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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Brain-Body states"
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Boroday, Sergey. "Some arguments in favor of embodied cognition". Philosophy Journal 17, nr 2 (maj 2024): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2024-17-2-137-152.
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The article criticizes a number of assumptions of the disembodied approach to mind, according to which human mind and higher cognitive capacities can be represented without a human body or without a body part outside the brain; the bodily correlate of mind is the human brain; mind and cognition can be conceptualized as computation. In contrast, arguments for the conception of embodied cognition are presented: 1) the prototypical form of mind is impossible without natural language, and language is impossible without the body; 2) the brain-in-a-vat mental experiment is inadequate because the individual brain mirrors idiosyncratic experiences associated with the body that cannot be translated into extramodal “information”; the brain cannot be isolated from the rest of the nervous system and the body as a whole, and the fullest understanding of nervous system functioning is possible only from comparative-evolutionary, ontogenetic, and cultural perspectives; 3) biological processes and those involving conscious states cannot be reduced to “computation” because of the incommensurability of ontologies.
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Whitten, Tara A., Laura J. Martz, Anthony Guico, Nicole Gervais i Clayton T. Dickson. "Heat Synch: Inter- and Independence of Body-Temperature Fluctuations and Brain-State Alternations in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats". Journal of Neurophysiology 102, nr 3 (wrzesień 2009): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00374.2009.
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During sleep, warm-blooded animals exhibit cyclic alternations between rapid-eye-movement (REM) and nonrapid-eye-movement (non-REM) states, characterized by distinct patterns of brain activity apparent in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings coupled with corresponding changes in physiological measures, including body temperature. Recently we have shown that urethane-anesthetized rats display cyclic alternations between an activated state and a deactivated state that are highly similar in both EEG and physiological characteristics to REM and non-REM sleep states, respectively. Here, using intracranial local field potential recordings from urethane-anesthetized rats, we show that brain-state alternations were correlated to core temperature fluctuations induced using a feedback-controlled heating system. Activated (REM-like) states predominated during the rising phase of the temperature cycle, whereas deactivated (non-REM-like) states predominated during the falling phase. Brain-state alternations persisted following the elimination of core temperature fluctuations by the use of a constant heating protocol, but the timing and rhythmicity of state alternations were altered. In contrast, thermal fluctuations applied to the ventral surface (and especially the scrotum) of rats in the absence or independently of core temperature fluctuations appeared to induce brain-state alternations. Heating brought about activated patterns, whereas cooling produced deactivated patterns. This shows that although alternations of sleeplike brain states under urethane anesthesia can be independent of imposed temperature variations, they can also be entrained through the activation of peripheral thermoreceptors. Overall, these results imply that brain state and bodily metabolism are highly related during unconsciousness and that the brain mechanisms underlying sleep cycling and thermoregulation likely represent independent, yet coupled oscillators.
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Harré, Rom. "Nagel's Challenge and the Mind-Body Problem". Philosophy 74, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819199000285.
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Nagel has argued that the ‘mind-body’ problem, as traditionally conceived, is insoluble. His challenge to philosophers is to devise a metaphysical scheme that incorporates materialist concepts in describing first person experience and mentalistic concepts in describing third person experience, such that the internal relations between the concepts thereby constructed are necessary. Nagel's own suggestion, a scheme not unlike the ‘underlying process’ schemes of the physical sciences, seems to lead him towards a covert materialism. Progress can be made in meeting the challenge by tackling the problem first by taking the units in each ‘sphere’ to be brains and persons. I show that a metaphysics based on the metaphor of person defined tasks and materially defined tools does satisfy both Nagel's challenge conditions. To devise a scheme for qualia and brain-states I turn back to Locke's presentation of the primary/secondary quality distinction. This depends on the concept of a causal power, grounded in material states of the world. While this scheme is inadequate, a variation, based on Gibson's concept of an affordance, and drawing on Bohr's resolution of the seeming incompatibility between wave and particle ontologies for physics, is promising. The world, whatever it is, affords material states to our perceptual apparatus, and mental states to our proprioceptual apparatus. The mental states/brain states duality is not a duality of types of states, which might stand in causal relations to one another, but is a duality of means of access to two classes of affordances of whatever the world is. There is no mind-body problem in the traditional sense, namely ‘How could a material state cause or be caused by a mental state?’
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Groothuis, Jitte, i Hans M. Smid. "Nasonia Parasitic Wasps Escape from Haller's Rule by Diphasic, Partially Isometric Brain-Body Size Scaling and Selective Neuropil Adaptations". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 90, nr 3 (2017): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480421.
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Haller's rule states that brains scale allometrically with body size in all animals, meaning that relative brain size increases with decreasing body size. This rule applies both on inter- and intraspecific comparisons. Only 1 species, the extremely small parasitic wasp Trichogramma evanescens, is known as an exception and shows an isometric brain-body size relation in an intraspecific comparison between differently sized individuals. Here, we investigated if such an isometric brain-body size relationship also occurs in an intraspecific comparison with a slightly larger parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, a species that may vary 10-fold in body weight upon differences in levels of scramble competition during larval development. We show that Nasonia exhibits diphasic brain-body size scaling: larger wasps scale allometrically, following Haller's rule, whereas the smallest wasps show isometric scaling. Brains of smaller wasps are, therefore, smaller than expected and we hypothesized that this may lead to adaptations in brain architecture. Volumetric analysis of neuropil composition revealed that wasps of different sizes differed in relative volume of multiple neuropils. The optic lobes and mushroom bodies in particular were smaller in the smallest wasps. Furthermore, smaller brains had a relatively smaller total neuropil volume and larger cellular rind than large brains. These changes in relative brain size and brain architecture suggest that the energetic constraints on brain tissue outweigh specific cognitive requirements in small Nasonia wasps.
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Ried, A. M. Soza. "The Lateralized Vestibular Stimulation: Effect on Mood, Cognition, and Autonomic States in Mental Disorders". Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy Research 11 (26.11.2024): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2313-1047.2024.11.07.
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The vestibular system in the inner ear senses the body's movements, which is essential for regulating reflex movements and body balance at the brain stem level. Still, it is also critical in regulating high brain functions, including mental states, motivation, mood, cognition, and reasoning. This article reviews the neuro-functional effects of lateralized vestibular stimulation in three main brain areas involved in mental disorders: the parieto–insular–vestibular cortex (PIVC), the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus. We discuss its implications for the performance of high-demanding works and possible therapeutic applications in psychiatric patients.
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Romanchuk, N. "Cognitive Brain: Neuroscience, Neurophysiology and Neuroendocrinology of Emotions". Bulletin of Science and Practice, nr 3 (15.03.2023): 158–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/88/21.
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Humancognitive brain integrates and synchronizes neurobiological, neurophysiological, and neuroendocrinological emotions that promote compassion and intersubjectivity that will help reduce stress and enhance compassionate mediation to resolve conflicts. The dependence of emotional states on context is also critical for affective neurology studies in which we want to experimentally manipulate emotional states. Emotions are functional states realized in the activities of neural systems that regulate complex behavior. Strategic is the creation of an integrative working model of emotions and stress, which specifies a time frame for measuring stress: acute, event, daily and chronic and a more accurate language for measuring stress. Human cognitive brains are biological, biophysical, neurophysiological, and medico-social information exchange paradigms. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting cognitive impairment and cognitive disorders, using combined and hybrid neuroimaging, next-generation sequencing, etc., in order to begin timely and effective rehabilitation of the Human brain. Social feelings have conceptual and empirical links to affect and emotion. The modern problem of affective neurology is to detail causal interactions between emotional states, emotion experiences, and emotion concepts: in healthy adults, all three usually occur together. Emotional states, along with many other signs of mental state, provide causal explanations for behavior. Emotions are “purposeful” because they are aimed at preparing the body to respond to situations that have repeatedly arisen throughout evolution. In conceptual stages of development, emotions become more differentiated and diverse as the cognitive brain of Human (individual, person, personality) postpones memories of emotional events often caused by social interactions, assesses situations, and develops coping mechanisms, including expectation, appropriate levels of arousal, and cognitive control of emotional behavior. Human brain working in the mode of genius (talent, creativity) requires the creation and maintenance of modern neurocompunctions between the new cortex and the hippocampus (memory library, memory hard drive), the formation of new structural and functional neurocompunctions in Human brain that occur continuously throughout the life of all life from birth to ultra-longevity and have creative advantages in the era of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing.
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Sepetyi, Dmytro. "The problem of mind-body interaction and the causal principle of Descartes’s Third Meditation". Sententiae 40, nr 1 (1.04.2021): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent40.01.028.
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The article analyses recent English publications in Cartesian studies that deal with two problems: (1) the problem of the intrinsic coherence of Descartes’s doctrine of the real distinction and interaction between mind and body and (2) the problem of the consistency of this doctrine with the causal principle formulated in the Third Meditation. The principle at issue is alternatively interpreted by different Cartesian scholars either as the Hierarchy Principle, that the cause should be at least as perfect as its effects, or the Containment Principle, that the cause should contain all there is in its effects. The author argues that Descartes’s claim (in his argument against the scholastic doctrine of substantial forms) that it is inconceivable how things of different natures can interact does not conflict with the acknowledgement of interaction between things of different natures in the case of soul and body. The case is made that Cartesian mind-body interaction can agree with both the Hierarchy Principle and the Containment Principle, because the Principle is about total and efficient cause, whereas in the interaction, mental and brain states are only partial (and plausibly, in the case of brains states, occasional) causes. In particular, in the case of the causality in the brain-to-mind direction, the mind is conditioned by brain states to form the corresponding specific ideas on the basis of its innate general ideas of movements, forms, colours, etc. Eventually, for Descartes, the most natural way to deal with worries about the possibility of mind-brain interaction is to rely on God’s omnipotence, which certainly enables Him to arrange for such interaction.
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Glas, Gerrit. "CHURCHLAND, KANDEL AND DOOYEWEERD ON THE REDUCIBILITY OF MIND STATES". Philosophia Reformata 67, nr 2 (2.12.2002): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000260.
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This article is devoted to the conceptual analysis of two texts of leading scholars in cognitive neuroscience and its philosophy, Patricia Churchland and Eric Kandel. After a short introduction about the notion of reduction, I give a detailed account of the way both scientists view the relationship between theories about brain functioning on the one hand and consciousness and psychopathology, respectively, on the other hand. The analysis not only reveals underlying philosophical mind/brain conceptions and their inner tensions, but also the conceptual relevance of distinctions that are fundamental in the work of Dooyeweerd, such as the distinction between modes and entities, between law and subject and between subject function and object function. After a brief clarification of the way these distinctions function in Dooyeweerd’s theory of the body as an ‘enkaptic structural whole’, I try to explain how the conceptual framework, developed here, could be applied to brain functioning and leads to greater clarity in neuroscientific theorizing.
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Suárez-Grimalt, Raquel, Ilona C. Grunwald Kadow i Lisa Scheunemann. "An integrative sensor of body states: how the mushroom body modulates behavior depending on physiological context". Learning & Memory 31, nr 5 (maj 2024): a053918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.053918.124.
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The brain constantly compares past and present experiences to predict the future, thereby enabling instantaneous and future behavioral adjustments. Integration of external information with the animal's current internal needs and behavioral state represents a key challenge of the nervous system. Recent advancements in dissecting the function of theDrosophilamushroom body (MB) at the single-cell level have uncovered its three-layered logic and parallel systems conveying positive and negative values during associative learning. This review explores a lesser-known role of the MB in detecting and integrating body states such as hunger, thirst, and sleep, ultimately modulating motivation and sensory-driven decisions based on the physiological state of the fly. State-dependent signals predominantly affect the activity of modulatory MB input neurons (dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and octopaminergic), but also induce plastic changes directly at the level of the MB intrinsic and output neurons. Thus, the MB emerges as a tightly regulated relay station in the insect brain, orchestrating neuroadaptations due to current internal and behavioral states leading to short- but also long-lasting changes in behavior. While these adaptations are crucial to ensure fitness and survival, recent findings also underscore how circuit motifs in the MB may reflect fundamental design principles that contribute to maladaptive behaviors such as addiction or depression-like symptoms.
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Lifshitz, Michael, Robert T. Thibault, Raquel R. Roth i Amir Raz. "Source Localization of Brain States Associated with Canonical Neuroimaging Postures". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, nr 7 (lipiec 2017): 1292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01107.
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Cognitive neuroscientists rarely consider the influence that body position exerts on brain activity; yet, postural variation holds important implications for the acquisition and interpretation of neuroimaging data. Whereas participants in most behavioral and EEG experiments sit upright, many prominent brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI) require participants to lie supine. Here we demonstrate that physical comportment profoundly alters baseline brain activity as measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG)—an imaging modality that permits multipostural acquisition. We collected resting-state MEG data from 12 healthy participants in three postures (lying supine, reclining at 45°, and sitting upright). Source-modeling analysis revealed a broadly distributed influence of posture on resting brain function. Sitting upright versus lying supine was associated with greater high-frequency (i.e., beta and gamma) activity in widespread parieto-occipital cortex. Moreover, sitting upright and reclining postures correlated with dampened activity in prefrontal regions across a range of bandwidths (i.e., from alpha to low gamma). The observed effects were large, with a mean Cohen's d of 0.95 ( SD = 0.23). In addition to neural activity, physiological parameters such as muscle tension and eye blinks may have contributed to these posture-dependent changes in brain signal. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, however, the present results have important implications for the acquisition and interpretation of multimodal imaging data (e.g., studies combining fMRI or PET with EEG or MEG). More broadly, our findings indicate that generalizing results—from supine neuroimaging measurements to erect positions typical of ecological human behavior—would call for considering the influence that posture wields on brain dynamics.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Brain-Body states"
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Mahéo, Baptiste. "Deciphering Fear Related Brain-Body States : Identification of a New Freezing Type". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLS022.
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Répondre avec succès à des situations aversives implique de minimiser les dommages face à la menace et de récupérer du stress physiologique induit afin de reprendre les activités de base. Les comportements mettant en œuvre des stratégies défensives et récupératives n'ont pas encore été clairement distingués, ce qui entrave l'étude des mécanismes neuronaux par lesquels les animaux passent de l'une à l'autre. Ici, nous identifions, dans une tâche d'évitement spatial, deux profils cerveau-corps distincts pendant le comportement de freezing, correspondant respectivement à un état de forte activation corporelle et à un mode d'encodage de l'hippocampe, proche de la menace, et à un état de faible activation corporelle et à un hippocampe orienté vers l'intérieur lorsque les animaux se trouvent dans un environnement sûr. Pendant le freezing à faible excitation, les cellules de lieu de l'hippocampe rejouaient l'activité de la zone de menace pendant les ondes cérébrales rapides. La suppression en boucle fermée de cette activité n'a pas eu d'impact sur l'apprentissage spatial, mais a spécifiquement bloqué l'état de freezing à faible excitation et entraîné une augmentation des niveaux de stress post-tâche. Ensemble, ces résultats montrent que le rappel d'une menace distante alors que l'animal se trouve dans un espace sûr induit un état de faible excitation favorisant la récupération du stress induit par la peur. Cela met en lumière le rôle du rappel de menace hors ligne comme forme de contrôle cognitif sur les événements négatifsSuccessfully responding to aversive situations involves minimizing harm in the face of threat and recovering from the induced physiological stress so as to resume baseline activities. Behaviors implementing defensive and recuperative strategies have not yet been clearly distinguished, hindering the study of the neural mechanisms by which animals switch from one to the other. Here, we identify in a spatial avoidance task two distinct brain-body profiles during freezing that correspond respectively to a state of high bodily arousal and encoding mode hippocampus, proximal to threat and a state of low bodily arousal and internally oriented hippocampus when animals are in a safe environment. During low-arousal freezing, hippocampal place cells replayed threat zone activity during sharp-wave ripples. Closed-loop suppression of this activity did not impact spatial learning but instead specifically blocked low-arousal freezing state and led to increased levels of post-task stress. Together, these results show that replaying a distal threat while in a safe space induces a low-arousal state driving recuperation from fear induced stress. This throws light on the role of offline threat replay as a form of cognitive control over negative events
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Fleming, David H. "Drugs, danger, delusions (and Deleuzians?) : extreme film-philosophy journeys into and beyond the parallel body and mind". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/985.
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Drugs, Danger, Delusions (and Deleuzians?) opens up a philosophical investigation into a series of ‘extreme’ mind and body films drawn from different historical contexts. Through two sections and four distinct chapters, cinema is explored as an agent of becoming that allows viewers to think and feel in an affected manner. Investigating a broad spectrum of extreme narratives focusing on drugs, hooligan violence, insomnia and madness, the project provides a focused historical understanding of the films’ affective regimes and aesthetic agendas. The different lines of flight and escape explored on-screen all somehow appear to spiral around the same issues, concepts, ideas and philosophies. Utilising the cinematic theories of Gilles Deleuze along with his philosophical work co-authored with Félix Guattari, the thesis aims to investigate a range of related films, that in the extreme, reveal underlying models of an integrated or parallel mind and body and immanently embedded identity; wherein the concept of a stable and fixed being is replaced by that of a fluid becoming. All chapters investigate how immanently embedded characters embark upon extreme or dangerous lines of escape, where the reinvention of living and thinking is explored and made visible. The first section investigates a range of ‘head-films’ that take the mind as their theme, but are found to plicate and expand consciousness into the parallel body. The second section investigates extreme body films that push the sensory-motor schema to its limits so that thought, perception and consciousness become affected. The two interrelated sections investigate how the films and filmmakers employ different regimes of mind and body cinema to aesthetically convey and relay these concepts to the spectator. The project thus strives to develop Deleuzian paradigms beyond their original scope to explore parallel-image regimes and sequences that allow spectators to think and feel the films’ underlying philosophical concepts and positions.
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Marsh, Michael N. "Out-of-body and near-death experiences : brain-state phenomena or glimpses of immortality?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09faa988-2080-4187-887e-3acadebe9558.
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What certainty is there for personal survival after death? Five key authors, critically analysed in this thesis, think that OB/ND experiences offer such assurances. Most OB/ND events follow severe clinical crises profoundly embarrassing cerebral function. At the nadir of brain function, invariably resulting in unconsciousness, authors aver that the escape of soul (Sabom), mind, or free consciousness (Moody, Ring, Grey, Fenwick), in providing glimpses of heaven, offers proof of immortality. I disagree. The semantic content of early-phase ND experiences reveals dream-like bizarreness and illogicality, consistent with de-activation of critical cortical controls. Conversely, late-phase experiences, tinged with 'moral' compulsions about earthly responsibilities, herald the progressive intrusion of conscious-awareness into that subconscious mentation. These experiences, abruptly terminating as conscious-awareness erupts, are transient - as demonstrated by narrative word counts - indicating origins from reawakening, not moribund, brains. My argument is underpinned by these latter crucial observations. Pain, intruding into ND phenomenology, is another occurrence hardly consistent with an escape of mind or 'free consciousness' into the hereafter. "Tunnel" phenomenology, a rapid movement from darkness into heavenly brightness, involves a retrospective synthesis of vestibular-generated rotation/accelerations, and a progressively enlarging and engulfing light, signalling re-establishment of an effective circulation to associative visual centres. The content of ND experiences, as with dreams, involves the temporo-parietal cortex. OB experiences derive from central vestibular activity (superior and inferior parietal lobules) in dormant, recumbent patients. Allied aberrations of allocentric space create bodily reduplications and sensed invisible presences. Thus, OB do not warrant "mystical" interpretations. The spiritual overtones accorded OB/ND experiences by authors are inconsistent with classical (Judaeo-Christian) accounts of divine disclosure. The eschatology adumbrated in published texts implies immortality, and seriously fails to embrace a preferred resurrectional eschatology as professed credally. I therefore conclude that OB/ND phenomenology, rather than offering alleged glimpses of eternity, reflects living, not dead, brains re-awakening to full conscious-awareness from antecedent metabolic insults.
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García-García, Isabel, María Ángeles Jurado, Maite Garolera, Idoia Marqués-Iturria, Annette Horstmann, Bàrbara Segura, Roser Pueyo i in. "Functional network centrality in obesity: a resting-state and task fMRI study". Psychiatry research (2015) 233, 3, S. 331-338, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14785.
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Obesity is associated with structural and functional alterations in brain areas that are often functionally distinct and anatomically distant. This suggests that obesity is associated with differences in functional connectivity of regions distributed across the brain. However, studies addressing whole brain functional connectivity in obesity remain scarce. Here, we compared voxel-wise degree centrality and eigenvector centrality between participants with obesity (n=20) and normal-weight controls (n=21). We analyzed resting state and task-related fMRI data acquired from the same individuals. Relative to normal-weight controls, participants with obesity exhibited reduced degree centrality in the right middle frontal gyrus in the resting-state condition. During the task fMRI condition, obese participants exhibited less degree centrality in the left middle frontal gyrus and the lateral occipital cortex along with reduced eigenvector centrality in the lateral occipital cortex and occipital pole. Our results highlight the central role of the middle frontal gyrus in the pathophysiology of obesity, a structure involved in several brain circuits signaling attention, executive functions and motor functions. Additionally, our analysis suggests the existence of task-dependent reduced centrality in occipital areas; regions with a role in perceptual processes and that are profoundly modulated by attention.
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McConnell, George Charles. "Chronic inflammation surrounding intra-cortical electrodes is correlated with a local, neurodegenerative state". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26615.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Bellamkonda, Ravi; Committee Member: Babensee, Julia; Committee Member: Butera, Robert; Committee Member: DeWeerth, Steve; Committee Member: Lee, Robert; Committee Member: McKeon, Robert. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Straková, Barbora. "Evoluce velikosti mozku u ptáků". Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388655.
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Vertebrates show dramatic interspecific variation in the size of their brains. The complexity of brains is considered to be the key factor of evolutionary success in Vertebrates, and therefore an evolutionary trend towards increasing brain size and coplexity is assumed. Large and complex brains evolved independently in birds and mammals. Birds have brains that are comparable in their relative size to the brains of mammals. However, in stark contrast to mammals, there is no general trend towards increase of brain size in birds. Relatively large brains have evolved independently in many avian lineages. Highly encephalised orders are parrots (Psittaciformes), woodpeckers and relatives (Piciformes), hornbills, hoopoe and wood hoopoes (Bucerotiformes), owls (Strigiformes), storks (Ciconiiformes) and several families of songbirds (Passeriformes), mainly bowerbirds (Ptilorhynchidae) and corvids (Corvidae). Otherhighlyencephalizedgroupsarenon-parasiticcuckoos(genusCentropus,Phaenicophaeus and Coua) and family Diomeidea and genus Pelecanus belonging to the clade water birds. Less encephalized groups include the basal lineages such as paleognaths and fowl (Galloanserae), and also pigeons (Columbiformes) and swifts, treeswifts and hummingbirds (Apodiformes). We suggest that this mosaic evolution is result of...
Książki na temat "Brain-Body states"
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G, Farreras Ingrid, Hannaway Caroline 1943- i Harden Victoria Angela, red. Mind, brain, body, and behavior: Foundations of neuroscience and behavioral research at the National Institutes of Health. Amsterdam: IOS, 2004.
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Nakazawa, Donna Jackson. The last best cure: My quest to awaken the healing parts of my brain-- and get back my body, my joy, and my life. New York, N.Y: Hudson Street Press, 2013.
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Kamenskaya, Valentina, i Leonid Tomanov. The fractal-chaotic properties of cognitive processes: age. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1053569.
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In the monograph the literature information about the nature of stochastic processes and their participation in the work of the brain and human behavior. Established that the real cognitive processes and mental functions associated with the procedural side of external events and the stochastic properties of the internal dynamics of brain systems in the form of fluctuations of their parameters, including cardiac rhythm generation and sensorimotor reactions. Experimentally proved that the dynamics of the measured physiological processes is in the range from chaotic regime to a weakly deterministic — fractal mode. Fractal mode determines the maximum order and organization homeostasis of cognitive processes and States, as well as high adaptive ability of the body systems with fractal properties. The fractal-chaotic dynamics is a useful quality to examine the actual physiological and psychological systems - a unique numerical identification of the order and randomness of the processes through calculation of fractal indices. The monograph represents the results of many years of experimental studies of the reflection properties of stochastic sensorimotor reactions, as well as stochastic properties of heart rate in children, Teens and adults in the age aspect in the speech activity and the perception of different kinds of music with its own frequency-spectral structure.
Designed for undergraduates, graduate students and researchers that perform research and development on cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
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Halse, Christine. Inside anorexia: Bringing together the stories of sufferers and their families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2008.
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Engage 4 Learning : How to Increase Learning, Reset Mind-Body States and Engage Challenging Students Using the 4 Main Brain Systems. n/a, 2010.
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Social Neuroscience Gene Environment Brain Body. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
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Khalsa, Sahib S., i Justin S. Feinstein. The somatic error hypothesis of anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0008.
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A regulatory battle for control ensues in the central nervous system following a mismatch between the current physiological state of an organism as mapped in viscerosensory brain regions and the predicted body state as computed in visceromotor control regions. The discrepancy between the predicted and current body state (i.e. the “somatic error”) signals a need for corrective action, motivating changes in both cognition and behavior. This chapter argues that anxiety disorders are fundamentally driven by somatic errors that fail to be adaptively regulated, leaving the organism in a state of dissonance where the predicted body state is perpetually out of line with the current body state. Repeated failures to quell somatic error can result in long-term changes to interoceptive circuitry within the brain. This chapter explores the neuropsychiatric sequelae that can emerge following chronic allostatic dysregulation of somatic errors and discusses novel therapies that might help to correct this dysregulation.
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Kaye, Walter, i Alice V. Ely. Appetitive Regulation in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Redaktorzy W. Stewart Agras i Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.4.
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Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are complex disorders with dysregulated appetitive behaviors. The underlying causes of disturbed patterns of eating are unknown, but a growing body of research suggests that aberrant functioning of brain or peripheral systems may be responsible. Neuroimaging technologies, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional MRI (fMRI), can be used to explore whether there are perturbations of the monoamine systems, the neurocircuitry of gustatory processing in eating disorders, and their relationship to metabolic homeostatic states. Together, PET and fMRI data suggest that individuals with eating disorders have disturbance of taste- and reward-processing regions of the brain, which may contribute to eating disorder symptoms.
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Iversen, Leslie. The Science of Marijuana. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846848.001.0001.
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Marijuana (cannabis) is the most widely used recreational drug after nicotine and alcohol. This book reviews the rapidly growing body of scientific evidence on cannabis—how it works, the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the brain and body, and the opportunities for new medicines based on such knowledge. The regulation of cannabis use varies considerably throughout the world. This book reviews the rapid changes that have occurred in liberalizing the medical use of cannabis, and in some instances the full legalization of cannabis use, with an emphasis on events in the United States and Canada. The advantages and disadvantages of liberalizing the medical and recreational use of cannabis are discussed in a neutral manner, leaving the reader to decide.
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Schechter, Elizabeth. Self-Consciousness and "Split" Brains. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809654.001.0001.
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The largest fiber tract in the human brain is the corpus callosum, which connects the two cerebral hemispheres. A number of surgeries severing this structure were performed on adults in the United States in the second half of the twentieth century. After they are surgically separated from each other in this way, a “split-brain” subject’s hemispheres begin to operate unusually independently of each other in the realms of perception, cognition, and the control of action—almost as if each had a mind of its own. But can a mere hemisphere really see? Speak? Feel? Know what it has done? The split-brain cases raise questions of psychological identity: How many subjects of experience are there within a split-brain subject? How many persons? How many minds? Under experimental conditions, split-brain subjects often act as though they were animated by two distinct conscious beings, evoking the duality intuition. On the other hand, a split-brain subject seems like one of us—not like two of us sharing one body. Split-brain subjects thus also evoke the unity intuition.This book is devoted to reconciling these two apparently opposing intuitions. The key to doing so are facts about the way self-consciousness operates in split-brain subjects. A split-brain subject is composed of two conscious psychological beings that fail to recognize each other’s existence and indeed cannot distinguish themselves from each other. Instead, each must first-personally identify with the split-brain subject as a whole, and in so doing, the two make themselves into one person.
Części książek na temat "Brain-Body states"
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Başar, Erol. "Towards Metaphysics: Conscient and Unconscient States". W Brain-Body-Mind in the Nebulous Cartesian System: A Holistic Approach by Oscillations, 367–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6136-5_19.
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Başar, Erol. "Mysteries of the Mind: Conscient and Unconscient States in Creativity and Sleep". W Brain-Body-Mind in the Nebulous Cartesian System: A Holistic Approach by Oscillations, 375–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6136-5_20.
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Haranas, Ioannis, Ioannis Gkigkitzis, Stavroula Georgiadis i Devon McLeod. "Number of Brain States in an N-Body Dynamical Scenario According to the Universal Bekenstein Entropy Bound". W Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 19–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32637-1_3.
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Iyer, Vishwanath, William A. Wartman, Aapo Nummenmaa i Sergey N. Makarov. "Example of Steady-State Electric-Current Modeling of a Complicated Cellular Topology with Boundary Element Fast Multipole Method". W Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 391–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_23.
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AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate the ability of the boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM) to perform electrical modeling of a rather complicated microbiological surface topology in a reasonable amount of time. As an example, we consider a Computer Aided Design (CAD)-based SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein structure. This structure is crucial to the mechanism by which the coronavirus attaches to a target object. Only classic DC steady-state modeling has been performed, in an isotropic continuous medium.
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Guo, Tianruo, David Tsai, Siwei Bai, Mohit Shivdasani, Madhuvanthi Muralidharan, Liming Li, Socrates Dokos i Nigel H. Lovell. "Insights from Computational Modelling: Selective Stimulation of Retinal Ganglion Cells". W Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 233–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_13.
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AbstractImprovements to the efficacy of retinal neuroprostheses can be achieved by developing more sophisticated neural stimulation strategies to enable selective or differential activation of specific retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Recent retinal studies have demonstrated the ability to differentially recruit ON and OFF RGCs – the two major information pathways of the retina – using high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS). However, there remain many unknowns, since this is a relatively unexplored field. For example, can we achieve ON/OFF selectivity over a wide range of stimulus frequencies and amplitudes? Furthermore, existing demonstrations of HFS efficacy in retinal prostheses have been based on epiretinal placement of electrodes. Other clinically popular techniques include subretinal or suprachoroidal placement, where electrodes are located at the photoreceptor layer or in the suprachoroidal space, respectively, and these locations are quite distant from the RGC layer. Would HFS-based differential activation work from these locations? In this chapter, we conducted in silico investigations to explore the generalizability of HFS to differentially active ON and OFF RGCs. Computational models are particularly well suited for these investigations. The electric field can be accurately described by mathematical formulations, and simulated neurons can be “probed” at resolutions well beyond those achievable by today’s state-of-the-art experimental techniques.
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Cavusoglu, Mehmet. "Brain and Carbohydrate Metabolism". W Brain Biochemistry and Its Disease, 167–80. Istanbul: Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359371.10.
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The brain is one of the active organs of the body in terms of energy consumption. The areas where energy is used in the brain can be listed as events such as regulating the ion concentration of nerve cells during information transfer, electrical conduction, active uptake, and synthesis of excitatory neurotransmitters. The brain uses glucose as its primary energy source. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen widely found in nature. Carbohydrates are used as primary energy-giving molecules in many living things. It also serves as the structural element of many living things. This study examined the relationship between the brain and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, the connection between the brain and glucose, the brain’s main energy source, is explained. It has been stated how the carbohydrates taken into the body after nutrition are broken down into glucose, mixed into the blood and transported to the brain. Then, the conversion of glucose to ATP, which crosses the blood-brain barrier by brain cells through aerobic respiration, Glycolysis, TCA cycle and Electron Transfer chain, is explained. This study was prepared as a compilation of scientific studies on the subject using various internet-based search engines.
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Kavak, Vatan. "Micro Nutrients and Vitamins Affecting Cognitive Functions in Brain Locations". W Complementary Medicine with New Approaches, 251–71. Istanbul: Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359418.18.
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Brain anatomy and the brain’s capacity for cognitive function are determined by what happens in the gut. Digestive events occurring in the intestines affect the daily function and cognitive function of the brain. The cognitive capacity of the brain is vital at all stages of life. During childhood and adolescence, nutrition with safe and healthy foods is the gold standard for brain development and cognitive performance. Neurotransmitter cells in the intestines produce most of the dopamine and serotonin hormones that the body needs. Serotonin and dopamine produced in the intestines then pass to the brain and enable communication between nerve cells in the brain. Micronutrients are an important component that enables communication between nerve cells, thanks to the metabolic activities of cells as well as dopamine synthesis, serotonin and myelin sheath formation. Safe and healthy nutrition; is a foreign concept to many school children. For this reason, the way to increase the anatomy of the brain and the cognitive capacity of the brain is through intestines, digestion, safe food and movement.
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Batu, Ozlem. "Oxytocin". W Brain Biochemistry and Its Disease, 23–38. Istanbul: Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359371.2.
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Oxytocin is a peptide hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary. Its best-known function is to increase milk secretion in breastfeeding women. It can be used pharmacologically to induce uterine contractions and sustain labour. However, it is thought that its contribution to birth is minimal at physiologically normal blood levels. This hormone, which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is also effective in regulating blood circulation. It balances the mood and is important in regulating behaviour in different emotional states. It helps to experience positive emotions. It has anti-inflammatory properties and this feature also increases the healing speed of wounds on the body. It reduces stress by lowering cortisol levels. It increases the pain threshold. It enables socialisation and prevents falling into an introverted mood. It increases sexual arousal and it makes it easier to empathize. Oxytocin is no longer the simple "love hormone" and, like many other hormones, has complex interactions with human health and behaviour. Although good progress has been made, much more research is needed to understand the effects of oxytocin fully.
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Bertollo, Maurizio, Marika Berchicci i Selenia di Fronso. "Mind-Body Interaction in Sport Psychophysiology". W Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 118–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512494.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the state of the art on the psychophysiological mechanisms underpinning mind-body interaction in sport, highlighting the unknown on the brain-heart relationship by means of five major questions. Specifically, the answer to the first methodological question provides basic information on the measures used in sport psychophysiology to quantify brain and heart activities, including their relationship. The following theoretical questions focus on the psychophysiological states underpinning performance optimization (i.e., arousal, emotions, cognitive processing) and on the psychophysiology of interoception and neuromuscular fatigue. Finally, the applied questions would suggest interventions integrating brain-heart and neuro-visceral-cognitive measurements to optimize performance. Overall, sport psychophysiology allows developing new training to achieve peak performance, based on the deep understanding of the underneath processing. Within this framework, available data suggest that the strong bidirectional communication between brain and heart modulates optimal performance.
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Phillips, William A. "Cooperative Neurons in Various States of Mind and Brain". W The Cooperative Neuron, 75—C4N42. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0005.
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Abstract This chapter investigates cooperative neurons in various states of mind and brain. It looks at how transitions between states of wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and dreaming are shown to be regulated by the neuromodulators, such as the cholinergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic systems. These various systems are shown to operate predominantly via their effects on the function of apical dendrites. Apical dendrites have three modes of operation: amplification, drive, and isolation. Isolation of the apical dendrites from the cell body is shown to occur in SWS and general anaesthesia. This apical isolation has clear implications for conceptions of conscious experience.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Brain-Body states"
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Prabhu, Raj, Mark Horstemeyer, Esteban Marin, Jun Liao, Matt Tucker i Lakiesha Williams. "Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanical Response of Porcine Brain Under High Strain Rate Tests". W ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206814.
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The brain is one of the most critical organs of the human body during life-threatening and injury sustaining accidents. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to mechanical insult of the head is a leading cause of death and life-long disability in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has estimated that, on average, 1.4 million Americans sustain TBI every year, 20% of which are the result of motor vehicle-traffic accidents. Nearly 50,000 people die of TBI each year. Around 5.3 million Americans currently have long-term disabilities after sustaining a TBI. Some of these long-term disabilities are linked to functional changes affecting thinking, sensation, language and emotions [1]. Direct and indirect medical costs related to TBI amounted to an estimated $60 billion in the United States in 2000 [2]. TBIs have a deep impact on our society and require effective protective measures to curb consequent injuries and disabilities [3].
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Koehler-McNicholas, Sara R., Alana Cataldo, Elizabeth Koch, Brittany Rud, Laura Gude, Charlotte Brenteson, Doug Johnson i in. "Evaluation of a Novel Gait Training Device Using a Pressure Suit to Support Body Weight". W 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6845.
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Supporting body weight and balance control are foundations of our ability to move and function independently. However, neurological disease, injury, and aging often threaten these prerequisites of functional independence, leading to a decrease in quality of life. In the United States alone, 7.5 million individuals have survived stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or spinal cord injury (SCI), and over a million new patients are diagnosed every year [1–2]. To improve gait function in these patient populations, partial body weight-supported gait training is a widely-used rehabilitation therapy. In general, the therapeutic quality of partial body weight-supported gait training is directly proportional to the amount of time patients are able to tolerate an upright posture (either standing or walking). To achieve an upright posture, therapists must first attach a support system (e.g., gait belt, harness lift system, exoskeleton), then several therapists must assist the patient into a standing position. Depending on the patient’s level of impairment, several therapists may also be needed to support and assist the patient while standing and walking, then again to remove the support system at the end of therapy. Accordingly, multiple therapists are often needed to provide a small quantity of upright physical therapy time with standard support systems. Furthermore, use of standard support systems can be uncomfortable and fatiguing for the patient, further reducing their actual therapeutic treatment time [3].
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Liu, Ziming, Jonathan Bryan, Robert Borkoski, Fengpei Yuan, Yansong Li i Xiaopeng Zhao. "On a Gamified Brain-Computer Interface for Cognitive Training of Spatial Working Memory". W ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3128.
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Abstract In the United States, there are a large number of people suffering from memory and attention deficit problems. For example, patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dementia have difficulties in performing activities of daily living and have a low quality of life. Currently, there exist no effective treatment for these memory and attention issues in specific cognitive impairments. In this paper, we developed a gamified platform of brain-computer interface (BCI) for cognitive training, which can engage users in the training and provide users qualitative and quantitative feedback for their training of spatial working memory. The user is able to control the movement of a drone using motor imager, which is imagined movement of body part. Sensorimotor rhythms of the user are calculated using the user’s EEG to drive the movement of the drone. Twenty normal healthy subjects were recruited to test the user experience. Our system showed the capability of engaging users, good robustness, user acceptability and usability. Therefore, we think our platform might be an alternative to provide more accessible, engaging, and effective cognitive training for people with memory and attention problems. In future, we will test the usability and effectiveness of the system for cognitive training in patients with ADHD and dementia.
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Yazawa, Toru, Yukio Shimoda, Satoru Shimizu i Tomoo Katsuyama. "Neurodynamical Control of the Heart of Freely Moving Animals Including Humans". W ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85872.
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Two kinds of nerves, acceleratory and inhibitory cardio-regulator nerves, innervate the heart. They are known to discharge concurrently to maintain an equilibrium state of the body. The nerves are also known to change their frequency of discharge in a reflexive manner to meet the demand from the periphery; such as augmentation of oxygen supply or vice versa. Consequently, the heart exhibits dynamic change in its pumping rate and force of contraction. If the control system fails, the heart exhibits unhealthy state. However, assessment of healthy/unhealthy status is uneasy because we are not able to monitor the nerve activities by non-invasive methods. Therefore, we challenged to detect state of the heart without nerve-recordings. We used the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) applying to heartbeat interval time series because DFA has been believed that it can quantify the state of heart. We performed DFA on the EKGs (electrocardiograms) from various living organisms including humans. The objective of this research was to determine whether the analytical technology, DFA, could function as a useful method for the evaluation of the subject’s quality of cardiovascular-related illness and transition to and from a normal healthy state. We found that DFA could describe brain-heart interaction quantitatively: the scaling exponents of (1) healthy, (2) sick-type (such as stressful or arrhythmic states), and (3) unpredictable-death type (such as ischemic heart disease) were corresponded to individuals who exhibited, (1) nearly one, (2) less than one, and (3) greater than one, respectively. We conclude that scaling exponents could determine whether the subjects are under sick or healthy conditions on the basis of cardiac physiology.
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Moreira Da Silva, Ana. "Creativity and Emotion in Design". W 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001996.
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Creativity in Design can be related to Emotion, particularly to the Emotional Mind. We perceive, interpret and memorize things differently depending on our emotional states. We are emotional and emphatic beings. The experiences we have gone through, the challenges we have learned from and the circumstances that have made us, reflect on our work as designers.Creativity is the process of solving a new problem by creating a new pattern of brain connections; it is a spark between previously unrelated concepts acquired through learning and experiencing. The act of creation requires the brain to find new associations, new connections between its neurons. The creation of something new and unusual is literally a spark that links previously unrelated neural groups and joins previously distant conceptual areas: the creative thinking.Sketching can stimulate a re-interpretive cycle in the individual designer’s idea generation process. It appears that sketches stimulate creativity in this ideas generation process, by providing new directions for ideas to breed in an individual generate-interpret cycle. A drawing happens when we engage our hands to capture what we are thinking or experiencing. The hand is an extension for our brain which can make visible our ideas through sketches. The proportion of sensorimotor cortex devoted to hand function is considerably greater than that devoted to other body segments. Several authors even call the hand has ‘the outer brain’. We are developing an ongoing research concerned with investigating the ways in which the activity of sketching stimulates creativity in design.Under a qualitative research, based on literature review methodology, through the study and interpretation of several authors’ statements, this paper investigates the relations between Creativity and Emotion in Design, and also, aims to stimulate reflection and bring new perspectives on the nowadays use of sketching within this relation creativity/emotions present in the designers mind as an emotional human being.
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Oni, Damilola, Satyam Mishra, Le Trung Thanh, Vu Minh Phuc i Yen Pham. "Detecting Stroke in Human Beings using Machine Learning". W 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003460.
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In developing and underdeveloped nations, stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability. Stroke is a life-threatening condition that develops when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain from the carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. Because the brain suffers damage and can quickly expire without oxygen, stroke frequently results in death and can occasionally affect nearby body parts if the patient is not given prompt medical attention. Spasticity, contractures, paralysis, and death are among the effects. According to the World Health Organization, stroke accounts for over 137,000 fatalities per year in the United States alone and over 451,000 deaths per year in Africa. Today, stroke is a medical illness that affects people in practically every region of the world, including industrialized, developing, and undeveloped nations. In general, 1 in 4 adults over 25 will experience a stroke at some point in their lives. This year, 12.2 million people are predicted to experience their first stroke, and 6.5 million of them will pass away as a result. The number of stroke victims worldwide exceeds 110 million. What if this global endemic could be stopped? The world will be safer and life expectancy will rise if accurate stroke prediction technology is developed. We have proposed our research study to develop a solution to predict strokes in people using machine learning. We have employed four models/classifiers to check the accuracy on each of them with same dataset of people and we have achieved great results. The two models gave 98% and 98.29% successful accuracy results which is very close to state-of-the-art methods (99%).
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"Session 20 Overview: Body and Brain Interfaces". W 2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731615.
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Darnall, Nathan D., Narayanan C. Krishnan, Jonathan D. Carlson, David R. Greeley, Jamie Mark, Maureen Schmitter-Edgecombe i David C. Lin. "Identifying the Presence of Dyskinesia in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease From Accelerometer Data". W ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14840.
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Movement disorders associated with Parkinson’s Disease include tremor, slowness of movement, lack of movement, and involuntary movement. During the clinicial assessment of Parkinson’s disease, patients typically self-report their daily clinical states, which includes the amount of time they experienced dyskinesia (i.e., involuntary twisting or writhing movements). The clinician then uses the self-reported information to adjust treatments in the form of medication or deep brain stimulation. Because the accuracy of the self-report is often very low, the treatment modification may not be optimal. The overall objective of this study is to develop computational algorithms that automatically identify periods of dyskinesia in patients of Parkinson’s disease from body-worn accelerometer data during activities of daily living (ADL). Specifically, unlike previous studies which used supervised learning algorithms (i.e., knowledge of prior events is used to “train” the algorithm to identify future events), our goal is to classify the periods of dyskinesia solely by identifying key features from the accelerometer data. Our desired long-term outcome is to provide clinicians a timeline showing the presence of dyskinesia over an extended time period without the clinician having to train the computational algorithm by examining video for each patient.
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Ezell, Kendal, Landon Nash, Sonya Gordon i Duncan Maitland. "Synthesis and Characterization of Radiopaque Shape Memory Polymers". W 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3475.
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An estimated 6 million people in the United States have an unruptured cerebral aneurysm [1]. If left untreated, these aneurysms can rupture and to lead to severe brain function impairment or even death. Shape memory polymer (SMP) foams have been proposed for use to optimize endovascular embolization in place of current embolization devices [2,3]. SMPs are capable of actuating from a programmed secondary geometry to their expanded primary geometry in response to a stimulus, such as body temperature [4]. The expanded foam geometry provides an interface for embolization of the aneurysm to occur, however, treatment with these devices has limited visibility under fluoroscopy. Previous work by Hasan et al. increased radiopacity through the incorporation of tungsten (W) nanoparticles. These composite foams showed successful x-ray visibility, but aggregate disruption of the SMP matrix led to decreased mechanical properties [5]. This work addresses limitations of composite SMP foams, namely toughness, by chemically incorporating x-ray visible monomers, such as the triodobenzene containing monomer, 5-Amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (AT), into the material composition. These materials enable contrast agent loading without disrupting the polymer matrix. This polymer foam system was characterized to determine the clinical relevance of the improved radiopaque SMP foam for occlusion devices.
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Aminu Sanda, Mohammed. "Validity and rationality of using neuroergonomics concept in exploring worker mental issues in systemic-activity theoretical research". W 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003003.
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It is known fact that the brain is the most complex organ in the human body. Over the last few decades, mapping of the human brain connectivity to human activity has gained considerable attention not only in the areas of neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, but also in the field of human factors and ergonomics. The field has benefitted greatly from the inclusion and integration of neuroscientific methods and theory, with the argument that synergistic success of such integration could work in the other direction with the inclusion of neuro-field methods and theory of human factors, such as neuro-psychology or neuroergonomics., which incorporates knowledge on workload measures and theory. Thus, the field of human factors and ergonomics has benefitted from the committed inclusion of neuro-based methods and techniques, and it continues to develop and advance in a variety of interesting ways. In this wise, continuous efforts in the neuroergonomics field have been devoted to studying brain signals relative to human systemic activity at work and in everyday settings. Though the number of useful analytical approaches used in neuroergonomics research has rapidly expanded, there is the argument that the functional brain connectivity and network topology in the context of neuroergonomics is largely unknown. Hence, modern network science, entailing a synergetic mix of dynamic systems theory, graph theory, and statistics, is applied in studying the functional and structural brain connectivity network under various states and conditions. Such synergistic relationship is deemed to work in the reverse direction, with methods and measures of human factors and neuroergonomics benefitting other disciplines, such as the systemic structural activity theory (SSAT) approach. SSAT establishes that knowledge derived from ergonomics and activity theory is uniquely capable of engaging with different ways of knowing the world of work, generating new knowledge, and helping stakeholders understand and incorporate the results or lessons learned. Even though previous studies have succeeded in quantifying a great variety of cognitive and physical measures of human tasks, the SSAT approach has been used to understand the mental and physical systemic activities entailed in human dynamic temporal interactions during everyday tasks. This therefore brings to the fore the debate on the validity and rationality of using neuroergonomics concept in exploring worker mental issues in systemic-activity theoretical research. In neuroergonomics studies using the SSAT approach, mental workload is a multidimensional construct and widely invoked concepts, whose assessment has been of great interest. In the SSAT approach, the neuro-indices of cognitive workload have been discussed in the context of human mental load and working memory related to the process of storing and processing information, and which in the workplace require the manipulation and recall of information for decision-making and problem-solving. In this wise, this paper will argue on the validity and rationality of using neuroergonomics concept in the SSAT approach, which has been used in many situations to establish the relation between worker ability to recall and store information to fatigue, stress, and workload, which in turn affects attention levels, situational awareness, and learning performance.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Brain-Body states"
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Raychev, Nikolay. Can human thoughts be encoded, decoded and manipulated to achieve symbiosis of the brain and the machine. Web of Open Science, październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/nsrl.v1i2.76.
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This article discusses the current state of neurointerface technologies, not limited to deep electrode approaches. There are new heuristic ideas for creating a fast and broadband channel from the brain to artificial intelligence. One of the ideas is not to decipher the natural codes of nerve cells, but to create conditions for the development of a new language for communication between the human brain and artificial intelligence tools. Theoretically, this is possible if the brain "feels" that by changing the activity of nerve cells that communicate with the computer, it is possible to "achieve" the necessary actions for the body in the external environment, for example, to take a cup of coffee or turn on your favorite music. At the same time, an artificial neural network that analyzes the flow of nerve impulses must also be directed at the brain, trying to guess the body's needs at the moment with a minimum number of movements. The most important obstacle to further progress is the problem of biocompatibility, which has not yet been resolved. This is even more important than the number of electrodes and the power of the processors on the chip. When you insert a foreign object into your brain, it tries to isolate itself from it. This is a multidisciplinary topic not only for doctors and psychophysiologists, but also for engineers, programmers, mathematicians. Of course, the problem is complex and it will be possible to overcome it only with joint efforts.
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MR (Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), Clinically Feasible Profile. Chair Michael Boss, Dariya Malyarenko i Daniel Margolis. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) / Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA), grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/qiba/20221215.
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The goal of a QIBA Profile is to help achieve a useful level of performance for a given biomarker. The Claim (Section 2) describes the biomarker performance and is derived from the body of scientific literature meeting specific requirements, in particular test-retest studies. The Activities (Section 3) contribute to generating the biomarker. Requirements are placed on the Actors that participate in those activities as necessary to achieve the Claim. Assessment Procedures (Section 4) for evaluating specific requirements are defined as needed to ensure acceptable performance. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) and the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) are being used clinically as qualitative (DWI) and quantitative (ADC) indicators of disease presence, progression or response to treatment. Use of ADC as a robust quantitative biomarker with finite confidence intervals places additional requirements on Sites, Acquisition Devices and Protocols, Field Engineers, Scanner Operators (MR Technologists, Radiologists, Physicists and other Scientists), Image Analysts, Reconstruction Software and Image Analysis Tools. Additionally, due to the intrinsic dependence of measured ADC values on biophysical tissue properties, both the Profile Claims and the associated scan protocols (Section 3.6.2) are organ-specific. All of these are considered Actors involved in Activities of Acquisition Device Pre-delivery and Installation, Subject Handling, Image Data Acquisition, Reconstruction, Registration, ADC map generation, Quality Assurance (QA), Distribution, Analysis, and Interpretation. The requirements addressed in this Profile are focused on achieving ADC values with minimal systematic bias and measurement variability. DISCLAIMER: Technical performance of the MRI system can be assessed using a phantom having known diffusion properties, such as the QIBA DWI phantom. The clinical performance target is to achieve a 95% confidence interval for measurement of ADC with a variable precision depending on the organ being imaged and assuming adequate technical performance requirements are met. While in vivo DWI/ADC measurements have been performed throughout the human body, this Profile focused on four organ systems, namely brain, liver, prostate, and breast as having high clinical utilization of ADC with a sufficient level of statistical evidence to support the Profile Claims derived from the current peer-reviewed literature. In due time, new DWI technologies with proven greater performance levels, as well as more organ systems will be incorporated in future Profiles. This document is intended to help a variety of users: clinicians using this biomarker to aid patient management; imaging staff generating this biomarker; MRI system architects developing related products; purchasers of such products; and investigators designing clinical trials utilizing quantitative diffusion-based imaging endpoints. Note that this document only states requirements specific to DWI to achieve the claim, not requirements that pertain to clinical standard of care. Conforming to this Profile is secondary to proper patient care.
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Hefetz, Abraham, i Gene Robinson. Hormonal and Pheromonal Regulation of Reproduction in the Bumble Bee Bombus terrestris. United States Department of Agriculture, lipiec 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568775.bard.
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Bombus terrestris constitute important pollinators of greenhouse crops. In Israel the species utilized is, whose colonies are reared commercially. This is a primitively social species with a particular colony development. It encompasses two social phases: a eusocial phase in which the queen dominates reproduction, and a competition phase in which workers compete with the queen for the parentage of males. These workers are distinguished by accelerated ovarian development, high production of JH, and elevated levels of dopamine in the brain. Queen-worker conflict is also manifested in overt aggression among all members of the nest. High aggression is correlated with dominance status of the bees and is also correlated with octopamine levels in the brain. After verifying that JH III is the only JH produced by the bees and validating the assay for its measurements (RCA & RIA), we used JH as an indicator of worker reproduction. Queens taken from colonies both before and after the competition phase were equally effective in inhibiting worker reproduction. Moreover, there is only a narrow window, around the competition point, in which workers may have the opportunity to initiate reproduction. Before that point they are inhibited by the dominant queen, while after that point both the queen and those workers with accelerated ovarian development exert strong inhibition on worker nest mates. Thus, "queen dominance deterioration" is not the primary cause in eliciting the queen-worker conflict. Queens convey their presence by means of a chemical signal that is extractable in organic solvent and that is normally spread on the cuticle. Total body extract and body washes, applied on dead virgin queens, were able to inhibit the release of JHin vitro in queenless workers. However, none of the prominent exocrine gland investigated mimicked this function. It is possible that the source of the putative pheromone is an unknown gland, or that it emanates from an assembly of glands. Chemical analyses of the prominent glands revealed a plethora of compounds the function of which should be further investigated. Understanding the social behavior of B. terrestris paves the way to facilitate colony manipulation and to adjust the colonies for specific pollination requirements.
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Bloch, G., i H. S. Woodard. regulation of size related division of labor in a key pollinator and its impact on crop pollination efficacy. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134168.bard.
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Despite the rapid increase in reliance on bumble bees for food production and security, there are many critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of bumble bee biology that limit their colony production, commercial management, and pollination services. Our project focuses on the social, endocrine, and molecular processes regulating body size in the two bumble bee species most important to agriculture: Bombus terrestris in Israel, and B. impatiens in the USA. Variation in body size underline both caste (queen/worker) differentiation and division of labor among workers (foragers are typically larger than nest bees), two hallmarks of insect sociality which are also crucial for the commercial rearing and crop pollination services of bumble bees. Our project has generated several fundamental new insights into the biology of bumble bees, which can be integrated into science-based management strategies for commercial pollination. Using transcriptomic and behavioral approaches we show that in spite of high flexibility, task performance (brood care or foraging) in bumble bee colonies is associated with physiological variation and differential brain gene expression and RNA editing patterns. We further showed that interactions between the brood, the queen, and the workers determine the developmental program of the larva. We identified two important periods. The first is a critical period during the first few days after hatching. Larvae fed by queens during this period develop over less days, are not likely to develop into gynes, and commonly reach a smaller ultimate body size compared to workers reared mostly or solely by workers. The facial exocrine (mandibular and hypopharangeal) glands are involved in this queen effect on larva development. The second period is important for determining the ultimate body size which is positively regulated by the number of tending workers. The presence of the queen during this stage has little, if at all, influence. We further show that stressors such as agrochemicals that interfere with foraging or brood care specific processes can compromise bumble bee colony development and their pollination performance. We also developed new technology (an RFID system) for automated collection of foraging trip data, for future deployment in agroecosystems. In spite of many similarities, our findings suggest important differences between the Eurasian model species (B. terrestris) and the North American model species (B. impatiens) that impact how management strategies translate across the two species. For example, there is a similar influence of the queen on offspring body size in both species, but this effect does not appear to be mediated by development time in B. impatiens as it is in B. terrestris. Taken together, our collaboration highlights the power of comparative work, to show that considerable differences that exist between these two key pollinator species, and in the organization of young bumble bee nests (wherein queens provide the majority of care and then transition away from brood care) relative to later stages of nest development.
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Bloch, Guy, Gene E. Robinson i Mark Band. Functional genomics of reproduction and division of labor in a key non-Apis pollinator. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699867.bard.
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i. List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project. Our objectives were: 1) develop state-of-the-art functional genomics tools for B. terrestris. These resources will be then used to: 2) characterize genes and molecular pathways that are associated with reproduction, 3) characterize genes and molecular pathways associated with specialization in foraging or nursing activities, and 4) determine the extent to which juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the regulation of reproduction and division of labor. 5) Use RNA interference to down regulate genes associated with reproductive physiology, division of labor, or both. A decrease in the cost of RNA sequencing enabled us to further use the BARD support to extend our research to three additional related projects: A) The regulation of body size which is crucial for understanding both reproduction (castedetermination) and (size based) division of labor in bumblebees. B) Analyze RNA editing in our RNA sequencing data which improves the molecular understanding of the systems we study. C) The influence of JH on the fat body in addition to the brain on which we focused in our proposal. The fat body is a key tissue regulating insect reproduction and health. ii. Background to the topic. Bees are by far the most important pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems. The recent collapse of honey bee populations, together with declines in wild bee (including bumble bee) populations, puts their vital pollination services under severe threat. A promising strategy for circumventing this risk is the domestication and mass-rearing of non-Apis bees. This approach has been successfully implemented for several bumble bees including Bombusterrestris in Israel, and B. impatiens in the US, which are mass-reared in captivity. In spite of their critical economic and environmental value, little is known about the physiology and molecular biology of bumble bees. In this collaborative project we developed functional genomics tools for the bumble bee B. terrestris and use these tools for a first thorough study on the physiology and molecular biology of reproduction, dominance, and division of labor in a bumble bee. iii. Major conclusions, solutions. The valuable molecular data of this project together with the functional tools and molecular information generated in this BARD funded project significantly advanced the understanding of bumblebee biology which is essential for maintaining their vital pollination services for US and Israel agriculture.
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Boisclair, Yves R., i Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.
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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.