Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Boston Pacific National Bank”

Diversity, distribution patterns and hotspots of the irregular equinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) of Mexico.Irregular echinoids can be found in almost all marine habitats, from the polar to the equatorial regions, and from the intertidal zone to great depths; some species have a cosmopolitan distribution, but most are geographically restricted, and all live in very particular habitats to a greater or lesser degree in Mexico has 153 species distributed within the coastal limits. Geographic barriers (terrestrial barriers and large ocean basins) and ocean current patterns act as primary modulators of the distribution of echinoids; however, there are factors that define the local distribution. The purpose of this work is to analyze the diversity of irregular echinoids in Mexico, as well as to explain the patterns of distribution and to explore the hotspots through panbiogeography as units of high richness. The study area covers all the territorial waters of Mexico in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. To obtain the geographical coordinates we used the distribution data of 68 species of irregular echinoids recorded at different depths. We reviewed the specimens deposited in five scientific collections, in addition to the revision of other records from online databases: 1. National Collection of Echinoderms “Ma. Elena Caso Muñoz” of the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); 2. Regional Collection of Invertebrates of the Academic Unit Mazatlán, ICML, UNAM. 3. Invertebrate Zoology Collection, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America, (USA); 4. Invertebrate Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, University of Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; 5. Invertebrate Zoology, Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; National Information System on Biodiversity (SNIB-CONABIO) and Global Biodiversity Information (GBIF). The generalized tracks were performed by the analysis of endemicity based on the optimization method, using the NDM/VNDM program with a 2° x 2° latitude/longitude grid. Hotspots were obtained by overlapping the generalized tracks using the ArcView program. The best represented was family Brissidae, with 15 species, most of them belonging to the genus Brissopsis, followed by the family Mellitidae (with 12 species), half of them belongs to the genus Encope. The families of irregular sea urchins with a smaller number of species were: Echinoneidae, Plexechinidae, Palaeotropidae and Paleopneustidae, each represented by a single species. The following general patterns of distribution were recognized: 1) groups of widely distributed species and 2) restricted species living in the first few meters of depth (0-20m). Nine consensus areas or generalized tracks were obtained in the Endemicity Analysis and 47 hotspots were recognized. Three areas with high specific wealth were obtained: West Coast of the Gulf of Mexico, Bank of Campeche/Mexican Caribbean and Gulf of California. The Gulf of California area has the highest diversity of irregular echinoids. This is the first approximation in the study of the panbiogeography of echinoderms of Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S42-S59. Epub 2017 November 01.

AbstractIn the early 1970s, the executives of the First National Bank of Boston spent hundreds of thousands of the bank's dollars on ads opposing statewide efforts to raise their personal income taxes. When frustrated Massachusetts legislators banned this sort of corporate spending, the executives sued, arguing that “corporations have the same First Amendment rights as individuals.” In First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, the Supreme Court held for the first time that the First Amendment protects all political speech, even ads paid for by a corporation. Surprisingly, the first corporation to take advantage of this decision was not the bank, but the city of Boston--a municipal corporation that spent nearly a million dollars on a new referendum in the fall of 1978.This article discusses the history of the 1978 referendum, one pitting municipal corporations against business corporations. It argues that the referendum and the discourse surrounding it made it intuitive for Bostonians that all corporations, banks and cities, are representative institutions. Corporations can “speak” only by spending money, and the leaders of Boston and the bank justified spending other people's money by pointing to the internal elections that put them in office. But voters were skeptical of the argument that “corporate democracy” alone could guarantee that elected executives spoke with the consent of the people they purported to represent. The article offers a novel contribution to the historiography of modern business and politics: a legal history of how corporations--municipal and financial--became politicized in the wake of evolving First Amendment free-speech doctrine.

1996 Pacific Investigative Journalism Award WINNER: Yashwant Gaunder, publisher and editor of The Review in Fiji, won the inaugural 1996 Pacific Investigative Journalism Award for his report on the failings of the National Bank of Fiji.

In 1973, a church and a bank joined forces to reimagine an entire block of Midtown Manhattan. The church was St. Peter’s, and the bank was First National City Corporation, or Citicorp. The Citicorp Center, now owned jointly by St. Peter’s and the developer Boston Properties, remains an important nexus in Midtown. The following case study considers both the limitations of the site’s privately owned public spaces and how the Nevelson Chapel, a permanent public art installation located within St. Peter’s Church, operates as a counter-hegemonic form of privately owned public space—the sacred public space.

The article examines the activities of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to stimulate inclusive economic growth (IEG) in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR). The author analyzed the Country Partnership Strategies (CPS) used by the Asian Development Bank for Bangladesh and Thailand (2021–2025), the results of the economic and social development of these countries. This allowed the author to formulate the methodology used by ADB for individual stimulation of IEG in Asia-Pacific countries (based on the IEG model used by the bank, which allows quantifying IEG using 35 indicators). The CPS includes an operational business plan that contains ADB projects and other operations, the volume of borrowings and is based on an analysis of the country’s economic and social development, the goals of the national development strategy, existing growth drivers and negative factors, and an assessment of the dynamics of internal and external conditions. The operational business plan is what allows ADB to tailor IEG incentives. The experience of the ADB, the methodology of individual stimulation of the IEG can be used in Russia by the state development bank VEB.RF.

Ensuring the economic security of the state is carried out in the form of economic patronage from the government and the central bank, economic cooperation and economic confrontation with other countries of the world. The prospects for changing the level of economic security of the states of the Asia-Pacific region – participants in the Indo-Pacific Partnership (IPP) are considered. The paper considers the indicators of economic security of the states – participants of the Indo-Pacific Partnership. With the help of statistical and econometric methods, the prospects for changes in the level of economic security of the United States, Japan, India and Australia in the implementation of the Indo-Pacific Partnership are assessed. An approach to the comparative assessment of changes in the level of economic security of the ITP member states is proposed. The importance of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in the context of globalization for ensuring the economic security of the countries of East Asia is analyzed. The proposed approach to a comparative assessment of changes in the level of economic security of the ITP member states makes it possible to identify the priorities of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in modern conditions. It is concluded that the agreements within the framework of the Indo-Pacific Partnership should establish new regulations and standards for world trade, thereby giving an increase in the level of protection of the national economies of ITP participants.

Ensuring the economic security of the state is carried out in the form of economic patronage from the government and the central bank, economic cooperation and economic confrontation with other countries of the world. The prospects for changing the level of economic security of the states of the Asia-Pacific region – participants in the Indo-Pacific Partnership (IPP) are considered. The paper considers the indicators of economic security of the states – participants of the Indo-Pacific Partnership. With the help of statistical and econometric methods, the prospects for changes in the level of economic security of the United States, Japan, India and Australia in the implementation of the Indo-Pacific Partnership are assessed. An approach to the comparative assessment of changes in the level of economic security of the ITP member states is proposed. The importance of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in the context of globalization for ensuring the economic security of the countries of East Asia is analyzed. The proposed approach to a comparative assessment of changes in the level of economic security of the ITP member states makes it possible to identify the priorities of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in modern conditions. It is concluded that the agreements within the framework of the Indo-Pacific Partnership should establish new regulations and standards for world trade, thereby giving an increase in the level of protection of the national economies of ITP participants.

A small collection of five Sponges made by E/V Nautilus on Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, California, include the first report of the crinorhyzid Cladorhiza bathycrinoides Koltun off North America and a new species of Hexactinellida, Farrea. cordelli n. sp. The other three sponges in the collection are known to occur off the surrounding North-East Pacific coast, but new geographic or depth distributions are reported for these.

Ensuring the economic security of the state is carried out in the form of economic patronage from the government and the central bank, economic cooperation and economic confrontation with other countries of the world. The prospects for changing the level of economic security of the states of the Asia-Pacific region – participants in the Indo-Pacific Partnership (IPP) are considered. The indicators of economic security of the named states are analyzed. With the help of statistical and econometric methods, the prospects for changes in the level of economic security of the United States, Japan, India and Australia in the implementation of the Indo-Pacific Partnership are assessed. The importance of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in the context of globalization for ensuring the economic security of the countries of East Asia is analyzed. An approach to the comparative assessment of changes in the level of economic security of the ITP member states is proposed, which allows identifying the priorities of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in modern conditions. It is concluded that the agreements within the framework of the Indo-Pacific Partnership should establish new regulations and standards for world trade, thereby giving an increase in the level of protection of the national economies of ITP participants.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to present a birds-eye view of the Malaria situation in the W.H.O. Western Pacific Region. Methods: The methods included online searches related to Malaria for each country such as from W.H.O., World Bank and journal articles as well as national program documents.Findings: Twenty-eight countries, territories, and areas (American Samoa, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Kiribati, Macao SAR, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Singapore, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna) are free of indigenous Malaria while the remaining nine (Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Viet Nam) are progressing towards that target. Conclusion: Cambodia and Malaysia are most likely to receive a certification for Malaria elimination in the immediate future.

The road network of Papua New Guinea includes 8,258 km of national classified roads and another 19,937 km of lesser-trafficked but equally important provincial roads. The value of the national road network is more than 5 billion Kina (US$1 billion). Maintaining this significant asset places a great responsibility on the government and the Department of Works (DOW). Sadly, insufficient attention has been given to maintaining the road network. There is no doubt that poorly maintained roads have a significant adverse effect on national economic growth, with an adverse effect on gross domestic product. In a developing country such as Papua New Guinea, there is always a need to provide a basic level of access to all areas of the country to be able to provide basic services for all the population (access to markets, administrative, health, education). A poorly maintained road network limits access and deprives rural populations of basic services. Therefore, DOW, with funds and guidance provided by the Asian Development Bank, has, with the assistance of a Finnroad consultant, developed a road asset management system (RAMS). RAMS is a tool for storing and presenting road data information, planning short-and long-term road maintenance, creating budgets, and maximizing economic returns of investments made for the road network. The government of Papua New Guinea has also established requirements for institutional reform and strengthening under its public sector reform program. Furthermore, responding to community and other stakeholder pressure, the government has committed itself to launching a road sector reform program.

Families control more than half of the corporations in East Asia (World Bank, 1999; World Bank, 1998). The contribution of family businesses to Asia's economic growth is predicated upon successfully growing their businesses. Many family businesses in East Asia, spanning countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia, are Chinese owned and managed. Some claim that these businesses will never develop into full-fledged multinational enterprises because of their cultural heritage (Redding, 1990). However, some Chinese family businesses have successfully made the transition. This paper presents an in-depth study of five Chinese family businesses in Singapore that have successfully made the transition in growth and size and across national boundaries and family generations. Their business empires extend into the Asia Pacific region. This paper highlights the key success factors of these five noteworthy family businesses that enabled them to make these growth transitions.

This research to determine the competitive position based on the Boston Consulting Group matrix, to find out internal variables including strengths and weaknesses as well as external variables including opportunities and threats and to find out relevant marketing mix strategies to increase the number of visits. The study was conducted at Handara Golf and Resort in Bedugul Bali. Data analysis techniques used are the Boston Consulting Group matrix analysis and SWOT analysis. The analysis shows that using BCG matrix analysis, the company is in the position of dogs with a growth rate of 7.09% and an analysis of market share of 0.17. Using a SWOT analysis shows that the most dominant external opportunity variable with the acquisition of 3.80 results. Where the opportunity indicator is an increase in the number of tourists, growth in online sales, buyers want more images in electronic commerce or e-commerce when buying a product, most of the time on mobile devices is used, social media plays a major role in the distribution of most of the time used on mobile devices, technological advances over the use of social media, per capita income growing in Indonesia, located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, new regulations from Bank Indonesia. While the threat indicator is providing alternative tourist attractions throughout Indonesia to tourists other than in Bali and losing followers in the social media, it can be concluded that companies need to implement a turn-around strategy because external opportunities are more oriented to supporting the company's Handara Golf and Resort Bali.

The article considers the history of establishment and initial phase of the activity at Verhneudinsk and Kyakhta Agencies of the Russian-Chinese Bank. After succeeding in reaching economic growth of the Russian Empire in the 1890s the state authorities intensified the efforts in the Asian-Pacific region to find new markets for national industrial products. Strengthening the influence in the countries of Inner Asia the autocracy could also solve another important problem of creating conditions for integration of remote Asian areas into the single economic space of the country. The territory of Western Trans-Baikal region became one of these areas. The Trans-Siberian Railway and branches of biggest Russian banks were used as the main tools for reaching the goal. The Russian-Chinese Bank, founded in 1895 and sponsored by the Russian Imperial Government, played a significant role in this process. The bank’s agencies in Verhneudinsk and Kyakhta, opened in 1898, became the first active credit and finance institutions in the region. In spite of some limitations in their legal status, the institutions managed to conduct successful activity on lending for local commerce and industry. The operation of Verhneudinsk and Kyakhta Agencies of the Russian-Chinese Bank laid the basis for its future leadership in the local financial market.

This project had two components, with the first component providing a background for the second component. Water resources in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) are both unregulated and regulated by human management. The Jackson Lake Dam and the ponds scattered across the park influence the flow of water. In the process of managing the water it is important to have knowledge of the different components of the streams through which the water flows. One component of this project was to examine the different segments of the major rivers in GTNP and identify the river forms that are displayed by the different reaches of the Snake River above and below Jackson Lake, Buffalo Fork and Pacific Creek. The river form can be segregated into three main categories; the single channel, the meandering channel and the braided channel (Knighton 1984). The different river forms are part of the overall structural composition of the river and can be used to delineate the segments or reaches of the river. The river continuum concept presented by Vannote et al. (1980) provides a theoretical background upon which to construct the river reach system. In 2007, Nelson (2007) completed a reach system project while investigating the fluvial geomorphology of the Snake River below Jackson Lake Dam (Figure 1.). His 20 river reaches provided a zonation of the river that incorporated a range of geomorphic features. This same type of system can be used throughout the GTNP so that researchers have a common spatial unit designation when referencing portions of the Snake River and its tributaries. Ackers (1988) in his work on alluvial channel hydraulics identified three dimensions of meanders that should be considered; width, depth and slope. He further agreed with Hey (1978) that there are nine factors that define river geometry and that these should be considered as well: average bank full velocity, hydraulic mean depth, maximum bank full depth, slope, wave length of bed forms, their mean height, bank full wetted perimeter, channel sinuousity and arc length of meanders. Nelson’s work (Nelson 2007) added another parameter by including a braiding index into the representation of river reach designations. In a more recent work, the Livers and Wohl (2014) study confirmed Nelson’s approach by comparing reach characteristics between glacial and fluvial process domains using similar reach designation characteristics to determine reach differences.

The essential condition for the development of financial law science is to address to foreign experience in legal regulation of social relations. The comparative legal researches can enrich the doctrine and contribute to the improvement of practice of implementation of financial legislation. This fully applies to the sphere of financial-legal regulation of social relations in the area of monetary circulation. Traditionally it is assumed that a single currency shall apply in the framework of the state. Meanwhile, several foreign countries have widespread practice of issue and circulation of regional and local currencies authorized by the government. That is why it is quiet crucial to understand the peculiarities of legal regulation of issuing CFP franc as a regional currency that is in circulation in French territories in the Pacific ocean. This article is devoted to the study of the order of issuing and circulating of CFP franc. The work discusses the specifications of the administrative-territorial division of the French Republic and its influence on the monetary circulation in the state. Also, the authors are exploring the genesis of the issuing institutions of France and their competence. So, in addition to the Bank of France, the institution of the overseas departments and issuing institution of the overseas territories have the right to carry out issuing of currencies. The main purpose of these bodies is to ensure the stable monetary circulation in the French overseas territories. The article concludes that the CFP franc is a means of providing additional liquidity for the growth of separate administrative-territorial entities. As a priority aim of introducing a parallel currency, the French government has considered the protection of the local population from the fluctuations of the national currency. The CFP franc is in circulation in a limited area and it is not recognized as a legal tender in Metropolitan France.

Until recently, only economically developed West-oriented states launched integration initiatives encompassing the entire Asia-Pacific region. However, over the last few years Beijing proposed several such initiatives embracing territories from America to Africa. The paper discusses the changes in Chinese views towards the leadership in modern world. Recent events in Syria, Ukraine, South China Sea and East China Sea made it clear that the world becomes more polycentric, with Russia and China resistant to external interference in the territories of their vital interests. The latest trends in East Asian and Asia-Pacific regionalism are singled out. China and USA have been the main rivals in initiating and supporting competing integration models. China has demonstrated unprecedented activity and launched several integration projects of trans-regional (Asia-Pacific and Eurasia) and on regional levels (East Asia). However, despite its growing geopolitical and economic aspirations, Beijing is not frontally challenging Washington-led system of intergovernmental agreements and financial institutions in Asia. Instead, Beijing is forming an alternative pro-Chinese model of integration without US participation (or with their secondary role) thus trying to gradually transform the Asia-Pacific to post-American hegemony model. President Xi Jinping put forward a concept of “Asia-Pacific Dream”. It incorporates formation of the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “New Maritime Silk Road” that will link the economies of Asia, Europe and Africa. By proposing these large scale infrastructure projects and two new regional financial institutions (Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank and New Development Bank), the Chinese leadership renewed its global and regional politics, attempting to create a Eurasian “economic corridor” which could serve not only its regional and global interests, but for the common good of whole Asia and the world. Obviously, “New Silk Roads” strategy faces geopolitical and other challenges; yet, even it partial realization would make China a leader of the continental part of Eurasia. In terms of global and regional governance these trends can be strengthened through coordinated policy of Moscow and Beijing towards including these projects into the agenda of non-Western intergovernmental institutions, such as BRICS, SCO, Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), and others. Moreover, strategic cooperation with Russia is one of the principal factors to secure the success of China’s integration plans in the Asia-Pacific and especially in Eurasia. For its part, Moscow should deepen interaction and effectively utilize the resources of “rising” China to support Russia’s interests in Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific. It is necessary for Moscow to coordinate efforts with Central Asian states and China to elaborate co-development plans for infrastructural initiatives put forward by the SCO, EEU and the “Silk Road Economic Belt”. At the same time, Moscow should increasingly encourage Chinese investment into the Russian Far East. Acknowledgements. This article has been prepared in the framework of contract with the RF Ministry of Education and Science “Formation of the New International Order in the Asia-Pacific and National Interests of Russia”, project № 1430.

A decades-long body of research has hypothesized a fundamental incompatibility between braided rivers, which form due to a lack of bank cohesion and a highly-mobile channel bed, with vegetation, which stabilizes channel surfaces and hinders sediment mobilization. At the same time, many researchers have observed high densities of wood, occurring either as large jams or dense stands of mature trees, along the braid plain of multi-thread rivers worldwide. Here we seek to reconcile the perceived incompatibility of wood and braided rivers with the high densities of vegetation found along these streams using two multi-thread, gravel-bed rivers in Grand Teton National Park. In August of 2017, we completed topographic surveys along ~500 m reaches of Pacific and Pilgrim Creeks, tributaries to the Snake River in Jackson Hole. We seek to compare digital elevation models generated from these surveys with 2014 elevation data collected via airborne lidar to determine whether in-channel wood drives increases in bar density, depth variability, and in-channel habitat suitability for native salmonids. While the majority of our efforts following the August 2017 field campaign have been focused on lidar data processing and cleaning, our initial results indicate that wood is a dominant driver of bar formation in both Pilgrim and Pacific Creek, and may be the dominant driver of depth variability (e.g., pool scour) in gravel-bed braided streams in Grand Teton National Park. Featured photo by Grand Teton on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/MyszYZ

RésuméLes chambres de compensation aux États-Unis durant le XIXe siècle offrent une illustration de l’émergence d’un prêteur en dernier ressort dans un système bancaire à couverture fractionnaire. À partir d’une comparaison spacio-temporelle des différents systèmes bancaires ayant pu exister au niveau régional, puis national, on voit que l’émergence d’un prêteur en dernier ressort s’explique d’une manière spontanée par le mécanisme du crédit au niveau de la chambre de compensation; le système de la Suffolk Bank de Boston entre 1824 et 1858 est la meilleure illustration d’une chambre de compensation ayant créé de la monnaie supérieure afin de venir en aide aux banques momentanément illiquides. Une seconde explication de l’émergence du prêteur en dernier ressort tient aux contraintes réglementaires qui rendent l’offre de billets de banque rigide par rapport à la demande; ce fut le cas dans certains États américains avant 1863 et surtout sous le National Banking System (1863-1913), où la loi de dépôt de garantie sous forme de cautionnement obligataire crée en partie le besoin du prêt en dernier ressort. En conclusion, ce type de prêt doit être conçu comme une innovation du système de paiement — reste ensuite à réfléchir sur ses modalités d’intervention — et non comme une conséquence des effets pervers de certaines réglementations touchant l’émission de billets de banque.

This is a speech that Dr. Fai-nan Perng delivered for the acceptance of an honorary Ph.D. degree in economics at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. Dr. Fai-nan Perng was appointed as the Governor of the Central Bank of the R.O.C. (Taiwan) by President Teng-hui Lee in February 1998. He served in this position for 20 years. During this 20-year period, he faced the 1998 Asian financial crisis, terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, and the 2008 U.S. financial crisis. He handled monetary policy smoothly and led the economic growth in Taiwan very well. Overall, he is one of the longest-serving and most well-known governors in the world. He represented Taiwan in the 2000 APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, was The Banker Magazine’s 2009 Central Banker of the Year, Asia, and received Central Banking Publications’ Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. He also served as the associate editor for the Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP) from 2005 to 2018.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the factors that influence the level of income inequality in member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OC). The research period used was from 2012 to 2021, using the System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) analysis tool. The variables used consist of the Gini ratio (proxy of income inequality), economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), inflation, the average length of schooling (human capital proxy), and corruption perception index (sharia proxy). The results showed that sharia, human, and inflation variables had a negative effect, while economic growth and FDI had a positive and significant effect on income inequality in OIC countries. These results show that in addition to economic factors and human capital, sharia elements cannot be released in overcoming income inequality in OIC countries. Sharia is a driving factor in a more even distribution of income. Keywords: Income Inequality, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM), Sharia ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di negara anggota Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Periode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dari tahun 2012 sampai dengan tahun 2021, dengan menggunakan alat analisis System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). Variabel yang digunakan terdiri dari rasio gini (proksi ketimpangan pendapatan), pertumbuhan ekonomi, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), inflasi, rata-rata lama sekolah (proksi human capital), dan indeks persepsi korupsi (proksi syariah). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel syariah, human, dan inflasi berpengaruh negatif, sedangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan FDI berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di negara-negara OIC. 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ObjectiveThis study evaluates the priority given to surgical care for children within national health policies, strategies and plans (NHPSPs).Participants and settingWe reviewed the NHPSPs available in the WHO’s Country Planning Cycle Database. Countries with NHPSPs in languages different from English, Spanish, French or Chinese were excluded. A total of 124 countries met the inclusion criteria.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe searched for child-specific and surgery-specific terms in the NHPSPs’ missions, goals and strategies using three analytic approaches: (1) count of the total number of mentions, (2) count of the number of policies with no mentions and (3) count of the number of policies with five or more mentions. Outcomes were compared across WHO regional and World Bank income-level classifications.ResultsWe found that the most frequently mentioned terms were ‘child*’, ‘infant*’ and ‘immuniz*’. The most frequently mentioned surgery term was ‘surg*’. Overall, 45% of NHPSPs discussed surgery and 7% discussed children’s surgery. The majority (93%) of countries did not mention selected essential and cost-effective children’s procedures. When stratified by WHO region and World Bank income level, the West Pacific region led the inclusion of ‘pediatric surgery’ in national health plans, with 17% of its countries mentioning this term. Likewise, low-income countries led the inclusion of surg* and ‘pediatric surgery’, with 63% and 11% of countries mentioning these terms, respectively. In both stratifications, paediatric surgery only equated to less than 1% of the total terms.ConclusionThe low prevalence of children’s surgical search terms in NHPSPs indicates that the influence of surgical care for this population remains low in the majority of countries. Increased awareness of children’s surgical needs in national health plans might constitute a critical step to scale up surgical system in these countries.

Manuscript type: An empirical analysis of the relationship between country-level governance and share markets in the Asia-Pacific region was carried out using dynamic value at risk (Dynamic VaR), mixed data sample (MIDAS) and exponential generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) models. Research question/issue: Is there a relationship between a country’s governance and stock market in terms of the level of returns and share price volatility? We hypothesise that stock returns for countries with higher levels of governance will have lower ex ante expected returns and less volatility than countries with lower levels of governance. Research findings/insights: It is evident from the empirical findings that there is still significant diversity in both corporate-level governance and country-level governance within the Asia-Pacific region. The results from using mixed data sample-autoregressive distributed lag (MIDAS-ADL) model correlation between world governance index (WGI) and the dynamic VaR suggest that the estimators of high frequency slope for India, China and Malaysia are negative. In addition, their t statistics show that the correlation is significant; meanwhile, their goodness of fit is also very high confirming the explanation power of MIDAS-AD model. Consequently, the capital market performances of India, China and Malaysia are negatively related to their corporate-level governance and country-level governance. However, China has a positive correlation between WGI and corporate-level governance and country-level governance. This uncommon phenomenon may be the result of its special political system and the segregation of the capital market and the real economy. Theoretical/academic implications: The linkage between country-level governance and volatility of stocks in Asia-Pacific markets indicates there is scope to reduce stock price volatility through enhanced national governance. Volatility as an indicator of risk reflects market uncertainty in terms of processing information signals to find the equilibrium return risk nexus. Consequently, researchers have to incorporate the data of different frequency into the same equation using robust methods. Practitioner/policy implications: Regulatory frameworks encompassing stock markets will benefit from a more focussed consideration of the way in which governance and risk are correlated. Findings from the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and VaR analysis are that stock market volatility is a suitable proxy for the governance of a country. As country governance indices are annual at best, volatility measures give more timely readings. An increase in volatility suggests there is a decline in national governance, and this has implications for those involved in trade, donor organisations and international lending agencies such as the World Bank.

A commentary on the Doha Development Round by a representative of the AFL-CIO. Thea Lee is Policy Director at the AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C., where she oversees research and strategies on domestic and international economic policy. Previously, she worked as an international trade economist at the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, D.C. and as an editor at Dollars & Sense magazine in Boston. Lee is co-author of A Field Guide to the Global Economy, published by the New Press. Her research projects include reports on the North American Free Trade Agreement, the impact of international trade on U.S. wage inequality, and the domestic steel and textile industries. She has testified before several committees of the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate on various trade topics. She serves on several advisory committees, including the State Department Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy and the Export-Import Bank Advisory Committee. She is also on the Board of Directors of the Worker Rights Consortium and the National Bureau of Economic Research. She received a Bachelor’s degree from Smith College and a Master’s degree in economics from the University of Michigan.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the fluid role of accounting both as a form of power and resistance in the context of World Bank projects in the Island Kingdom of Tonga. Design/methodology/approach Bourdieu’s concepts of doxa and capital provided the framework for problematizing the fluidity of practices of accounting as both a form of power and of resistance. The authors used a qualitative field study design based on a combination of a documentary analysis of these loan agreements and interviews with key actors and informants. Findings The role of accounting in relation to subaltern groups is mediated by the doxic rules and existing capital arrangements at the national and the local or village level. Understanding accounting as both capital and as doxa explains why it can be both a form of power and of resistance. Practical implications This study provides policy makers and foreign donors of Tonga and other Pacific Islands a deeper understanding on the struggles to implement and the impacts of accounting at local level as accounting is deployed as part of struggles in various social contexts each with its own doxa and capital arrangements. Originality/value This study contributes to the growing accounting body of work that seeks to better understand accounting by proposing that role of accounting as a tool for domination is mediated in various social settings by the doxic value and the existing capital arrangements in those settings.

Deep-sea corals in Southern California are diverse and abundant but subject to multiple stressors, including bottom-contact fisheries using mobile and fixed gear. There is a need for more information on the distribution of these taxa in relation to the distribution of demersal fishing effort, and the distribution of marine protected areas, in order to improve spatial planning. There are many marine managed areas in Southern California, including essential fish habitat (EFH) areas, conservation areas, and a national marine sanctuary, but specific areas of overlap between bottom fishing and benthic epifauna are poorly known. Groundfish surveys were conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service using a remotely operated vehicle throughout Southern California between 2003 and 2011 to document abundance and distribution of deep-water rockfish and flatfish to a depth of 500 m. Corals and sponges were also common in these images, providing an opportunity to examine these communities. Analyses of 34,792 still images revealed abundance and diversity of coral and sponge taxa, as well as frequency of fishing debris. The occurrence data were overlaid in a geographic information system with landings data for deep-water (>50 m) demersal fisheries to identify areas of spatial overlap. Corals or sponges were observed in 23% of images. A total of 15 coral genera and six sponge morphotypes were identified. A total of 70 species codes were targeted by deep-water demersal fisheries operating below 50 m for years 2007–2011. A novel priority-setting algorithm was developed to identify areas of high richness, abundance, and fishing intensity (RAFi). Several highly-ranked areas were already protected as EFH (Footprint, Piggy Bank). Other highly-ranked sites (West Catalina Island, San Clemente Island, 9-Mile Bank, Santa Rosa Flats) were encompassed by transient gear restrictions, such as Rockfish conservation areas, but are now recommended for permanent protection by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the functioning of industrial enterprises in the conditions of the development of the digital economy and the determination of the main directions in the management activities of enterprises. The relevance of the study conducted in this article is due to the fact that in the context of globalization of segmentation of markets, toughening of competition, the requirements to the survival of enterprises increase. In the coming years, leadership will belong to enterprises with the predominant development of digital technologies. The purpose of the study is to identify factors that affect economic growth, both at the enterprise level and at the level of the national economy. The subject is the study of the processes of development and transformation of industrial enterprises in the digital economy. In this regard, this study identifies trends in the development of industries in the level of digitalization, a forecast and prospects for the digitalization of industrial enterprises; a multifactorial model of the economic growth of the economic sectors due to digitalization as well as ways to increase the operational performance of enterprises in these conditions. The empirical base of the study was the materials of the Boston Consulting Group (The Boston Consulting Group), the World Bank of Development. The practical significance of the results of the research is that the correct interpretation of drivers of development, the definition of the main directions of industrial enterprises in the conditions of the development of the digital economy will allow choosing the right instruments of influence on increasing the efficiency of enterprises and the economy as a whole. This study is the starting point of a large-scale work on the definition of new vectors in the strategic management of industrial enterprises in the conditions of the development of the digital economy.

Using remotely-sensed Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP)-VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imagery Radiometer Suite) night-time light (NTL) imagery between 2012 and 2016 and electricity consumption data from the IEA World Energy Balance database, we assemble a five-year panel dataset to evaluate if and to what extent NTL data are able to capture interannual changes in electricity consumption within different countries worldwide. We analyze the strength of the relationship both across World Bank income categories and between regional clusters, and we evaluate the heterogeneity of the link for different sectors of consumption. Our results show that interannual variation in nighttime light radiance is an effective proxy for predicting within-country changes in power consumption across all sectors, but only in lower-middle income countries. The result is robust to different econometric specifications. We discuss the key reasons behind this finding. The regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle-East and North Africa, Latin America and the Caribbeans, and East Asia and the Pacific render a significant outcome, while changes in Europe, North America and South Asia are not successfully predicted by NTL. The designed methodological steps to process the raw data and the findings of the analysis improve the design and application of predictive models for electricity consumption based on NTL at different spatio-temporal scales.

Purpose: The article studies the perspectives of involvement of African countries in the global Fourth industrial revolution based on breakthrough technologies of Industry 4.0. Design/methodology/approach: The methods of imitation modeling, trend analysis, regression, correlation analysis, variation analysis, and scenario analysis were used for determining the future scenarios of development of African countries for periods of up to 2030. The sources of statistical data for the research included secondary data from the IMF and the World Bank. Findings: It is substantiated that the most perspective scenario is neo-industrialization, which has been conducted in recent years by the most progressive countries of the European, American, and Asia-Pacific regions of the world. This scenario will ensure global competitiveness and sustainable development of African countries in the long-term. Originality/value: As a result, the authors develop a conceptual model of Africa 4.0 and offer the algorithm of neo-industrialization of African countries based on breakthrough technologies of Industry 4.0. The article opens a wide field for further scientific research, which should be devoted to adapting the conceptual model of Africa 4.0 to the national specifics of certain African countries for maximization of effectiveness of its practical application.

Abstract: While a great deal of attention has been given to the financial crisis now confronting Asian economies, this narrow focus has tended to eclipse a looming resource and environmental crisis, to the extent that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has provided an uncharacteristic warning to this effect in a recent publication. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has also recognized the seriousness of these issues, and through its working groups has begun addressing regional environmental and resource questions. But can APEC make a real difference? One of the basic contentions of this article is that for APEC to fulfill its regional potential, especially in the light of the recent Asian recession, it has to take on a broader charter. It has been argued that this should include regional security. However, any consideration of regional and national security must also take into account human security, which means placing short-term growth objectives in the context of the longer term resource and environmental issues facing communities across the region. The article will review some of the longer-term environmental and resource issues facing the region and will discuss some potential mechanisms for addressing them within the APEC framework.

This study reveals the financial conditions and drivers of the energy transition in the world and in Russia. The purpose of the study is to characterize the essence, content and financial conditions of the energy transition for the national economy. The objectives of the article are to study the features of the energy transition models for developed and developing countries; to consider the impact of "sustainable financing" on the energy transition process; to identify the specific financial conditions and risks. It was found that two major concepts of the energy transition have been formed, reflecting the vision of the goals and timing of completion, conditions and financing formats. The analysis of global investments in the energy transition showed high investors’ optimism: the renewable energy sector is the most attractive; the Asia-Pacific region has become the largest region in terms of investment volume; more energy transition financing programs are implemented in the European Union. The author reveals relationship between policies to achieve carbon neutrality and the phenomenon of "sustainable financing" subject to the principles of ESG, which was expressed in the refusal of the world's leading financial institutions to finance any fossil fuel projects, which could lead to higher demands and direct pressure on the energy and oil and gas sector in developing countries. The main financial risks and financial losses that the Russian economy may face in process of energy transition are outlined. Russia, as the largest exporter of hydrocarbons, will have to adapt to the new conditions despite the unprecedented sanctions pressure on the financial system and the withdrawal of major investors from the oil and gas and electric power sectors. First of all, this is cooperation in the BRICS format — both in the energy and in the financing of infrastructure projects, including within the framework of the BRICS New Development Bank activities. State loans, subsidies, grants, tax incentives, etc. may be used as financial measures of state support for the energy transition.

Introduction: Isla del Coco is the only island in the Eastern Tropical Pacific with humid tropical forests; 296 plant species are reported, of them, 22% are endemic. Their ecology is poorly understood. Deforestation and the introduction of rats, feral pigs and white-tailed deer are the primary agents of forest degradation. After more than 120 years, the deforested areas have never recovered the native forest. Objective: To analyse if the deforested area keeps its resilience, we evaluated the natural regeneration and ecological processes associated. Methods: From August 2016 to June 2018, we conducted a restoration experiment consisting of a randomized complete blocks design including vegetation cutting, vegetation uprooting and controls as treatments. Plots were protected with an exclusion fence to avoid herbivores. Results: There were no differences between plant cutting and uprooting in stimulating natural regeneration. We only recorded the seedlings of two tree species, 35 individuals of Cecropia pittieri and three of Sacoglottis holdridgei, both endemic. Their regeneration established during the first 15 months mainly. At the end of the experiment, the structure and composition of the vegetation changed from bushes dominated by Entada gigas (28%) and Clidemia strigillosa (12%) to grasses dominated by Paspalum conjugatum (39%). Entada gigas has a high recolonizing potential with a growing rate of 1.6±0.2m/month. Conclusions: As filters for restoration we determined herbivores, which pose a strong negative impact in the development of the forest; the exhausted seed bank of tree species and scarce or null seed dispersion.

The article deals with the prospects for Russia’s “pivot to the East” taking into account main chances as well as risks in the context of growing challenges in East Asia. The author stresses that national and regional misbalances in East Asia are the results of the dynamic development of East Asian countries during the last 15 years. “Middle class trap” is at the agenda as the main common problem in China and ASEAN member countries. The analysis focuses also on such issues as broad scaled corruption and state-controlled legal system, quality of political, social institutions and social lifts, role of nationalism and culture. Regional misbalances in infrastructure and R&D as well as the crisis of regional institutions are characterized as new challenges to integration trends in East Asia and Asia-Pacific area in general. According to the author’s view, there are three different types of policies to meet the domestic challenges and to overcome “middle class trap”: Japanese, South Korean and Chinese. Prime Minister Ikeda’s “income-doubling plan” accompanied by public activity is described as an effective reform-oriented policy. South Korea’s transition from dictatorship to democratic society and more flexible economy is another type of positive reform policy. According to China’s modern domestic strategy, a lot of attention is paid to administrative measures against corruption, modification of social policy, reforms of banks, etc. At the same time, public activities and legal system, in spite of some improvements, are still under rigid administrative control. Meanwhile, the role of law will be crucial factor of successful development of East Asian countries at the stage of “middle class economy”. To a large scale, the prospects for regional integration depend on growing creative role of China (for example, investments into regional infrastructure and establishment of special bank, initiations of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area). At the same time, China will continue cooperation and dialogue with other countries, first of all with the USA. ASEAN members increase their activity to improve sub-regional cooperation and relations with United States and Japan in order to couterbalance China’s influence in East Asia. Finally, the author describes Russia’s policy towards East Asia and the Pacific, including brief history, main trends and key priorities at the current stage. “Free Vladivostok port” and some other initiatives to realize more flexible economic strategy towards East Asia and Pacific will give opportunity for Russia to promote its integration into the Pacific Area. Transition of Russia’s export structure from resources and energy to innovation goods and services is at the agenda.

The article is devoted to a study of the features of the functioning of special administrative regions in the Asia-Pacific region and the identification of factors influencing the results of the activities of the studied territories. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the features of the functioning of special administrative regions in the Asia-Pacific region. During the research, qualitative methods were used: historical, comparison, analysis and synthesis, legal, deduction and induction, as well as a quantitative method of correlation and regression analysis. The study carried out a comparative analysis of the development and formation of special administrative regions in Russia, as well as Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore. The research hypothesis is based on the assumption that the conditions for the functioning of special administrative regions affect the competitiveness and attractiveness of territories for residents. The research methodological base includes theories describing the impact of territories with a special economic status on the level of the development of territories. We used the author's method of analyzing the functioning of special administrative regions in Russia and in foreign jurisdictions based on 10 indicators: the number of newly registered residents, population, gross national income per capita, GDP, labor force, employment, government spending, direct tax receipts, indirect receipts. taxes, direct domestic investment, direct foreign investment, which made it possible to reveal the dependence of the number of residents registered in special administrative regions on these indicators. The empirical base of the study is data from official information portals on the activities of special administrative regions in Russia and abroad, data from OECD reports, statistics from the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, and others. The novelty of the results obtained lies in substantiating the influence of territorial development indicators on the number of residents in special administrative regions and identifying the risks of functioning of special administrative regions in Russia.

As of 18 October 2020, over 39.5 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 1.1 million associated deaths have been reported worldwide. It is crucial to understand the effect of social determination of health on novel COVID-19 outcomes in order to establish health justice. There is an imperative need, for policy makers at all levels, to consider socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pandemic planning. Cross-sectional analysis from COVID Boston University’s Center for Antiracist Research COVID Racial Data Tracker was performed to evaluate the racial and ethnic distribution of COVID-19 outcomes relative to representation in the United States. Representation quotients (RQs) were calculated to assess for disparity using state-level data from the American Community Survey (ACS). We found that on a national level, Hispanic/Latinx, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, and Black people had RQs > 1, indicating that these groups are over-represented in COVID-19 incidence. Dramatic racial and ethnic variances in state-level incidence and mortality RQs were also observed. This study investigates pandemic disparities and examines some factors which inform the social determination of health. These findings are key for developing effective public policy and allocating resources to effectively decrease health disparities. Protective standards, stay-at-home orders, and essential worker guidelines must be tailored to address the social determination of health in order to mitigate health injustices, as identified by COVID-19 incidence and mortality RQs.

Background and aims – Gardenia species are ecologically, culturally, and economically significant but the three native species of Gardenia in Hawai‘i are assessed as Critically Endangered. Seed banking is the most cost effective and efficient means of conserving plant material ex situ. To better understand the conservation physiology of Hawaiian and South Pacific Gardenia spp. and support their conservation, we asked 1) How do seeds respond to different temperatures and light and dark regimes? 2) What class of dormancy, if any, do seeds exhibit? 3) How does seed germinability respond over time in a seed bank? and 4) What is the conservation status and level of ex situ representation of Gardenia globally? Material and methods – To answer these questions, we used 19 accessions of fresh seeds and seeds stored for varying periods of time in the National Tropical Botanical Garden’s Conservation Seed Bank and Laboratory of Hawaiian (G. brighamii, G. remyi), New Caledonian (G. aubryi, G. oudiepe), and Tahitian (G. taitensis) species. Seeds were incubated at varying temperatures and in light, and in dark. Key results – We found that (1) seeds of all species tested germinated slowly and only at higher temperatures in the light and dark, (2) seeds have non-deep physiological dormancy, (3) seeds of the Hawaiian species are short lived at conventional seed bank conditions, and (4) only 40% of Gardenia spp. are represented in ex situ facilities, and 66% of the species have not been evaluated for the IUCN Red List. Conclusion – Seeds of Hawaiian Gardenia spp. are short lived in storage. Since seeds germinate in darkness, they are unlikely to form a persistent soil seedbank. Although seeds of all species tested are physiologically dormant, they can be easily propagated from seed at warmer temperatures, giving some hope to the conservation and restoration of the Critically Endangered Hawaiian species. Since our dataset was limited by a lack of continuous viability monitoring, we emphasize the need for initial germination testing and ongoing viability tests to better understand seed longevity. Lastly, we discuss the ecological relevance of our results in the context of the Hawaiian archipelago.

Recent years the phenomenon of global value chains (GVCs) has attracted great attention of international organizations. Many of them are involved in the study of GVCs, primarily the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the UN Commission on Trade and Development, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the World Intellectual Property Organization and others, including regional international organizations, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asia, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, African Development Bank, etc. The purpose of this article is to identify how the role and position of international organizations in the global market for GVC research has changed, both in terms of specific content and in terms of interaction with individual scientists and other international and national institutions. GVC research by international organizations makes an important contribution to the understanding the contradictory features of international fragmentation, the participation of countries, regions, industries and individual firms in it. The publications of international organizations have a common research paradigm: they all recognize the importance of GVCs for national economic development. A similar conceptual framework for the study of GVCs is combined with the research specialization of international organizations, which reflects the main focus of the activity of one or another organization. The availability of research specialization is accompanied by continuity and coordination of research; the conclusions of international organizations do not contradict, but rather complement each other. The most important feature of all publications of international organizations is also their practical orientation, the focus on elaborating recommendations for national policies aimed at maximizing the benefits of participation in GVCs and minimizing the risks of such integration. A key feature of the research of international organizations is their generalizing nature, which allows highlighting the key trends in the development of GVCs and perspective areas for future research. Conducting large-scale research and the development of expert estimates in the field of GVCs became possible due to the availability of significant financial, intellectual and statistical resources of international organizations, including databases (TiVA, EORA, AMNE). The availability of such resources allows not only to conduct generalizing and comparative studies on a large array of macro and micro data, but also to carry out “pioneering” studies, which are a real increment of scientific knowledge in the field of GVC. Obtaining important generalizing or “pioneering” conclusions became possible due to the development of multilateral research cooperation of international organizations with individual researchers, universities, other international institutes and “think tanks”.

Before United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) 1993, documentation of traditional forest related knowledge on medicinal plants did not consider much the issue of sustainable development and sharing of benefits with knowledge holders. While some academicians obtained their higher degrees from research on local knowledge, the indigenous and local communities providing the knowledge gained little. With the signing of CBD, countries have taken efforts to document the traditional knowledge to achieve CBD’s triple objective on conserving biological diversity, using natural resources sustainably and fairly and equitably sharing benefits deriving from the use of genetic resources. As a party to CBD, Malaysian government implemented a traditional knowledge (TK) documentation project on medicinal and aromatic plants of the aborigines (Orang Asli) in Peninsular Malaysia since 2007. In line with CBD and Malaysia’s National Policy on Biological Diversity (1998), the process of TK documentation among 15 Orang Asli sub-ethnic groups involved a comprehensive approach. A wide range of activities were carried out, namely conducting rapid rural appraisal, holding workshop on awareness raising, obtaining prior informed consent, carrying out socio-economic household survey, capacity building on documentation among the Orang Asli communities, database development, lab analysis of selected potential medicinal plants, developing prototype products and development of benefit sharing mechanism. Malaysia’s comprehensive model of TK documentation has attracted national and world attention. In 2013-2014, FRIM receives funding to conduct TK related R&D and training projects from (a) the Ministry of Agriculture (RM5.56 million), (b) international Islamic Development Bank (US$30,000), (c) United Nations Development Program and Global Environment Fund (US$533,000), and (d) Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions (APAFRI) (US$1,500).

96 Background: There are huge challenges in conducting clinical research, with gross disparities in trial access for patients in the Asia-Pacific (APAC). ASCO initiated a leadership development program in 2021, and one of the projects involved understanding the barriers to conducting clinical research and trials regionally. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey on barriers to clinical research using a 29-item questionnaire which covered potential barriers to establishing clinical groups to support trials, and respondents’ demographic and other information. We targeted oncology healthcare professionals (HCPs) from APAC via national societies, locoregional hospitals, and via social media channels. Data were collected through the SurveyMonkey platform. Countries were classified into high-income (HICs), upper-middle (UMICs), and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) according to the World Bank criterion. We hypothesized substantial differences in the responses of HCPs by income (HICs vs UMICs vs LMICs) due to political, cultural, ethical, and socioeconomic factors and evaluated the univariate association of each potential barrier using Chi-square test. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated the association between the top five significant potential barriers and country grouping, adjusting for age, gender, specialty and affiliation. Results: Three-hundred responses were received from May to July 2022, representing 21 APAC countries and regions in total. Among these, 102 (34%), 57 (19%), and 137 (46%) HCPs practiced in HICs, UMICs, and LMICs, respectively, with 51% of respondents being female. Most HCPs practiced in medical oncology (35%), radiation oncology (29%), and surgical oncology (13%). Just under 70% of respondents had <= 10 years of training. Overall, the top five reported barriers included competing demands (reported by 88% of respondents), lack of financial support (86%), healthcare access issues for patients (75%), lack of research environment and infrastructure (72%), and lack of expertise of staff (68%). Adjusting for other factors, among these barriers lack of financial support, research environment and infrastructure, expertise, and healthcare access differed significantly between HICs and LMICs with respondents from LMICs more often reporting these barriers than those from HICs (p<=0.02 for all). Conclusions: This is the largest survey exploring the research and trial landscape in APAC that revealed common and specific challenges affecting different countries, thus emphasizing the importance of targeted measures when addressing these barriers. These findings will inform future potential action plans by ASCO and the APAC Regional Council such as skills training, embedding clinical research within practice and facilitating cross border interaction; to empower research in the region.

The article’s objectives are to reveal the general tendency in the global investment climate within the fintech industry and introduce the grouping approach for countries based on distinctive characteristics of local fintech and economic environments. Moreover, the paper results can be used as recommendations for local regulators in terms of the fintech industry development, which is a vital force for enhancing the competitiveness level of the countries in the context of world economic uncertainty.Statistics method is used to perform the investment activities and investment structure overview with a close look at three regions: Americas, EMEA (Europe, the Middle East, and Africa), and the Asia Pacific. The results indicate the largest role of the America region, the smallest – of the Asia-Pacific region, and two main trends in the investment structure by the nature of deals, the first with a predominance of M&A deals and the second with a high venture investments part.Another applied approach is clustering analysis. It is used to group the countries by the set of characteristics, which reflect the general economic conditions and innovation capacity in the financial sector of different countries from the general population. The clustering results give a snapshot of six groups of countries. The group with the highest results is called FinTech Olympus and consists of countries such as the USA, UK, and Singapore. The worst results were shown by the Fintech Jungle group represented by Kenya, Lebanon, Egypt, Uganda, Pakistan, Ghana, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Ukraine. The other countries are grouped in four more clusters with research names – FinTech periphery, Asian-European, FinTech middle class, and Major players. Local regulators, for example, the National Bank of Ukraine, can further consider the results of clustering for maintaining fintech development policy to benefit the economy in general.In such conditions, the main tasks for the Ukrainian government are the improvement of business climate and fintech ecosystem development with the further discovery of their impact on the country’s competitiveness in an unstable economic environment in the short and long term. JEL classіfіcatіon: C40, G19, G20

This article presents the results of the analysis of preferences and motivations of tourists from the main existing and prospective tourist arrivals in Russia, which was conducted by the method of content analysis based on publications of the UNWTO, the World Bank, Eurostat, the European Union, the Federal State Statistics Service, the national tourism administrations, international tourism conferences, scientific and practical work. In the process of the study identified were two groups of research texts: a group of texts about the preferences and motivations of tourists from Europe and America, and a group of texts about the preferences and motivations of tourists from Asia. Results are also presented by geographical areas &#34;Europe and America&#34; and &#34;Asian countries.&#34; The study was conducted with the aim of optimizing the preparation of proposals for the formation of the federal policy of promoting Russian tourist product. As a component of the result the author suggest a common approach to marketing efforts to promote Russian tourist product in the European markets and the markets of Asia and the Pacific Region. The approach is to identify priority types of tourism for potential consumers of Russian tourist product, to construct the ratings of distribution policy priorities in the allocation of key expectations from the stay in Russia for the purpose of tourism, to plan route networks and features of the transport component, as well as the to urgently reduce visa formalities for priority markets.

Abstract Introduction: Readmission following cancer-directed surgery is an important quality metric. The laparoscopic hysterectomy readmission score (LHRS) was developed to identify women for whom same day discharge after minimally invasive surgery was suitable, with low readmission risk. Our single-institution cohort study supported the hypothesis that the LHRS was associated with increased readmission odds in a gynecologic oncology population; however, this analysis was limited by the racial homogeneity of the cohort. In addition, an assessment of discrimination of the LHRS has not been performed. Therefore, we evaluated readmission odds and performance associated with the LHRS among women with endometrial cancer (EC) overall and by race/ethnicity. Methods: Using data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), we calculated the LHRS by assigning one point to the following six variables (diabetes, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disseminated cancer, chronic steroid use, bleeding disorder, length of surgery of two hours or longer) and two points for any postoperative complication occurring prior to discharge (range: 0-8). We dichotomized LHRS (&lt;3, ≥3) and examined odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 30-day readmission odds using logistic regression in the overall study population and stratified by race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaska Native). Discrimination was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the overall study population and by race/ethnicity. Results: In this study of 27,981 EC patients diagnosed between 2014 and 2020, overall readmission was low (3.1%). The majority of women were White (80%), followed by Black (7.6%), Hispanic (6.0%), Asian (4.9%), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (1.1%), and American Indian/Alaska Native (0.4%). Overall, readmission odds were higher among those with LHRS ≥3 vs. &lt;3 (OR=3.10, 95% CI=2.31, 4.15) with similar associations in race/ethnicity-stratified models. In the overall study population, the AUC was not much better than chance (0.52, 95% CI=0.51, 0.53). AUCs of the LHRS stratified by race/ethnicity were: 0.52, (95% CI=0.51, 0.53), 0.53 (95% CI=0.51, 0.56), 0.53 (95% CI=0.50, 0.58), 0.49 (95% CI=0.491, 0.50), 0.49 (95% CI=0.47, 0.49), and 0.65 (95% CI=0.47, 0.99) among White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaskan Native women, respectively. Discussion: We observed higher readmission odds associated with higher LHRS in the overall cohort of EC patients and among race/ethnicity subgroups. Performance metrics for the LHRS generally demonstrated low predictive ability. Citation Format: Jennifer A. Sinnott, Caitlin E. Meade, Michelle D.S. Lightfoot, David A. Barrington, Casey M. Cosgrove, Laura M. Chambers, Ashley S. Felix. Performance of the laparoscopic hysterectomy readmission score among diverse women with endometrial cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Endometrial Cancer: Transforming Care through Science; 2023 Nov 16-18; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(5_Suppl):Abstract nr A006.

Subject area PT. Bank Central Asia, Tbk. (BCA), the largest national private bank in Indonesia, won an award for the Best Bank at the Euromoney Awards for Excellence (Asia) 2014. During the same event, in several categories, haloBCATM and BCA employees also won several awards. Previously, a number of awards were received by BCA such as: Best Indonesia Local Private Bank in 2010, Contact Center World Champion in 2012 and 2013, and Best Mega Contact Center in Asia Pacific Region in 2014. BCA is currently facing a problem of an aging population. Since the economy crisis facing the country in 1998, BCA has recruited fewer employees. The company resumed recruiting in 2010. BCA’s human resource (HR) profile in 2013 showed that nearly half of BCA’s permanent employees were aged 45 years or older, 40 per cent of whom have been working for more than 20 years. At the time of their retirement, the Bank faces the potential of losing a significant number of employees from three different generations. BCA has raised its efforts to recruit new talent. However, recruitment is not easy, as BCA wants its new employees to continue maintaining BCA’s heritage, building the Bank to become an Indonesian company that they can be proud of. How have these values, which have been a common belief, a foundation to work passionately and the glue that bonds the Bank’s employees, executives and owners, been communicated outside of the BCA and have been used to attract the future successors of BCA in Indonesia? Study level/applicability Master Degree in Human Resources Management or MBA Program. Case overview PT Bank Central Asia Tbk (BCA), which was established on February 1957, is Indonesia’s largest lender by market value and the second largest bank by assets. The bank has experienced a remarkable recovery from the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s when the Indonesian banking system became almost bankrupt. It provides both commercial and personal banking services through its 1,000-plus branches across the country. As the largest national private bank, BCA is a well-known bank in Indonesia. BCA is managing more than 12 million customer accounts, processing hundreds of millions of financial transactions and fulfilling the needs of individual and corporate customers through various products and services. BCA Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are located virtually and BCA’s Electronic Data Capture (EDC) machines are available at many merchants both in big cities or small towns across Indonesia’s archipelago. However, for a nation with a population of more than 240 million spread out over 34 provinces, the presence of BCA is still deemed unevenly distributed. In the next 10 years, BCA has no plan yet of expanding outside of Indonesia. BCA put its attention on developing its market in Eastern Indonesia. Funding sources, which usually becomes an issue for expanding companies, are not a source of concern for BCA. BCA is currently facing a problem of an aging population. Since the economy crisis facing the country in 1998, BCA has recruited fewer new employees. The company had recently resumed recruiting in 2010. BCA’s HR profile in 2013 showed that nearly half of BCA’s permanent employees were 45 years of age or older, 40 percent of whom have been working for more than 20 years. At the time of their retirement, the Bank faces the potential of losing a significant number of employees from three different generations. Currently, BCA has raised its efforts to recruit new talent and its future leaders through various programs, such as: BCA Development Program (BDP), one of the most acknowledged management trainee programs in the Indonesian banking industry, provides intensive and rigorous training to selected new recruits to ensure development of BCA key talents and future leaders. HR business partners that actively visit campuses in the eastern region of Indonesia. Socialization programs in state and private universities. Job fairs, Web recruitment, internships and employee referrals, job opportunity advertisements posted at BCA branch offices located near universities and in the leading mass media. Utilization of recruitment consultant services, especially to find candidates with specific qualifications. Utilization of communication media printed (poster, flyer, booklet, banners) and electronically. Provision of scholarships to high school graduates with excellent academic records but facing financial difficulties. However, recruitment is not easy for BCA because – like other well-known companies in Indonesia – the Bank only recruits the best people based on the prospective employees’ hard and soft competencies. BCA’s aim to project a positive perception toward its employees as “a fun workplace with family-oriented atmosphere, and commitment about employees’ development” has yet to strongly resonate in Indonesia’s labor market. BCA wants its new employees to continue maintaining BCA’s heritage, building the Bank to become an Indonesian company that they can be proud of. How have these values, which have been a common belief, a foundation to work passionately and the glue that bonds the Bank’s employees, executives and owners, been communicated outside of BCA and have been used to attract the future successors of BCA in Indonesia? How should BCA obtain a large number of qualified talent pools through an effective Employer Branding strategy? Expected learning outcomes By the end of discussing the case, the learner will be: conceptually: able to explain what is meant by employer branding, internal and external approach and able to explain the relationship of employer branding with business strategy, talent management strategies and HR management functions as a whole; practically: able to identify and analyze BCA Recent Condition – able to explain the BCA brand image in the eyes of public/external/job seekers in Indonesia and internal/current employees of BCA – able to identify strategies that BCA does to recruit potential job seekers – and able to explain the influence of innovative products and services that BCA has currently on BCA employer branding; able to identify BCA goals/needs; able to identify the characteristics, needs and preferences of BCA target group of workers, concerning to the latest issues arise such as: Gen Y and AEC (ASEAN Economic Community); able to evaluate the effectiveness of BCA employer branding strategy and communications and to identify the problems faced by BCA related to employer branding; able to generate ideas related to the improvement of BCA employer branding strategy and programs – what message to be branded (company unique employee value propositions – tangibles and intangibles) – what program to be implemented (internal and external) – and how is the integrated marketing communication strategy (segmenting-targeting-positioning, channels). Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS:6: Human Resource Management.

This article presents the results of a study of teachers&apos; professional standards in countries that consistently perform well according to PISA results, including China (Shanghai), Singapore, Canada (Ontario), Finland, England, and New Zealand. In order to find an answer to the question of what makes professional standards a development instrument of teachers&apos; professional skills, practices of design, implementation, and development of teachers&apos; professional standards were studied. The study included an analysis, comparison, and identification of common and unique features of professional standards for teachers in the leading countries, as well as methodological materials, recommendations, and documents publicly available on the websites of ministries (departments) of education and higher education institutions of the countries studied. Analytical reports, reports, newsletters and methodological materials published by international organizations on professional standards in education and professional development of teachers - World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Center for Education and Economics, McKinsey &amp; Company, SEAMEO INNOTECH, Research Institute of International and Comparative Education, Economic Forum &quot;Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation&quot; were reviewed to study the experience of applying professional standards. The study identified characteristic approaches to the development of professional standards, which allow its application as a mechanism for solving the problems of educational policy of the country (territory); increasing the teacher’s status of and the prestige of the profession; teacher’s career and professional growth; formation of a system for evaluating the teacher’s professional development; formation of ethical standards of the profession. The results and conclusions of the study can be the basis for the development of professional standards in education and modeling the system of teacher growth.

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 1 Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, IranAnca Gabriela Turtureanu, “DANUBIUS” University Galati, RomaniaAshford C Chea, Benedict College, USAAurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LithuaniaBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaCelina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandEva Mira Bolfíková, Univerzity of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Slovak RepublicFevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, TurkeyFilomena Izzo, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, ItalyFlorin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, RomaniaFrancesco Ciampi, Florence University, ItalyGiuseppe Granata, University of Cassino and Southen Lazio, ItalyGuillaume Marceau, University of Aix-Marseille, FranceGuo Zi-Yi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAHanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, PolandHeather Cooper Bisalski, Dalton State College, USAHuijian Dong, Pacific University, USAJanusz Wielki, University of Business in Wroclaw, PolandJolita Vveinhardt, Vytautas Magnus University, LithuaniaJorge Mongay-Hurtado, ESIC Business and Marketing School, SpainKaren Gulliver, Argosy University, Twin Cities, USAMaria J. Sanchez-Bueno, Universidad Carlos III se Madrid, SpainMaria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, RomaniaMithat Turhan, Mersin University, TurkeyMohamed Abdel Rahman Salih, Taibah University, Saudi ArabiaMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAPascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UKRafael Hernandez Barros, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainRaphaël Dornier, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, FranceRoberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, BrazilSerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineShun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSumathisri Bhoopalan, Sastra University, IndiaValeria Stefanelli, Università del Salento, ItalyWing-Keung Wong, Asia University, Taiwan, China

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 7 Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, IranBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaBruno Ferreira Frascaroli, Federal University of Paraiba, BrazilBrazil,Carlo Alberto Magni, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, ItalyChemah Tamby Chik, Universiti Teknologi Mara (Uitm), MalaysiaChokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, CanadaDonghun Yoon, Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Republic of KoreaEjindu Iwelu MacDonald Morah, University of Westminster, London, UKEunju Lee, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USAFevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, TurkeyFoued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, TunisiaGianluca Ginesti, University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, ItalyGuo Zi-Yi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAIonela-Corina Chersan, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, RomaniaJoanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMaria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, RomaniaMichaela Maria Schaffhauser-Linzatti, University of Vienna, AustriaMiriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, SlovakiaMithat Turhan, Mersin University, TurkeyModar Abdullatif, Middle East University, JordanMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAOzgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, TurkeyPascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UKRafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, AustraliaRoberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, BrazilRomana Korez Vide, University of Maribor, SloveniaRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineSumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, IndiaVassili JOANNIDES de LAUTOUR, Grenoble École de Management (France) and Queensland University of Technology School of Accountancy (Australia), France

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global emergency and is one of the major threats to human and public health, more than 60 years of its medical treatment, as well as the economic and social development of societies. More than 2 billion individuals are infected with mycobacterium, causing the morbidity and mortality of 10 and 2 million individuals, respectively. The current study was accomplished aiming to investigate the TB disease status and indicators of achieving the goal of ending the TB epidemics by 2035. Methods: This was a comparative study conducted in a library and the main source of information used included the reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its regional organizations profile, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), World Bank Group (WBG), and studies. Results: The highest incidence rate was in Africa and South-East Asia, with the lowest incidence in the Americas and Europe regions. In the Eastern Mediterranean region, the incidence of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) was about 10% higher than in other areas. The highest success rate of TB treatment was in the Western Pacific region and the lowest in the United States and Europe. Conclusion: Over 1 billion US dollars have been spent in funding for the fight against TB. Health policymakers, especially in the Middle Eastern region, should pay particular attention to allocating national and local resources to this disease and rely less on international and humanitarian resources. In order to achieve the goal of ending the TB epidemic END-TB 2035, in addition to addressing the economic and social well-being of citizens, it is essential to focus on early detection and diagnosis of disease and effective treatment with strategy implementation [Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS)].

This paper presents an innovative approach to addressing critical global challenges in long-term energy planning for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The paper proposes and tests an international enabling environment, a delivery ecosystem, and a community of practice. These components are integrated into workflows that yield four self-sustaining capacity-development outcomes. Planning long-term energy strategies in LMICs is particularly challenging due to limited national agency and poor international coordination. While outsourcing energy planning to foreign experts may appear to be a viable solution, it can lead to a reduction in government agency (the ability of a government to make its own informed analysis and decisions). Additionally, studies commissioned by external experts may have conflicting terms of reference, and a lack of familiarity with local conditions can result in misrepresentations of on-the-ground realities. It is argued here that enhancing national agency and analytical capacity can improve coordination and lead to more robust planning across line ministries and technical assistance (TA) providers. Moreover, the prevailing consulting model hampers the release and accessibility of underlying analytics, making it difficult to retrieve, reuse, and reconstruct consultant outputs. The absence of interoperability among outputs from various consultants hinders the ability to combine and audit the insights they provide. To overcome these challenges, five strategic principles for energy planning in LMICs have been introduced and developed in collaboration with 21 international and research organizations, including the AfDB, IEA, IRENA, IAEA, UNDP, UNECA, the World Bank, and WRI. These principles prioritize national ownership, coherence and inclusivity, capacity, robustness, transparency and accessibility. In this enabling environment, a unique delivery ecosystem consisting of knowledge products and activities is established. The paper focuses on two key knowledge products as examples of this ecosystem: the open-source energy modeling system (OSeMOSYS) and the power system flexibility tool (IRENA FlexTool). These ecosystem elements are designed to meet user-friendliness, retrievability, reusability, reconstructability, repeatability, interoperability, and audibility (U4RIA) goals. To ensure the sustainability of this ecosystem, OpTIMUS is introduced—a community of practice dedicated to maintaining, supporting, expanding, and nurturing the elements within the ecosystem. Among other ecosystem elements, training and research initiatives are introduced, namely the Energy Modelling Platform for Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific as well as the ICTP Joint Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development. Once deployed via workflows, the preliminary outcomes of these capacity-development learning pathways show promise. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate their long-term impacts, scalability, replication, and deployment costs.

Through a careful analysis of official government documents such as national statutes, national agency memorandum orders, policy directives reports, and national and local plans, among others, pertinent to the Philippine Government's response to climate change mitigation and adaptation, the paper elucidated the policy directions of the country concerning climate change response. Aimed at proposing recommendations to enhance the current legal, organizational, and fiscal frameworks of the Philippine Government in its efforts to mainstream its climate change strategy, the paper identified some of the gaps and possible areas of improvement in the standing legal and structural constellations of policies employed in the country. It has been found by the research that though there have been actions related to the international mandate of promoting sustainable development, there are still areas that can be reformed and revisited if the government programs and institutions are to remain in fidelity to the commitments of the Philippines to combat the impacts and mitigate the effects of climate change. As the title suggests, the paper offers policy directions to strengthen government and academic institutions to better respond to this daunting challenge.References2013 Typhoon Haiyan: Facts, FAQs, and how to help. (n.d.). World vision. https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2013-typhoon-haiyan-facts.Asian Disaster Reduction Center. (n.d.). Information on disaster risk reduction of member countries. https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=608&Lang=en.Asian Development Bank. (2012). Addressing migration and climate change in Asia and the Pacific: Final report. ADB.Blair, H. (2000). 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<p>Colombia es reconocida en el mundo por su megadiversidad en fauna, flora y microorganismos, atribuida a su gran complejidad ecosistémica y a procesos evolutivos de los Andes, la Orinoquia, Amazonia y de sus costas Pacífica y Caribe, en los que se encuentran páramos, selvas tropicales, humedales, llanuras y desiertos, entre otros. Con una superficie continental de alrededor del 0,77% del área terrestre del mundo, alberga aproximadamente el 10% de las especies vegetales y animales conocidas. Estos recursos genéticos tienen un valor estratégico importante para el país, y sus inventarios son una herramienta fundamental para el análisis del estado actual y potencial de ellos y para la toma de decisiones sobre medidas de conservación y renovación. En este ámbito, el Gobierno colombiano facilitó la conformación del Sistema de Bancos de Germoplasma de la Nación para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, el cual figura en cabeza del ICA y es manejado por Corpoica por medio de un convenio de Cooperación Técnica y Científica, suscrito con el ICA. Del total de accesiones vegetales que posee Colombia, mantenidas en condiciones ex situ, el 70% se maneja en Corpoica. El 30% restante corresponde a bancos activos. En general, en Colombia existen bancos de germoplasma donde se conservan las especies en la modalidad ex situ, lo que complementa procesos de mantenimiento in situ, que incluyen materiales en fincas de los productores.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>State of Research of Plant Genetic Resources in Colombia: Germplasm Banks System</strong></p><p>Colombia is recognized worldwide for its megadiversity, which includes fauna, flora and microorganisms. The above is attributed to its highly ecosystemic complexity, derived from evolutionary processes in the Andes, the Orinoco, the Amazon and its Pacific and Caribbean coasts; regions where are located highlands, tropical jungles, wetlands, plains and deserts, among others. With about 0.77%, of the world’s land area, the country holds approximately 10% of the plant and animal species known around the world. These genetic resources hold an important strategic value for the country, and their inventories are a fundamental tool for the analysis of their current option and use values, as well as, for taking actions related to their conservation, renewal and utilization. In this context, the Colombian government promoted the establishment of a National Germplasm Bank System for Food and Agriculture, which comprises vegetal, animal and microorganism species, The System is administrated by ICA and managed by Corpoica, through a Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement subscribed by the last two entities. From all the plant species accessions, held under ex situ conditions at Colombia, 70% of those are included in the above System. The remaining 30% correspond, mainly to species, held under the criteria of active banks. From the above and, in relation to plant genetic resources, Colombia has an ex situ National Germplasm Bank System, for Food and Agriculture, which complements in situ conservation processes done in farm by local producers.</p>