Artykuły w czasopismach: „Breaker Failure Protection”

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Kasztenny, B., V. Muthukrishnan i T. S. Sidhu. "Enhanced Numerical Breaker Failure Protection". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 23, nr 4 (październik 2008): 1838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2008.917931.

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Long, Chen, Yifei Wu, Yang Yang, Zhaomin Yao, Yu Xiao, Qiong Kang, Feng Zhang i Chuangchuang Tao. "Study on Overvoltage Rise Rate Suppression Method for DC Interruption". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2213, nr 1 (1.03.2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2213/1/012023.

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Abstract DC circuit breaker is the key equipment for control and protection in the medium and high voltage DC system. Mechanical DC circuit breakers have transient overvoltage in breaking, which may lead to re-breakdown of the breaker or even breaking failure in severe cases. In this paper, the transient overvoltage in the breaking process of typical mechanical DC circuit breakers is studied. An improved topology which can supress the transient voltage is propose. The effect of different capacitance and resistance parameters on weakening the transient voltage is investigated, and the adaptability of the proposed method to different breaking currents is studied.

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Chi, Chang Chun, Lin Fang Hu i Yi Wu. "Research of the Undervoltage Tripper with Overvoltage Protection Function". Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (grudzień 2012): 1201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.1201.

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The undervoltage tripper is a protection accessory of the low voltage apparatus and can turn off the circuit-breaker automatically when the power occurs lowering out off the given range. As a result of electrical network quality and manufacture procedure and so on, the failure rate of the circuit-breaker’s undervoltage tripper is high and always solved difficultly. This paper proposes one kind of adaptive undervoltage tripper with overvoltage protection function. It can adapt the supply voltage change automatically, absorb overvoltage, block the undervoltage tripper’s coil voltage, cause the operating region of the undervoltage tripper without high voltage dead area and improve the circuit-breaker work’s reliability.

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Pérez-Molina, María José, Dunixe Marene Larruskain, Pablo Eguia i Oihane Abarrategi. "Circuit Breaker Failure Protection Strategy for HVDC Grids". Energies 14, nr 14 (18.07.2021): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144326.

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HVDC grids demand the fast and reliable operation of the protection system. The failure of any protection element should initialize a backup protection almost immediately in order to assure the system’s stability. This paper proposes a novel backup strategy that covers the failure of the primary protection including the malfunctioning of the HVDC circuit breaker. Only local voltage measurements are employed in the proposed backup protection and the voltage derivative is calculated at both sides of the limiting inductor. Consequently, the speed and reliability of the protection system are enhanced, since no communication channel is needed. This paper contains a thorough specification of the proposed protection strategy. This strategy is validated in a four-terminal HVDC grid with various fault case scenarios, including high-resistance fault cases. The operation of the backup protection is reliable and remarkably fast.

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Pirooz Azad, Sahar, Willem Leterme i Dirk Van Hertem. "Fast breaker failure backup protection for HVDC grids". Electric Power Systems Research 138 (wrzesień 2016): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.03.003.

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Mukti, Doni Abdul, i Budi Sudiarto. "Analysis of The Failure Protection System 20 KV CBO T75B Substation Malibu Feeder PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Menteng". Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6, nr 2 (24.12.2021): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i2.5272.

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Protection is a safety in the electric power system installed in the electric power distribution system, power transformer, electric power transmission, and electric generator used to secure the power system electricity from electrical disturbances or overloads by separating the disturbed parts of the electric power system from the undisturbed electrical power system so that the undisturbed electrical system can continue to work. The protection system at the T75B substation has a work failure where when there is a short circuit on the consumer side, it causes the PMT (Power Breaker) for the Malibu Feeder at the Kebon Sirih Substation to trip while the CBO (Circuit Breaker Outgoing) cubicle at the T75B substation does not trip. This resulted in an unexpected widespread blackout. To find out the cause of the failure of the protection system, several tests and analyzes were carried out, namely protection design testing, protection relay coordination testing, protection system construction analysis, protection equipment performance testing. It is hoped that the test results can be used as a reference for improvement so that similar failures do not recur.

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Stringer, N. T., i D. Waser. "An innovative method of providing total breaker failure protection". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 32, nr 5 (1996): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.536859.

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Shi, Xin Li, Jun Ye, Jian Lei, Min Yi Guo, Zhan Long Zhang i Wei He. "A Research Concerning a Distributed Automation Scheme for 10kV Aerial Wire with Grounding Protection". Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (listopad 2012): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.1243.

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This paper puts forward a distributed automation scheme with grounding protection for 10kV aerial wire, which is based on the outgoing line and feeder circuit breaker in substation, the intelligent column circuit breaker and the intelligent load switch. Though the outgoing line and feeder circuit breaker in substation, the intelligent column circuit breaker and the load switch cooperating with each other, Which could isolate and exclude the aerial wire transient fault automatically, and isolate the permanent fault immediately. Practical application results show that the application of the scheme have reduced the hours of power failure, reduced maintenance time and improved the stability of the system.

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Wang, Xiao Dan, Dong Sheng Xu, Yi Wang, Lu Li, Qing Jun Zhang, Qi Lan, Yong Lu i Hao Li. "Analysis and Thoughts on a 500kV H-GIS Equipment Failure". Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (czerwiec 2014): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.871.

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Analysis the 500kV H-GIS equipment failure, determine for the circuit breaker chamber internal discharge fault according to the protection action and the use of the analysis of SF6gas composition, a detailed analysis of the possible causes of failures, and according to the disintegration test results, to confirm the final reason for internal foreign bodies caused by discharge. Finally, put forward some prevention measures and suggestions for the accident.

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Chiu, C. W., i Alfreda Ng. "Rough Balance Busbar Protection and Breaker Failure Protection for the HK Electric's Distribution Network". Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering 3, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/jicee.2013.3.1.006.

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Jena, Soumitri, Bhavesh R. Bhalja i Om P. Malik. "Algorithm to Prevent Breaker-Failure Protection Maloperation Due to Subsidence Current". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, nr 4 (lipiec 2021): 3487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2021.3072975.

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Feng, Xiaosong, Liming Tan, Yikai Wang, Yedong Mao, Jian Qiao, Xianggen Yin i Dongyuan Shi. "Improved generator circuit breaker failure protection method combined with voltage quantities". Energy Reports 8 (sierpień 2022): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.190.

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Wei, Fanrong, Xiao Ma, Xiangning Lin i Zhengtian Li. "Optimal breaker failure protection for potential over-limit short-circuit current". International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 121 (październik 2020): 106099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106099.

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Ge, Li Juan, Yong Zhang i Haijun Li. "Analysis on 2nd Main Transformer Trip Accident of a Certain Substation of the West Inner Mongolia Power Grid". Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (maj 2012): 1312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1312.

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This paper mainly analyzes the causes of a 10KV line and 2nd transformer circuit breaker tripping, also analyzes the action mechanism of the relay protection. Because of the permanent phase fault at the head of the line, instantaneous over-current protection(SegmentⅠ) as its main protection of the phase fault made the 921 breaker triping, the action was selective.And the permanence of this fault led to the failure of the reclosing; Reversed the TA(current transformer) for measuring with the TA for differential protection in high voltage side of the transformer, this fault can also make the TA of the differential protection circuit quickly saturated when the external short-circuit current flowing through the TA. When the above saturation happens, a big differential current generating from differential circuit will lead to sampling error. This is the direct cause of the mal-operation of the differential protection which resulting in the 2nd transformer tripping. In response to this accident, put forward specific prevention measures.

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ŠKUMÁT, Tomáš. "Negative Sequence Current as a Breaker Failure Protection for Medium Voltage Grids". PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, nr 11 (2.11.2021): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.11.25.

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Pan, Yong, Wei Han, Jinfeng Geng i Yao Liu. "A New Principle of Breaker Failure Protection Based on Station Information Sharing". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 533 (30.05.2019): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/533/1/012041.

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Zhang, Yagang, i Yi Sun. "Association Analysis of System Failure in Wide Area Backup Protection System". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, nr 6 (1.12.2015): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0046.

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Abstract Wide area backup protection algorithm based on fault component identification is the heart of the whole wide area backup protection system, its validity and reliability is a problem which needs to be first considered in the engineering practice applications of wide area backup protection system. Wide are backup protection algorithm mainly use two kinds of wide area information to realize protection criterion, one is electrical quantity information, such as voltage, current, etc. Another one is protection action and circuit breaker information. The wide area backup protection algorithm based on electrical quantity information is mainly utilizing the significant change of electrical quantity to search fault component, and the primary means include current differential method of wide area multi-measuring points, the comparison method of calculation and measurement, the multiple statistics method. In this paper, a novel and effective association analysis of system failure in wide area backup protection system will be discussed carefully, and the analytical results are successful and reliable.

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Arnautalić, Sead, Ebedija Hajder Mujčinagić i Srđan Petrović. "Influence of Current Transformer Saturation on Numerical Protection Relays – A Case Study of Circuit Breaker Failure Protection". B&H Electrical Engineering 15, nr 2 (1.12.2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhee-2021-0021.

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Abstract A low impedance fault on a transmission line causes large fault currents that can lead current transformers in the switchyard that supplies the fault to saturation. If the fast automatic reclosing is implemented the current transformers additionally enter saturation. After the definitive trip, the residual magnetic energy in the current transformers is discharged via secondary circuits. The measuring inputs of the protective devices are connected to the secondary of the current transformers, and if the current is large and lasts long enough consequence can be an unwanted operation of the protective device. This paper gives an example of an unwanted operation of circuit breaker failure protection, which is a function within distributed busbar protection, as a consequence of such an event.

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Austin, Oshin Ola, Oluwasanmi Alonge i Ajayi Joseph Adeniyi. "Fault Diagnosis Algorithm and Protection of Electric Power Systems in an Alternative Distribution System". Journal La Multiapp 1, nr 3 (1.12.2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v1i3.192.

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In any power systems, protective devices will detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers in order to disconnect the load from the fault current and limit loss of service due to failure. This fault may involve one or more phases and the ground, or may occur between two or more phases in a three-phase systems. In ground, fault’ or ‘earth fault, current flows into the earth. In a poly-phase system, a fault may affect each of the three phases equally which is a symmetrical fault. If only some phases are affected, the resulting ‘asymmetrical fault’ becomes more complicated to analyze due to the simplifying assumption of equal current magnitude in all the phases being no longer applicable. Therefore, the prospective short circuit current of the fault can be calculated for power systems analysis procedures. This will assist in the choice of protective devices like circuit breakers, current transformers and relays. This research work evaluated and analyzed the occurrence of faults in a distribution system. Fault currents were obtained and the maximum tripping time required for the protective devices to operate were determined. Hence, it was possible to select appropriate relay and circuit breaker for effective operation of a distribution

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Zheng, Jia, Gong, Zhang i Pei. "An Optimized Coordination Strategy between Line Main Protection and Hybrid DC Breakers for VSC-Based DC Grids Using Overhead Transmission Lines". Energies 12, nr 8 (17.04.2019): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081462.

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Compared with alternating current (AC) power grids, the voltage-sourced converter (VSC)-based direct current (DC) grid is a system characterized by “low damping”, as a result, once there is a short-circuit fault on the DC transmission line, the fault current will rise more sharply and the influence range will be much wider within the same time scale. Moreover the phenomenon that a local fault causes a whole power grid outage is more likely to occur. Overhead transmission lines (OHLs) have been regarded as the mainstream form of power transmission in future high-voltage, large-capacity and long-distance VSC-based DC grids. However, the application of overhead transmission lines will inevitably lead to a great increase in the probability of DC line failure. Therefore, research on how to isolate the DC fault line quickly is of great significance. Based on the technology route for fault line isolation using DC breakers, on the basis of in-depth analysis of traditional coordination strategy, an optimized coordination strategy between line main protection and a hybrid DC breaker for VSC-based DC grids using overhead transmission lines is proposed in this paper, which takes the start-up output signal of line main protection as the pre-operation instruction of the corresponding hybrid DC breaker. As a result, the risks of blockage of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) closer to the fault position and of damage to power electronic devices in main equipment can be reduced effectively. Finally, the proposed coordination strategy was verified and analyzed through simulation.

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Khalil Ur, Rahman, Jinsoo Shin, Muhammad Zubair, Gyunyoung Heo i Hanseong Son. "Sensitivity Study on Availability of I&C Components Using Bayesian Network". Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/656548.

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The objective of this study is to find out the impact of instrumentation and control (I&C) components on the availability of I&C systems in terms of sensitivity analysis using Bayesian network. The analysis has been performed on I&C architecture of reactor protection system. The analysis results would be applied to develop I&C architecture which will meet the desire reliability features and save cost. RPS architecture unavailabilityP(x=0)and availabilityP(x=1)were estimated to6.1276E-05and9.9994E-01for failure (0) and perfect (1) states, respectively. The impact of I&C components on overall system risk has been studied in terms of risk achievement worth (RAW) and risk reduction worth (RRW). It is found that circuit breaker failure (TCB), bi-stable processor (BP), sensor transmitter (TR), and pressure transmitter (PT) have high impact on risk. The study concludes and recommends that circuit breaker bi-stable processor should be given more consideration while designing I&C architecture.

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Krištof, Vladimír, i Marián Mešter. "Loss of excitation of synchronous generator". Journal of Electrical Engineering 68, nr 1 (1.01.2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jee-2017-0007.

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Abstract This paper presents results of study of loss-of-excitation phenomena simulations. Loss of excitation is a very common fault in synchronous machine operating and can be caused by short circuit of the field winding, unexpected field breaker open or loss-of-excitation relay mal-operation. According to the statistic [1], the generator failure due to loss-of-excitation accounts for 69% of all generator failures. There has been concern over possible incorrect operation of the relay when operating the generator in the under-excited region, during stable transient swings and during major system disturbances. This article can serve as inputs for system operators in preparation of operation area or protection relaying area.

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Almuhsen, Tahseen Ali Abd, i Ahmed Jasim Sultan. "Coordination of Directional overcurrent, Distance, and Breaker failure relays using Genetic Algorithm including pilot protection." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1105, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1105/1/012001.

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Radhakrishnan, Asha, i Sarasij Das. "Impact of converter‐interfaced renewable generations on breaker failure protection of the emanant transmission lines". IET Renewable Power Generation 15, nr 3 (20.01.2021): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12051.

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Li, Baowei, Minghao Wen, Pengfei Lv, Junchao Zheng i Yaxin Su. "Research on sub-station-area breaker failure protection based on the principle of current differential". Journal of Engineering 2019, nr 16 (1.03.2019): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8819.

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Dazahra, M. N., F. Elmariami, A. Belfqih i J. Boukherouaa. "Smart Local Backup Protection for Smart Substation". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, nr 5 (1.10.2017): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2321-2328.

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This paper presents a novel smart local backup protection SLBP used for the support and backup of the protective relays in a smart substation. The proposed SLBP is based on the IEC61850 standards and the concept consists of the acquisition of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event GOOSE used for tripping and interlocks exchange between Intelligent Equipment Devices IEDs and the reading of the Sampled Value SV existing in the process bus coming from Mergin Units MU or Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers NCIT. Several logical schemes to protect different zones of the substation are presented and how can be integrated using data in the substation automation system. The SLBP was developed using an open source library and free operating system. Moreover, a low cost prototype is presented in order to evaluate the efficiency and the operation of the SLBP under diverse scenarios of the proposed logical protective schemes such us breaker failure and overcurrent protection

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Safari Ghaleh, Ramin, Omid Aminoroayaie Yamini, S. Hooman Mousavi i Mohammad Reza Kavianpour. "Numerical Modeling of Failure Mechanisms in Articulated Concrete Block Mattress as a Sustainable Coastal Protection Structure". Sustainability 13, nr 22 (19.11.2021): 12794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212794.

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Shoreline protection remains a global priority. Typically, coastal areas are protected by armoring them with hard, non-native, and non-sustainable materials such as limestone. To increase the execution speed and environmental friendliness and reduce the weight of individual concrete blocks and reinforcements, concrete blocks can be designed and implemented as Articulated Concrete Block Mattress (ACB Mat). These structures act as an integral part and can be used as a revetment on the breakwater body or shoreline protection. Physical models are one of the key tools for estimating and investigating the phenomena in coastal structures. However, it does have limitations and obstacles; consequently, in this study, numerical modeling of waves on these structures has been utilized to simulate wave propagation on the breakwater, via Flow-3D software with VOF. Among the factors affecting the instability of ACB Mat are breaking waves as well as the shaking of the revetment and the displacement of the armor due to the uplift force resulting from the failure. The most important purpose of the present study is to investigate the ability of numerical Flow-3D model to simulate hydrodynamic parameters in coastal revetment. The run-up values of the waves on the concrete block armoring will multiply with increasing break parameter (0.5<ξm−1,0<3.3) due to the existence of plunging waves until it (Ru2%Hm0=1.6) reaches maximum. Hence, by increasing the breaker parameter and changing breaking waves (ξm−1,0>3.3) type to collapsing waves/surging waves, the trend of relative wave run-up changes on concrete block revetment increases gradually. By increasing the breaker index (surf similarity parameter) in the case of plunging waves (0.5<ξm−1,0<3.3), the low values on the relative wave run-down are greatly reduced. Additionally, in the transition region, the change of breaking waves from plunging waves to collapsing/surging (3.3<ξm−1,0<5.0), the relative run-down process occurs with less intensity.

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Yang, Shou Liang, i Ling Gang Zeng. "The Design of the Permanent Magnet Vacuum Circuit Breaker Control System Based on SOPC". Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (luty 2014): 1036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.1036.

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This paper analyzes the instantaneous value of the three-phase circuit measurements of various parameters and the key issues to be addressed , to design a new type of intelligent SOPC based on a permanent magnet vacuum circuit breaker control system. FPGA-based NIOS II as the main processor , the more traditional micro-controller with a higher data processing speed and strong expansion capability to effectively meet the electricity system fast data processing capability and high real-time requirements . And with a powerful FPGA logic functions to achieve internal switch control section and the hardware of the control program , than the direct control of the processor using software implemented with higher reliability and noise immunity . The intelligent control system hardware to EP2C35F672C6 core processor,mainly for failure to protect the real-time data acquisition and processing and circuit breakers,real-time display of current or fault line running information, the intelligent controller to achieve two-way communication with the PC function , via the bus system to reach remote remote adjustment, the purpose of the remote control , making the performance of intelligent controller is enhanced to meet the requirements of the distribution system , which provides protection for the safe operation of power system reliability .

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Feng, Wanxin, Zhixin Xu, Mingzhu Zhang i Yu Yu. "Probabilistic Safety Analysis for Loss of Offsite Power Accident in Dual-units Nuclear Power Plant". E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124501015.

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In order to explore the risk assessment method of the multi-unit nuclear power plant site, this paper selects the dual-unit plant nuclear site to analyze lose off-site power accident. By combining and improving the single-unit ET/FT model, to establish the dual-unit ET/FT model. From the analysis of the accident sequence, it can be concluded that the common cause failure of equipment is the main challenge faced by the dual-units. Especially the RPC sub-channel in the reactor protection system and the failure of emergency diesel engine circuit breaker. As can be seen from the high proportion of core CD occurring simultaneously in both uints, it has a great significance to study the risk of mult-units sites.

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Lin, Ming Jong. "Critical Clearing Time Associate with Relation of Power Load Factor and Frequency in Transient Stability". Applied Mechanics and Materials 743 (marzec 2015): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.743.257.

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Critical clearing time is to determine the time point of the collapse of the power system when the power system occur transient stability by a huge of failure. So that the one is an important data on protection system in power system. Therefore as an electrical engineer must to look on mostly the point of one to analyze and design in the power. In this paper, through the protection relay and breaker analysis of operation to know the team of protection relay how to complete the automatic monitoring and isolated the fault-equipment in power system. To study and analyze the swing equation and equal area criterion, we found out the relation of critical clearing time is changed with power factor and frequency. The critical clearing time was verified a non-constant value which is changed with the power factor and; if the load power factor is high, the critical clearing time is high but the frequency is high, the critical clearing time is low with system swing in the transient stability. This paper will be verify below each paragraph.

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Yosua Alvin Adi Soetrisno, Bambang Winardi i Enda Wista Sinuraya. "Generator protection system with reverse power relay on 1000 KVA 'Cummins' diesel generator at Cepu Human Resources Development Center". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, nr 1 (30.04.2022): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.1.0343.

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Each generator is designed to create a certain amount of electricity. However, there are situations when the generator cannot handle the current load. The solution is to employ two or more generators to produce as much power as the number of generators operating simultaneously or synchronizing (parallel generator). Several parameters must be configured throughout the synchronization process, including the phase sequence, voltage, frequency, and phase angle, which must be the same. An operation failure can occur if one of the prerequisites is not fulfilled, resulting in reverse power. The motoring condition is a condition that occurs when the primary mover of a parallel generator fails. A reverse power protection mechanism is required to prevent this motoring. When one of the generator's prime movers fails or the operation fails, the voltage and load will drop. The other generator then feeds another generator. The reverse power relay instructs the generator's main circuit breaker to open the circuit so that no additional equipment is harmed. This research aims to investigate and comprehend the reverse power relay protection system's use.

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Yosua Alvin Adi Soetrisno, Bambang Winardi i Enda Wista Sinuraya. "Generator protection system with reverse power relay on 1000 KVA 'Cummins' diesel generator at Cepu Human Resources Development Center". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, nr 1 (30.04.2022): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.1.0343.

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Each generator is designed to create a certain amount of electricity. However, there are situations when the generator cannot handle the current load. The solution is to employ two or more generators to produce as much power as the number of generators operating simultaneously or synchronizing (parallel generator). Several parameters must be configured throughout the synchronization process, including the phase sequence, voltage, frequency, and phase angle, which must be the same. An operation failure can occur if one of the prerequisites is not fulfilled, resulting in reverse power. The motoring condition is a condition that occurs when the primary mover of a parallel generator fails. A reverse power protection mechanism is required to prevent this motoring. When one of the generator's prime movers fails or the operation fails, the voltage and load will drop. The other generator then feeds another generator. The reverse power relay instructs the generator's main circuit breaker to open the circuit so that no additional equipment is harmed. This research aims to investigate and comprehend the reverse power relay protection system's use.

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Beyza, Jesus, i Jose M. Yusta. "Integrated Risk Assessment for Robustness Evaluation and Resilience Optimisation of Power Systems after Cascading Failures". Energies 14, nr 7 (6.04.2021): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072028.

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Power systems face failures, attacks and natural disasters on a daily basis, making robustness and resilience an important topic. In an electrical network, robustness is a network’s ability to withstand and fully operate under the effects of failures, while resilience is the ability to rapidly recover from such disruptive events and adapt its structure to mitigate the impact of similar events in the future. This paper presents an integrated framework for jointly assessing these concepts using two complementary algorithms. The robustness model, which is based on a cascading failure algorithm, quantifies the degradation of the power network due to a cascading event, incorporating the circuit breaker protection mechanisms of the power lines. The resilience model is posed as a mixed-integer optimisation problem and uses the previous disintegration state to determine both the optimal dispatch and topology at each restoration stage. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, the IEEE 118-bus test network is used as a case study. Analyses of the impact of variations in both generation and load are provided for 10 simulation scenarios to illustrate different network operating conditions. The results indicate that a network’s recovery could be related to the overload capacity of the power lines. In other words, a power system with high overload capacity can withstand higher operational stresses, which is related to increased robustness and a faster recovery process.

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Safi, B. F., L. T. Pham i M. J. Busby. "High voltage circuit breaker supported on a base isolating tripod for earthquake protection". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 22, nr 3 (30.09.1989): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.22.3.145-154.

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The 1987 Bay of Plenty earthquake caused the total destruction of a 220 kV circuit breaker. Failures occurred in the porcelain columns supporting the Interrupter Heads. There are many other circuit breakers of the same type in the national grid. To protect these circuit breakers from earthquake damage, a proposal is made to replace the existing support stand with a base isolating tripod. On the tripod, Helical Springs and oil filled dampers are used to control the earthquake induced motion of the circuit breaker. By controlling this motion the forces on the porcelain support column are reduced to a safe level. The design is modelled using a multi degree of freedom system subjected to Response Spectrum and Time History analyses. The model produces results which are consistent with tests, and confirms the design parameters selected by a single degree of freedom approximation. The result is an economical tripod stand design which is expected to protect the circuit breaker from earthquake ground accelerations up to twice the level of the 1940 El Centro earthquake. This level of earthquake is considerably stronger than the 1987 Bay of Plenty earthquake.

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Jin, Lei, Qing Chen, Jinjie Ji i Xiaotong Zhou. "A Power Grid Fault Diagnosis Method in the Case of Alarm Information Loss Based on the Top-k Skyline Query Algorithm". Energies 14, nr 19 (29.09.2021): 6223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196223.

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After the failure of the power system, a large amount of alarm information will flood into the dispatching terminal instantly. At the same time, there are inevitable problems, such as the abnormal operation of the protection and the circuit breaker, the lack of alarm information, and so on. This kind of uncertainty problem brings great trouble to the fault diagnosis algorithm. As a data processing algorithm for an uncertain information set, Top-k Skyline query algorithm can eliminate the data points that do not meet the requirements in the information set, and then output the final K results in order. Based on this background, this paper proposes a power grid fault diagnosis method based on the Top-k Skyline query algorithm considering alarm information loss. Firstly, the fault area is determined by using the information of the electrical quantity and switching value. Then, backward reasoning Petri nets are established for the nodes in the fault area to form the data set of fault hypotheses. Then, the Top-k Skyline query algorithm is used to sort the hypotheses and choose the hypothesis with higher reliability. Finally, an IEEE 39-bus system example is given to verify the reliability of the proposed method.

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OO, Akinwole. "Design, simulation and implementation of an Arduino microcontroller based automatic water level controller with I2C LCD display". International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 9, nr 2 (1.06.2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v9.i2.pp77-84.

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<span>The paper explains utilization of Arduino Microcontroller to automatically control level of water in a tank. From a well spelt out algorithms, flowchart was drawn, from which Codes were written and compiled on Arduino IDE. IF statements were copiously used. Proteus was used to simulate the design while the project was implemented on breadboard. Liquid Crystal Display function displays the level of water on the 16 × 2 LCD thus: Very Low, Low, High and Very High. An option of I2C LCD codes was written thus providing advantage of using only two analog input A4 and A5 pins instead of 4 to 8 pins in other configurations thereby allowing other pins dedicated for other tasks. The design recommends improvements in the area of sump control so that its low water level could disable pump thus preventing it from running dry. Protection devices like circuit breaker overload and phase failure relays are recommended in order to prolong the life of the Water pump. It is believed that the design will go in long way in educating power electronic engineers in the arts of design using Arduino; also, a mass production of the device will accentuate Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs in developing countries with its concomitant economic advantages.</span>

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Millan, Matteo. "‘The Public Force of the Private State’ – Strikebreaking and Visions of Subversion in Liberal Italy (1880s to 1914)". European History Quarterly 49, nr 4 (październik 2019): 625–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691419864500.

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From the end of the nineteenth century onwards, Italy witnessed a significant increase in labour conflicts, trade unionism and social protests, all of which shook the foundations of the liberal state. Following the failure of the authorities’ attempts to deal with mass protests, efforts were made under the governments of Giovanni Giolitti to adopt new policing policies that embraced state neutrality in social conflicts and the deployment at the same time of substantial police forces to prevent the escalation of conflict and bloodshed. The success of these policies is highly questionable and there were major differences in this respect between northern and southern Italy, and between rural and industrial areas. Nevertheless, these policies contributed to the fear of abandonment and desire for revenge felt by significant sections of the propertied classes, and the issue of strikebreaking was at the centre of the controversy. Focusing on the Po Valley, this article first presents a broad overview of the political situation in Italy with emphasis on policing policies and work replacement, then analyses the various forms of legal and illegal private strike-breaker protection organizations that took on clear subversive aims. Drawing on newspapers and archival records, the article highlights the overlap between private and public law enforcement and the combination of coercion and consensus in the Italian countryside. The long-term consequences of the unresolved issue of strikebreaking and private policing help explain the rise of Fascism after the Great War.

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38

Gracheva, E. I., R. R. Sadykov, R. R. Khusnutdinov i R. E. Abdullazyanov. "INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF RELIABILITY OF LOW VOLTAGE COMMUTATION DEVICES ON OPERATING DATA OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES". Proceedings of the higher educational institutions. ENERGY SECTOR PROBLEMS 21, nr 1-2 (11.04.2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-1-2-10-18.

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Abstract: The article presents an algorithm for estimating reliability parameters - probability of failure-free operation time and failure rate of low-voltage switching devices based on statistical data on failures of circuit breakers installed in control and protection circuits of such consumers as compressors, pumps and fans in industrial enterprises. The theoretical and statistical functions of the probability of the failure-free operation time of automatic circuit breakers depending on the service life and the number of operation cycles have been investigated and a hypothesis has been put forward and confirmed on the normal distribution law of the random variable (probability of failure-free operation o automatic circuit breakers) using the "agreement criteria" - the Kolmogorov test and Pearson's criterion.

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Fayaz, Farhana, i Gobind Lal Pahuja. "ANN-Based Relaying Algorithm for Protection of SVC- Compensated AC Transmission Line and Criticality Analysis of a Digital Relay". Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, nr 3 (12.08.2020): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190307163818.

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Background:The Static VAR Compensator (SVC) has the capability of improving reliability, operation and control of the transmission system thereby improving the dynamic performance of power system. SVC is a widely used shunt FACTS device, which is an important tool for the reactive power compensation in high voltage AC transmission systems. The transmission lines compensated with the SVC may experience faults and hence need a protection system against the damage caused by these faults as well as provide the uninterrupted supply of power.Methods:The research work reported in the paper is a successful attempt to reduce the time to detect faults on a SVC-compensated transmission line to less than quarter of a cycle. The relay algorithm involves two ANNs, one for detection and the other for classification of faults, including the identification of the faulted phase/phases. RMS (Root Mean Square) values of line voltages and ratios of sequence components of line currents are used as inputs to the ANNs. Extensive training and testing of the two ANNs have been carried out using the data generated by simulating an SVC-compensated transmission line in PSCAD at a signal sampling frequency of 1 kHz. Back-propagation method has been used for the training and testing. Also the criticality analysis of the existing relay and the modified relay has been done using three fault tree importance measures i.e., Fussell-Vesely (FV) Importance, Risk Achievement Worth (RAW) and Risk Reduction Worth (RRW).Results:It is found that the relay detects any type of fault occurring anywhere on the line with 100% accuracy within a short time of 4 ms. It also classifies the type of the fault and indicates the faulted phase or phases, as the case may be, with 100% accuracy within 15 ms, that is well before a circuit breaker can clear the fault. As demonstrated, fault detection and classification by the use of ANNs is reliable and accurate when a large data set is available for training. The results from the criticality analysis show that the criticality ranking varies in both the designs (existing relay and the existing modified relay) and the ranking of the improved measurement system in the modified relay changes from 2 to 4.Conclusion:A relaying algorithm is proposed for the protection of transmission line compensated with Static Var Compensator (SVC) and criticality ranking of different failure modes of a digital relay is carried out. The proposed scheme has significant advantages over more traditional relaying algorithms. It is suitable for high resistance faults and is not affected by the inception angle nor by the location of fault.

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Kaliaperumal, Muthukrishnan, Milindar S. Dharanendrakumar, Santosh Prasanna, Kaginele V. Abhishek, Ramesh Kumar Chidambaram, Stefan Adams, Karim Zaghib i M. V. Reddy. "Cause and Mitigation of Lithium-Ion Battery Failure—A Review". Materials 14, nr 19 (29.09.2021): 5676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195676.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are seen as a viable option to meet the rising demand for energy storage. To meet this requirement, substantial research is being accomplished in battery materials as well as operational safety. LiBs are delicate and may fail if not handled properly. The failure modes and mechanisms for any system can be derived using different methodologies like failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) and failure mode methods effects analysis (FMMEA). FMMEA is used in this paper as it helps to identify the reliability of a system at the component level focusing on the physics causing the observed failures and should thus be superior to the more data-driven FMEA approach. Mitigation strategies in LiBs to overcome the failure modes can be categorized as intrinsic safety, additional protection devices, and fire inhibition and ventilation. Intrinsic safety involves modifications of materials in anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Additives added to the electrolyte enhance the properties assisting in the improvement of solid-electrolyte interphase and stability. Protection devices include vents, circuit breakers, fuses, current interrupt devices, and positive temperature coefficient devices. Battery thermal management is also a protection method to maintain the temperature below the threshold level, it includes air, liquid, and phase change material-based cooling. Fire identification at the preliminary stage and introducing fire suppressive additives is very critical. This review paper provides a brief overview of advancements in battery chemistries, relevant modes, methods, and mechanisms of potential failures, and finally the required mitigation strategies to overcome these failures.

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Li, Zhen Xing, Qiu Li i Tao Zhang. "Wide-Area Backup Protection Algorithm Based on Earth Impedance Comparison Principle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (luty 2014): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.858.

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A novel algorithm is proposed for the purpose of improving the reliability and sensibility of fault component identification of wide area backup protection. The algorithm, called earth impedance comparison protection (EICP), is realized by comparing the ratios of different nodes, and the ratio is obtained by the bus voltage to the differential current. The advantages of EICP are verified in this paper using the measurement function of wide-area measurement system. The results of case studies show that EICP is superior to the current differential protection in terms of the sensitivity and to the directional pilot protection in terms of the dependability. The satisfactory results can be obtained when the EICP method is applied in the event of abnormal operations of protective relays and circuit breakers, measurement error scenarios or substation DC failure.

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Yang, Ruixiong, Ke Fang, Jianfu Chen, Yong Chen, Min Liu i Qingxu Meng. "A Novel Protection Strategy for Single Pole-to-Ground Fault in Multi-Terminal DC Distribution Network". Energies 16, nr 6 (22.03.2023): 2921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062921.

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The single pole-to-ground (SPG) fault is one of critical failures which will have a serious impact on the stable operation of the multi-terminal DC distribution network based on the modular multilevel converter (MMC). It is very significant to analyze fault characteristics for detecting faults and protection design. This paper established the DC SPG fault model, which showed that in the presence of a reactor, the short-circuit current was reduced from 2.3 kA to 1 kA at 6 ms after the fault. Then, a novel SPG fault protection strategy was proposed, which detected the current derivative in connection transformer grounding branch. When the value increases past the threshold of current derivative, small resistance was switched on to increase fault current. Thus, the reliability of differential protection was enhanced. Compared with the traditional protection method, the proposed method does not need communication, and improved the speed of protection. Finally, the simulation model was established in PSCAD/EMTDC. The model included three converter stations: T1, T2 and T3. Among them, T1 outputs power, and T2 and T3 receive power. The results of RTDS showed that the DC circuit breaker operated within 3 ms, the three-port circuit breaker worked within 50 ms, which proves that the proposed strategy was effective. At this time, the system switched from the T1–T2–T3 three-terminal networking operation mode to the T1–T2 two-terminal hand-in-hand operation mode. Since the T3 terminal no longer received power, the transmission power of the T1 terminal decreased, and the received power of the T2 terminal remained unchanged.

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43

FEIZIFAR, Behnam, i Ömer USTA. "A new failure protection algorithm for circuit breakers using the power loss ofswitching arc incidents". TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 27, nr 3 (15.05.2019): 1982–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/elk-1805-84.

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Lv, Wenxuan, Tao Zheng, Yi Yang, Rui Li i Shiqi Sun. "Novel fault isolation scheme under protection failure in MVDC distribution networks without DC circuit breakers". International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 148 (czerwiec 2023): 108901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108901.

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Ledesma, Pablo, Peyman Jafary, Sami Repo, Amelia Álvarez, Francisco Ramos, Davide Della Giustina i Alessio Dedè. "Event-Based Simulation of a Decentralized Protection System Based on Secured GOOSE Messages". Energies 13, nr 12 (23.06.2020): 3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123250.

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A new simulation library is developed on OMNeT++ to model faults in distribution systems. The proposed library makes it possible to calculate the status of lines and busbars from the point of view of a protection system, enabling the modeling of overcurrents, power outages and fault passage indicators. The library is applied to model a decentralized protection system based on the exchange of IEC 61850 Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) messages between intelligent electronic devices responsible for the operation of circuit breakers and disconnectors. The time needed to secure and transmit GOOSE messages over the Internet is characterized and included in the model. Several studies are carried out to analyze the effect of different parameters, such as GOOSE retransmission times and failure rates of switching devices and communication channels, on the performance of the protection system.

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Wang, Ye, Zhaiaibai Ma, Mostafa M. Salah i Ahmed Shaker. "An Evolutionarily Based Type-2 Fuzzy-PID for Multi-Machine Power System Stabilization". Mathematics 11, nr 11 (29.05.2023): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11112500.

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In this paper, the impact of one of the challenges of the power transmission system, namely three-phase short-circuits, on the stability of the system is discussed. This fault causes the speed change of the synchronous generators, and the control system needs to quickly zero this speed difference. This paper introduces a completely new and innovative method for power system stabilizer design. In the proposed method, there is a PID controller with a type-2 fuzzy compensator whose optimal parameter values are obtained using an improved virus colony search (VCS) algorithm at any time. In the simulation section, both transient short-circuits (timely operation of breakers and protection relays) and permanent short-circuits (failure of breakers and protection relays) are applied. For transient short-circuits, the three control systems of type-1 fuzzy-PID, type-2 fuzzy-PID, and optimized type-2 fuzzy-PID based on VCS for the nominal load and heavy load modes were compared in the simulations. Apart from the three control systems mentioned earlier, the response of a standalone PID controller was also evaluated in the context of the permanent short-circuit mode. According to the simulation results, the proposed method demonstrates superior performance and high efficiency. In contrast, the standalone PID exhibits divergence.

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Chen, Zi Peng, Ya Wen Dai, Peng Li i Zhuo Qiu Li. "The Effect of ESD EMP Test on Wireless Antenna and Protection Network Design". Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (czerwiec 2013): 1928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1928.

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According to IEC61000-4-2, the influence of ESD EMP on the wireless antenna is studied by the injection experiments and radiation experiments in this paper. The results of experiments show that the ESD EMP has significant influence on the wireless antenna, and various kinds of failures such as breakup, restart may be occurred. In order to solve this problem, a wireless protection program has been designed, in which the TVS diode was used as the first lever for protection and the π-type high pass filtering network as the second lever. This program not only has the traditional function of ESD protection, which can avoid the high voltage damage to the internal circuit, but also achieve the purpose of load matching, ensuring the signal source not distortion.

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Zhang, Kun, i Jian Wei Zhao. "Planning of Terminal Unit Amount in Distribution Automation Systems". Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (luty 2014): 1727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1727.

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To help with the planning and design of distribution automation systems (DASs), the best amount of terminal units (TUs) mounted in a DAS is analyzed from the perspective of benefit/cost ratio first. From the perspective of reliability, the amount of various kinds of TUs in different situations is studied, that is only TUs with tele-control function, only TUs without tele-control function, a hybrid of TUs with tele-control function and TUs without tele-control function. Some circuit breakers with current protection mounted on some branches arc investigated at length. The following conclusions arc drawn that only one TU for each feeder is the best choice from the viewpoint of benefit/cost ratio, and that the demanded amount of various kinds of TUs depends on the reliability performance desired, the time of isolating the fault section by manual operation, the time of reparation, and the frequency of failure per-year. A DAS planning example with 220 feeders is given to illustrate the proposed methodology.

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Liu, Jian, Zhang-fei Wang, Minhao-Zhong i Bao-ming Li. "Study on discharge characteristics of pulsed power module under the condition of discharge short circuit fault". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, nr 8 (1.06.2023): 082018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/8/082018.

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Abstract Efficiency and safety are key factors that must be emphasized in pulsed power applications. The discharge characteristics of pulsed power supply directly determine the performance of the railgun. This paper conducts a research on short-circuit faults in transmission coaxial cables of pulsed power supply. In order to study the effect of short-circuit fault on the discharge characteristics of pulsed power supply and system efficiency,a pulse-forming network with cable short-circuit failure and dynamic railgun model are established in the paper. The effect of short-circuit fault on peak current is discussed by simulation. The results show that the short-circuit fault currents are all higher than the currents under normal conditions, and the closer the short-circuit location is to the power supply side, the higher the peak value of current is. In some extreme case, the peak fault current exceeds 1.5 times the normal, which requires consideration of short-circuit fault protection measures, such as the addition of a DC circuit breakers.

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Sun, Jixing, Kaixuan Hu, Yongzhi Fan, Jiyong Liu, Shengchun Yan i Yan Zhang. "Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Overvoltage and Inrush Current Characteristics of the Electric Rail Traction Power Supply System". Energies 15, nr 24 (8.12.2022): 9308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249308.

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High-speed EMUs (electric multiple-units) frequently pass through the phase-separation zone during operation. Overvoltage generated during the operation of the vehicle-mounted circuit breaker has a long duration and high waveform steepness, which accelerates the service life of the vehicle-mounted equipment and is likely to cause insulation failures. For the above-mentioned problems, the operating overvoltage characteristics of high-speed EMU were obtained by traction substation-catenary-EMUs system (SCES) analysis and experiments, thus deriving the influences of the closed phase angle and the residual magnetism of the vehicle-mounted transformer on operating overvoltage. The results showed that the voltage phase of the catenary significantly affected the operating overvoltage, and the closed switching overvoltage was small at 0–40°, 140–210° and 320–350°. The voltage on the primary side of the vehicle-mounted transformer was 60.78 kV, with the transient impact of high-frequency oscillation overvoltage of 22.71 kV, and an initial period of oscillation of 0.01 ms. Then, the period became longer, and it took 0.5 ms for the high-frequency oscillation from attenuation to disappearance. Finally, a scheme of series reactance suppression devices was proposed to protect vehicle-mounted voltage transformers. This work is to provide data support for the insulation design and system protection of a traction power supply system.

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