Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Brick-facing”

A weathering resistance test was made to exterior wall external insulation systems with foamed glass decorated with coating and facing brick in this paper. The results show that the change of ambient temperature has large effect on the external insulation systems. Because of the phenomenon of stress concentration, there are many cracks in the windows position. On the other hand, the system decorated with facing brick has much less cracks than the system with coating, and its surface layer has no hollowing. So from the perspective of weathering resistance, the exterior wall external insulation systems with foamed glass decorated with facing brick is better than the system decorated with coating.

Diffuse reflection UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy was used to study changes in the color of facing bricks from the content of the additive of manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) into the ceramic mass. This investigation was shown that with an increase of the additive content, both the intensity of the absorption bands of colored bricks corresponding to hematite decreases, and the absorption intensity increases with a shift in the maximum of the wide absorption band from the visible to the near-infrared range of the spectrum. By changing the values of the color coordinates in the CIE L*a*b* and Mansell systems: lightness and color, and the values of the indicator-relative color ability, it is fixed that the color of a brick depends on the ratio of two pigments: yellowish-red of hematite and black, probably jacobsite in its composition.

Abstract: This research looked on the use of geopolymer brick in the construction industry. The need for bricks is rising rapidly. For example, all brick kilns rely on good quality clay from agricultural fields. Another issue facing the brick industry is the creation of high-temperature bricks, which necessitates fossil fuels. This method produces a lot of CO2 and uses a lot of fossil fuels. Due to the high energy consumption and lack of natural resources, geopolymer brick is a more sustainable and greener material. Geopolymer brick is made from waste materials such as fly ash, rice husk, and other similar materials that are high in alumina and silica content. A variety of activators, including sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, are used to activate these materials. 10 N/mm2 is the compressive strength of the brick that we were able to attain through this research. Keywords: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC); Fly Ash (FA); compressive strength test

Abstract This paper aims at gaining insight in the various elements and compositions of walls with facing bricks built in the 19th century in Belgium to understand the renovation potential and challenges, with the goal of safeguarding brick architecture. The first step outlines the evolution of building facing brick walls by tracing the technical, territorial, and cultural changes. Timeframes are identified and presented alongside pictures of facades and facade details of reference buildings, using the housing stock in the city centre of Antwerp as an example. In a second step, technical changes and material properties of bricks and mortars will be investigated using literature sources. These insights will offer practical knowledge to recognize and preserve historic characteristics and a starting pointing to predict potential risks of internal insulation.

Traditionally, architectural and construction development in Hong Kong relies on load bearing bricks for structural support. In the modern age after World War II, the common application of reinforced concrete structure in high-rise construction has seen a change in the use of brick as an infill material for reinforced concrete frame construction. Because load bearing brick cannot meet the structural requirement of high-rise buildings, it is no longer common used in construction, and brick buildings that have been built are gradually demolished for redevelopment. For surviving brick buildings in Hong Kong, the ones built with red facing bricks are generally Western style buildings mostly located in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. For buildings built of Chinese grey brick, they are usually Chinese vernacular buildings, such as ancestral halls and temples, located in New Territories. However, with the common availability of modern paint for redecoration as well as weather protection, some brick heritage buildings have been plastered with rendering and painted. The reason for this is that a smooth painted surface gives a neater appearance and the impression of being easier to maintain and clean. Of course, there are also some traditional Chinese vernacular brick buildings, particularly Hakka houses (客家屋), which have a tradition of having brick surfaces painted with white wash covered with lime plaster (Tsang Tai Uk at Shatin and Poon Uk at Yuen Long are examples). With heritage conservation becoming more important, there are now more and more restoration work carried out on historical brick buildings. These projects are usually led by the Antiquities and Monuments Office and executed by the Architectural Services Department. One of the restoration problems faced in these projects is the removal of paint so that the original brick surface will be revealed. This dissertation aims to concentrate on the common methods used in Hong Kong to restore painted brick surfaces and to evaluate these paint removal methods through case studies that involves buildings of red engineering facing brick and Chinese grey brick. Through this dissertation, it will be demonstrated that restoring a brick surface is not straight forward technical work, but a process that must have a systematic conservation approach and planning. The dissertation will examine case studies of conservation projects involving paint removal work, and use the lesson learned to establish guidelines for paint removal in a planned and systematic way.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Master´s thesis of Multifunctional house is compile in project documentation by legislation in force. Design object is situated on plats 877/1, 877/2 in Jičín. Building is divided on two parts – administrative section, determined for project-atelier and apartment section with five apartments. It is four-storey cellarless building with flat roof. The both sections have barrier-free access to object including parking and elevators. In apartment section is barrier-free apartment in downstairs. Project is compile including static analysis of connection girder, fire safety solution and thermal technical assessment.

An adapted building served as a military kitchen with a military club and an accommodation. The building was built in the 1950s. It is partly two storey basement building made of full baked bricks. Carrying and external constructions will be left unchanged. The old kitchen and dining room will be removed and replaced by a kindergarten and a gym on the 1st floor. There will be left in the original accomodation on the 2nd floor. In the cellar, there will be constructed a nightclub. All wooden windows and doors in the facade will be replaced by plastic ones. The building will be additionally insulated.

Il biodeterioramento è un processo di degrado provocato dagli agenti biologici e dalla loro successiva colonizzazione delle superfici. Per i materiali dei beni culturali, soprattutto per i laterizi, questo processo è ricorrente e spesso causa una grave perdita di valore culturale ed economico, a causa delle frequenti operazioni di manutenzione. Inoltre, possono sorgere dei rischi per la salute umana a causa delle attività microbiche. I laterizi impiegati per la costruzione degli edifici sono spesso colonizzati da microrganismi come alghe e cianobatteri che fungono anche da apripista per le altre forme biologiche. Ciò accade perché le caratteristiche del supporto (cioè porosità e rugosità) in combinazione con le condizioni ambientali, ad es. temperatura e umidità relativa, consentono la ritenzione dell'acqua all'interno del materiale e offrono ancoraggi meccanici, garantendo condizioni favorevoli per il loro sviluppo. Negli ultimi anni sono stati forniti numerosi modelli matematici che descrivono la crescita microbica sulle superfici degli edifici con l'obiettivo di ridurne il degrado e prevenire i rischi per la salute umana. Tali modelli sono in grado di simulare il biofouling (principalmente per muffe e funghi) su diversi materiali da costruzione (es. legno, cemento, intonaci e materiali isolanti) e, grazie alla loro formulazione analitica, sono stati implementati su un software di simulazione igrotermica che consente ad ingegneri e professionisti di prevederne il biofouling sulle componenti edilizie nel corso degli anni. Stando però alla conoscenza dell’autore, i modelli per alghe e cianobatteri sono ancora limitati. Pertanto, questo lavoro vuole fornire un nuovo approccio volto a simulare, prevedere e, quindi, prevenire i fenomeni di biodegrado dovuti alla crescita di alghe sulle superfici dei laterizi. Tale approccio fornisce in primo luogo la definizione di un modello di danno della crescita delle alghe a partire da fattori di influenza dei materiali e delle condizioni ambientali. Il modello è stato sviluppato preliminarmente attraverso l'implementazione dell'equazione di Avrami basandosi sui dati sperimentali dei laterizi. Il modello è stato poi implementato per prevedere la crescita delle alghe in condizioni ambientali variabili nel tempo in modo da consentire future applicazioni sui software di simulazione. Il modello è stato basato sulla teoria di Avrami perché la letteratura lo ha ampiamente applicato nel corso degli anni: è stato utilizzato per descrivere il biofouling delle alghe su malte, mattoni e pietre in condizioni ambientali ottimali e non, anche considerando gli effetti di trattamenti biocidi. Nonostante ciò, alcune limitazioni sono state rilevate in occasione di una crescita molto rapida e/o molto lenta. Perciò, il secondo aspetto del nuovo approccio fornisce una nuova teoria che superi questi difetti. La teoria scelta è stata l'equazione logistica poiché sviluppata e ampiamente adottata nella descrizione dei processi di crescita di diverse popolazioni. È stato eseguito un confronto teorico tra la teoria di Avrami e l'equazione logistica riguardante la capacità di sovrapporsi ai dati sperimentali, di superare le limitazioni del primo modello ed infine l’eventuale correlazione con i fattori influenzanti la crescita algale. I risultati di questo lavoro hanno confermato le capacità di entrambe le nuove strategie di approccio. Il modello di danno per la crescita delle alghe è stato determinato e validato per le superfici dei laterizi e poi le sue applicazioni hanno mostrato la sua ampia applicabilità, come ad esempio a diversi tipi di mattoni, i valori di temperatura e umidità relativa, sia costanti che variabili nel tempo. Tuttavia, la formulazione del modello basata sulla teoria di Avrami potrebbe essere implementata con la formula logistica poiché si è dimostrata più performante, consentendo quindi l'applicazione di tale strategia su larga scala.
Biodeterioration is the degradation process caused by biological agents and their consequent colonization of surfaces. For cultural heritage materials, especially for fired brick surfaces, this process is recurrent, and it often causes a serious loss of cultural value, as well as economic due to the frequently required maintenance operations. In addition, hazard for human health can arise due to the microbial activities. Fired bricks in building construction are often colonized by microorganisms such as algae and cyanobacteria, which also act as a trailblazer for all other biological forms. This happens because the substrate characteristics (i.e. porosity and roughness) in combination with the environmental conditions, e.g. temperature and relative humidity, allow the retention of water inside the material and offer mechanical grips, ensuring favorable conditions for the development of microalgae. Numerous mathematical models describing microbial growth on building surfaces have been provided in recent years aiming to reduce the decay of the surfaces and to prevent risks for human health. Such models are capable to simulate biofouling (mainly for mold and fungi) on different building materials (e.g. wood, concrete, plasters and even on insulating materials). Moreover, thanks to their analytical formulation, they were implemented on heat and moisture transport simulation software allowing engineers and practitioners to forecast biofouling on building components over years. Conversely, models for algae and cyanobacteria are still limited, to the author’s knowledge. Therefore, this work wants to be part of this trend by providing a novel approach aimed at simulating, predicting and, thus, preventing biodeterioration phenomena due to algae growth on fired brick surfaces. Such approach firstly provides the definition of an algae growth failure model starting from influencing factors of the materials and environmental conditions. The model is preliminary developed through the implementation of the Avrami’s equation and it is based experimental data on bricks The model is then implemented to predict algae growth under time-varying environmental conditions (time history) so as to allow future application on heat and moisture transport simulation software. The model is based on the Avrami’s theory because literature has widely applied it over the years: it was used to describe algae biofouling on mortars, bricks and stones under optimal and non-optimal environmental conditions, and even when considering biocides surfaces treatments. Despite that, some flaws have been detected from both the experimental and analytical side. Due to these limitations, the second aspect of the novel approach wants to provide a new theory overcoming these flaws. The chosen theory is the logistic equation since it was developed and now widely adopted in describing general population growth processes. Hence, a theorical comparison between the Avrami’s theory and the logistic equation is performed concerning the ability of (1) overlapping the experimental data, (2) overcoming Avrami’s flaws and (3) the correlation with the algae growth influencing factors. The results of this work confirm the capabilities of both of the strategies. The failure model for algae growth is determined and validated for fired bricks surfaces and then its applications show its wide range applicability, such as to different type of bricks, temperature and relative humidity values, both constant and variable over the time. However, the formulation of the model based on the Avrami’s theory can be implemented with the logistic formula since it has been proven to be more performing, and hence allowing the application of such strategy to different populations.

Chapter Five interrogates genetic ancestry texts and practices in terms of genealogy television portrayals and other traditional media treatments in such media as books and documentaries. It assesses issues related to race/ethnicity and their intersected identities, hybridity, definitions of kinship, and racism and racialization. It also considers the unique “brick walls” facing descendants of slaves in tracing their genealogy, and how and genetic ancestry operates in these circumstances.

The retail industry is facing a lot of changes and challenges with the transformation from brick-and-mortar retailing to omnichannel presence with the innovation of online digital and mobile commerce. That, too, the role of artificial intelligence in aiding business intelligence is indisputable. Artificial intelligence has a tremendous role in the transformation of the retail industry. Rather than a mere supplier of customer needs, they now focus on the seamless experience to their customers to retain their customers throughout their lifetime with attractive service, products, and promotion components customized with the help of artificial intelligence. These artificial intelligence tools and techniques help retailers in this aspect to provide convenience and better customer experience. This artificial intelligence enables retailers' success in the omnichannel marketing strategy with the increased usage of AI applications in consumer-based products.

To what extent does having a Web presence reflect on an organization’s e-commerce operations? Will a mere brick-and-mortar organizational Web site guarantee online success? This case presents the experience of the New York Theatre Group (NYTG), a nonprofit performing arts organization, in integrating e-commerce in its business practices. The case begins with a very broad overview of the nonprofit sector, the performing arts industry, its delivery channels, and the theatrical production process in general. Then attention turns to NYTG itself in terms of its history, organizational structure, its market segmentation, market trends, and forecasted growth. The strategic planning at NYTG, and the programs put in place to help it achieve its objectives and mission, are detailed. A survey that maps the demographic attributes of NYTG’s patrons and subscribers is discussed. The case concludes with the current e-commerce challenges facing NYTG in particular and the nonprofit performing arts organizations in general.

Fly ash is produced in vast quantities as a by-product of using fossil fuels for energy in the thermal plant generation of electricity. At present 10-15% of the fly ash produced in Australia is utilized in cement manufacturing and concrete industry, with the remaining majority requiring costly disposal processes. Due to growing environmental concerns and the need for cleaner production, the management of fly ash has become an important issue facing the power generation industry. For that reason, many analysts are actively working to find new and improved methods of combating the fly ash waste disposal problem, particularly by establishing its useful and economic utilization. One such example that is gaining considerable interest in many parts of the world is the utilization of fly ash in brick manufacturing. This paper examines the potential for using fly ashes as major constituents in the manufacture of common residential building bricks. Scaled down pressed bricks were made by varying proportions of fly ash, sand, limestone, gypsum, LDPE (low density polyethylene) and water. Both fired, oven dried and air-cured bricks were tested for their properties including compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, and durability. In the paper, the test results are analyzed and effects of variables discussed.

The changes induced at worldwide level by the technological revolution and by the evolution of globalization from economical point of view had deep effects in all domains. All disciplines, activities, industries etc. have been transformed. Same like any other domain, the educational process has been profoundly marked and has been as well transformed at an unprecedented level. The information and communication technology revolution has challenged the society to take steps for moving to another universe which fifty years ago was just a dream or for most optimist researchers, just a possibility. The foundation for all transformations was the education and the same foundation shall be considered as the first brick today and tomorrow and the next years and centuries, if we want having a dream becoming true. New times, near future trends, long terms plans and same important, the needs and requirements of a human society driven economically, politically and socially by open markets evolution, by innovations, by primary resources ores depletion etc. request a new approach in terms of education. One of these approaches is to establish a bridge between, at one side, the higher education organizations, and on the other side, the students/employees and the employers, by which the first ones could provide an opportunity for improving the others performances by combining the lifelong learning and e-learning. Moreover, I do see as possible that higher education organizations could become competitive educational enterprises which could offer their services in the form of integrated services hubs for students/employees and employers. In this article will be presented a brief overview of the critical directions and strategies which in my opinion the higher education organizations should follow for facing the future challenges raised by the necessity having a continuous process for improving skills and knowledge after graduation and during employment, named lifelong learning, as well as the relations which could be developed and which could be used as roots for integrating tertiary education level with business environment, regardless that is public or private. The article will develop further, starting from statistical facts, a possible theoretical model of integrated services hub applicable on a higher education organization and which is using the features disposed to all of us by the e-learning systems with the purpose to offer options for developing the skills and knowledge of the students/employees within a continual improvement cycle.

[Research Significance] The Marxist view of social and historical development believes that the world is not a static collection, but is composed of countless processes, and each thing has its own process of production, development and death.[1] Looking at intangible cultural heritage from the perspective of history, it can make our country's intangible cultural heritage integrate with modern life while maintaining historical traditions, and realize the development and extension of cultural essence, which has scientific guiding significance.[Research purposes] In the era of ever-changing history, many traditional cultures are facing the risk of disappearing and being lost, and also facing the challenges of living inheritance and innovative development. Therefore, using the Marxist historical methodology to protect and inherit intangible cultural heritage is a good entry point between ideological and political education and intangible cultural heritage culture.[Research methods] The article uses research methods such as literature research method, social practice investigation method and interdisciplinary research method to explore the application of Marxist historical methodology in intangible cultural heritage research.[Analysis conclusion] Guiding the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage with scientific theory can promote the in-depth study of Marxist historical methodology and deepen the comprehensive understanding of the development of intangible cultural heritage protection, which makes this research have the dual value of combining theory and practice.