Artykuły w czasopismach: „Brake cooling”

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Ramachandran, G., K. Kathiresan i M. Venkatesan. "Brake Characteristics and Cooling Methods – A Review". Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (listopad 2015): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.949.

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Braking system is important in any automobile. It is essential to decelerate the vehicle and stop it. Friction braking system is widely used system of braking. It makes use of frictional force to safely retard the vehicle. The temperature of the brake pad (stator) and disc (rotor) increases because of frictional force between them. Higher temperatures may lead to fading of brakes resulting in its failure. This paper briefly reviews published works on studying the wear and thermal characteristics of brake pads and on various available brake cooling methods. The microstructural changes in the brake pads are analyzed and reason for enhanced wear at higher temperatures is traced out. The various test results obtained using microscope (SEM), Friction assessment screening tests (FAST), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) are described in brief. A description of the available methods of enhancing the brake cooling and decreasing the wear rate is discussed. This work will be useful in planning further research in this important area of automotive field.

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Mullisen, R. S. "Thermal Engineering Design Project: Disk Brake Cooling Simulation". International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 25, nr 4 (październik 1997): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030641909702500406.

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A thermal engineering design project involving simulated cooling of vented and nonvented disk brakes is described. A heated copper tube was rotated in a manner that replicated the motion of a single vented passageway inside a disk brake rotor. The class assignment required design and construction of equipment, and data reduction using the lumped heat capacity method to obtain heat transfer correlations. The seven student groups plus the author produced 238 data points which were collectively correlated into two Nusselt number curves. The curve for the nonvented brakes simulation was benchmarked against the published literature for a cylinder in crossflow; the deviation was about 31%. The results from the vented brakes simulation which, in addition to the external air flow, had an internal radial flow driven by the rotation produced a 30% cooling augmentation over the nonvented simulation.

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Belhocien, Ali, i Wan Zaidi Wan Omar. "CFD Modeling and Simulation of Aeorodynamic Cooling of Automotive Brake Rotor". Journal of Multiscale Modelling 09, nr 01 (marzec 2018): 1750008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973717500081.

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Braking system is one of the important control systems of an automotive. For many years, the disc brakes have been used in automobiles for the safe retarding of the vehicles. During the braking enormous amount of heat will be generated and for effective braking sufficient heat dissipation is essential. The thermal performance of disc brake depends upon the characteristics of the airflow around the brake rotor and hence the aerodynamics is an important in the region of brake components. A CFD analysis is carried out on the braking system as a case study to make out the behavior of airflow distribution around the disc brake components using ANSYS CFX software. We are interested in the determination of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on each surface of a ventilated disc rotor varying with time in a transient state using CFD analysis, and then imported the surface film condition data into a corresponding FEM model for disc temperature analysis.

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Duan, Zheng Yong, Yong Peng i Heng Wu. "Optimization and Control Researches into the Cooling System of Pneumatic Disc Brake". Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (luty 2012): 1414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1414.

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Some problems involved in the cooling and control system of a pneumatic disc brake are presented in this paper. The selection foundation of the friction torque is deduced when do strength check and thermal analysis to the brake. The heat transfer conditions when the brake safely works on the worst braking condition is investigated also; to propose that the coefficient of rib of the friction plate be more than 3.6. In addition, the control system of the brake is discussed. In terms of the design of the brake, for the cooling and control system, the parameters including the angular speed and torque of the shaft of the drawworks, the temperatures of the coolant at the inlet and the outlet, the pressure of the compressed air need to be monitored or controlled.

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Hsueh, M. H. "The Application of Thermoelectric Cooling Module in the Vehicle's Braking System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 163 (kwiecień 2012): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.163.226.

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The research is presented a kind of cooling device for a vehicles brake cooling system, which comprises a thermoelectric cooling (TEC) chip and a heat exchange system. The disc-brake and drum-brake systems are discussed in the research. After inputting electric power, the TEC chip provides one cooling surface which is stick on the brake system and absorbs the heat from the brake pads or shoes. The other surface releases heat which is absorbed by a recycle water-cooling system to discharge the heat by water-cooled radiator to the surrounding. It decreased the working temperature of the brake system about 30% at most after using this cooling device and increased the braking force about 30% at least. There is a temperature control device for the device which can start the TEC chip when the temperature of the brake pads or shoes exceeded 50, which is the lowest temperature that the brake pads or shoes can maintain the most performance of the braking force. The device can efficiently keep the braking force when the driver uses the brake to reduce the vehicles speed for a long time and provide the safety for the driver.

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Arasu, S., i A. Krishnamoorthy. "Design and Manufacturing of Conical Vent Profile Disc Brake". Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (czerwiec 2015): 1028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.1028.

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Braking system is one amongst the foremost vital contact mechanisms in an automobile. The braking potency in automobile depends on the desertion characteristics of the constraint assembly. The heat refusal from the system is proportional to the desertion of brake. This paper aims to bring out producing, testing of conical shape vent profile and studies of existing cooling vent profile heat refusal throughout the braking. This result reduces the thermal and structural stress on the brake plate. The prevailing vehicles brakes has been made from cylindrical vent profiles that in theory has lesser cooling potency because the direction of the air flow .The profile favor to increase the cooling potency by conical shape vent. The vent is reshaped in such some way that the face of the round shape vent is within the direction of air flow throughout vehicle motion that permits a lot of quantity of air to flow across the brake plate. This style changes results to extend the heat convey rate throughout the braking

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Kathiresan, K., J. Adhavan i M. Venkatesan. "Experimental Investigation on Droplet Cooling of Brakes". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (lipiec 2014): 1585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1585.

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Braking system is one of the important systems in Automobiles. It is essential to decelerate the vehicle and stop it when essential. The temperature of the brake pad (stator) and disc (rotor) increases because of frictional force between them. Higher temperatures may lead to brake fading or failure of braking system. In the present study droplet cooling of commercially available Brake pad is analyzed with surface temperatures in the range of 80°C - 150°C. The brake pad material analyzed is a composite material with Fe2O3, BaO, CaO, SiO2, SO3 and MgO as major constituents. The percentage of the constituents are found using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The brake pad is artificially heated using cartridge heater and a fixed volume of water is dropped on to the brake pad surface using a syringe pump. The characteristics of droplet on the surface of the brake pad are recorded using a High speed camera. The temperature is measured continuously using a K type thermocouple and is recorded using an online data acquisition system. The characteristic of droplet enhanced cooling is presented.

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Voller, G. P., M. Tirovic, R. Morris i P. Gibbens. "Analysis of automotive disc brake cooling characteristics". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, nr 8 (1.08.2003): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360692050.

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The aim of this investigation was to study automotive disc brake cooling characteristics experimentally using a specially developed spin rig and numerically using finite element (FE) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. All three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection and radiation) have been analysed along with the design features of the brake assembly and their interfaces. The spin rig proved to be very valuable equipment; experiments enabled the determination of the thermal contact resistance between the disc and wheel carrier. The analyses demonstrated the sensitivity of this mode of heat transfer to clamping pressure. For convective cooling, heat transfer coefficients were measured and very similar results were obtained from spin rig experiments and CFD analyses. The nature of radiative heat dissipation implies substantial e ects at high temperatures. The results indicate substantial change of emissivity throughout the brake application. The influence of brake cooling parameters on the disc temperature has been investigated by FE modelling of a long drag brake application. The thermal power dissipated during the drag brake application has been analysed to reveal the contribution of each mode of heat transfer.

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Lyons, O. F. P., D. B. Murray i A. A. Torrance. "Air jet cooling of brake discs". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, nr 6 (1.06.2008): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes927.

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This paper reports on an investigation of a novel approach to the cooling of brake discs, based on the application of impinging air jets. This has the capacity to enhance the heat transfer coefficients at the disc surface quite considerably without affecting the disc design, so that the disc construction may then be optimized without reference to heat transfer. Using a purpose built test-rig, disc temperature histories were recorded using infrared thermography for varying jet air flowrates, angle of impingement, dimensionless distance from the brake disc, and rotational speed. As well as comparing cooling effectiveness for different test parameters, convective heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the transient temperature data and were used as boundary conditions for a finite-element model of the process. The results obtained from this investigation suggest that the higher convection coefficients achieved with jet cooling will not only reduce the maximum temperature in the braking cycle but will reduce thermal gradients, since heat will be removed faster from hotter parts of the disc. Jet cooling should, therefore, be effective to reduce the risk of hot spot formation and associated disc distortion.

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Antczak, Kamil, i Marcin Sosnowski. "Simulation of the influence of brake disc geometry of its cooling efficiency". International Journal of Engineering and Safety Sciences 1 (2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/ijess.2020.01.03.

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The article discusses the problem of brake disc cooling and its impact on safety. Three variants of brake disc cooling were made, which were then used in the thermal load analysis with the use of FEM.

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Ivanova, L., i E. Kolotilo. "Bathroom brake circuits with vermicular graphite". Theory and practice of metallurgy, nr 6 (20.11.2018): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.6.2018.05.

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The processes of structuring in cast iron of different chemical composition in the range of cooling rates of 0.5 ... 5.5 deg / s, which take place in the roll casting mould, are investigated. Scientifically based theoretical and experimental results were obtained, the set of which allowed to develop highly effective technologies of casting of rolling rolls from cast iron with vermicular graphite with increased operational characteristics. Optimum content of rare earth metal (REM) in roller cast iron with vermicular graphite at different cooling rates was experimentally established. In the low sulfur (up to 0,03%) cast iron, the rare earth metal residual (REMres) content is -0,065 ... 0,176 (for a cooling rate of 0,5 deg / s) and 0,01 ... 0,156% (for a cooling rate of 5,5 deg / s) . In the cast iron with high sulfur content (up to 0.10%), at the cooling rates studied, the intervals of concentrations of REMres have been experimentally established to provide the vermicular inclusions of graphite: at a cooling rate of 5.5 deg / c - 0.081-0.129%, and at a speed of 0.5 deg / s - 0.161 ... 0.190%. When modifying melts with a complex modifier based on magnesium KMg9, the Mg content at cooling rates of 5.5 and 0.5 deg / s should be within 0.022 ... 0.03 and 0.019 ... 0.03%, respectively, when treated with the complex KMg9 and FS30RZM30 in the cast iron it is necessary to have 0,0071 ... 0,015% Mg and 0,023 ... 0,025% REMres. With such content of modifiers, the best combinations of microstructure and physical and mechanical properties of castings are obtained. The areas of formation of vermicular graphite inclusions in roll cast irons were determined when processed with a complex modifier based on rare-earth metals and ferrotitanium: at a cooling rate of 5.5 degrees / s and a titanium content of 0.40 ... 0.42%, the concentration range of the rare-earth bridge for stable production of graphite inclusions of vermicular form has expanded and was 0.061 ... 0.169%, and at a cooling rate of 0.5 deg / s –0.129 ... 0.230%. The technological process of casting of bleached roller rolls has been improved due to the application of a highly effective complex modifier (ligature) of optimal composition for the modification of the base metal. The technology for the production of pig iron with vermicular graphite is developed and mastered at casting of rollers with the use of mixtures for modification consisting of two ligatures in the ratio of 1: 3.

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Stevens, Kevin, i Marko Tirovic. "Heat dissipation from a stationary brake disc, Part 1: Analytical modelling and experimental investigations". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, nr 9 (18.05.2017): 1707–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217707983.

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The main aim of the research is to support the development of the commercial vehicle electric parking brake. Though nowadays widely used on passenger cars, electric parking brake applications on commercial vehicles present completely different challenges. With the brake mass, thermal capacity and required clamp forces an order of magnitude higher, safe parking demands much more attention. In the first instance, the priority is placed upon predicting heat dissipation from the brake disc only. The research is presented in two parts; part one (presented here) focuses on analytical modelling and experimental verification of predicted disc temperatures over long cooling periods, with part two investigating the air flow, velocities and convective heat transfer coefficients using computational fluid dynamics modelling, also followed by experimental validations. To begin the analytical analysis, a study was conducted into the variance in mean local convective heat transfer coefficients over a simplified brake disc friction surface, by investigating typical dimensionless air properties. A nonlinear equation was derived for the average surface convective heat transfer coefficient ([Formula: see text]) variability with temperature drop for the entire cooling phase. Starting from fundamental principles, first-order differential equations were developed to predict the bulk disc temperature. By including variation of the convective and radiative heat dissipation throughout the cooling period, a good correlation was achieved with measured values, to within 10%. Experiments were conducted on a specifically designed thermal rig which uses 15 kW induction heater to heat the disc. Numerous experiments proved the results are very repeatable, throughout the cooling period. It was established, for the grey cast iron brake disc with a fully oxidised surface, the emissivity value are practically constant at ɛ = 0.92. Although the research is being conducted on a brake disc, the results have generic application to any disc geometry, whatever the application.

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Krivosheya, Yuriy Vladimirovich, i Viktor Vasilyevich Bugaenko. "Fan cooling of friction band brake of railway rolling stock". Transport of the Urals, nr 4 (2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-4-13-17.

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The paper presents results of research aimed at the application of axial fan for cooling friction band brake of railway rolling stock. The feature of the fan is the identical operation characteristics that don’t depend on direction of rolling stock movement. This is achieved due to special construction of blade system consisting of two mirror-placed grids located inside the brake wheel. Mathematical modeling of air flow in flow part of the proposed blade systems showed the reasonability of such solution. The paper shows results of calculation of blade system geometric and functional characteristics for friction band brake cooling fan designed for rolling stock with maximum speed up to 250 km/h. The proposed geometric form of blade system provides equal cooling efficiency regardless the direction of rolling stock movement.

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He, Ya Feng. "The Performance Research of Automobile Disc Brake Based on Finite Element Technology". Advanced Materials Research 381 (listopad 2011): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.381.90.

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Due to good cooling and braking performance, it is widely used for disc brake in automotive industry. The numerical analysis of stress and strain field for automobile disc brake is done by using ANSYS finite element platform in this paper, the relationship of design parameters and braking performance is obtained by changing design parameters of the brake (braking force, friction coefficient, brake pad thickness).At the same time the modal of automobile disc brake is analyzed, which the results provide a theoretical basis and reference for the automotive brake designer.

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Le Gigan, Gaël. "Improvement in the brake disc design for heavy vehicles by parametric evaluation". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, nr 14 (5.02.2017): 1989–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016688421.

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Design of the brake disc geometry for a given brake disc material provides an opportunity for improvement in the fatigue life of the brake disc. High thermomechanical loads at braking lead to substantial local plastification and also induce tensile residual stresses in certain areas of the brake disc. This contributes to shortening of the fatigue life of the brake disc by possible initiation and growth of cracks. In the present paper, a simulation approach for evaluation of brake disc designs with respect to thermomechanical performance is developed and applied. Brake disc performance is analysed using commercial finite element software by employing a constitutive model for grey cast iron implemented in a Fortran subroutine. The thermal loading consists of consecutive severe braking cycles at a constant brake power and a constant speed, with cooling between the brake cycles. Based on a previous experimental study, three different assumptions are made regarding the spatial distribution of the thermal load at braking. A standard commercial brake disc made from grey cast iron having straight vanes is used as the reference case. Geometrical modifications are introduced in the ventilation arrangement using a design-of-experiments approach, studying both straight cooling vanes and different pillar layouts. A preliminary assessment of the fatigue life of the brake discs is carried out. The results indicate that the introduction of different pillar arrangements instead of straight vanes make it possible to decrease the mass of the brake disc by up to 13% or to increase the fatigue life of the brake disc by about 50%.

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Grigoratos, Theodoros, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, Sebastian Gramstat, Matt Robere, Guido Perricone, Agusti Sin i in. "Statistical Assessment and Temperature Study from the Interlaboratory Application of the WLTP–Brake Cycle". Atmosphere 11, nr 12 (2.12.2020): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121309.

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The relative contribution of brake emissions to traffic-induced ambient Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations has increased over the last decade. Nowadays, vehicles’ brakes are recognised as an important source of non-exhaust emissions. Up to now, no standardised method for measuring brake particle emissions exists. For that reason, the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) group has been working on the development of a commonly accepted method for sampling and measuring brake particle emissions. The applied braking cycle is an integral part of the overall methodology. In this article, we present the results of an interlaboratory study exploring the capacity of existing dynamometer setups to accurately execute the novel Worldwide Harmonised Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)–brake cycle. The measurements took place at eight locations in Europe and the United States. Having several dynamometers available enabled the coordination and execution of the intended exercise, to determine the sources of variability and provide recommendations for the correct application of the WLTP–brake cycle on the dyno. A systematic testing schedule was applied, followed by a thorough statistical analysis of the essential parameters according to the ISO 5725 standards series. The application of different control programmes influenced the correct replication of the cycle. Speed control turned out to be more accurate and precise than deceleration control. A crucial output of this interlaboratory study was the quantification of standard deviations for repeatability (between repeats), sample effect (between tests), laboratory effect (between facilities), and total reproducibility. Three critical aspects of the statistical analysis were: (i) The use of methods for heterogeneous materials; (ii) robust algorithms to reduce the artificial increase in variability from values with significant deviation from the normal distribution; and (iii) the reliance on the graphical representation of results for ease of understanding. Even if the study of brake emissions remained out of the scope of the current exercise, useful conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the temperature profile of the WLTP–brake cycle. Urban braking events are generally correlated to lower disc temperature. Other parameters affecting the brake temperature profile include the correct application of soak times, the temperature measurement method, the proper conditioning of incoming cooling air and the adjustment of the cooling airspeed.

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Zhang, Shi Zhen, Wei Rui Wang, Liang Jin i Wei Jiang. "Numerical Analysis and Experimental Study on Temperature Field of Brake Disc during the Air-Cooling Process". Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (luty 2011): 2009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2009.

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Numerical study established by using ANSYS 12.0 has been performed by considering convective and radiative heat transfer to predict the transient thermal behavior of a brake disc during air-cooling process of heat treatment. Though the model based on the numerical study, temperature distribution maps at different time delays and variation in the temperature at different parts of the brake disc are given. Additionally, experimental results demonstrate the validity of the simulation analysis through comparing with the results obtained from the transient analysis. It is shown that the air-cooling numerical model of brake disc is verified and has the rather accurately temperature prediction ability.

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Li, Gaohui. "The Design of the Automobile Brake Cooling System". OALib 05, nr 04 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104567.

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Petry, Matthias, Abdelkrim Lamjahdy, Ali Jawad, Bernd Markert i Hubertus Murrenhoff. "Validation of a thermo- and a hydromechanical model of a brake system for high-speed rail applications". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, nr 8 (26.03.2018): 2149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718765348.

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This research deals with a numerical and experimental investigation of the vibratory frequency and the thermal response of a railway brake disc and pad under varying conditions. Railway brake systems play a vital role in passenger safety and comfort. The performance of disc brakes with regard to the dynamic effects like brake torque oscillations and brake judder depends on the contact properties and wear surfaces. Brake fading occurs due to accumulated frictional heat thereby reducing the stopping power. For an improved understanding of the complex processes of a brake system during long-term braking, a comprehensive numerical investigation is performed initially using the finite element software Abaqus for a thermomechanical and modal analysis. While the thermomechanical analysis based on the calculations of frictional heat is used to investigate the increase of temperature during braking, the contact pressure is a crucial parameter that influences the distribution of temperature both on the brake disc and on the pads. The modal analysis is used to investigate the frequency behaviour of the vibrations. Then, a simulation model of a self-energised electrohydraulic brake provides the results of brake force oscillations with regard to the observed topologies of the brake disc’s wear surface, which is measured at a full-scale test rig by an enlarged experimental set-up. In addition to the dynamic brake force, the set-up contains the online measurement of the side face run-out and the temperature of one side of a ventilated brake disc. By comparing the results of our experimental and numerical investigations, the simulation models are validated. Future research should focus on a thermomechanical analysis that considers heating, cooling, and the wear effects. A detailed implementation of the contact pressure distribution between the brake pads and disc can lead to a more precise prediction of brake torque oscillations. The achieved results can be used to improve riding comfort and resolve safety critical problems in high-speed trains.

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Suchánek, Andrej, Jozef Harušinec, Mária Loulová i Peter Strážovec. "Analysis of the distribution of temperature fields in the braked railway wheel". MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 02048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815702048.

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The article deals with detection of reduced stress in a braked railway wheel, based on thermal transient analysis on virtual models, which influence the characteristics of the railway wheels. Structural analysis was performed by means of the ANSYS Multiphysics program system package. Thermal transient analysis deals with detection of temperature fields which are a result of braking by brake block. The applied heat flux represents the heat generated by friction of brake block. It is applied to a quarter model of the wheel to speed up the calculation. This analysis simulates two braking processes with subsequent cooling. Distribution of the equivalent stress was detected in the railway wheel cross section, at selected points. The input parameters were taken from the thermal transient analysis. These equivalent stresses result from thermal load.

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Li, Sui Ping, Wei Dong Chen i Jing Jing Yao. "Based on the Double SCM Real Time Control System Design of Drum Brake". Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (czerwiec 2013): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.667.

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Based on single-chip microcomputer(SCM) control technology, designed a set of new brake automatic cooling control system. Through the hardware and software design of the system, and simulation test, proved that the system is reliable. The system can solve the problem of truck brake failure effectively.

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García-León, Ricardo A., i Eder Flórez-Solano. "Dynamic analysis of three autoventilated disc brakes". Ingeniería e Investigación 37, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v37n3.63381.

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The braking system of a car must meet several requirements, among which safety is the most important. It is also composed of a set of mechanical parts such as springs, different types of materials (Metallic and Non Metallic), gases and liquids. The brakes must work safely and predictably in all circumstances, which means having a stable level of friction, in any condition of temperature, humidity and salinity of the environment. For a correct design and operation of brake discs, it is necessary to consider different aspects, such as geometry, type of material, mechanical strength, maximum temperature, thermal deformation, cracking resistance, among others. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to analyze the dynamics and kinetics of the brake system from the pedal as the beginning of mathematical calculations to simulate the behavior and Analysis of Finite Elements (FEA), with the help of SolidWorks Simulation Software. The results show that the third brake disc works best in relation to the other two discs in their different working conditions such as speed and displacement in braking, concluding that depending on the geometry of the brake and the cooling channels these systems can be optimized that are of great importance for the automotive industry.

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Vdovin, Alexey, Mats Gustafsson i Simone Sebben. "A coupled approach for vehicle brake cooling performance simulations". International Journal of Thermal Sciences 132 (październik 2018): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.05.016.

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Tirovic, Marko, i Kevin Stevens. "Heat dissipation from a stationary brake disc, Part 2: CFD modelling and experimental validations". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, nr 10 (18.05.2017): 1898–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217707984.

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Following from the analytical modelling presented in Part 1, this paper details a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics modelling of the three-dimensional flow field around, and heat dissipation from, a stationary brake disc. Four commonly used turbulence models were compared and the shear stress turbulence model was found to be most suitable for these studies. Inferior cooling of the anti-coning disc type is well known but the core cause in static conditions was only now established. The air flow exiting the lower vane channels at the inner rotor diameter changes direction and flows axially over the hat region. This axial flow acts as a blocker to the higher vane inlets, drastically reducing convective cooling from the upper half of the disc. The complexity of disc stationary cooling is further caused by the change of flow patterns during disc cooling. The above axial flow effects slowly vanish as the disc temperatures reduce. Consequently, convective heat transfer coefficients are affected by both, the change in the flow pattern and decrease in air velocities due to reduced air buoyancy as the disc cools down. As in Part 1, the special thermal rig was used to validate the computational fluid dynamics results quantitatively and qualitatively. The former used numerous thermocouples positioned strategically around the brake disc, with the latter introducing the concept of laser generated light plane combined with a smoke generator to enable flow visualisation. Predicted average heat transfer coefficients using computational fluid dynamics correlate well with the experimental values, and even two-dimensional analytical values (as presented in Part 1) reasonably closely follow the trends. The results present an important step in establishing cooling characteristics related to the electric parking brake application in commercial vehicles, with future publications detailing heat transfer from the entire brake assembly.

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Maleque, M. A., M. M. Rahman i M. S. Hossain. "Conceptual Design of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Brake Rotor System". Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (czerwiec 2011): 1648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1648.

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Composite materials have become a popular material substitution for automotive, sports, medical, aerospace and other engineering fields due to their light-weight, high strength and/or stiffness of fibres. In this paper, a conceptual design approach has been presented to develop aluminium metal matrix composite (AMC) automotive brake rotor system. A systematic and stepby- step approach of full design is shown for better understanding of the design concept of automotive brake rotor. The methodology of conceptual stage, computer aided design (CAD) and evaluation systems are discussed for illustrating and selecting the best concept. A total of six (6) concepts for both surface rejuvenates feature and ventilated cooling fins are explained. It was found that the Concept 6 for surface rejuvenates feature and Concept 1 for ventilated cooling fins are the best combination for aluminium metal matrix composite brake rotor application.

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Xiong, Jing Jing, i Li Tao Zhou. "The Research and Development of Motor Cooling Control System Based on Electronic Parking Brake Test Bench". Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (luty 2015): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.674.

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When Electronic Parking Brake test bench validates the function of ramp start, Electronic Parking Brake (Simplified as EPB) control motor has been blocked state, the motor heat is large. Followed putting forward the performance required by the motor cooling system, and the cooling control system scheme and the control strategy of intelligent electronic pump motor by building a mathematical module about cooling system of EPB motor, this paper designs and develops the electronic water pump motor controller, including the efficient control on the pump, and the communication with the main controller, which is based on CAN bus and SAE J1939 and optimizes the hardware and software of motor controller so that the pump efficiency may reach 32%. The product-level design, shown by a large number of performances testing, is achieved.

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Jiang, Lan, Yanli Jiang, Liang Yu, Hongliang Yang, Zishen Li i Youdong Ding. "Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Analyses for Al Alloy Brake Discs with Al2O3-SiC(3D)/Al Alloy Composite Wear-Resisting Surface Layer for High-Speed Trains". Materials 12, nr 19 (27.09.2019): 3155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193155.

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In the present work, a theoretical model of three-dimensional (3D) transient temperature field for Al alloy brake discs with Al2O3-SiC(3D)/Al alloy wear-resisting surface layer was established. 3D transient thermo-stress coupling finite element (FE) and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models of the brake discs was presented. The variation regularities of transient temperature and internal temperature gradient of the brake discs under different emergency braking conditions were obtained. The effects of initial braking velocity (IBV) and thickness of Al2O3-SiC(3D)/Al alloy composite wear-resisting layer on the maximum friction temperature evolution of the disc were discussed. The results indicated the lower temperature and thermal stress distributed uniformly on the wear-resisting surface, which was dominated by high conductivity and cooling ability of the Al alloy brake disc. The maximum friction temperature was not obviously affected by the thickness of the wear-resisting layer. The maximum friction temperature of the brake discs increased with the increase of the IBV, the maximum friction temperature and thermal stress of the brake discs is about 517 °C and 192 MPa at IBV = 97 m/s considering air cooling, respectively. The lower thermal stress and fewer thermal cracks are produced during the braking process, which relatively decrease the damage. The friction behavior of the tribo-couple predicted using FE method correlated well with the experimental results obtained by sub-scale testing.

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Tang, Wen Xian, Yun Di Cai, Cheng Cheng i Qiu Yun Huang. "Thermal Stress Analysis of Water-Cooling Brake Disc Based on 3D Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Model". Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (sierpień 2011): 1581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.1581.

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As the key part of offshore drilling drawworks brake system, the brake disc plays a vital role in guaranteeing the working reliability and operational security of the drawworks. To obtain the distributions and variations of thermal stress field in the water-cooling bake disc in an emergency braking, the 3D thermo-mechanical coupling theoretical model and FEM were established in this paper. Meanwhile the displacement and thermal boundary conditions for solution were determined, and then fully coupled analysis of thermal stress field in the disc was carried out by using ABAQUS software. The analysis results showed that, temperature field and stress field in the process of emergency braking were fully coupled. The temperature, radial stress and circumferential stress on the disc surface were presented as a hackle. The circumferential stress was significantly greater than the radial stress. Thermal stress has a periodic effect on the brake disc during braking, so the circumferential stress is the main factor that accounts for the initiation and propagation of crack on the brake disc surface.

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Rouhi Moghanlou, Mohammad, i Hamed Saeidi Googarchin. "Three-dimensional coupled thermo-mechanical analysis for fatigue failure of a heavy vehicle brake disk: Simulation of braking and cooling phases". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, nr 13 (1.06.2020): 3145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020921711.

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In this paper, transient coupled thermo-mechanical finite element analysis of a three-dimensional model of braking pairs (brake disk and brake pads) is accomplished in order to estimate temperatures and stresses in brake disk during a braking cycle, including braking and cooling phases, and calculate fatigue life. A nonuniform distribution of temperatures is revealed on the surface of the brake disk, gradually generating surface hot spots and hot bands with temperatures up to 800 °C that lead to an uneven distribution of thermal stresses on the frictional surfaces. According to the simulations, variations in the circumferential stress, which is mainly responsible for the cracking of the brake disk, can reach up to 400 MPa in the hot spot areas, depending on the braking configurations. The numerical results are also used to estimate the fatigue life of brake disk using the Smith–Watson–Topper model. The numerical model demonstrates a high accuracy of fatigue life estimation when evaluated by prior experimental studies, signifying the effects of hot spots in reducing the service life of brake disk. Results of the fatigue life estimation show superiority to the analytical method both in the accuracy of calculation and detection of the failure location.

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Borawski, Andrzej. "Suggested Research Method for Testing Selected Tribological Properties of Friction Components in Vehicle Braking Systems". Acta Mechanica et Automatica 10, nr 3 (1.09.2016): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2016-0034.

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Abstract The braking system is one of the most important systems in any vehicle. Its proper functioning may determine the health and life the people inside the vehicle as well as other road users. Therefore, it is important that the parameters which characterise the functioning of brakes changed as little as possible throughout their lifespan. Multiple instances of heating and cooling of the working components of the brake system as well as the environment they work in may impact their tribological properties. This article describes a method of evaluating the coefficient of friction and the wear speed of abrasive wear of friction working components of brakes. The methodology was developed on the basis of Taguchi’s method of process optimization.

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Vernersson, T., i R. Lundén. "Temperatures at railway tread braking. Part 3: wheel and block temperatures and the influence of rail chill". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 221, nr 4 (1.07.2007): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt91.

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Tread braking generates high temperatures in railway wheels and brake blocks as the kinetic energy of the running train is transformed into heat. The temperatures induced in the components are here analysed with particular focus on the cooling influence from the rolling contact between the hot wheel and a cold rail. Controlled brake rig tests are reported, where the rolling contact is studied using a so-called rail-wheel in contact with the braked wheel, along with results from field tests. The data from these experimental studies are used for calibration of a simulation tool for calculation of wheel and block temperatures. The calibrated model analyses heat partitioning between block, wheel and rail and finds the resulting temperatures at braking. The rail chill is found to have a considerable influence on the wheel temperatures for long drag braking cycles. A successful calibration of the model using data from field tests is also reported.

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Sayeed Ahmed, Gulam, i Salem Algarni. "Design, Development and FE Thermal Analysis of a Radially Grooved Brake Disc Developed through Direct Metal Laser Sintering". Materials 11, nr 7 (13.07.2018): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071211.

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The present research work analyzed the effect of design modification with radial grooves on disc brake performance and its thermal behavior by using additive manufacturing based 3D printed material maraging steel. Temperature distribution across the disc surface was estimated with different boundary conditions such as rotor speed, braking pressure, and braking time. Design modification and number of radial grooves were decided based on existing dimensions. Radial grooves were incorporated on disc surface through Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) process to increase surface area for maximum heat dissipation and reduce the stresses induced during braking process. The radial grooves act as a cooling channels which provides an effective means of cooling the disc surface which is under severe condition of sudden fall and rise of temperatures during running conditions. ANSYS software is used for transient structural and thermal analysis to investigate the variations in temperatures profile across the disc with induced heat flux. FE based thermo-structural analysis was done to determine thermal strains induced in disc due to sudden temperature fluctuations. The maximum temperature and Von Mises stress in disc brake without grooves on disc surface were observed which can severely affect thermal fatigue and rupture brake disc surface. It was been observed by incorporating the radial grooves that the disc brake surface is thermally stable. Experimental results are in good agreement with FE thermal analysis. DMLS provides easy fabrication of disc brake with radial grooves and enhancement of disc brake performance at higher speeds and temperatures. Therefore, DMLS provides an effective means of implementing product development technology.

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Holshev, N. V., A. A. Lavrenchenko, A. V. Prokhorov i D. N. Konovalov. "The method of thermal calculation of automotive disc brake assemblies". Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, nr 4 (2020): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-4-203-208.

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The article describes a method for calculating the heating temperature of the automobile brake disc. The brake disc is considered as a finite set of "cells" located in several layers. In thermal calculation, according to the proposed method, the heating of the disk surface is taken into account not only from the absorption of the vehicle kinetic energy, but also from the generated electric currents that cause micro-explosions between the irregularities of the disk surface and the brake pads. The cooling of the disk during the time between braking due to heat exchange with air is also taken into account. This method provides the ability to calculate the temperature of the brake disc, both on its surface and inside.

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Litvinov, A. E., P. A. Polyakov, E. A. Polyakova, R. S. Tagiev, E. S. Fedotov i A. A. Golikov. "Development of Methodology for Evaluating the Brake Disc Cooling System". Bulletin of Kalashnikov ISTU 23, nr 1 (15.06.2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2413-1172-2020-1-14-22.

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При эксплуатации фрикционного узла в процессе замедления вращения привода на фрикционных парах выделяется большое количество энергии, которая рассеивается в окружающую среду. Через вентиляционный канал благодаря разнице давлений между внутренними и внешними отверстиями проходят потоки охлаждающего воздуха. Габаритные параметры тормозного диска являются определяющими критериями при проектировании, тогда как эксплуатационные показатели вентиляционного аппарата тормозного диска отходят на второй план.Исследования, посвященные определению параметров работы вентиляционного аппарата и разработки критериев его оценки эффективности, практически отсутствуют. На основании обзора литературы по данному вопросу была теоретически обоснована зависимость критерия системы охлаждения, а именно расхода воздуха от конструктивных параметров вентиляционных каналов и эксплуатационных факторов омываемой среды.Одной из разновидностей математического моделирования является метод численного моделирования. С помощью метода конечных элементов в программном продукте ANSYS представлено моделирование работы вентиляционного аппарата с прямыми вентилируемыми каналами и дана оценка эффективности работы вентиляционного аппарата тормозного диска.При изменении геометрических параметров вентилируемых каналов тормозного диска (углы входа и выхода воздушного потока, количество ребер, радиус скругления ребер) оценивались изменения эксплуатационных показателей работы вентиляционного аппарата. В процессе исследований было установлено, что с увеличением угла выхода воздушного потока скорость воздушного потока возрастает и, соответственно, возрастает расход воздуха, проходящего через вентиляционный аппарат. Помимо этого моделировались траектории движения воздушного потока в вентиляционном аппарате тормозного диска. Недостатком данного исследования является отсутствие учета вихреобразования.На основании теоретических исследований и численного моделирования работы вентиляционного аппарата можно сделать вывод, что вынужденного охлаждения недостаточно для эффективного функционирования фрикционного узла в устойчивом тепловом диапазоне. Для этого необходимо определить критерии оценки работы вентиляционного аппарата тормозного диска, выяснить степень влияния конструктивных и эксплуатационных факторов на критерии оценки. В качестве критериев оценки исследователями приводятся такие факторы, как скорость на входе и выходе из вентилируемого канал и расход воздуха, проходящего через вентиляционный аппарат.

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García-León, Ricardo Andres, Wilder Quintero-Quintero i Magda Rodriguez-Castilla. "Thermal analysis of three motorcycle disc brakes". Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, nr 2 (20.11.2019): 208–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-07-2019-0098.

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Purpose The braking system on motorcycles is of vital importance, taking into account that its operation is based on the friction between the surfaces in the contact that are found heat and, therefore, the brake liquid, the thermoelastic deformation on the contact surface, the degradation and failure of the material, as can be attributed to the safety of the occupants. The purpose of this paper is to perform mathematical calculations regarding the phenomena of the transfer of heat generated in the brake system. Design/methodology/approach Using SolidWorks simulation software, the geometric model of the three disc brakes of the different cylinders was carried out to identify the elements with the variations of the maximum temperature, and the verification with the calculations was made under ideal condition (80 Km/h and 12°C). Findings The results obtained show that with the mathematical calculations it was possible to validate the correct functioning of the braking system under different operating conditions, the systems that have higher capacity of displacement generate higher heat loss at higher speed so that their time of cooling according to Newton is major. Originality/value Through the analysis of finite elements, it was possible to identify that the braking system in severe working conditions is not overheated, assuring a natural convection cooling in approximately 12 min according to the mathematical calculations made.

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Nisonger, Robert L., Chih-hung Yen i David Antanaitis. "High Temperature Brake Cooling - Characterization for Brake System Modeling in Race Track and High Energy Driving Conditions". SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 4, nr 1 (12.04.2011): 384–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0566.

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Dyko, M. P., i K. Vafai. "Fundamental Issues and Recent Advancements in Analysis of Aircraft Brake Natural Convective Cooling". Journal of Heat Transfer 120, nr 4 (1.11.1998): 840–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2825903.

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A heightened awareness of the importance of natural convective cooling as a driving factor in design and thermal management of aircraft braking systems has emerged in recent years. As a result, increased attention is being devoted to understanding the buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer occurring within the complex air passageways formed by the wheel and brake components, including the interaction of the internal and external flow fields. Through application of contemporary computational methods in conjunction with thorough experimentation, robust numerical simulations of these three-dimensional processes have been developed and validated. This has provided insight into the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the flow and yielded the tools necessary for efficient optimization of the cooling process to improve overall thermal performance. In the present work, a brief overview of aircraft brake thermal considerations and formulation of the convection cooling problem are provided. This is followed by a review of studies of natural convection within closed and open-ended annuli and the closely related investigation of inboard and outboard subdomains of the braking system. Relevant studies of natural convection in open rectangular cavities are also discussed. Both experimental and numerical results obtained to date are addressed, with emphasis given to the characteristics of the flow field and the effects of changes in geometric parameters on flow and heat transfer. Findings of a concurrent numerical and experimental investigation of natural convection within the wheel and brake assembly are presented. These results provide, for the first time, a description of the three-dimensional aircraft braking system cooling flow field.

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Gramstat, Sebastian, Thilo Mertens, Robert Waninger i Dmytro Lugovyy. "Impacts on Brake Particle Emission Testing". Atmosphere 11, nr 10 (21.10.2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101132.

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The presented article picks out brake particle emission testing as a central theme. Those emissions are part of the so-called non-exhaust emissions, which play an increasing role for particle emissions from transportation. The authors propose a laboratory test setup by using a brake dynamometer and a constant volume sampling approach to determine the emissions in regard to the particle number concentration. Several impacts were investigated while the same test cycle (novel worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (novel-WLTP)) was applied. In a first item, the importance of the bedding process was investigated and it is shown that friction couples without bedding emit much more particles. Furthermore, the efforts for reaching a bedded friction state are discussed. Additionally, the impact of brake lining compositions is investigated and shows that NAO concepts own crucial advantages in terms of brake particle emissions. Another impact, the vehicle weight and inertia, respectively, shows how important lightweight measures and brake cooling improvements are. Finally, the role of the load profile is discussed, which shows the importance of driving parameters like vehicle speed and reservoir dynamics. The authors show that, under urban driving conditions, extreme low particle emissions are detected. Furthermore, it is explained that off-brake emissions can play a relevant role in regard to brake particle emissions.

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Vdovin, Alexey, i Gaël Le Gigan. "Aerodynamic and Thermal Modelling of Disc Brakes—Challenges and Limitations". Energies 13, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010203.

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The brake system is a critical component for any passenger vehicle as its task is to convert the kinetic and potential energy of the vehicle into heat, allowing the vehicle to stop. Heat energy generated must be dissipated into the surroundings in order to prevent brake overheating. Traditionally, a lot of experimental testing is performed to ensure correct brake operation under all possible load scenarios. However, with the development of simulation techniques, many vehicle manufacturers today are looking into partially or completely replacing physical experiments by virtual testing. Such a transition has several substantial benefits, but simultaneously a lot of challenges and limitations need to be addressed and understood for reliable and accurate simulation results. This paper summarizes many of such challenges, discusses the effects that can and cannot be captured, and gives a broader picture of the issues faced when conducting numerical brake cooling simulations.

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Munisamy, Kannan M., i Ramel Shafik. "Disk brake design for cooling improvement using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (17.06.2013): 012109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012109.

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Huang, Hui, Shumei Chen i Kaifeng Chen. "Novel magnetorheological brake with self-protection and water cooling for elevators". Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32, nr 5 (maj 2018): 1955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0403-6.

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Zheng, Xun Jia, Tian Hong Luo i Ce Jia. "Dynamic Response Modeling of Fluid-Solid Coupling for Wet Brake Disc". Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (grudzień 2013): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1397.

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Due to the poor conditions of wet brake cooling and the high temperature of the working characteristics, this paper intended to introduce the oil film vadose between the brake linings, considered the variation of volume of grooves on the friction plate, and then proposes the three-dimensional transient dynamic response of fluid-solid coupling mathematical model. By numerical analysis of the disc transient thermal stress field distribution on the friction plate, the friction surface temperature field variation is obtained. Finally, the results shows that the mathematical model is effective and feasible.

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Kalaaji, Jad, i Mervat Madi. "Reduction of disc brake fading using both design and material optimization". MATEC Web of Conferences 261 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926102004.

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This study is to investigate, under extreme working conditions, the trend of the thermo- mechanical behavior of different brake rotors by means of FEM thermo-mechanical coupled analyses. More efficient designs are suggested and compared to existing ones, based on cooling capability.

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Gao, C. H., J. M. Huang, X. Z. Lin i X. S. Tang. "Stress Analysis of Thermal Fatigue Fracture of Brake Disks Based on Thermomechanical Coupling". Journal of Tribology 129, nr 3 (6.12.2006): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2736437.

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This paper develops a three-dimensional (3D) thermal-structure coupling model, implements transient stress analysis of thermoelastic contact of disk brakes with a frictional heat variation and identifies the source of the thermal fatigue. This thermostructure model allows the analysis of the effects of the moving heat source (the pad) with a variable speed and integrates the heat flux coupling between the sliding surfaces. To obtain the transient stress/temperature fields of the brake under an emergency braking, the thermoelastic problem under this 3D model is solved by the finite element method. The numerical results from the analysis and simulation show the temperature/stress of the disk presenting periodic sharp fluctuation due to the continuous cyclic loading; its varying frequency corresponds to the rotated cycle times of the braking disk. The results demonstrate that the maximum surface equivalent stress may exceed the material yield strength during an emergency braking, which may cause a plastic damage accumulation in a brake disk, while a residual tensile hoop stress is incurred on cooling. These results are validated by experimental observation results available in the literature. Based on these numerical results, some suggestions for avoiding fatigue fracture propagation are further presented.

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Palmer, E., R. Mishra i J. Fieldhouse. "An optimization study of a multiple-row pin-vented brake disc to promote brake cooling using computational fluid dynamics". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, nr 7 (lipiec 2009): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1053.

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Bao, Ze Fu, Hai Feng Dai, Peng Zang i Jiang Ping Wang. "Design and Application of Forced Heat Dispersing Device of Superdeep Drilling Rig in High Temperature". Advanced Materials Research 339 (wrzesień 2011): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.561.

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The system about the eddy current brake in drilling rig is very important and friable component. The temperature will arise with the winch lift the heave object and break, which will affect the winch. The conventional drilling rigs are cooled by air blast or water circulation, which always can’t content the request of drilling rig winch brake system. For this situation, I am to design and manufacture the forced heat-dispersing unit for ZJ70/4500DZ drilling rig winch. This device unified the formerly forced-air cooling and water cooling characteristic, and what’s more, it consists of air cooler, water tank, water pump valves, manifold and instruments. It has lots of advantages, for example: structure compact, easy installation and maintenance and so on. The article in the bases of analyses the ZJ70 drilling rig winch system characteristic and the theory of the formerly heat-dispersing, to introduced the approach of design and composition design…

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Han, Ying. "Study on Hydraulic System for Full Hybrid Transmission". Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (lipiec 2014): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.495.

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Design method of hydraulic system of full hybrid transmission was analyzed. At first, oil volume flow and pressure requirement was confirmed according to the vehicle control strategy. Mechanical gear pump and electric pump were used to supply oil flow for all driving modes. Self-adapted pressure regulation circuit was designed to supply high pressure oil for brake engagement. Structure dimension of valves and cooling orifices was designed by theoretical calculation. Cooling flow can be distributed proportionally among electric motors and planetary gears.

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Idusuyi, Nosa, Ijeoma Babajide, Oluwaseun K. Ajayi i Temilola T. Olugasa. "A Computational Study on the Use of an Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite and Aramid as Alternative Brake Disc and Brake Pad Material". Journal of Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/494697.

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A computational model for the heat generation and dissipation in a disk brake during braking and the following release period has been formulated. The model simulates the braking action by investigating the thermal behaviour occurring on the disc and pad surfaces during this period. A comparative study was made between grey cast iron (GCI), asbestos, Aluminium metal matrix composite (AMC), and aramid as brake pad and disc materials. The braking process and following release period were simulated for four material combinations, GCI disc and Asbestos pad, GCI disc and Aramid pad, AMC disc and Asbestos pad, AMC disc and Aramid pad using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The results show similarity in thermal behaviour at the contact surface for the asbestos and aramid brake pad materials with a temperature difference of 1.8 K after 10 seconds. For the brake disc materials, the thermal behaviour was close, with the highest temperature difference being 9.6 K. The GCI had a peak temperature of 489 K at 1.2 seconds and AMC was 465.5 K but cooling to 406.4 K at 10 seconds, while the GCI was 394.7 K.

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Kim, Moo-Geun, Sung-Kyu Ko i Moon-Wan Lee. "A Study for the Cooling Performance of a Brake with Heat Pipes". Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 32, nr 4 (31.05.2008): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2008.32.4.563.

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Galindo-Lopez, C. H., i M. Tirovic. "Understanding and improving the convective cooling of brake discs with radial vanes". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, nr 7 (lipiec 2008): 1211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto594.

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