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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Brickmaking”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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1

WATT, KATHLEEN. "‘Making drain tiles a “home manufacture”’: Agricultural Consumers and the Social Construction of Clayworking Technology in the 1840s". Rural History 13, nr 1 (kwiecień 2002): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793302000237.

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During the nineteenth century newly invented clayworking machinery offered potential solutions to production problems in the British brickmaking industry. Three different mechanical brickmaking processes were available, but a combination of design imperfections and restrictions imposed by the excise duties on bricks discouraged their adoption in ordinary brickyards for many decades. This posed a serious dilemma for machine inventors. Without an opportunity to test machinery in brickmaking situations, they were unable to correct defects and produce implements that were clearly superior to hand brickmaking methods. For as long as brickmakers rejected mechanisation, the technical development of machinery was effectively halted. A breakthrough occurred in the 1840s when a lucrative new market emerged for machines capable of manufacturing large quantities of drainage pipes and tiles in rural locations. The exhibitions and implement trials at meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society of England were a decisive factor in the continuing technical development of clayworking machinery. Agricultural consumers, through debate, evaluation and negotiation with machine makers, ultimately determined the success of one mechanical clayworking process over others, and established the direction of future technological change in the brickmaking industry.

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Delaney, J. G. "Brickmaking in Gillen". Folk Life 28, nr 1 (styczeń 1989): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/flk.1989.28.1.51.

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Delaney, J. G. "Brickmaking in Gillen". Folk Life - Journal of Ethnological Studies 28, nr 1 (1.01.1989): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/043087789798239169.

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Sarcevičius, Saulius. "Vilniaus plytininkai XVIII–XIX a. sandūroje". Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2022/1 (16.08.2022): 67–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-202201004.

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THE BRICKMAKERS OF VILNIUS AT THE TURN OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The article deals with some aspects of brickmaking in Vilnius. The research period is defined by the archival information on specific brickmakers-raw material miners, whose lists were compiled in 1795 and 1805. Forty-three craftsmen worked during this period. Using additional archival and printed sources, short biographies of these craftsmen were compiled. Based on the collected data, the localisation of brickmaking-raw material mining workshops is defined, wealth differentiation of those practising this trade is reviewed, the data on the continuity of the brickmaking trade and the turnover of brickmakers are discussed, and the economic and social relations of other craftsmen, especially potters, with brickmakers are examined. KEYWORDS: Vilnius, brickmaker, brickworks, potter, short biography.

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5

Bhatnagar, J. M., N. L. Goswami i S. M. Singh. "Stabilized soil in brickmaking". Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 16, nr 3 (styczeń 1988): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01823328808726887.

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I. B. Holley Jr. "The Mechanization of Brickmaking". Technology and Culture 50, nr 1 (2008): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.0.0221.

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Hajela, R. B., R. G. Gupta, J. M. Bhatnagar, N. B. Saxena i R. K. Goel. "Agro-Industrial Wastes in Brickmaking". Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 13, nr 4 (lipiec 1985): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218508551219.

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Глазунова, О. Н. "A brick-burning kiln in the woods: On brickmaking at the New Jerusalem monastery". Architectural archeology, nr 3 (12.02.2023): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-361-9.46-56.

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Статья посвящена истории производства кирпичей, начиная с XVII в., в Иверском и Ново-Иерусалимском монастырях. В ней даны материалы об организации кирпичного производства патриархом Никоном, показан кирпичный завод того времени и представлены сведения о кирпичном горне в окрестностях Ново-Иерусалимского монастыря. The article covers the history of brickmaking at the Iversky and New Jerusalem monasteries since the 17th century, presenting evidence on how the business of brickmaking was set up by Patriarch Nikon, describing the work of a period brickyard and giving information on a brick-burning kiln in the vicinity of the New Jerusalem monastery.

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9

Antowska-Gorączniak, Olga, i Włodzimierz Lajsner. "Ślady produkcyjne na cegłach profilowanych z placu Kolegiackiego w Poznaniu – próba rekonstrukcji dawnej wytwórczości strycharskiej". Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 26 (30.12.2021): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2021.26.01.

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Medieval profiled bricks from the remains of the city parish church of St. Mary Magdalene in Poznań are a very important source of information about the brickmaking craftsmanship. The study attempts to identify production traces with specific stages of brick production (the process of forming and drying bricks), along with an attempt to reconstruct these operations that were used by the Poznań brickmakers. In addition to the analyzes related to the number of occurrences, the type of research material was defined, the criteria for isolating individual traces were described, the state of knowledge about brickmaking and analogies of fittings found in medieval buildings, mainly in the city of Poznań, were taken into account.

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10

Milhatun Nisa i Mar’atus Sholikhah. "ASSISTANCE FOR THE USE OF USED BRICKS IN FISH PONDS". Khidmatan 2, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.61136/khid.v2i1.45.

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Dasekan hamlet is known as the center of the cottage industry for brickmaking. Almost all residents become brickmakers. However, this business gradually gets sluggish, and the price is lower. The type of Research used in this study uses a qualitative case study. The method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR). The PAR method has three key variables: Participatory, Action (action), and Research (Research). The results of the initial observations indicate the potential economic value of the excavated pits for raw bricks that have yet to be utilized. During the outreach activities, the community learned how to use ex-brick excavation land in fish ponds. The follow-up to this community service activity is to carry out continuous monitoring and evaluation with STAI Lecturer Syubbanul Wathon. To facilitate coordination, a brickmaking community in Dasekan hamlet is formed so that this socialization activity has valuable benefits that the community can feel.

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11

Казарина, Н. И., i И. А. Макаров. "Master brickmakers in i7th-i9th century Balakhna". Architectural archeology, nr 3 (12.02.2023): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-361-9.65-81.

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Статья посвящена изучению кирпичного производства в Балахнинском уезде Нижегородской губернии XVII-XIX вв. Особый интерес представляют документальные свидетельства, касающиеся жизни мастеров кирпичного промысла, тех событий, которые меняли социальный статус мастеров, их достаток и оказывали влияние на развитие промысла. Для исследования были использованы архивные материалы XVII-XVIII вв., статьи и сообщения Нижегородской губернской ученой архивной комиссии конца XIX - начала ХХ в. The article examines the craft of brickmaking in Balakhna uezd of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate from the 17th to the 19th century. A special focus is made on documentary evidence concerning the work of master brickmakers, as well as on the events which changed their social status and income, or had profound impact on the development of brickmaking. For our sources, we turned to archival materials of the 17th and 18th centuries, and to the materials and articles published by Nizhny Novgorod Governorate Academic Commission for the Archives at the end of the 19th and in early 20th century.

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12

von Wielligh, M. H. M. "Geostatistical techniques for improved management of brickmaking clays". Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 117, nr 2 (2017): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n2a5.

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13

Buse, A. "Brickmaking and the Collinear Arts: A Cautionary Tale". Canadian Journal of Economics 27, nr 2 (maj 1994): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135754.

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14

Starbuck, David R., i Karl Gurcke. "Bricks and Brickmaking: A Handbook for Historical Archaeology". Technology and Culture 31, nr 2 (kwiecień 1990): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105672.

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15

Harahap, Mochammad Mirza Yusuf, Rini Suryantini, Kristanti Dewi Paramita i Yandi Andri Yatmo. "Sun-Drying in Traditional Brickmaking: Strategies for Achieving Efficiency". International Journal of Technology 11, nr 7 (16.12.2020): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i7.4458.

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16

Zhang, Zhihong. "Energy efficiency and environmental pollution of brickmaking in China". Energy 22, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(96)00078-3.

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17

Tahoun, Salah A. "Detection of technical fraud in brickmaking by mineralogical analysis". Applied Clay Science 7, nr 6 (marzec 1993): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(93)90012-p.

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18

Ci, Hanlin, Ning Fang, Hang Yang, Yali Guo, Xiaojie Mei i Xiaolei Zhao. "A Comparison of the Carbon Footprints of Different Digested Sludge Post-Treatment Routes: A Case Study in China". Processes 12, nr 7 (10.07.2024): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12071444.

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As the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” strategy advances, carbon emissions have gradually become a significant indicator in selecting and evaluating sewage and sludge treatment solutions. This study compared the carbon footprints of different digested sludge post-treatment routes, taking the Lu’an project in China as an example. Considering anaerobic digestion and digested sludge post-treatment options, the carbon footprints are as follows: 347.7 kg CO2 (land application) < 459.7 kg CO2 (composting-involved land application) < 858.4 kg CO2 (brickmaking). In general, land application was superior to brickmaking from the perspective of carbon footprints. The power consumption incurred by aerating and turning and the direct N2O and CH4 emissions during composting increase the composting-involved land application carbon footprint. However, digested sludge that is not subject to high-temperature sterilization and compost is phytotoxic and can be fetid, which is a limitation of its applicability. And the composted sludge has a lower N ratio and water content, so the same N input means more sludge usage, which is conducive to solving the disposal problem of large amounts of sludge. Thus, if possible, composting-involved land application should be a preference, and improvements to the technique are required to minimize energy consumption and direct N2O and CH4 emissions.

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19

Suryantini, R., P. Atmodiwirjo, YA Yatmol i MMY Harahap. "Landscape Transformation: Exploring Operations in The Traditional Practice of Brickmaking". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 794, nr 1 (1.07.2021): 012190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012190.

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20

Armstrong, Peter. "The Medieval Brickmaking Industry in England 1400–1450. By TerencePaulSmith". Archaeological Journal 144, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1987.11021257.

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21

Jensen, Rolf, i Donald M. Peppard. "The Traditional Brickmaking Industry and the Rural Economy of Vietnam". Journal of Asian and African Studies 39, nr 3 (czerwiec 2004): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909604049972.

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Казарина, Н. И. "On the history of ceramic tiles production in Balakhna uezd, Nizhny Novgorod governorate: Craftsmanship and its transformation in the i7th-i9th century". Architectural archeology, nr 3 (12.02.2023): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-361-9.57-64.

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Статья посвящена проблеме изучения изразцового производства Балахнинского уезда Нижегородской губернии конца XVII - начала XIX в. Автор рассматривает проблему формирования традиции промысла и ее трансформации. Представлена фондовая коллекция изразцов Нижегородского государственного историко-архитектурного музея-заповедника. The article examines the brickmaking business in Balakhna uezd of Nizhny Novgorod governorate from the end of the 17th to the early decades of the 19th century, primarily focusing on shaping and subsequently transforming the traditions of the craft. The article also presents a collection of ceramic tiles preserved at the Nizhny Novgorod State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve

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23

Malatse, M., i S. Ndlovu. "The viability of using the Witwatersrand gold mine tailings for brickmaking". Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 115, nr 4 (2015): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2015/v115n4a8.

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Starbuck, David R. "Bricks and Brickmaking: A Handbook for Historical Archaeology by Karl Gurcke". Technology and Culture 31, nr 2 (kwiecień 1990): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1990.0061.

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Markovič, Tomaž. "Crafts in Ljutomer over time". Kronika 70, nr 3 (10.11.2022): 819–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/kronika.70.3.13.

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As in other Slovenian towns and market towns, in the Middle Ages, handicrafts also began to develop in Ljutomer and its surroundings, which boasted numerous craftsmen. Most handicrafts in Ljutomer reached their zenith at the end of the nineteenth century. The greatest boom was experienced by joinery as well as the tanning and brickmaking trades, which gradually evolved from small handicrafts workshops into semi-industrial and industrial plants that continue to be in operation today. Among many handicrafts, the article focuses primarily on the development of tailoring, well digging, pottery, shoemaking, joinery, ropemaking, blacksmithing, wheelwrighting, milling, confectionery, and gingerbread making.

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Markovič, Tomaž. "Crafts in Ljutomer over time". Kronika 70, nr 3 (10.11.2022): 819–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.70.3.13.

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As in other Slovenian towns and market towns, in the Middle Ages, handicrafts also began to develop in Ljutomer and its surroundings, which boasted numerous craftsmen. Most handicrafts in Ljutomer reached their zenith at the end of the nineteenth century. The greatest boom was experienced by joinery as well as the tanning and brickmaking trades, which gradually evolved from small handicrafts workshops into semi-industrial and industrial plants that continue to be in operation today. Among many handicrafts, the article focuses primarily on the development of tailoring, well digging, pottery, shoemaking, joinery, ropemaking, blacksmithing, wheelwrighting, milling, confectionery, and gingerbread making.

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McGraith, J. H. "Flame photometric determination of calcium and magnesium carbonates in brickmaking raw material". Journal of Applied Chemistry 11, nr 10 (4.05.2007): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010111004.

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Ahmed, Alnazeer A. M., Imre Czupy i Nagwa K. M. Salih. "Ethnobotanical Study on Some Tree Species Used as Bioenergy in South Darfur State, Sudan". Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 19, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2023-0004.

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This study provides ethnobotanical information on preferred local energy tree species based on biomass characteristics. The survey used a stratified sampling technique. The questionnaire covered different issues related to the consumers and biomass characteristics for energy utilization. The study computed use value, fidelity level, and factor informant consensus for the most frequently used energy tree species. According to the highest use values, respondents in the study area identified Acacia mellifera and Capparis decidua as the most vital energy tree species. Sustained combustion is the most desired property for brickmaking, while bakeries and homes prefer haste ignition. Further research and laboratory testing of tree characteristics of selected species in energy plantations and agroforestry programmes in Sudan could help confirm the study results.

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Jolshin, D. "BRICKS FOR THE COUNTRY OF WOOD: BRICKMAKING PRACTICES IN MEDIAEVAL NOVGOROD (11TH–13TH CENTURIES)". Estonian Journal of Archaeology 24, nr 1 (2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.1.03.

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Gallo-Ruiz, Lyanne, Caryn M. Sennett, Mauricio Sánchez-Delgado, Ana García-Urbina, Tania Gámez-Altamirano, Komal Basra, Rebecca L. Laws i in. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for CKD Among Brickmaking Workers in La Paz Centro, Nicaragua". American Journal of Kidney Diseases 74, nr 2 (sierpień 2019): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.01.017.

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Pastore, Mario. "State-led Industrialisation: The Evidence on Paraguay, 1852–1870". Journal of Latin American Studies 26, nr 2 (maj 1994): 295–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00016230.

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In the last three decades, the economic history of Paraguay has been subject to an intense reexamination. It has been claimed that the state in Paraguay led a ‘spectacular industrialisation effort’ in the second half of the nineteenth century and that this effort was prematurely truncated by war. One author, for example, has stated thatFrom 1852 on, free circulation on the river Paraná permitted a rapid increase of exports, mostly under state control. The resources thus freed were devoted to the development of the modern manufacture of industrial goods and plant: iron and steel, engineering, shipbuilding, brickmaking, etc. A railway and a telegraph were installed without incurring an external debt. The experiment was nevertheless spoiled by the war with the ‘Triple Alliance’ (1864–1870), which opposed Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay to Paraguay, and resulted in the demographic and economic collapse of the country.

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Bell, F. G. "An investigation of a site in Coal Measures for brickmaking materials: an illustration of procedures". Engineering Geology 32, nr 1-2 (luty 1992): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(92)90016-r.

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Askhedkar, R. D., i J. P. Modak. "Hypothesis for the extrusion of lime‐flyash‐sand bricks using a manually driven brickmaking machine". Building Research & Information 22, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613219408727345.

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Jevtovic, Ljubomir. "Production of ceramic building material in ancient Viminacium". Starinar, nr 72 (2022): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta2272133j.

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The technology of brickmaking was introduced to the area of Viminacium by the Romans. The development and growth of the urban settlement in the 1st-4th century necessitated the need for huge quantities of construction materials. Large-scale production of ceramic building materials, which are often abbreviated to CBM, is attested both by the numerous finds of the material itself, as well as traces of the manufacturing process. More than 15 kilns and several structures used in the process were discovered in the vicinity of Viminacium. Still, the subject of Viminacium CBM production has only been modestly studied. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyse this production, namely the characteristics and organisation of its processes, based on the results of archaeological excavations and previously published research. To achieve this goal, we focused on the layout of the particular manufacturing sites, and the production process organisation, together with the necessary review of the characteristics of the found kilns and other structures used in the production process.

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F, Lois M., i Joseph S. Sopko. "18th- and Early 19th-Century Brickmaking at the John Jay Homestead: The Process, Products, and Craftsmen". Northeast Historical Archaeology 25, nr 1 (1996): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol25/iss1/6.

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Samford, Steven. "Strength in Numbers or Collective Frailty? The Organizational Capacity of Microenterprises". Sociology of Development 8, nr 1 (2022): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2021.0037.

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Consensus holds that large businesses and their organizations can exert significant political influence; however, our understanding of how microenterprises and their organizations wield influence—or not—lags far behind. In fact, scholars have drawn opposing conclusions about microenterprises’ organizational capacity to shape policy. One view is that small firms face barriers to collective action and are incapable of effectively advocating for policies that suit them. An alternative view is that they are sufficiently influential to stymie the implementation of unfavorable policies outright. This paper refines our understanding of the organizational influence of microenterprises by arguing that these two views are not incompatible. By distinguishing (1) between “defiant” and “negotiated” behaviors and (2) between advocacy at local and national levels, I make the case that clusters of microenterprises can be both effective at resisting policy intervention at the local level and unable to bring political pressure on national policymaking. Focusing on the area of environmental and labor regulation, I present schematic descriptions of this dynamic in three industries that are dominated by geographically clustered microenterprises in Mexico: brickmaking, leather tanning, and ceramics production.

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Silajdžić, Tarik. "Tipologija rimskih ciglana s područja Bosne i Hercegovine / Typology of Roman figlinae from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina". Journal of BATHINVS Association ACTA ILLYRICA / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA Online ISSN 2744-1318, nr 2 (1.12.2018): 231–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54524/2490-3930.2018.231.

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Following the establishment of Roman rule, the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland quickly began to accept and employ new methods of construction and production of building materials. Import of stamped bricks from large north italian workshops was first reduced by military units which started the brick production of their own, in figlinae based around military camps. Soon afterwards, first private brick workshops began to emerge starting the development of local brickmaking industry. Their work in interior of province of Dalmatia can be traced primarily through remains of brick kilns (fornaces) and secondarily through finds of stamped bricks which also serve as an indicator of spatial distribution and intensity of brick production. Previous archaeological investigation on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina have led to identifying the remains of 10 Roman brick kilns. Detailed and comparative analysis of their architecture from the aspect of typology hasn’t been the subject of former scholarly discourse. Following the typology suggested by N. Cuomo di Caprio, it is possible to identify several types of brick kilns all belonging to a group of quadrilateral – plan kilns with vertical firing mechanism thus having close analogies in numerous examples of kilns from other Roman provinces.

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Minnaar, Anthony. "The Graaff-Reinet municipal location: Unemployment and poor relief during the Great Depression of 1929-1933". New Contree 66 (30.07.2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v66i0.305.

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By focusing on a medium-sized rural town in South Africa during the period of the Great Depression broadly resulted in showing the effects and reactions that were, in general, indicative of worldwide trends but with specific regional and local impact. The core focus of this article then being those effects on a further microcosm of urban life, the residents of the Graaff-Reinet municipal “location” (township); the efforts to assist these residents as occupying the lowest rungs of the economic ladder; and the efforts through welfare charities and unemployment/poor relief schemes to alleviate the situation in town. But many of these charitable organisations themselves felt the pinch of “hard times” and as a consequence had to further curtail their poor relief programmes, which lead to further hardships for the “poorest of the poor” in town. This article further examines the efforts by various official bodies, inter alia the Town and Divisional Councils, to provide unemployment relief work via a number of work schemes. Among the latter were the road building projects in town and district, and the brickmaking scheme (which provided all the bricks for the building of the new power station started in June 1934).

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Zanelli, Chiara, Elena Marrocchino, Guia Guarini, Alice Toffano, Carmela Vaccaro i Michele Dondi. "Recycling Construction and Demolition Residues in Clay Bricks". Applied Sciences 11, nr 19 (24.09.2021): 8918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198918.

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In recent years, the management of construction and demolition residues (CDRs) has become a major challenge for the construction industry due to the increasing volume of waste produced and its associated environmental impact. The aim of this article is to assess the effect of fine-grained fractions (<0.125 mm–0.6–0.125 mm) of construction and demolition residues, obtained by industrial sorting in a CDR processing plant in Rovigo (Italy), on the technological behavior and technical performance of clay bricks. Simulating the brickmaking process on a laboratory scale, it was appraised whether the CDR additions determined any change in the main properties of both fired and unfired bricks, taking a CDR-free brick body as a reference. The results indicated that the use of CDR is technologically feasible. It is possible to obtain, through proper crushing and sorting operations, grain-sized fractions with quite homogenous chemical and mineralogical composition. The residues did affect the compositional properties, porosity and water absorption of the clay bricks. Nevertheless, the characterization of the residual-added semi-finished and fired products highlighted their good technological and mechanical properties, which allowed them to provide performances similar to those of standard bricks manufactured with raw natural materials.

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OLUSOLA, Engr Dr Emmanuel Omowumi. "Characterization and Industrial Applications of Wushishi Clay Deposit". International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science XII, nr XII (2024): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2023.121204.

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The Wushishi clay deposit in Niger State, Nigeria, was examined to understand its possible industrial uses. The clay samples were randomly selected from different locations. They Clay samples appeared dry and had a dark gray color. The research focused on properties like drying and firing behavior, apparent porosity, bulk density, water absorption capacity, plasticity, modulus of rupture, shrinkage, and chemical composition. The Chemical screening revealed a composition of 59.8% SiO2, 17.08% Al2O3, 2.54% Fe2O3, 0.3% MgO, 4.39% Na2O, 2.54% K2O, and 1.5% CaO. The clay exhibited moderate plasticity of approximately 2.83 kgf/cm2, moderate shrinkage of 10.5%, and a modulus of rupture (strength) ranging from 22.56 to 34.86kgf/cm2 at different temperatures. The clay deposit equally demonstrated strong positive significant correlation (r=0.993, p=0.007) between apparent porosity and water absorption capacity of clay. The higher the apparent porosity of the clay deposit the greater the clay's ability to absorb water. Additionally, the clay's color changed from gray to red upon firing. These properties indicate that Wushishi clay can be classified as stoneware clay. It has potential applications in the production of flowerpots, as a silica source for floor tiles and brickmaking, and as a binder in the absence of standard binders like phosphoric acid.

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Lucey, Conor. "Women and the Construction Industry in Georgian Britain and Ireland". Architectural History 66 (2023): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/arh.2023.7.

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ABSTRACTWhile the role of women as designers and/or patrons of architecture in eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland is increasingly recognised, their role in the making of architecture remains contested. This article sheds light on the subject by drawing not just on the extensive secondary literature, but also on records of livery companies and other primary sources in London and Dublin. It begins with the building site, focusing on female apprenticeship. Here substantial evidence is provided showing that girls bound to bricklayers, carpenters and plasterers as apprentices — the so-called ’lost labourers’ of recent scholarship, recorded in guild registers and court minutes — did not in fact acquire craft skills or work as on-site operatives in those trades. The article then turns to those areas of the building process to which women did make a substantial contribution: first the practical realm, including brickmaking, lime-burning and the cleaning and preparation of carved and moulded work for painters and decorators; then the organisational realm of business, including property development, house-building and estate management. Taken together, these stories from the margins of architectural and labour histories make clear the distinction between competence in skills and competence in business, giving a more accurate picture of the multifarious nature of female participation in the construction industry in the Georgian era.

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Bauluz, B., M. J. Mayayo, A. Yuste, C. Fernandez-Nieto i J. M. Gonzalez Lopez. "TEM study of mineral transformations in fired carbonated clays: relevance to brick making". Clay Minerals 39, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855043930138.

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AbstractThis study uses transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the mineralogical and textural changes produced in carbonated clays by firing. Sample bars were prepared using raw clays composed of quartz, illite and carbonates with minor amounts of smectite, chlorite, feldspars and Fe oxides. The raw samples were then fired at temperatures of between 800 and 1050°C. The XRD data show that increases in firing temperature result in dehydroxylation of clay minerals, carbonate decomposition and the formation of Ca-bearing silicates (e.g. gehlenite, wollastonite, pyroxenes and anorthite). The sizes of the Ca-silicate crystals make the use of the SEM inappropriate since they lie below the resolution threshold. However, TEM/AEM do provide the required textural and compositional characterization, revealing that there is a broad range of pyroxene compositions, some of which resemble fassaite, and that Ca/Mg ratios increase with temperature. The TEM also shows significant dehydroxylation and vitrification of the clay-rich matrix at T of ~800°C. Observed mineralogical and textural changes probably occurred in a system with a local disequilibrium much like small-scale, high-temperature metamorphic reactions (i.e. pyrometamorphism). The importance of these results is that they enable the selection of more appropriate raw clay composition and firing dynamics (temperature, firing duration and cooling rate) for both the brickmaking industry and brick conservation in the field of cultural heritage.

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Kalpana, M., G. Venkatesan i S. Padma. "Analysing the Effectiveness of Municipal Wastewater Sludge, Bagasse Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Plastic Waste Powder for Manufacturing Bricks". Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 21, nr 1 (6.02.2024): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw240010.

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Indian cities’ rapid industrialisation and urbanisation have created a requirement for massive infrastructure growth. As a result, numerous homes have been built on a big scale. As one of the most important building materials, bricks must be produced in large quantities using resources including in-situ clay, energy, and water. The concern about the sustainability of expansion is raised by the rapid exploitation of such resources, which also leads to environmental imbalance. Numerous thousands of tonnes of waste are produced as a result of the rapid growth, which creates problems with not only disposing off the waste but also with the availability of landfill spaces in urban areas. This project aims to conduct an experimental analysis of the potential use of bagasse ash, rice husk ash, plastic waste powder, and municipal wastewater sludge as clay substitutes in brickmaking. Testing the efficacy of these materials revealed that the bagasse ash brick with plastic waste powder demonstrated a significant increase in compressive strength and less water absorption when compared to a conventional brick. According to the test results, the average compressive strength of the bagasse ash brick created using plastic waste powder is 9.81 N/mm2 and 9.03 N/mm2, respectively, which is higher than the standard necessary construction brick according to our Indian requirements. These bricks can be utilised as first- and second-class bricks. These bricks can be used in both load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures because the average water absorption, according to specifications, was not more than 20%. This process for producing building materials encourages the use of waste resources in construction.

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Fagan, John L. "Bricks and Brickmaking: A Handbook for Historical Archaeology. Karl Gurcke. University of Idaho Press, Moscow, 1987. xvi + 326 pp., illustrations, tables, references, appendix, index. $16.95 (paper)." American Antiquity 54, nr 4 (październik 1989): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280722.

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"Mexican Brickmaking". Environmental Health Perspectives 104, nr 5 (maj 1996): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3432983.

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"Mexican brickmaking." Environmental Health Perspectives 104, nr 5 (maj 1996): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.104-1469352.

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Miller, Ian. "Brickmaking History and Heritage",. Industrial Archaeology Review, 3.10.2022, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03090728.2022.2124698.

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"Collaboration in the south German brickmaking industry". Mauerwerk 21, nr 4 (sierpień 2017): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dama.201770404.

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Crespi, Sarah. "Brickmaking bacteria and solar cells that turn ‘waste’ heat into electricity". Science, 20.02.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3749.

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"97/00580 Energy efficiency and environmental pollution of brickmaking in China". Fuel and Energy Abstracts 38, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(97)80363-3.

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