid compounds composed by CQA molecules covalently linked to a variable number of sugar residues. Moreover, the results obtained from the mixture containing Man3 and 5-CQA showed that CQA acts as catalyst of transglycosylation reactions. On the other hand, in the model mixtures containing a peptide, even if containing 5-CQA and subjected to the same treatment, it was observed a decrease in the extent of transglycosylation reactions. This outcome can explain the low extent of non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions during roasting in coffee bean regions enriched in proteins, although polysaccharides are the major components of the coffee beans. The decrease of transglycosylation reactions in the presence of peptides/proteins can be related with the preferential reactivity of reducing residues with the amino groups of peptides/proteins by Maillard reaction, decreasing the number of reducing residues available to be directly involved in the transglycosylation reactions. In addition to the compounds already described, a diversity of other compounds were formed from model systems, namely dehydrated derivatives formed during dry thermal treatment. In conclusion, the identification of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting pave the way to the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of melanoidins and structure-activity relationship of these compounds.

碩士
東吳大學
國際經營與貿易學系
107
The purpose of this study is to explore the target market positioning and marketing strategy of cold brew coffee. According to the literature review, most of the discussion is based on the business model of coffee shop and chain coffee brand research or consumer satisfaction. However, the population of coffee is global. The increasing trend has also observed that the cold brew coffee in the world, regardless of the trend of large and small brands in the market in recent years, will explore the benefit of those who love cold brew coffee. This study explores the 4P strategy of the store with semi-structured interviews, and focuses on the marketing 4P strategy of the store. After analysis, it is known that people who love cold brew coffee have higher requirements for tasting coffee, and because of the interview shop. Most of the products in the form of canned packaging products are regarded as an important product attribute of cold brew coffee. There is a clear distinction between professionalism and convenience. Product knowledge does not affect the willingness to purchase. In the consumer context, Personal needs are the mainstay.

Multi-brew is a beer brewing facility consisting of multiple parts. The major focus will be a micro brewery, alternatively defined as a small craft brewery that seeks unique quality in beer. The brewery will be such that several brewers will be able to use the facilities with multiple production lines. The beer produced at the brewery will not be of any one or pre-decided type and will encourage the freedom of creativity of all the brewers. They will be able to hire one of several production lines and be supplied with the communal facilities to brew their beer. The brewery will further include research and marketing facilities for the users. In addition, in an attempt to expand the facilities nationally, there will be a brewing school at which students can learn the art and science of brewing beer. The school will consist of classrooms and research facilities similar to those of the actual brewery. It will also have facilities to educate the public in a diverse spectrum of beer and beer brewing. A restaurant and brew pub will be included. These will sell the beer produced in the brewery and also in the school. A large variety of beers will be sold. The types will differ depending on the specific times of unique production. The restaurant will open towards a shared public space with a covered activity platform used predominantly as a market. The brewery will form part of a public green strip that runs around the edge of the Pretoria Central Business District (CBD). The brewery investigates the possibility of a light industry in an urban context. It is aimed at informing the public about how it functions and its operational processes through its architecture. Problems such as visual comfort and public acceptance arising from this type of controversial integration must be addressed. The architecture applied to this new industry should be in character with its surrounding urban fabric. This integration also offers the opportunity for public education through architectural language. The operations of an industry can be demonstrated to the public by architecture that physically separates functions while retaining visual connections. The task of integrating the visual connections with those functions required in an urban environment will be explored and appropriately applied.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Architecture
unrestricted

碩士
國立屏東教育大學
視覺藝術學系
98
This study''s primary focus is on the investigation of the special developments for women during their pregnancy. This includes their physical and mental transition. While the pregnant women experience fetus development physically, mentally their body automatically produces and develops mechanisms to protect the fetus. Many of the physiological developments mentioned in this paper, are the direct result from the female body in response to time. Concurrently, this paper also discusses how the expecting mothers witness their psychological transitions, these include mental preparation, stress level, and anticipation to become a parent for the expecting mothers. At the end, this paper links the parallelism and comparison between female''s pregnancy process and the reproduction process found in nature. In addition, slight infusion with feministic, in this study, I have discussed the connotation of “pregnancy” from different perspectives including: eastern mythology, western aesthetics, and social sciences. To assemble the basic scheme of my creation, the concepts and creations of allied modern artists (Carolee Schneemann, Nancy Davidson, and Dominic Man-Kit Lam) were analyzed. To interpret my aesthetics regarding the inner space change during pregnancy, three series of creation programs and analysis are deduce from previous analysis, they are “incubation“, “pregnancy“, and “revolution“.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
95
In this thesis, our main purpose is to track the location of human eyes and to detect the state of eyes, which can be open or closed. Many researchers had investigated the problem of eyes tracking before this thesis. Most of them are focused on how to retrieve the properties of eyes from eyes region (e.g. the edge of the eyelid and iris, the colors of the cornea and pupil, reflected infrared light for bright pupil, etc.). Those properties are then used to detect the location and the state of the eyes. It works well when the eyes are open. However, when the eyes are closed or blinking, eyebrows may be mistaken as closed eyes, thus resulting in errors. We propose a method that tracks eyes based on brows in this research. It simplifies the tracking step. The shape of a brow rarely changes except when a person feels anger or deep sorrow. It is more rigid than the eye. We try to take advantage of this fact to locate human eyes by locating the brows above them first. This method is to track between the eyebrows by a particle filter, and to use the template of right and left brow to match the accurate location of right and left brow. Then, we detect the eye state by their histogram. Finally, the exact position of the iris and eyelid can be found by deformable template. Before we start tracking mode, the eye acquisition must be detected by analyzing contrast of human face, which can be derived from skin-tone and edge of human face. Finally, eyes acquisition will be found by deformable template. Experiment show that our method can effectively track eyes and detect eye state.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
92
This study proposes a modified ellipse Hough transform(MEHT) as well as robust noise filtering and eye-brow block searching(RNFEBS) for face detection based on ellipticity, contrast and geometrical features of objects in an image. As for the face detection in a static gray level image with complex background, the most valuable information is the elliptical shapes of faces and the geometrical features of eyes. With MEHT, the position of the face center is easily estimated. And then, RNFEBS is applied afterwards to search for eye-brow block and locate eyes pair. The location and size of face could be decided accordingly. Different from the accumulator design of traditional Hough transform, the MEHT developing two types of accumulator which are related to both ellipticity and contrast of objects in an image. The factor KM and KA in the accumulators could be turned to suppress the influence of contrast on the accumulator and achieve the lower contribution than ellipticity. MEHT is very robust for the detection of nonstandard ellipse with complex background in an image if the factor KM and KA is carefully chosen based on noise margin. The positions of eye-brow block, eyes pair and face could be obtained accordingly based on eyes’ geometrical features by RNFEBS. This approach developed in the study is proved to be high efficient and accurate.

碩士
環球科技大學
生物技術研究所
102
Coffee is one daily life of beverages, from coffee industry development has been popularized, people also followed to enhance coffee quality and taste. Indonesian civet (Musang) After a eating the coffee fruit gastrointestinal digestion, cannot digest baked coffee beans after washed, discovered the special flavor,therefore namedcivet coffee (Kapi Luwak). Arabica coffee beans this study,in the process of coffee fermentation method use of composite,and general washed coffee and Indonesian civet coffee as a comparison. Experiment results in DPPH, TEAC and Redox capacity in espresso extraction is higher than the follicular type extraction. DPPH at 2.5 mg/mL espresso fermented beans and washed beans were the highest of 75.8%, 73.95%. TEAC fermented beans in follicular type extraction highest 1.92 mmol/mg. Follicular Extraction of fermented beans at 2 mg/mL when Absorbance values higher than 0.63 nm civet coffee beans and washed beans.Metal chelating ability of extracts significant difference in two ways, concentration at 20 mg/mL for the highest espresso extraction metal chelatingability of about 80.91%.Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, caffeine and chlorogenic acid components extracted espresso coffee beans high in the follicular type. Total phenolic content of espresso washed beans Highest 78.95 μg/mg. Flavonoid compounds espresso highest was washed beans 26.82 μg/mg. Espresso with follicular type extraction civet coffee beans content of 55.77 μg/mL and 28.48 μg/mL compared to less than fermented beans and Washed beans. Caffeine content in coffee beans with civet coffeelower in part civet digestive absorption of caffeine may be broken, caffeine is fermented beans are slightly lower than the washed beans, then microbial fermentation process may be decomposed part caffeine. Chlorogenic acid content slightly above the washed beans and fermented bean coffee beans in civet coffee beans, the highest content of espresso extraction civet coffee beans 66.45 μg/mL.The results showed espresso is better than the follicular type,And three kinds of coffee beans with antioxidant ability and antioxidant ingredients. Differences in the triangular test civet coffee and fermented coffee small, Determine the fermented coffee beans civet coffee beans taste and taste similar. The results of the evaluation in the hobby holistic fermented coffee and civet coffee the same average score was 3.11 mouthfeel slightly washed coffee.

碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
餐旅研究所
106
Based on the Theory Planned Behavior, this study aims at understanding the main factors influencing consumers’ purchase intention toward fresh brew coffee with self-prepared reusable containers. The study was conducted from May 2th to May 8th in 2018 by using convenience sampling. The sample of the study was made of those who bought fresh brew coffee. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed and 327 valid responses were collected. The results showed that most respondents were unmarried female between the ages of 21~30, and mainly working in the service industry. Most of them bought over seven cups of fresh brew coffee at conveniences store or coffee shops each month. 54.7% of the respondents bought fresh brew coffee with reusable containers. In addition, findings indicated that respondents’ attitudes toward function, attitude toward convenience, attitude toward belief, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control toward buying fresh brew coffee with reusable containers have significantly positive effects on behavioral intentions, and that attitude toward convenience has the greatest effect on behavioral intentions.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
研發科技與資訊管理研究所
99
Tea, being possess lots of nutritious ingredient, is not only for thirst quenching but also can provide effects like anticancer, prevent aging, blood fats and weight reduction. In recent years, even drinking coffee is getting more popular in Taiwan, the habits and affection of tea is still the same. In this paper, the customers’ purchasing factors of cold brew tea are explored due to its merits and the potential market growth in the future. With the help of TRIZ and literature survey, 25 purchasing factors were developed, and in which two unsuitable factors were eliminated after interviewing with experienced experts. In order to understand the voice of customer (VOC), we classify customer’s needs for the cold brew tea into Kano model through a Kano questionnaire that consists of a pair of questions (one positive and one negative). Among these factors, beside the indifferent qualities, 3 items were categorized as one-dimensional quality, 2 items are must-be and only one item belongs to attractive quality. Since there is inconsistence between two indice of Kano’s model, the TOPSIS is employed to rank the priority of the customer’s needs. The results reveal that 3 major items should be processed in order including authentication by government (such as agricultural examination, GMT), drinkable in short time brewing, and good aftersale service (such as merchandise return or change). The framework of this study can provide the manager a valuable reference to formulate priority for enterprises, as well as to enhance the excellence of marketing strategy so as to promote the whole competitive ability of the enterprises.

This document is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree: Master of Architecture [Professional] at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in the year 2013.
Newtown is a vibrant, multi-cultural precinct within the inner-city of Johannesburg. It has become an example of the new diverse multi-cultural spatial dynamics present within post-apartheid South Africa. This thesis addresses a dormant site within this cultural precinct and aims to re-appropriate and dynamically activate the site, thus creating a new dynamic member within the Newtown precinct. Through this architectural intervention, the aim is to explore and establish a central reference point between microbrewers and the public. This thesis’ architectural intervention merges preconceived divisions in brewing techniques (local and international) and starts a process of inclusive knowledge transfer that results in a unique diverse collaboration throughout the craft beer industry. This new methodology will better characterise the diverse nature of the craft brewery industry, whilst simultaneously reflecting South Africa’s nee/search for a new inclusive identity.

This study accesses how to successfully set up a sustainable business for a fermented drink made from banana waste, namely Bananika, in the Portuguese alcoholic beverage market. It attempts to identify the target group of this innovative beverage as base for the development of an effective marketing campaign. Furthermore, this paper is examining if Bananika is an economically viable startup. Given those objectives three critical dimensions have been identified and analyzed. For the first dimension a market segmentation has been executed. The segmentation was based on a survey that was conducted in order to analyze and distinguish the Portuguese consumers according to their consumer habits of alcoholic beverages, price sensitivity, purchase intention, demographic and sociodemographic characteristics. With the help of a cluster analysis the consumers were then divided in to 4 different groups. This market segmentation is then followed by a Marketing Mix based on the previously identified target group. The second dimension tried to analyze the strategic standpoint of Bananika in the highly competed Portuguese beverage industry. Therefore, an industry analysis has been performed that resulted in a positioning map. The analytical part of this paper then ends in the third dimension, the financial plan of the startup. This was built in order to analyze the economic viability of Bananika.

Masters of Science
Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health
Edgar Chambers IV
In today’s market, there is a growing demand for high-quality coffee with distinctive sensory characteristics. An example of such coffees is the cold brew which has become quite popular. Despite the increasing prevalence of cold drip/brewed coffee, little-published research exists on the factors that impact the sensory characteristics of cold brew coffee. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of a) degree of roasting, b) coffee to water ratio (C2WR) and c) brewing methods on cold brew coffee from d) Ugandan coffee beans. Four distinct coffee samples, sourced from different lowland and mountainous regions in Uganda, were roasted and tested using a factorial design that allowed comparison of all main factors (a-d) and their interactions. The samples were evaluated by a highly trained sensory panel based on 42 attributes from a previously published coffee lexicon. Results showed that all aspects studied (Ugandan variety, roast degree, C2WR, and brewing method) had an impact on most of the attributes. For example, Robusta coffees generally had a more bitter taste than Arabica coffees and the Dark roast samples generally were more bitter than the Medium roast coffees. In addition, coffee samples that were brewed using a higher coffee to water ratio (C2WR) generally were more bitter than the coffees that were brewed using a lower C2WR. However, although most of the main effects had a significant impact, their effects were mitigated by their interaction with other factors. For example, Medium roast Robusta that was slow-dripped with a high C2WR had a more bitter taste than the corresponding Arabica samples however when the Medium roast Robusta was steeped with a high C2WR it had a similar bitter intensity with the corresponding Arabica samples. Thus, although major impacts are critical, individual sample combinations must be considered when evaluating coffee samples for their impact on the sensory characteristics.

This case study offers an in-depth investigation of the organizational identity construct (Albert and Whetten, 1985) from a shared mental model perspective. Specifically, the study explored the links between shared identity and members' coordination and communication behaviors in a microbrewery. Using six semi-structured interviews, five dimensions defining the character of the studied organization were elicited: quality producer, influence of the founder, involvement in the local community and social events, geographic attachment, and family/team. Building upon those findings, quantitative survey data were obtained from 35 organizational members in different departments to test the relationships at the dyadic level between shared perceived organizational identity and perceptions of coordination and communication behaviors. Departmental affiliation was also tested for moderating effects. The findings suggest some evidence of associations between members' agreement in dyads about organizational identity and their perceptions of group processes. The moderating role of departmental membership was not supported. Theoretical and practical implications of the study's results are discussed. Recommendations for future research are also proposed in light of the study's limitations.

Tese de mestrado, Ciências Biofarmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2018
In the last decades, there has been a huge increase in the prevalence of metabolic disorders, like obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been described as a potential target to control and treat these disorders, since is involved in body thermogenesis, which is regulated by UCP1, and in energy expenditure. Moreover, BAT activity is inversed correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. However, there is not enough knowledge about its function and how this tissue is affected in these disorders. It is consensual that higher BAT activity is associated with a better metabolic profile, meaning that higher BAT activity is associated with body weight reduction and improved glucose homeostasis. Brown adipocytes phenotype is quite different from the white adipocytes exhibiting higher mitochondrial content. BAT is activated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which is involved in thermogenesis regulation and when active, BAT is capable of producing several bioactive substances, like adenosine. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that has been shown to be involved in glucose homeostasis. It is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and inflammation, being expressed in adipose tissue. Recently adenosine has been shown to be involved in BAT activation through SNS via A2A adenosine receptor. However, the role of adenosine in BAT regulation is not yet well defined and clear, with a lot of controversial data in literature. Herein, we hypothesize that the adenosine metabolic pathway is essential to maintain BAT function and that adenosinergic system is impaired in metabolic pathologies as obesity and T2D, being a likely therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Therefore, the general aim of the present study was to investigate if alterations in adenosine metabolism and function in BAT can contribute to metabolic dysfunction in obesity and T2D. The experiments were performed in male Wistar rats of 8 weeks old. Two groups of animals were used: 1) the high-fat high-sucrose animal model (HFHSu), obtained by submitting the animals to a 60% lipid-rich diet (5.1Kcal/g) and 35% sucrose in drinking water for 25 weeks, and 2) an age-matched control group, fed with standard chow (2.56Kcal/g). Fasting glucose and insulinemia were monitored during diet-induced T2D. Glucose tolerance was evaluated by an oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity by an insulin tolerance test. At a terminal experiment, animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p) and BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) around BAT was collected and weighted. Glucose uptake was evaluated in BAT through the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-1,2-3H-glucose (2-DG) in the presence and/or absence of adenosine receptors agonists in animal fed with standard diet. The effect of the HFHSu diet in BAT morphology was evaluated by H&E staining. Also, the effect of the diet on BAT dysfunction and inflammation was evaluated through the quantification of mitochondrial markers, hypoxic signaling molecules and inflammatory markers. To evaluate alterations in adenosine metabolism and function in BAT, the expression of adenosine receptors and proteins involved in adenosine metabolism were also assessed, as well as the adenosine content and release in BAT. In this study it was observed an increase in weight gain and caloric intake as consequence of the HFHSu diet, these animals also exhibited decreased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Moreover, the hypercaloric diet promoted an increase in BAT and WAT around BAT, and a morphologic dysfunction in the tissue demonstrated by a change in BAT color and an increase in adipocytes size in the H&E staining. Beside was also observed a decrease in the expression of mitochondrial markers as PGC-1α and UCP1, alterations in the expression of hypoxia markers as VEGF, HIF-1α and HIF-2α and an increase in inflammatory markers expression as IL1R and IL6R. Moreover, it was shown that adenosine controls glucose uptake in BAT mainly via A1 receptors, since we observed an increase in glucose uptake under incubation with an A1 receptor agonist and decreased glucose uptake with A2A and A2B adenosine receptors agonists. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that HFHSu diet lead to dysregulation of adenosine receptors expression, with overexpression of A2A and downregulation of A2B. Regarding alterations in adenosine metabolism it was observed that adenosine content and release is decreased in the disease model and incubation with EHNA reestablish adenosine levels to values similar to control values, Furthermore it was observed an overexpression of CD73 and ENT1 in the HFHSu diet in BAT, proteins involved on adenosine metabolism. To conclude, this study demonstrate that the targeting of adenosine might contribute to improve metabolic function in obesity and T2D and the modulation of adenosine receptor expression or adenosine levels in BAT could be a therapeutic tool to treat metabolic dysfunction related disorders.
Nas últimas décadas temos assistido a um aumento na prevalência de doenças crónicas e metabólicas como a obesidade e a diabetes tipo 2 (DT2). O tecido adiposo castanho (BAT) tem sido descrito como um potencial alvo no controlo e tratamento destas doenças metabólicas, uma vez que se encontra envolvido na termogénese corporal, regulada pela proteína UCP1, e no gasto de energia. Além disso, sabe-se que a atividade do BAT está inversamente relacionada com a obesidade e a resistência à insulina. No entanto, ainda não há conhecimento suficiente acerca da sua função e sobre como o BAT está a ser afetado nestas doenças. Contudo, é consensual que uma elevada atividade do BAT está associada a uma melhoria do perfil metabólico, o que significa que uma elevada atividade deste tecido está associada a uma diminuição do peso corporal e a uma melhoria na homeostasia da glucose. O fenótipo dos adipócitos castanhos é diferente do apresentado pelos adipócitos brancos, uma vez que os adipócitos castanhos apresentam um elevado conteúdo mitocondrial. Está descrito que o BAT é ativado pelo sistema nervoso simpático (SNS), que se encontra envolvido na regulação da termogénese, e quando ativo produz diversas substâncias bioativas, entre elas a adenosina. A adenosina é um nucleósido purinérgico, que exerce a sua ação através dos recetores A1, A2A, A2B e A3, A adenosina tem-se demostrado estar envolvida na homeostasia da glucose e na regulação da lipólise e da inflamação, sendo expressa no tecido adiposo. Recentemente, demostrou-se que a adenosina está também envolvida na ativação do BAT através do SNS, pelo recetor de adenosina A2A. No entanto, a sua importância na regulação do BAT continua por esclarecer, havendo estudos muito controversos. Assim, a hipótese deste trabalho é que a via metabólica da adenosina é essencial para manter a função do BAT, e que o sistema adenosinérgico se encontra alterado em patologias como a obesidade e a DT2, sendo um possível alvo terapêutico para o tratamento de doenças relacionadas com a disfunção metabólica. Assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo consiste em investigar se alterações no metabolismo da adenosina e da sua função no BAT poderão contribuir para a disfunção metabólica na obesidade e na DT2. As experiências foram realizadas em ratos Wistar machos com 8 semanas de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente por 2 grupos: 1) um grupo submetido a uma dieta hipercalórica combinada com 60% gordura na dieta (5.1Kcal/g) e 35% de sacarose em água, denominado HFHSu, durante 25 semanas e, 2) o grupo controlo de idade correspondente, alimentado com uma dieta padrão (2.56Kcal/g). A glicemia em jejum e a sensibilidade à insulina foram controladas durante o tempo e que os animais foram submetidos à dieta. A tolerância à glucose oral foi avaliada por um teste de tolerância oral à glucose e a sensibilidade à insulina através de um teste de tolerância à insulina. Após as 25 semanas os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p) e o BAT e o tecido adiposo branco em volta do BAT foram recolhidos e pesados. A captação de glucose no BAT foi avaliada através da captação de 2-deoxyglucose na presença e/ou ausência de agonistas dos recetores de adenosina em animais alimentados com a dieta standard. O efeito da dieta hipercalórica na morfologia do BAT foi avaliado em cortes histológicos através de uma coloração com eosina e hematoxilina, tendo sido também estudado o efeito desta dieta na disfunção e inflamação do BAT através da quantificação de marcadores mitocondriais, moléculas sinalizadoras de hipóxia e marcadores inflamatórios. Para avaliar alterações no metabolismo e função da adenosina no BAT foi também avaliado a expressão dos recetores de adenosina e de proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo da adenosina, bem como o conteúdo e a libertação de adenosina no BAT através da incubação do tecido com e sem inibidores farmacológicos tais como o EHNA (inibidor da adenosina desaminase e o NBTI (inibidor dos transportadores de adenosina). Neste estudo, observou-se que os animais submetidos à dieta hipercalórica apresentavam um aumento no ganho de peso, bem como no consumo calórico. Além disso estes animais exibiam um aumento na glicémia basal em jejum, uma diminuição da sensibilidade à insulina bem como da tolerância oral à glucose. A dieta hipercalórica originou um aumento da quantidade de BAT nestes animais, e também na quantidade de WAT em volta do BAT, bem como alterações na morfologia do BAT. Estas alterações foram observadas através de visualização macroscópica onde foi bem visível uma mudança de cor no tecido, passando de uma cor castanha-avermelhado para um castanho-esbranquiçado, além disso a coloração dos cortes histológicos com H&E mostrou ainda um aumento no tamanho dos adipócitos, sugerindo uma alteração nas caraterísticas do tecido de castanho para branco através de um possível processo de “whitening”. Este modelo patológico desenvolveu também uma disfunção no BAT, tendo sido observada uma diminuição da expressão de marcadores mitocondriais como o PGC-1α e a UCP1, alterações na expressão de moléculas sinalizadoras de hipóxia com diminuição da expressão de VEGF e aumento na expressão de HIF-1α e HIF-2α e ainda um aumento na expressão dos marcadores inflamatórios IL1R e IL6R. Observou-se também que a adenosina está envolvida na captação de glucose no BAT em animais controlo, sobretudo através da ação dos recetores A1, uma vez que a incubação do tecido na presença de um agonista dos recetores A1 levou a um aumento da captação de glucose neste tecido, sendo que a presença de agonistas dos recetores A2A e A2B demostraram uma diminuição da captação de glucose no BAT. Além disso observou-se que a dieta HFHSu leva a uma desregulação nos recetores de adenosina, tendo sido observado um aumento na expressão dos recetores de adenosina A2A e uma diminuição da expressão do recetor A2B no BAT, sem qualquer alteração ao nível da expressão do recetor A1 neste tecido. Este modelo patológico induziu também alterações ao nível do metabolismo da adenosina no BAT, observando-se uma diminuição quer no conteúdo quer na libertação de adenosina no BAT no modelo HFHSu em comparação com o grupo controlo. Na quantificação de adenosina no BAT este efeito foi avaliado apenas no tecido imediatamente após dissecção, onde é evidente uma diminuição no conteúdo de adenosina no BAT no nosso modelo patológico, bem com no tecido incubado durante 10, 30 e 60 minutos na presença e ausência de diferentes inibidores farmacológicos tais com o EHNA, um inibidor da adenosina desaminase e o NBTI, um inibidor dos transportadores de adenosina. Aqui observou-se que o uso de EHNA levava a um aumento do conteúdo e libertação de adenosina no tecido no BAT de animais controlo e submetidos à dieta hipercalórica sendo que no grupo HFHSu o uso de EHNA reestabelece as concentrações de adenosina para níveis similares ao grupo controlo. Além disto foi ainda quantificado a expressão de proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo adenosinérgico, sendo observado um aumento da expressão de CD73, uma proteína envolvida na conversão de AMP em adenosina, bem com um aumento na expressão de ENT1, um transportador equilibrativo de adenosina, no BAT do grupo submetido à dieta HFHSu. Assim pode concluir-se com este estudo que o controlo do metabolismo da adenosina pode contribuir para melhorar a função metabólica do BAT na obesidade e na diabetes DT2, e que a modulação dos recetores de adenosina e dos níveis de adenosina no BAT poderão ser um potencial alvo terapêutica no tratamento de doenças relacionadas com a disfunção metabólica, aumentando a atividade do BAT e evitando o processo de “whitening” no tecido.

Bragg reflection waveguides (BRW) or one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures have been demonstrated for phase-matching chi(2) nonlinearities in AlxGa1-xAs. The method exploits strong modal dispersion of a Bragg mode and total internal reflection modes co-propagating inside the waveguide. It is shown that phase-matching is attained among the lowest order modes of interacting harmonics, which allows maximizing the utilization of harmonics powers for nonlinear interactions. As our first demonstration, we report second-harmonic generation (SHG) of a 2-ps telecommunication pump in a 2.4 mm long slab BRW. The conversion efficiency is estimated as 2.0 %/W.cm^2 with a generated SH power of 729 nW. This efficiency has been considerably improved by introducing lateral confinement of optical modes in ridge structures. Characterizations denote that efficiency of SHG in ridge BRWs can increase by over an order of magnitude in comparison to that of the slab device. Also, we report continuous-wave SHG in BRWs. Using a telecommunication pump with a power of 98 mW, the continuous-wave SH power of 23 nW is measured in a 2.0 mm long device. Significant enhancements of chi(2) interactions is obtained in the modified design of matching-layer enhanced BRW (ML-BRW). For the first time, we report type-II SHG in ML-BRW, where the second-harmonic power of 60 µW is measured for a pump power of 3.3 mW in a 2.2 mm long sample. Also, we demonstrate the existence of type-0 SHG, where both pump and SH signal have an identical TM polarization state. It is shown that the efficiency of the type-0 process is comparable to type-I and type-II processes with the phase-matching wavelengths of all three interactions lying within a spectral window as small as 17 nm. ML-BRW is further reported for sum-frequency and difference-frequency generations. For applications requiring high pump power, a generalized ML-BRW design is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed structure offsets the destructive effects of third-order nonlinearities on chi(2) processes when high power harmonics are involved. This is carried out through incorporation of larger bandgap materials by using high aluminum content AlxGa1-xAs layers without undermining the nonlinear conversion efficiency. Theoretical investigations of BRWs as integrated sources of photon-pairs with frequency correlation properties are discussed. It is shown that the versatile dispersion properties in BRWs enables generation of telecommunication anti-correlated photon-pairs with bandwidth tunablity between 1 nm and 450 nm.