Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Bow River”

The Little Bow River Project was implemented in 2003 and includes Alberta’s newest dam. The Project involves tripling the diversion of water from the Highwood River to the Little Bow River and subsequently storing the water in the Twin Valley Reservoir. This MSc Thesis provided part of the environmental monitoring for that Project and particularly investigated the impacts of augmented flows on the river channel and riparian vegetation along the upper reach of the Little Bow River. An initial component of the long-term study was to determine the existing associations between fluvial geomorphic characteristics and riparian plant communities. Poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), willow (Salix bebbiana Sargent and S. exigua Nutt.) and wolf-willow (Elaeagnus commutata Bernh.) communities were located along the upper section of the river, where the channel had a steeper gradient and was narrower and more sinuous. Cattail (Typha latifolia L.) and grass (grasses and sedges) communities were generally located along the lower section of the river that was shallower in gradient, wider and straighter. Plant community distribution also reflected impacts from cattle grazing. Initial channel and vegetation responses in the first two years following the increase in flow augmentation were slight and included bank slumping, sediment scour and inundation of flooded zones. The initial responses are consistent with the primary prediction of channel widening and this will probably be associated with some changes in the adjacent riparian plant communities.
xiv, 139 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm.

In Canada and New Zealand there are increasing calls for recognition of aboriginal rights which previously were ignored or denied because of the application of English law to concepts of property rights and ownership. English legal principles are vitally important in Canadian and New Zealand society, but there has always been room for local adaptations which could have recognised the existing practices and rights of the indigenous peoples. The English law makes various assumptions about ownership of rivers, dividing them into bed, banks and water, and applying various tests of adjoining occupation, tidalness and navigability to determine rights. Aboriginal property rights have been guaranteed and protected by various mechanisms such as government policy, treaty, and the courts, but there is uncertainty about the status of rivers. The form of the survey definition of reserves and rivers is also fundamental to how property rights may be determined. This thesis examines the situation of rivers in Canada and New Zealand through common law, treaty provisions and through what is now, a developing body of applicable and recognised customary/Aboriginal law. From these three legal foundations, a case study approach focuses on the practical situation of the Siksika people on the Bow River in southern Alberta, and the Kai Tahu on the Taieri River in Otago. This investigation concludes that there are various legal mechanisms by which indigenous people may claim rights to the rivers with which they have a relationship; by resorting to English common law principles; by applying new and developing conceptualisations of customary and aboriginal rights doctrines; by appealing to tribunals examining treaty agreements; or by direct negotiation with the Crown. All of these processes require evidence of past and current relationships, use and occupation of rivers by the indigenous claimants. Current undisputed possession and control may be a satisfactory outcome, but ultimately an acknowledgement of ownership may depend on politically negotiated settlements.

A methodology Is presented in this thesis which addresses the water quality manager's problem of maximizing the biochemical oxygen demand loadings in reaches of a tidal river, subject to dissolved oxygen concentration regulation at various compliance levels. The non-linear tidal dynamics and BOD-DO processes were explicitly accounted for by numerical, finite-difference models incorporated as equality and inequality constraints of a non-linear programming problem solved by a direct search algorithm. This methodology was applied to the Nicomekl River in Surrey B.C., to investigate policy implications and its applicability, using a microcomputer, to the resolution of actual pollution management problems.
Business, Sauder School of
Graduate

Widespread Lake Bonneville sediments have been modified by river aggradation and degradation associated with Holocene fluctuations in the Great Salt Lake. Exposures of exceptionally abundant and well-preserved molluscan deposits in the Bear River Valley, Utah, allow detailed paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Holocene environments. The exposed basal unit consists of largely unfossiliferous deltaic silts and clays deposited during Lake Bonneville time ( roughly 11,000 - 13,000 yr B. P.). An unconformity representing at least 2000 yr separates the deltaic material from overlying highly fossiliferous stream sands. Eight species of molluscs, comprising a single community, occupied this low energy stream environment at 7690 ± 270 14C yr B. P. A second unconformity separates these sands from a dark brown silt unit deposited by a river-associated environment, most likely an over-bank marsh, at 2420 ± 135 14C yr B. P. Nine species of molluscs, comprising 3 communities, were present in this environment. Analysis of size-frequency distributions, percentage of pelecypod valves, preservation, and orientation of the shells that were present in each environment suggests that the 7690 ± 270 14c yr B. P. fossil assemblage has been only slightly altered by biostratinomic processes. The younger assemblage has also been altered, with the size-frequency curves of the smallest gastropods displaying normal distributions. Geomorphic and stratigraphic data from the Malad River show that water levels in the Great Salt Lake twice rose and fell significantly during the Holocene epoch. The oldest rise, to an altitude of at least 1288 m, occurred before 7690 ± 270 yr B. P., perhaps in response to a worldwide period of climatic cooling. This high-stand was followed by a fall of lake level roughly corresponding to the classic Hypsithermal Interval, about 7000 - 5000 yr B. P. A second rise occurred by 2420 ± 135 yr B. P., when the Great Salt Lake rose to approximately 1286 m. During this second rise, the Malad River overflowed its levees and later, as the Great Salt Lake receded for a second time, the river was captured by a headward-cutting tributary of the Bear River. The regional distribution of the fossiliferous deposits was controlled by the time at which capture occurred. Capture of the Malad channel by the Bear River occurred after the last fossiliferous sediments were deposited; thus no fossils are found downstream from the point of capture.

This thesis forms part of a multi-disciplinary study of the Bot River estuary, situated between Kleinmond and Hawston on the southwest coast of the Cape Province, and falls within the framework of the investigation of all Cape estuaries, initiated by SANCOR and co-ordinated by the Estuarine and Coastal Research Unit of the CSIR. The motivation for the research program on the Bot River estuary, in particular, was the need to obtain detailed knowledge of its dynamics in order to be able to address its unique management problems.

Much of our current understanding of prehistoric human behavioural patterns during the Stone Age, is derived particularly from a robust set of chronological and technological sequences from caves and rock shelters, with some focus on open-air sites. The information gained from shelters cannot be ignored or downplayed, however, they offer a spatially and temporally limited view of prehistoric lifeways. The aim of this thesis is to provide an understanding of landscape use during the Stone Ages along the Bos River in the Tankwa Karoo, Northern Cape. Surveys were carried out around the Bos River, with the intention of mapping out and analysing all the surface stone artefacts. Analysing at the scale of the individual artefact, particularly temporally iconic artefacts, permits the landscape, although geologically and ecologically variable, to be viewed as a continuous space. The benefit of this approach allows for all artefacts across all types of settings to be analysed, providing a spatially subjective distribution of artefacts across the landscape. The evidence described in this thesis demonstrates an episodic occupation of the Tankwa Karoo during periods of increased resources, particularly the availability of food. The Bos River is a low-energy river that receives little rain and does not facilitate the formation of large rounded cobbles and boulders, explaining the lack of an occupation during the Earlier Stone Age (ESA), whereas an expedient organisation of locally sourced raw materials for stone tools characterise the Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) periods in the Tankwa Karoo.

A região de montante do rio Mogi-Guaçu é considerada estratégica quanto à questão hídrica, com centenas de nascentes que contribuem para a formação de córregos e ribeirões e que viabilizam os usos múltiplos da água em cidades localizadas nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Considerando esse aspecto, procurou-se realizar um diagnóstico ambiental (entre 2005 e 2007) nos limites administrativos do município de Bom Repouso/MG por meio da análise do uso e ocupação do solo, de aspectos sociais, sanitários (saúde pública) e turísticos, com enfoque voltado às 759 áreas de nascentes catalogadas (em uso), trechos de córregos e matas ciliares que compõem o trajeto até as propriedades agrícolas e seus respectivos usuários (1509 na zona rural e 452 na cidade). Os principais resultados demonstram a existência de 468 nascentes pontuais (aflorando em topos de morros ou encostas) e 291 difusas (localizadas em áreas de planícies, formando alagados), além de elevada quantidade de água nas três microbacias (78,78% dos usuários possuem pelo menos 01 nascente que abastece de 01 a 02 famílias). No entanto, nas demais nascentes a relação é invertida, com uma relação usuários/nascentes de 06 a 109 famílias. A ocupação do solo, em sua maioria, é intercalada por agricultura/monocultura, campo/pastagem e vegetação natural na faixa de 50 m de raio em relação às áreas de nascentes e 30 m de faixa de vegetação em relação aos córregos. Nas microbacias avaliadas as nascentes e córregos são para uso doméstico e irrigação, respectivamente. As áreas de nascentes preservadas (com até 70% de presença de vegetação) são predominantementes do tipo pontual, localizando-se em áreas isoladas e de difícil acesso. As áreas de nascentes consideradas perturbadas (com 50 - 70% de presença de vegetação, mas em bom estado de conservação) e degradadas (menos de 50% de presença de vegetação, áreas compactadas e com processos erosivos instalados) são geralmente difusas, com uso da pecuária (pastagem) e com acesso livre para dessedentação dos animais. A disposição de dejetos (49,41%) ocorre via tubulação de PVC direto para o trecho de córrego mais próximo às residências, além de fossas negras (38,47%) e fossa séptica com sumidouro (7,77%). Além do diagnóstico local, foram realizados ensaios de replicabilidade para mobilização e intervenção nos municípios lindeiros a partir de desenvolvimento da metodologia simplificada de caracterização ambiental nos municípios de Senador Amaral (10 áreas) e Monte Sião (14 áreas), além da capacitação e difusão de informações junto aos multiplicadores das comunidades dos referidos municípios e em Tócos do Moji e Bom Repouso. Os resultados da pesquisa culminaram em diretrizes para a elaboração do plano de adequação ambiental com ações similares e prioritárias de preservação e recuperação em escala de curto, médio e longo prazo, tendo como base os fatores de degradação identificados em áreas diferenciadas da região, bem como a necessidade de um planejamento mais adequado, favorecendo os usos múltiplos e reduzindo os conflitos já existentes e aqueles potenciais.
The upstream region of the river Mogi Guaçu is considered strategic regarding the water issue, with hundreds of springs that contribute to the formation of brooks and streams and which enable the multiple uses of water in cities located in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Considering this, we tried to carry out an environmental diagnostic (between 2005 and 2007) in the administrative boundaries of the city of Bom Repouso/MG by analyzing the use and occupation of land, social, sanitary (public health) and tourism aspects, to focus on the 759 areas of cataloged springs (in use), stretches of streams and gallery forests which make up the pathway to the farms and their respective users (1509 in the rural zone and 452 in the city). The main results show the existence of 468 punctual springs (emerging on top of hills or slopes) and 291 diffuse ones (located in areas of plains, forming wetlands), besides the high amount of water in the three microbasins (78.78% of users have at least 01 spring that supplies 01 to 02 families). However, at the other springs the relationship is reversed, with a users/springs relation of 06 to 109 families. The occupation of the land, is mostly interspersed with agriculture/monoculture, field/pasture and natural vegetation belt of 50 meter radius in relation to areas of springs and 30 meters of vegetation belt in relation to streams. In the evaluated microbasins the springs and streams are for domestic use and irrigation, respectively. The areas of preserved springs (with up to 70% vegetation presence) are predominantly the punctual type, located in isolated areas and difficult to access. The areas considered of disturbed springs (with 50 to 70% of vegetation presence, but in a good state of preservation) and degraded (less than 50% of vegetation presence, compacted areas and with installed erosion processes) are usually diffuse, with use of livestock (pasture) and with free access to quench the thirst of animals. The disposal of waste (49.41%) occurs via PVC pipeline direct to the stream stretch closest to the dwellings, black tanks (38.47%) and septic tanks with drain (7.77%). Besides the local diagnosis, replicability tests were performed for mobilization and action in nearby cities from development of the simplified methodology of environmental characterization in the municipalities of Senador Amaral (10 areas) and Monte Sião (14 areas), in addition to training and dissemination of information to the members/multipliers of these communities and in the municipalities of Tocos do Moji and Bom Repouso. The research results led to guidelines for drawing up the environmental adequation plan with similar and priority actions of preservation and recovery in short, medium and long terms, based on the factors of degradation identified in different areas of the region, as well as the need for better planning, promoting the multiple uses and reducing the already existing conflicts and the potential ones.

Stakeholder participation is a foundation of good water governance. Good groundwater governance typically involves the co-production of knowledge about the groundwater system. Models provide a vehicle for producing this knowledge, as well as a boundary object around which scientists and stakeholders can convene the co-production process. Through co-production, stakeholders and scientific experts can engage in exchanges that create system knowledge not otherwise achievable. The process involves one-way transfer of information, active two-way conversations, and integration of multiple kinds of knowledge into shared understanding. In the Upper Santa Cruz River basin in Arizona, USA, the University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center (WRRC) convened a project aimed at providing scientific underpinnings for groundwater planning and management. This project, entitled Groundwater, Climate, and Stakeholder Engagement, serves as a case study employing the first two stages of knowledge co-production using a hydrological model. Through an iterative process that included two-way communication, stakeholders provided critical input to hydrologic modeling analyses. Acting as a bridging organization, the WRRC facilitated a co-production process, involving location-specific and transferability workshops, which resulted in new knowledge and capacity for applying the model to novel problems.

Orientadores: Celso Kazuyuki Morooka, José Ricardo Pelaquim Mendes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: A localização de descobertas recentes de campos de petróleo em águas ultraprofundas torna as operações de descida e de recolhimento de equipamentos submarinos até a cabeça do poço demoradas. Estas operações podem ser realizadas por risers marítimos de perfuração. Considerando o caso específico de um BOP, sua instalação na cabeça de poço é fundamental para a perfuração do poço. Quando esta etapa termina, o BOP é trazido à superfície e a sonda de perfuração parte para perfurar um novo poço, noutra locação. A proposta deste estudo é considerar o BOP suspenso pelo riser de perfuração, sem que este seja recolhido até a superfície, na mudança de locação para um novo poço. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem por objetivos analisar o comportamento do riser durante esta operação, por meio de simulações computacionais, frente a uma gama variada de carregamentos ambientais e propor um procedimento para se determinar os limites operacionais que devem ser respeitados, de forma que se preserve a integridade física do riser
Abstract: The location of newly found oilfields under ultra deepwater makes the running and retrieving of submarine equipment lengthy operations. These operations can be executed with a marine drilling riser. Regarding the particular case of a BOP, its installation at the wellhead is fundamental for drilling the well. When this phase ends, the BOP is brought up to the surface and the drilling rig leaves to drill a new well elsewhere. This study proposes to consider not retrieving the BOP and, instead, letting it hanging of the drilling riser, during the change of location to drill a new well. Thus, the present work has for objectives to first analyze riser behavior during this operation, through computational simulations, while it faces several different cases of environmental loading, and then propose a procedure that determines operational limits that must be fulfilled, in order to preserve the riser's physical integrity
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a variação espaço-temporal da expansão urbana e da rede de drenagem da bacia do igarapé Grande como um fator preponderante para o avanço significativo na alteração da drenagem natural de corpos dágua, cujas consequências são bastante drásticas em relação à preservação do meio ambiente. Para realizar essa pesquisa foram adquiridos às imagens TM/LANDSAT-5 do ano de, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2004 e 2009. Os resultados sinalizaram para o acelerado processo de expansão urbana e o uso inadequado do solo. As alterações observadas na bacia do igarapé Grande deram-se em dois níveis: vinculada ás influências indiretas e diretas nos canais. O acelerado processo de expansão e ocupação da cidade de Boa Vista ocasionou as seguintes alterações: a retirada da vegetação primitiva e impermeabilização do solo, aterramento das áreas de nascentes da água nas cabeceiras de drenagem, para a construção de moradias e acessos, edificação de casas no leito dos canais e construção de canais para escoamento pluvial
This study objectified the evaluation of the variation space-weather of urban expansion and of the net drainage of the basin of the narrow river Grande as a preponderant factor for the significant advance in the alteration of the natural draining of the water, whose consequence is sufficiently drastic in relation to the preservation of the environment. To carry out this research they were required the site of the INPE, the images TM/LANDSAT-5 of the years of, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2009. The results had signaled for the speed up process of urban expansion and the inadequate use of the ground. The alterations in the basin of the narrow river Grande can be evaluated in two levels, first, because of the indirect influence and second, in virtue of the execution of direct alterations of the canals. The speed up process of expansion of the city of Boa Vista caused the following alterations: the withdrawal of the primitive vegetation and the water protection of the soil, covering up the area of natural springs and stopping the water drainage at head of the river, for the construction of housings and roads, construction of houses in the bed of the canals and constructing canals for pluvial drainage

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A cidade de Boa Vista, capital do estado de Roraima, encontra-se inserida à margem direita do Rio Cauamé e à margem direita do Rio Branco, este último formado pela junção dos rios Tacutu e Uraricoera, e cortada pelos igarapés Grande, Caxangá, Mirandinha e Caranã, sendo estes corpos d'água nosso objeto de estudo. O surgimento da cidade se deu a partir da margem direita do rio Branco e seu posterior em direção aos afluentes daquele rio, fez com que atividades antrópicas interferissem sobre maneira na conformação natural dos mesmos, como retirada da mata ciliar, despejo direito de efluentes domésticos e canalização de seus leitos. A partir dessa constatação verificou-se a necessidde da avaliação da qualidade da água superficial do município de Boa Vista, com intuito de auxílio à gestão. Para tanhto, utilizou como ferramenta multivariada por Componentes Principais - PCA e Análise Hierárquica de Cluster - HCA, bem como o cálculo do índice de Qualidade da Água - IQA.
Boa Vista city, capital of Roraima State it is located on the right margin of Cauamé river and on the right margin of Branco river, this last constituted by the joint of Tacutu and Uraricoera rivers, and it is crossed by Grande Brook, Caxangá, Mirandinha and Caranã brooks, being these water streams the object of our study. The city developed from the right margin of Branco river and its later development toward the tributary streams of that river, caused the human activities to interfere greatly in their natural formation, like removing the ciliar woods along the brooks, pouring non treated domestic dejections into them and canalization of their river beds. From this finding out, it was verified to be necessary to evaluate the superficial water quality in Boa Vista, aiming to help is management. In order to obtain this, it was used as multivariate tool the Principal Components Analyses - PCA and Hierarchic Cluster Analyses - HCA, as well as Water Quality Indicator

Localizado na bacia hidrográfica de montante do Rio Mogi-Guaçu, o município de Bom Repouso/MG é considerado estratégico quanto à questão hídrica e econômica, pois apresenta uma elevada quantidade de nascentes (368 nascentes catalogadas) que dão origem aos principais rios da bacia, além de ser um dos principais produtores de batata e morango do país. Estudos anteriores demonstram que esta região tem sofrido perdas quali-quantitativas em seus recursos naturais, especialmente por causa da remoção de cobertura nativa para a expansão de atividades agrícolas e o uso extensivo de defensivos agrícolas, como agrotóxicos e fertilizantes. No presente estudo, a fase I da AIT foi aplicada com o objetivo de evidenciar as características das principais classes de compostos responsáveis pela toxicidade em uma nascente da região de Bom Repouso/MG, Brasil. A toxicidade crônica da amostra bruta, submetida a manipulações como filtração, aeração, ajuste de pH, extração em coluna de octadecil (C18), graduação de pH, adição de EDTA e Tiossulfato de Sódio (\'NA IND.2\'S IND.2\'O IND.3\') foi avaliada por meio de ensaios com Ceriodaphnia dubia. Testes com uma amostra de referência mostraram que o efeito sobre os organismos não era apenas causado por estresse, mas por uma combinação de fatores, como os baixos valores de pH, a baixa dureza da amostra e a presença de substâncias como o ferro, cromo e selenatos, que mesmo em baixas concentrações poderiam ter seu efeito maximizados. No sedimento elutriato um panorama diferente foi visto pois houveram reduções nas graduações de pH e extração em fase sólida, o que também caracteriza combinação de fatores como estresse dos organismos e presença de substâncias orgânicas.
Located in the amount of the Mogi-Guaçu river basin, Bom Repouso City/MG is considered strategic in water resources and economy, because it has high number of springs (368 springs cataloged) and giving rise to the major rivers of the basin, and is among the largest potatoes and strawberry producers. Previous studies have shown that this region has suffered losses in their qualitative and quantitative natural resources, especially because the removal of native forest for the expansion of agricultural activities and the extensive use of agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. In this study, phase I of TIE was implemented with the aim of highlighting characteristics of major classes of compounds responsible for toxicity in a spring of Bom Repouso City/MG, Brazil. The chronic toxicity of the whole sample and subjected to gross manipulation as filtration, aeration, pH adjustment, solid phase extraction (C18), pH graduated, addition of EDTA and sodium thiosulfate (\'NA IND.2\'S IND.2\'O IND.3\') was assessed by tests with the organism Ceriodaphnia dubia. Tests with a reference sample showed that the effect on the organisms wasnt just caused by stress, but a combination of factors such as low pH and low hardness of the sample and the presence of substances such as iron, chromium and selenate, that even at low concentrations could have maximized effects. Sediment elutriate tests shown a different scenery because there were reductions in the graduated pH and SPE tests, which also reveals a combination of stress factors and presence of organic substances.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo principal a obtenção da curva IntensidadeDuraçãoFreqüência IDF de chuvas intensas de Boa Vista RR, tendo em vista ser esta cidade uma das raras capitais brasileiras desprovidas dessa ferramenta fundamental, para o dimensionamento de obras do tipo: pontes, bueiros, represas, canalização urbana ou rural, irrigação, controle de erosão, dentre outras. A metodologia adotada, conhecida como desagregação da chuva de 1 DIA, utilizou dados pluviométricos disponíveis da série histórica de 34 anos, observados de 1961 a 2007 pelo INMET na estação Boa Vista. Os objetivos específicos são as estimativas da chuva efetiva e da vazão de projeto, da bacia hidrográfica do igarapé Murupu com área de 790,6253 km, realizadas com base nos modelos do Soil Conservation Service SCS, consagrados internacionalmente, que utilizam parâmetros fisiográficos da bacia onde se destaca o CN chamado Curve Number (Número da Curva) que reflete a taxa de infiltração do solo, na hipótese do solo com umidade média ou equivalente a capacidade de campo. A curva IntensidadeDuraçãoFreqüência IDF de Boa Vista RR obtida foi im = 951,57. T 0,161 / (t + 12) 0,76, cujos resultados apresentaram coerência com os dados de origem, calculados com o modelo de Gumbel-Chow, e com os das curvas IDF das cidades de São Paulo SP, Cuiabá -MT, Goiânia GO, Belém PA, Manaus AM, Rio de Janeiro RJ e São Luiz MA, para períodos de retorno de 5 a 100 anos. A verificação das estimativas da chuva efetiva e vazão de projeto da bacia do igarapé Murupu exigem medições de campo que não foram realizadas. Por isso seus resultados têm suas aplicações práticas limitadas.
This research work has as main objective the definition of the curve IntensityDurationFrequency - IDF of intense rains of Boa Vista - RR, tends in view to be this city one of the rare without Brazilian capitals that fundamental tool to define the dimensions of works of the type: bridges, gutters, dams, canalization urban or rural, irrigation, erosion control, among others. The methodology known as disaggregation of the rain of "1 DAY" that left of given available pluviometer data of a 34 year-old historical series, observed from 1961 to 2007 for INMET in the station Boa Vista. The specific objectives was the estimates of the effective rainfall and of the design flood, of the river basin of the Murupu, with area of 790.6253 km, estimates with base in the model of Soil Conservation Service - SCS, consecrated internationally, that uses physiographic parameters of the basin where stands out the CN call Curve Number (Number of the Curve) that reflects the tax of infiltration of the s oil, in the hypothesis corresponding to the soils with humidity medium or equivalent the field capacity. The expression of curve IntensityDurationFrequency - IDF found for Boa Vista RR was im = 951.57. T 0.161 / (t + 12) 0.76, whose results presented coherence with the origin data, made calculations with the model of Gumbel-Chow and for the curve IDF of the cities of São Paulo - SP, Cuiabá - MT, Goiânia - GO, Belém - PA, Manaus - AM, Rio de Janeiro - RJ and São Luiz - MA, for return periods from 5 to 100 years. The verification of the estimates of effective rainfall and of the design flood of the basin of the river basin Murupu demand measurements of field that was not possible. Therefore their results, even without discrepancies, they have its limited practical applications.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The Environmental Protection Areas (APA) has features that allow rural activities, conditioned by the rules presented in its definition. The diagnosis of emission of pollutants is essential where there are such activities. This study focuses on the APA Barra do Rio Mamanguape, one of the areas considered by the Ministry of Environment as priority for conservation in Brazil. In that APA concentrate the sewage of some cities in Paraíba, sugar cane plantations and shrimp farms whose production process generates chemical compounds, among these are heavy metals that when cars to water bodies can compromising environmental quality. To contribute to scientific and technical information about this topic in the APA study, this study aimed to quantify the overall levels of Cr, Pb and Ni on the guts of sediment and oysters. We analyzed 72 samples collected between Julys to December 2009, encompassing collection points to the line of the river adjacent reef. We evaluated the parameters pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and levels of metals Cr, Pb and Ni. The metals analysis was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry and flame. From the results and taking into account the variables measured, it was found that there is presence of traces of various metals studied, but at concentrations within the limits established by Brazilian legislation in force. Environmental parameters were in accordance with the law, only dissolved oxygen that was not in compliance. Additional studies are needed to better evaluate the occurrence of heavy metals in the area, by other agencies and expanding the sample period.
As Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA) apresentam características que permitem atividades rurais, condicionadas pelas regras apresentadas em sua definição. O diagnóstico da emissão de poluentes é essencial onde existem tais atividades. O presente estudo tem como foco a APA da Barra do Rio Mamanguape, uma das áreas consideradas pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente como prioritárias para conservação no Brasil. Na referida APA, concentram-se o esgotamento sanitário de algumas cidades da Paraíba, plantações de cana de açúcar e viveiros de camarões cujo processo de produção geram compostos químicos, dentre estes estão os metais pesados que quando carreados até os corpos d água, podem comprometer a qualidade ambiental. Visando contribuir com informações técnicas e científicas sobre esse tópico na APA estudada, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral quantificar os teores de Cr, Pb e Ni sobre o sedimento e vísceras de ostras. Foram analisadas 72 amostras coletadas no período de Julho a Dezembro de 2009, englobando pontos de coleta do rio ao cordão recifal adjacente. Foram avaliados os parâmetros pH, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade, temperatura e os teores dos metais Cr, Pb e Ni. A análise dos metais foi feita através da Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica de chama. A partir dos resultados e levando-se em conta as variáveis medidas, verificou-se que ha presença de traços dos vários metais estudados, porém em concentrações dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Legislação brasileira em vigor. Os parâmetros ambientais estavam de acordo com a legislação, somente o Oxigênio Dissolvido que estava em não conformidade. Estudos adicionais se fazem necessários para melhor avaliar a ocorrência de metais pesados na área, utilizando outros organismos e ampliando o período amostral.

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Universidade Tiradentes
The study is a survey conducted for the Master of Social Sciences carried out in partnership between the Universidade Tiradentes-UNIT/SE and the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Being a religious event, we seek to show that the religious parties generally have particular meanings for each nation or region. Amaral (1998) informs that the Brazilian parties regardless of where they occur are popular demonstrations that, as the context in which they present themselves, can dilute to crystallize, to celebrate, to ritualize or sacralize the particular social experience of the groups that do. They happen as a way to thank victories or important religious passages as Christmas, the June saints celebration, patron saints and patron saints considered. Thus, The Bom Jesus dos Navegantes party in Propri?-SE: story of faith, a space of social relations and cultural ties, is presented as our field of study because it is one of those celebrations that while celebrated in Sergipe, always on Sundays in January, by some municipalities situated along the river San Francisco, has the characteristic of overlap any others placed in town, including the one of the city's patron saint, Saint Anthony, held on June 13. Concerning the materials and methods, we opted for qualitative research and participant direct observation, using the techniques of personal notes, interviews, newspapers, websites, photos, videos and testimonials from participants and organizers, as well as references offered by experts of the area. With this research answers were sought to questions about what could keep alive the celebration of Bom Jesus dos Navegantes each year in order that this is a patron saint, not saint; the way as the investment of local government with more resources in this period, during the organization of arts festivals, has created a thread of tension with the Catholic Church promoting the religious rituals was reviewed. It was also analyzed how the sacred and profane spaces present themselves inseparable from the celebration and, finally, it was revealed that the party retains its value by preserving its tradition and making room for modernity, not weakening but suffering metamorphoses of time and space and can be seen in the social and cultural bonds wrapped by the time of religious faith
O estudo trata de uma pesquisa realizada para o mestrado em Ci?ncias Sociais em conv?nio entre a Universidade Tiradentes-UNIT/SE e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Por ser um acontecimento religioso, buscou-se mostrar que as festas religiosas de modo geral t?m significados particulares para cada povo ou regi?o. As festas brasileiras independente de onde aconte?am, como informa Amaral (1998), s?o manifesta??es populares que, conforme o contexto em que se apresentam, podem diluir, cristalizar, celebrar, ritualizar ou sacralizar a experi?ncia social particular dos grupos que a realizam. Elas acontecem como forma de agradecer vit?rias alcan?adas ou passagens religiosas importantes como o Natal, celebra??o aos santos juninos, santos padroeiros e os considerados santos protetores. Assim, A festa do Bom Jesus dos Navegantes em Propri?-SE: hist?ria de f?, espa?o das rela??es sociais e la?os culturais se apresenta como campo de estudo dessa disserta??o por tratar-se de um desses festejos que, embora comemorado por alguns munic?pios sergipanos situados ?s margens do rio S?o Francisco, sempre nos domingos de janeiro, tem a caracter?stica de se sobrepor a todas as outras festas realizadas na cidade, inclusive ?s do santo padroeiro de Propri?, Santo Ant?nio, realizada no dia 13 de junho. Enquanto material e m?todos, optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa/participante, fazendo uso das t?cnicas de observa??o direta, entrevistas, publica??es de jornais, sites, fotos, v?deos e depoimentos de organizadores e participantes, al?m de refer?ncias bibliogr?ficas de estudiosos da ?rea. Com esta pesquisa buscaram-se respostas para questionamentos sobre o que poderia manter viva a realiza??o do festejo de Bom Jesus dos Navegantes a cada ano, tendo em vista tratar-se de um santo protetor e n?o padroeiro; avaliou-se como o investimento do poder local na organiza??o dos festejos art?sticos vem criando um fio de tens?o com a Igreja Cat?lica, promotora dos rituais religiosos. Al?m disso, analisou-se como os espa?os sagrados e profanos se apresentam indissoci?veis ao festejo e, por fim, constatou-se que a festa preserva o seu valor ao conservar sua tradi??o e ao abrir espa?o para a modernidade, n?o se enfraquecendo, mas sofrendo metamorfoses do tempo e do espa?o, podendo ser percebida nas rela??es sociais e la?os culturais envoltos pelo momento de f? religiosa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Igrarapé (small streams) Grande, in Boa Vista, Roraima, is the receiving body of the wasterwater generated starting from the waste stabilization ponds, system of treatment of the sanitary sewers of part of the city. By the hypothesis that the spilling of those wasterwater in referred him body of water contributes so that the same presents physiochemical characteristics that you/they implicate in her degradation, lasting long in a similar way for good part of the course of water, mainly in the mount of nutrients, a manegament hydric resouses the behavior of physiochemical parameters was accomplished in that hydric body by the whole year 2005

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O corpo hídrico, objeto deste estudo, o igarapé Grande, localiza-se no Município de Boa Vista, Estado de Roraima, na região Norte do Brasil. O igarapé Grande possui como afluente à sua margem direita, o igarapé da Paca, tendo sua foz no rio Branco. O presente estudo visa avaliar, através da determinação de parâmetros físico-químicos e biológico (clorofila-a) o nível de contaminação do Igarapé Grande após receber efluente da ETE/Boa Vista-RR e o impacto ambiental causado pelo aporte de substâncias no igarapé e possivelmente no rio Branco. Na realização deste estudo foram selecionados seis pontos de coletas considerados estratégicos para o alcance dos objetivos propostos. Foram analisados os parâmetros: cor, turbidez, condutividade, pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrito, amônia, fósforo total, cloreto, DBO5, DQO, clorofila-a, cobre, manganês, zinco, ferro e níquel. As técnicas de coleta, transporte e preservação e análises das amostras obedeceram às recomendações da NBR n 9898 de junho de 1987 e os métodos padrões descritos no Standart Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Através das observações realizadas pode-se verificar que o igarapé sofre o impacto humano através da retirada da cobertura vegetal, impermeabilização do solo pela ocupação das imediações e lançamentos de agentes poluidores. Através dos resultados, com exceção das espécies metálicas, foi possível confirmar o impacto do lançamento do efluente sobre igarapé Grande. Parâmetros como fósforo, amônia, nitrito e clorofila-a demonstraram que o igarapé Grande não possui capacidade de assimilação, em especial nos períodos de seca, dos nutrientes e espécies contaminantes durante o percurso até a sua foz no rio Branco.
The water body, the object of this study, the creek Grande, located in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima, in northern Brazil. The river has as large tributary to the right bank of the creek Paca, and his mouth in the rio Branco. This study aims to evaluate, through the determination of physico-chemical and biological (chlorophyll-a) the level of contamination of the igarapé Grande after receiving STP effluent/Boa Vista-RR and the environmental impact caused by the injection of substances into the creek and possibly in rio Branco. In this study we selected six collection points considered strategic to the achievement of objectives. Parameters were assessed: color, turbidity, conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, ammonia, total phosphorus, chloride, BOD5, COD, chlorophyll-a, copper, manganese, zinc, iron and nickel. The techniques of collection, transportation and preservation of samples and analysis followed the recommendations of the NBR N. 9898 of June 1987 and the standard methods described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Through the observations can be verified that the stream is impacted by human removal of vegetation, soil sealing by the occupation of the surroundings and releases of pollutants. Through the results, with the exception of metal species, it was possible to confirm the impact of effluent discharge on igarapé Grande. Parameters such as phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite and chlorophyll-a showed that the creek does not have great capacity to assimilate, especially in periods of drought, nutrient and contaminant species en route to its mouth on the rio Branco.

Turkey has very different geomorphologic, hydrologic and climatic conditions, so the runoff coefficient should be different from one basin to another. But only one constant value, which is 0.37, is being used for all the basins in Turkey. In this thesis, monthly, seasonal and annual runoff coefficients of 48 sub-basins in western and southern part of Anatolia are determined by using synchronous and average rainfall, runoff data of 26 year record period. Their temporal and spatial distributions are investigated. The relationship between the basin parameters and the runoff coefficient are also examined. Some of the basins have unrealistic large runoff coefficients, therefore excluded from the analyses. The basin boundaries and parameters are determined by using Geograhic Information System (GIS), and areal average precipitations are found by a program written in visual basic language that uses ArcObjects. The Box-Cox transformed data are used in regression analysis. There are a number of dams in the region, which affect the natural flow. Such streams are found and their sub-basins are not used in the analyses. The results revealed that there is not a strong the relationship between the basin parameters and annual and seasonal runoff coefficients for the whole region, but there are significant relations between them for some basins.

Ce travail de recherche a comme objectif de développer les méthodes d’évaluation des opérations des retenues, nécessaires à la protection contre les crues du bassin versant Vu Gia Thu Bon. La stratégie de contrôle des crues est basée sur un modèle qui associe simulation-optimisation. La fonction objective consiste à minimiser les dégâts totaux d’inondation qui dépend des débits ou des hauteurs d’eau dans les secteurs aval.La méthode proposée comporte trois composants majeurs : (1) la simulation des débits et des niveaux d'eau réalisée par un modèle hydraulique 1D ; (2) la simulation des opérations pour la production hydroélectrique réalisée par un module d'opération de structure ; (3) un modèle d'optimisation (algorithme Shuffled Complex Evolution) destiné à obtenir les règles optimales d’opération pour les retenues.La méthode a été mise en œuvre avec succès pour le système multi-réservoirs dans le bassin versant du Vu Gia Thu Bon, Vietnam. Les performances du modèle d’opération et optimisation pour gestion des crues ont été évaluées la base des crues historiques de 2007, 2009 et 2017. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les stratégies proposées par le modèle offrent de bien meilleures performances pour la réduction du débit de pointe et sur la diminution du niveau maximal de crue dans les secteurs aval. La méthodologie peut donc être transférée pour la gestion opérationnelle du bassin versant du Vu Gia Thu Bon
The main objective of the current research is to control flood flows and flood levels at various locations at the downstream of the Vu Gia Thu Bon catchment. Due to the characteristics of the system and the targeted optional objectives, a flood control operating strategy has been developed based on coupled simulation-optimization to reduce downstream flood damage of the multi-reservoir system by using spillway gates. The objective function is minimizing the total damages during the flood events that can be expressed as a function of water surface elevations at the inundation zones.The proposed method is based upon combining of three major components: (1) a hydraulic 1D model that allows simulating the flows in the river including the reservoir system, (2) an operation reservoir module adopted for simulation of the multi-reservoir considering physical constraints of the system as well as operation strategies, and (3) an optimization model applied to determine the best set of spillway gates levels, which specify the reservoir release.The method has been successfully implemented for the multi-reservoir system in the Vu Gia Thu Bon catchment. Three flood events in 2007, 2009 and 2017 were selected for demonstration. In order to assess performance of the approach and for comparison purpose, three developed scenarios that are representing operations the reservoir system in the historical, the current rules and the proposed model have been used. The results indicate that the proposed model provides much better performance for all scenarios in terms of reducing the peak flow as well as reducing the maximum water levels at downstream control points compared to the rest scenarios

Notre recherche doctorale propose, sur la base des résultats d’une expérimentation menée dans la haute vallée de la Sèvre niortaise, une contribution à la théorisation de ce que pourrait être une pratique paysagiste de la médiation environnementale par le paysage. A l’initiative de ce travail se trouve l’interrogation formulée par le Conseil Général des Deux-Sèvres quand aux modalités et aux dispositifs qui pourraient favoriser une « gestion intégrée » de la ressource hydrique et de l’aménagement des cours d’eau. Le questionnement du CG79 intervient alors que les politiques publiques en la matière se réordonnent autour d’une stratégie de « restauration écologique » comprise comme un retour à un état avant « perturbations anthropiques ». A rebours de ces conceptions fondées sur l’image d’une nature menacée par l’homme, nous proposons d’aborder la problématique environnementale et celle des politiques associés dans leurs irréductibles hybridités socio-écologiques ainsi que dans leurs multiples échelles spatio-temporelles. Or pour penser la question environnementale et l’action en la matière comme un objet complexe, les sociétés ont besoin d’objets intermédiaires. Par ce terme, on entend tous les moyens matériels et conceptuels employés dans l’action collective pour diagnostiquer, se coordonner et agir. L’hypothèse fondatrice de notre recherche est que le paysage peut, à condition de se doter de méthodes, constituer un objet intermédiaire entre société et environnement. On considère en effet le paysage comme un reflet des relations socio-écologiques qui offre la possibilité de se représenter le complexe environnemental et de l’inscrire à la croisée des expertises et des logiques d’acteurs. Dans cette perspective, nous parlerons de médiation paysagère. Ce paysage-reflet, toutefois, n’est pas donné d’avance. La première tâche de la médiation paysagère est de le construire et de le faire exister comme tel aux yeux de la communauté humaine concernée. Pour ce faire, la connaissance scientifique joue un rôle de premier plan. Loin d’être un obstacle à la délibération et à la concertation, elle doit au contraire activer un processus de décryptage, et d’interprétation collective. Dans cette perspective, la singularité de notre démarche est d’inscrire au cœur de la médiation une recherche historique qui en constitue la « ressource cognitive »
Any water policy oscillates between multiple vocations - social, environmental, economic, patrimonial - and arouses frequent controversies. It deploys itself according to sectorized actions, to contradictory interests and to different social representations. Today, the confliction about river landscapes re-organizes itself around a new purpose promulgated by the Water Framework European Directive: reach the " good ecological state " in 2015. Therefore, the rearrangement of the intentionality of the action is the context of my doctoral research. This one approaches the landscape at the same time as object of the knowledge and as decision-making tool. I postulate, that in front of the diversity of the social expectations and in front of the multiplicity of the objectives to be seized by the decision-makers, it is important to be able to refer to a frame integrator of reflection and action. The landscape constitutes for me this frame. In this perspective, it is envisaged as a tool of mediation capable of bringing a new "socio-territorial contract". The hypothesis of the landscape mediation thus constitutes the horizon of my contribution, which presents the methodological foundations of an approach which, applied to the case of the river landscapes of the Sèvre niortaise, is leaned on the construction and the sharing of an historical knowledge
Toda política del agua oscila entre preocupaciones y vocaciones múltiples – sociales, ambientales, económicas, patrimoniales… - y suscita frecuentes controversias. Con ella se ponen en marcha acciones sectorizadas en las que participan diferentes actores con intereses contradictorios y sistemas de representación social bien diferenciados. Hoy en día, los conflictos en relación con los paisajes del fondo del valle se reorganizan alrededor de un nuevo objetivo promulgado por la Directiva Marco Europea del Agua : alcanzar el « buen estado ecológico » de los ríos en el año 2015. Es en este contexto de cambio en las políticas del agua en el cual se basa mi investigación doctoral, en la cual se aborda el paisaje a la vez como objeto de conocimiento e instrumento de ayuda en las decisiones. Se postula que frente a la diversidad de las esperas sociales y los múltiples objetivos a tener en cuenta por los responsables de la gestión del agua, es importante poder referirse a un marco integrador de reflexión y acción. Para mi, el paisaje constituye este marco. En esta perspectiva, el paisaje se contempla como una herramienta de mediación capaz de construir un nuevo «contrato social y territorial ». La hipótesis de la mediación a través del paisaje constituye el horizonte de esta tesis, que presenta los fundamentos metodológicos de un procedimiento que, aplicado al caso de la Sèvre niortaise, se apoya en el hecho de construir y compartir conocimientos históricos

Vegetation along the River Murray floodplains has been shown to be in a severe state of decline. This decline is amplified by the impositions of river regulation. In South Australia, where vegetation losses have been great, regeneration is limited and may result in not only individual tree losses but also widespread population decline. This study aimed to examine the relationship between river flows and the regeneration process in populations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus largiflorens. The current structure of the populations was examined to determine if a viable number of varying age-classed trees were present. Tree surveys conducted at Banrock Station determined that while densities were low for both species, E. camaldulensis had a more sustainable population structure than E. largiflorens. Growth stages for both species illustrated highly clumped distribution, which is believed to correspond with river flooding magnitudes and frequencies. To address the potential link between tree distribution and flooding within the River Murray, a hydrological analysis was conducted for Banrock Station using river flows at the South Australian border from 1900 to 2003. The amount of time growth stages for each species were inundated was found to be greatly reduced under regulated flows compared to natural flows. This has resulted in shifted localized regeneration patterns corresponding with E. camaldulensis' greater demand for inundation than E. largiflorens. Moderate magnitude flows have been most impacted by regulation, and consequently these are the very flows needed for floodplain tree population maintenance. Flowering and seed fall for E. camaldulensis and E. largiflorens were monitored at Banrock Station for 22 months to identify losses in reproductive potential resulting from tree decline. While seed viability was not affected by vigour, trees with visually reduced vigour were found to produce less fruit and had reduced seed fall, as well as a reduced rate of fruit development. Dendrochronological techniques were applied to floodplain trees. Age and size relationships could be established, implying that such techniques can be applied in South Australia to high quality sites. Growth responses within cohorts were similar and easily matched between individuals illustrating cyclic, but not necessarily seasonal correlations. This work verified the preferential selection of younger trees for dendroecological studies, and identified a relationship between on moderate flows and measurable girth expansion in both floodplain tree species.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2004.

The aim of this thesis is a revitalization of the grounds once belonging to Zbrojovka Brno. These grounds are in the zoning map defined as “brownfield”. Within Brno’s limits, the area has an extremely convenient location. Since the grounds are situated in the central part of Brno, the complex is in terms of traffic and transport in the vicinity of both, the current and the newly planned ring-road. Important factors influencing the project are the river Svitava which borders the west side of the area, and a railroad corridor skirting the east side of the location. Assigned area was, for the purposes of this thesis, expanded by the grounds once belonging to Zetor and the adjoining area towards Markéty Kuncové Street. Several buildings from the former grounds, which fit in into the urban concept and were in good technical conditions, have been preserved. From a functional point of view, the newly designed grounds will meet all the requirements for a fully independent municipal district. The multifunctional development contains primarily housing complexes, administrative buildings, public facilities, recreational areas, as well as other functional structures. The urban concept of this project is a result of a study of surrounding blocks. Based on an analysis of the size and height of these buildings, an idealized block was designed and then recreated into a symmetrical raster of blocks with the street width of 20m. This raster was subsequently applied to newly designed points of entry into the area. Total urban and mass proposal of the development areahas been further influenced by principal conceptual points. Among these conceptual points belong the perspective axes which connect the conceptual points with an orientation point, in this case the former factory’s smokestack. Creating a new arm for the Svitava River is another point. Taking into account that the whole vicinity of the factory grounds is without quality public greenery elements.

Erosion et transferts de matières (i.e. matières en suspension-MES, associées avec le carbone et les éléments traces métalliques - ETM) par les fleuves et rivières sont contrôlés par des facteurs naturels (ex. géologie, climat) et peuvent être significativement modifiés par les pressions anthropiques et/ou, le changement climatique. En se basant sur une banque de données de concentrations en MES et de débits, à hautes résolutions temporelles (journalières) sur le long terme (1960-2008) à l’exutoire du bassin versant du Fleuve Rouge (Chine/Vietnam), les taux d’érosion ont été estimés en moyenne à 600 t/km²/an avec des valeurs variant de 160 à 1330 t/km²/an selon les années. Cette large gamme de taux d’érosion est liée fortement aux conditions hydrologiques interannualles, mais aussi à la présence de réservoir de HoaBinh en 1989. En effet, à partir 1989, chaque année, 50% de matières transportées par le Fleuve Rouge sont piégées dans ce réservoir, correspondant à un taux de sédimentation dans le réservoir de 52 à 200 cm/an. La variabilité spatiale des flux de MES du bassin versant du Fleuve Rouge au Vietnam suggère que les MES du Fleuve Rouge viennent principalement de l’érosion en amont du bassin versant (~80%), contrairement à ce que l’on observe pour le flux liquide (~21%). De plus, l’échange des processus érosion-transport-sédimentation dans la partie médiane du bassin versant dépend fortement des conditions hydrologiques ; à l’inverse, une forte sédimentation a été observée à l’entrée du Fleuve Rouge dans le delta, quelle que soit la condition hydrologique. De même, dans la partie vietnamienne du Fleuve Rouge, les facteurs majeurs influant sur le taux d’érosion seraient les maximas d’élévation et la pente moyenne du bassin. Un suivi hebdomadaire à bimestriel en 2008-2009 des paramètres biogéochimiques (carbone et ETM) ont permis de caractériser la qualité des eaux et des particules sur l’ensemble du bassin versant du Fleuve Rouge. Les concentrations en carbone organique (particulaire et dissous) dans les eaux du Fleuve Rouge sont relativement faibles et majoritairement d’origine allochtone. Les concentrations en carbone inorganique dissous (CID) sont très importantes, en faisant le composé majoritaire (60-90%) des eaux du Fleuve Rouge, en relation avec la présence de roches carbonatées dans le bassin versant. En terme de concentrations en ETM, la qualité des eaux et des particules transportées dans le bassin versant du Fleuve Rouge au Vietnam peut être qualifiée de mauvaise dans la partie amont et de médiocre en aval. L’étude de la répartition entre phase dissoute et phase particulaire a montré que l’essentiel des transferts se fait sous forme particulaire pour plupart des ETM (excepté Mo), dû aux forts taux d’érosion mécanique. De plus, l’étude à haute résolution spatiale (40 points) réalisée sur l’ensemble bassin versant du Fleuve Rouge au Vietnam des concentrations en ETM et de leur spéciation (dissous et particulaire) a mis en évidence de fortes anomalies géochimiques dans la partie amont. Enfin, l’identification des signatures géochimiques des particules érodées a révélé des signatures similaires entre les particules de l’amont et de l’aval du Fleuve Rouge, démontrant une contribution quasi-exclusive de la partie chinoise aux flux de matière (80-95% au flux total)
Erosion and transfer of suspended particulate matter (SPM), and associated elements (e.g. carbon, trace metal elements-ETM) by river are attributed to a combination of natural parameters related to geology and climatic influences and affected by human disturbance. Based on an extensive dataset of daily water discharge and SPM concentrations between 1960 and 2008 at the outlet of the Red River system, the annual SPM yield of the Red River is estimated at 600 t/km²/yr (ranged between 160 and 1330 t/km²/yr). This large range of sediment yield is strongly related to the inter-annual hydrological conditions and the operation of the HoaBinh Reservoir in 1989. In fact, the HoaBinh Reservoir reduces annual SPM delivery to the delta by half after 1989, i.e. the mean sedimentation rate of 52-200 cm/yr. The spatial variability of SPM fluxes in the Red River watershed suggests that most SPM were eroded from the upstream catchment located in China (80%), contrasting the water discharge with only 21%. In addition, the complex processes of erosion/sedimentation occurring in the middle Red River basin strongly depend on hydrological conditions; in contrast, an important sedimentation was observed at the entry point to the Red River Delta whatever the hydrological conditions. The major factors controlling the spatial variation of the sediment yields of the Vietnamese Red River watershed are maximum elevation and mean surface.During 2008-2009, high resolution sampling (weekly to bimestrial) of biogeochemical parameters (carbon and ETM) were performed at five key sites along the Red River system. The organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) concentrations in the Red River are relatively low and mainly allochtonous; in contrast, the dissolved inorganic carbon are very important and is the major carbon form (60 -90%) in relation to the abundance of carbonate rocks in the Red River watershed. In terms of ETM concentrations, the quality of water and SPM transported in the Vietnamese Red River watershed can be classified as poor upstream and as mediocre downstream. The study of the partition between the dissolved and particulate phases showed that most ETM transported in the Red River are in particulate phase (except Mo), due to the high mechanical erosion rate. In addition, high spatial resolution study (40 sites) performed in the Vietnamese Red River watershed of ETM concentrations and their speciation (dissolved and particulate) has highlighted strong geochemical anomalies in the upstream Red River. Finally, the identification of geochemical signals showed a similarity in the geochemical signal of particulate metal transport between upstream and downstream of the Red River, suggesting a contribution quasi-exclusively from the upstream part (in China) in the ETM fluxes of the Red River (80 -95%)
Quá trình xói mòn và vận chuyển vật chất (chất rắn lơ lửng, các-bon và kim loại nặng) bởi các dòng sông, suối chịu ảnh hưởng tổng hợp từ các quá trình tự nhiên (địa chất, khí hậu) và các hoạt động của con người. Dựa trên các bảng số liệu ngày về hàm lượng chất rắn lơ lửng và lưu lượng nước trong giai đoạn từ năm 1960 đến năm 2008 trên trục chính của sông Hồng tại trạm Sơn Tây (hạ nguồn của hệ thông sông Hồng trước khi chảy vào vùng đồng bằng), mục tiêu đầu tiên của luận án là nghiên cứu sự biến đổi theo thời gian tải lượng trung bình chất rắn lơ lửng của sông Hồng. Các kết quả cho thấy trong giai đoạn quan trắc, hàng năm sông Hồng chuyển tải ra biển khoảng 24×106 đến 200×106 tấn/năm (trung bình các năm là 90×106 tấn /năm), tương đương với hệ số xâm thực từ 160 đến 1330 tấn/km²/năm. Chính sự phụ thuộc mạnh mẽ của hàm lượng chất rắn lơ lửng vào các điều kiện thuỷ văn khác nhau đã tạo ra sự đa dạng về tải lượng chất rắn chuyển tải hàng năm của hệ thống sông Hồng. Tuy nhiên, trong những năm 1989-1990, khi hồ chứa Hoà Bình đi vào hoạt động, tải lượng chất rắn lơ lửng chuyển tải ra biển của hệ thống sông Hồng đã giảm sút còn khoảng 50×106 tấn, tức là đã giảm khoảng 50%. Dựa trên chiều cao và thể tích của hồ Hoà Bình, hệ số lắng đọng chất rắn lơ lửng trong lòng hồ được xác định vào khoảng 52-200 cm/năm. Như vậy, sau 20 năm đi vào hoạt động, độ dầy lớp bùn đất lắng đọng trong hồ Hoà Bình khoảng 10.4-40m, làm giảm đáng kể thể tích của hồ Hoà Bình.Mục tiêu tiếp theo của luận án là thiết lập cân bằng hàm lượng chất rắn lơ lửng trong các đoạn sông từ thượng nguồn sông Hồng (trạm Lào Cai), tại các hạ nguồn của 3 nhánh sông chính (sông Hồng tại Phú Thọ, sông Đà và sông Lô tại Việt Trì) và tại Sơn Tây trong thời kỳ 2003-2008. Diễn biến của các quá trình xói mòn, chuyển tải và lắng đọng diễn ra trên các đoạn sông một cách phức tạp, đan xen lẫn nhau và phụ thuộc chặt chẽ vào các điều kiện thuỷ văn. Tuy vậy, hiện tượng lắng đọng mạnh mẽ các chất rắn lơ lửng trong vùng hạ nguồn của hệ thống sông Hồng (từ Phú Thọ đến Sơn Tây) đã được ghi nhận trong tất cả các năm quan trắc, không phụ thuộc vào điều kiện thuỷ văn. Ngoài ra, dựa vào các số liệu thu thập được, chúng tôi đã lập bản đồ xói mòn cho toàn bộ lưu vực sông Hồng tại Việt Nam. Hơn thế, các kết quả còn chỉ ra rằng độ cao và độ dốc trung bình lưu vực là hai yếu tố chính ảnh hưởng đến hệ số xâm thực của lưu vực sông Hồng.Đánh giá chất lượng nước và chất lượng chất rắn lơ lửng chuyển tải trong hệ thống sông Hồng là mục tiêu thứ 3 của luận án. Để đạt được mục tiêu trên, chúng tôi đã tiến hành lấy các mẫu nước và chất rắn lơ lủng trên trục chính cũng như trên các nhánh sông chính của sông Hồng để phân tích hàm lượng các-bon hữu cơ và vô cơ cũng như hàm lượng kim loại nặng trong hai năm 2008-2009, với chu kì lấy mẫu hàng tuần đến hàng tháng. Hàm lượng các-bon hữu cơ (dạng hoà tan và lơ lửng) trong nước sông Hồng tương đối thấp tại tất cả các điểm lấy mẫu và nguồn gốc chính của các-bon hữu cơ là allochtone. Ngược lại, hàm lượng các-bon vô cơ hoà tan rất cao, chiếm khoảng 60-90% hàm lượng các-bon tổng và được giải thích bằng sự có mặt phong phú của núi đá vôi trên toàn lưu vực. Đối với kim loại nặng, dựa trên các kết quả phân tích về hàm lượng kim loại nặng trong nước và trong chất rắn lơ lửng và các tiêu chuẩn đánh giá chất lượng nước QCVN 08, chúng tôi đã đánh giá chất lượng nước cho toàn bộ hệ thống sông Hồng từ Lào Cai đến Sơn Tây. Nếu nước sông Hồng trên vùng thượng nguồn (tại Lào Cai và Phú Thọ) không đảm bảo chất lượng để có thể sử dụng làm nguồn nước sinh hoạt thì tại các vùng hạ lưu của sông Hồng, sông Đà và sông Lô, nhìn chung nước của 3 nhánh sông có thể dùng để cung cấp nước sinh hoạt nhưng phải qua các quá trình xử lí tách cặn lơ lửng. Hơn nữa, trong năm 2008, chúng tôi đã thực hiện hai chương trình lấy mẫu nước, chất rắn lơ lửng và trầm tích trên 40 điểm phân bố đều trên toàn bộ lưu vực sông Hồng tại Việt Nam trong mùa cạn và mùa mưa

I compared the effects of four parallel linear features on black bear (Ursus americanus) movements in the Bow River valley of Banff National Park. Three linear features were transportation routes (in decreasing order of vehicle-traffic volume: Trans- Canada highway, 1A scenic highway, Canadian Pacific railway [CPR]), and the fourth was the Bow River, a natural linear feature. Radio-fitted bears were monitored over two sampling periods (six bears in 1987-88 and 13 bears in 1996-97), during which time vehicle traffic increased by 13-24%. I compared bear movements to a spatial simulation to determine if bears crossed the linear features less than what would be expected by random chance. There was an inverse relationship between the permeability of linear features and traffic volumes of those features. On an individual basis, 37% of the bears crossed the Trans-Canada less than what would be expected by random chance, compared to 13%, 16%, and 11% for the 1A, CPR, and Bow River, respectively. When the two sampling periods were compared, CPR permeability was significantly higher in 1996-97. For female bears, age or experience was a better indicator of Trans-Canada permeability than habitat. Learning to use wildlife crossing structures appeared to play an important role in determining the success of Trans-Canada crossings. I recommend using techniques that encourage bears to learn to use wildlife crossing structures, which will have the dual effect of maintaining permeability and reducing vehicle-wildlife collisions.

This study used a comparison of one hundred and forty-eight historical (1888-1913) and current (2008-2014) oblique photographs from thirty-two stations to identify land cover changes that have occurred in portions of the Bow and Elbow valleys as well as surrounding Kananaskis Country region. Implications of these changes for flooding and flood management were explored. Forest cover was found to have drastically increased over the past century, particularly in the Bow valley, as did areas of direct human development. In the same time period, grasslands increased in the Elbow valley but decreased in the Bow, while regenerating areas decreased uniformly throughout both valleys. An analysis of pre (2008)-and-post (2014) flood conditions demonstrated no change in coniferous forest cover in both valleys over the 6-year period, but uncovered a decline of 20% in the Elbow and 3% in the Bow in the broadleaf/mixedwood category. The Elbow’s channel zone was larger in 2014 compared to 2008, whereas the extent of the Bow’s channel zone remained constant. However, both the Bow and Elbow’s bare exposed bars increased substantially, most likely as a result of the 2013 flood. The major source of water flows that contributed to the 2013 flood event originated in high elevation rock and scree areas, which, unlike floodplains, are elements of the watershed that cannot be manipulated over time. It is now recognized that forest cover should act as a buffer to floods. Nevertheless, the 2013 flood event occurred despite the massive buffering effect of a huge increase in older forest stands across the study area. The final discussion includes recommendations for improving flood management in the area.
Graduate
0329, 0768, 0478
tanya.taggarthodge@gmail.com

The Bow River Basin in Southern Alberta is a semi-arid catchment, with surface water provided from the Rocky Mountains. Water resources in this basin, primarily surface water, are allocated to a variety of users- industry, municipalities, agriculture, energy and needs for the environment. The largest consumptive use is by agriculture (80%), and several large dams at the headwaters provide for over 800,000 MWhrs of hydropower. This water is managed by the 1990 Water Act, distributing water via licenses following the “first in time first in right” principle. Currently, the basin is over-allocated, and closed to any new licenses. Conflicts between different water users have consequences for the economy and the environment. By using an integrated water resources model, these conflicts can be further examined and solutions can be investigated and proposed. In this research an integrated water resources model, referred to as Sustainability-oriented Water Allocation Management and Planning Model applied to the Bow Basin (SWAMPB), is developed to emulate Alberta’s Water Resources Management Model (WRMM). While having the same allocation structure as WRMM, SWAMPB instead provides a simulation environment, linking allocation with dynamic irrigation and economic sub-models. SWAMPB is part of a much larger framework, SWAMP, to simulate the water resources systems for the entire South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB). SWAMPB integrates economics with a water resources allocation model as well as an irrigation model- all developed using the system dynamics approach. Water is allocated following the allocation structure provided in WRMM, through operation rules of reservoirs and diversions to water users. The irrigation component calculates the water balance of farms, determining the crop water demand and crop yields. An economic valuation is provided for both crops and hydropower generation through the economic component. The structure of SWAMPB is verified through several phases. First, the operation of reservoirs with fixed (known) inflows, and modeled releases, are compared against WRMM for a historical simulation period (1928-2001). Further verifications compare the operation of SWAMPB as a whole without any fixed flows but fixed demands to identify errors in the system water allocation. A final verification then compares both models against historical flows and reservoir levels to assess the validity of each model. SWAMPB, although found to have some minor differences in model structure due to the system dynamics modeling environment, is to be evaluated as an acceptable emulator. SWAMPB is applied to assess a variety of management and policy solutions to mitigating environmental flow deficit. Solutions include increasing irrigation efficiency (S1), requiring more summer release from hydropower reservoirs at the headwaters (S2), a combination of the previous two (S3), implementing the In-Stream Flow Needs (S4) and implementing Water Conservation Objectives (S5). The solutions are not only examined by their ability to restore river flows, but also with respect to the economic consequences and effect on hydropower, irrigation, and municipalities. It is found that the three technical solutions (S1, S2, and S3) provide economic gains and allow more efficient water use, but do little to restore streamflows. Conversely, the two policy solutions (S4 and S5) are more effective at restoring river flow, but have severe consequences on the economy and water availability for irrigation and municipal uses. This analysis does not recommend a particular solution, but provides a quantification of the tradeoffs that can be used by stakeholders to make decisions. Further work on the SWAMP methodology is foreseen, to link SWAMPB with other models, enabling a comprehensive analysis across the entire SSRB.

This thesis examines the role of environmental non-government organizations in relation to the role and responsibility of government for wetland conservation in British Columbia. The role of a small community-based environmental organization called the Burns Bog Conservation Society in decisions about Burns Bog, a large privately-owned wetland located in the Lower Mainland, is analyzed. Drawing from a broad range of literature on environmentalism and conservation, the thesis begins with an historical account of the environmental movement, giving a broad view of environmental conservation and the role of environmental organizations. A typology of roles and analytical framework is subsequently derived from a study of environmental non-government organizations involved in managing water resources in British Columbia's Fraser River Basin. Three main roles, advocacy, supplemental and transformative, are discussed as they relate to activities prior to and during the Burns Bog Analysis, a provincially established land use study of Burns Bog. This research found that a small community-based environmental organization, through advocacy, can ensure that ecological integrity is not neglected as a result of poor planning and decision-making. The case study demonstrates that a small environmental organization can pressure governments to broaden their view of land-use and environmental issues, assuring more informed decision-making. An environmental organization can also supplement the regular roles and responsibilities of government, first by supplying a service that government is unable or unwilling to provide, and second by participating in and legitimizing consensus-based decision-making processes. The case study demonstrates how a small environmental organization can provide and review information and participate in creating options and solutions in land-use decisions. Finally, an environmental organization can influence, overtime, the fundamental restructuring of government planning and decision-making processes and transform the way society thinks and operates. The thesis concludes that environmental non-government organizations have an important role to play in ensuring the recognition and conservation of British Columbia's wetlands in government planning and decision-making processes; in informing and educating government and the public about ecological systems and their values; and in counter-balancing strong economic, political and development interests.

碩士
國立體育大學
競技與教練科學研究所
107
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on the slope of pull force in different lengths combination with riser and limbs of recurve bows and the effect on the slope on different kinds of settings between riser and limbs. Study objects: Combination with different length of risers and limbs and seven kinds of settings between riser and limbs. Study equipment: the composite bow adjusting machine was used to measure the pull force in different lengths combination and angles changes with different sizes of riser and limbs, then using Excel 2010 software to chart and calculate the slope of pull force. Results are as follows: (1). Combination with long riser and L size limbs made the slope most gentle in the all pull force data; (2). Combination with short riser and M size limbs made the slope more gentle at a 66-inch bow length; (3). Combination with long riser and M size limbs made the slope more gentle at a 68-inch bow length; (4). The slope in the starting point is the most gentle among nine different settings of riser and limbs.

博士
國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
107
The coral reef ecosystems around the world are under the influence of both natural and human factors, which lead to critical ecosystem degradation and unrecoverable effects. To understand the influence of environmental factors on coral reef ecosystems, this study adopts the idea of taking the whole ecosystem as an integrated one. By applying the Multiple Systems Coupling (MSC) method, an interference mechanism model is built in this research to combine the internal biotic community factors in the coral reef ecosystem and the external environmental factors in order to generate an integrated spatial model of the coral reef ecosystem. The model built in this study is tested on the Boa-Li watershed in the south of Taiwan. The research investigates how increased runoff pollution due to the change of basin land use and land cover structure contributes to the phenomena of benthic community changes. The results of this study showed that comprehensive management of the Boa-Li estuary basin can stabilize flow to reduce the level of water pollution, contributing to the recovery of the coral reef benthic community. The comprehensive management plan should be able to reduce the influence from the possible increase of land-based source pollution on the coastal coral reef benthic community, which increase is brought by the Boa-Li estuary basin Strategic Plan for National Spatial Development. Therefore, the creation of the coral reef ecosystem system model can contribute to the understanding of environmental influencing factors and their damaging effects on the coral reef ecosystem. This study can also serve as a reference for policy-making regarding coral reef ecosystem conservation.

The retention potential of landscapes, along with the water regime of spring areas, are important hydrological topics of research, particularly in the current context of increasing extreme drought frequencies. The present work is focused on monitoring the mountain peat bogs, which, due to their overall frequency of occurrence in the spring area of the Vydra river, represent a significant constituent of the rainfall-runoff process of the area of interest. The specific hydropedological features of the organogenous soils (Histosol type soil) provide the high retention potential of the area, however, the influence of these soils on the runoff process is determined by complex physicogeographical factors. The general opinion on the hydrological function of the peat bogs has changed in recent years and the most important factor in the runoff formation in the mountain area of the Šumava Mts. is now thought to be the actual saturation of the headwater, which is predominantly composed of hydromorphic and organogenous soils. The organogenous soils are significant water reservoirs and have an important impact on the landscape. However, they may also intensify the extreme values of the watercourses during extreme precipitation events. The fundamental part of this work focuses on detailed observations of the...