Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Boston Juvenile Tract Society”

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the victimhood of minors in the mechanism of criminal behavior. The aim of the article is to study the main features of victimhood of minors and identify ways to prevent it. The authors propose their own classification of sources of increased victimhood of minors. Particular attention is paid to the identification of determinants that contribute to the victimization of minors. Analysis of juvenile victimhood and its components allowed the authors to reveal the characteristics of the juvenile's personality, identify factors and conditions that catalyze this process, and socially justified measures to be developed and taken for victimological prevention of juvenile involvement in illegal activities. Examining the consequences of domestic violence against minors, the authors noted that they are closely related to many adverse health effects that affect the functioning of the brain and nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and urogenital system, immune and endocrine functions. The propensity for violence in childhood is also closely linked to further risky behaviors, such as alcohol and drug abuse and smoking. Juvenile victims of violence are also at increased risk of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal behavior. For society, domestic violence is manifested in the loss of human lives as a result of murders and suicides of minors, as well as the emergence of persons with mental and physical disabilities, low social status and deviant behavior. It should also be emphasized that a child can be both a direct and indirect victim (witness of violence) and at the same time face serious negative consequences that affect the emotional and cognitive well-being of the individual at each stage of development.

Crohn’s disease is an immune-mediated disease cha­racterized by nonspecific granulomatous transmural inflammation with segmental damage to any part of the gastrointestinal tract with the formation of extraintestinal and systemic complications. The disease is complex, multifactorial, which lasts throug­hout life and affects the physical and psychological development of the individual. According to modern ideas, the occurrence of Crohn’s disease is influenced by external environmental factors against the background of genetic predisposition. According to the literature, in most cases, patients with Crohn’s disease complain of abdominal pain, diarrhea, unexplained anemia, fever, weight loss, or growth retardation. The classic triad of abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss occurs in only 25 % cases. Extraintestinal manifestations such as skin lesions, vasculitis, joint syndrome, aphthous stomatitis or para-anal lesions (anal it­ching, macerations, fissures, paraproctitis, fistulas) may be the first symptoms in 6–23 % of cases. The diagnosis of Crohn’s disease in children is made on the basis of anamnestic and clinical data, the results of using special research methods, including endoscopic, radiological, ultrasound, histological, spiral computer tomo­graphy, magnetic resonance ima­ging, as well as immunological and genetic markers. Achieving and maintaining remission can minimize psychological problems and improve patients’ quality of life. A clinical case of Crohn’s disease is presented, which was diagnosed in a 14-year-old child who was treated for juvenile idio­pathic oligoarthritis since the age of two and had frequent bacterial and inflammatory diseases. The difficulties of diagnostic search are reflected, which are caused by various symptoms and early onset. Treatment and clinical monitoring were carried out in accordance with the international recommendations of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepato­logy and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) 2021. The authors emphasize the need for dynamic clinical monitoring of the patient’s condition, as well as a personalized approach to treatment.

TTC7A deficiencyUltra-rare autosomal-recessive variants in tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7A gene (TTC7A) have been discovered in patients presenting with severe intestinal disease. Mutations in the TTC7A gene cause intestinal epithelial and immune defects resulting in apoptotic enterocolitis, multiple intestinal atresia, and recurrent intestinal stenosis. Patients face high mortality rates with palliation as the current standard of care.1LeflunomideIn 2020 a high throughput screen identified drugs that increased cell viability in patients with TTC7A; leflunomide reduced caspase 3 and 7 (responsible for cell death) activity in cells by 96%. In zebrafish with disruption of TTC7A, leflunomide restored gut motility, reduced intestinal tract narrowing, and increased intestinal cell survival.1From a literature review, only 3 patients in the world have been prescribed leflunomide for TTC7A deficiency with ‘encouraging results’.2however no case reports have been completed on treatment safety or effectiveness.A common adverse effect of leflunomide is liver toxicity due to production of a toxic intermediate; however, the reaction appears to be idiosyncratic and unpredictable.3Full blood count and liver function tests must be checked before initiation of leflunomide, every two weeks during the first six months of treatment, and every 8 weeks thereafter.4The patientA 7-year-old male on home parenteral nutrition with TTC7A deficiency was admitted to hospital with high ileostomy output and persistent vomiting with a background of mucosal gastrointestinal inflammation and pyloric stenosis. On behalf of the gastroenterology team, the paediatric gastroenterology pharmacist applied for urgent internal funding and clinical governance approval for leflunomide treatment with the aim to ameliorate intestinal disease. Leflunomide 10 mg daily costs £3.11/month. Treatment was approved, the patient and his family were counselled by the pharmacist and the patient began treatment of leflunomide 10 mg via PEG tube daily.Adverse eventAfter two weeks of treatment the patient’s alkaline phosphate (ALP) and Gamma GT (GGT) had doubled and their alanine transaminase (ALT) had increased 10-fold. Advice from the pharmacist was sought. On review of the leflunomide summary of product characteristics4: ‘Rare cases of severe liver injury, including cases with fatal outcome, have been reported during treatment with leflunomide//If ALT elevations of more than 3-fold the upper limit of normal are present, leflunomide must be discontinued and wash-out procedures initiated.’ A decision was made to stop treatment, however a washout procedure with cholestyramine or activated charcoal was not possible as the patient had minimal oral intake due to vomiting. The pharmacist filed a yellow card report.Follow upThe patient’s ALT normalised after 3 weeks and GGT after 2 months of treatment cessation. It took 8 months for the patient’s ALP to normalise.Lessons learntUnfortunately, it was impossible to assess the potential gastrointestinal benefits of leflunomide in this patient due to the rapid onset of significant liver toxicity. Liver toxicity may have been identified sooner if a blood test was taken 1 week after treatment initiation. Monitoring liver function earlier following initiation of leflunomide treatment may be helpful to minimise liver toxicity in patients with TTC7A deficiency.ReferencesJardine S, Anderson S, Babcock S,et al. Drug screen identifies leflunomide for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease caused by TTC7A deficiency.Gastroenterology2020;158:1000–1015.Cerretani J. Going ‘all in’ for Khori: new hope for congenital enteropathy [Internet]. Boston Children’s Hospital, 2020. [accessed May 2022]. Available from: https://answers.childrenshospital.org/khori-congenital-enteropathy/Nuray Aktay A, Gul Karadag S, Cakmak F,et al. Leflunomide in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.Future Rheumatol2006;1(6):673–682.Electronic Medicines Compendium [Internet]. Leflunomide 10 mg film-coated tablets, 2017 [cited May 2022]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5395/smpc

The model of Late Pleistocene-Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the subaqueous Red River delta and the adjacent shelf is proposed by interpretation of high-resolution seismic documents and comparison with previous research results on Holocene sedimentary evolution on the delta plain. Four units (U1, U2, U3, and U4) and four sequence stratigraphic surfaces (SB1, TS, TRS and MFS) were determined. The formation of these units and surfaces is related to the global sea-level change in Late Pleistocene-Holocene. SB1, defined as the sequence boundary, was generated by subaerial processes during the Late Pleistocene regression and could be remolded partially or significantly by transgressive ravinement processes subsequently. The basal unit U1 (fluvial formations) within incised valleys is arranged into the lowstand systems tract (LST) formed in the early slow sea-level rise ~19-14.5 cal.kyr BP, the U2 unit is arranged into the early transgressive systems tract (E-TST) deposited mainly within incised-valleys under the tide-influenced river to estuarine conditions in the rapid sea-level rise ~14.5-9 cal.kyr BP, the U3 unit is arranged into the late transgressive systems tract (L-TST) deposited widely on the continental shelf in the fully marine condition during the late sea-level rise ~9-7 cal.kyr BP, and the U4 unit represents for the highstand systems tract (HST) with clinoform structure surrounding the modern delta coast, extending to the water depth of 25-30 m, developed by sediments from the Red River system in ~3-0 cal.kyr BP.ReferencesBadley M.E., 1985. Practical Seismic Interpretation. International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston, 266p.Bergh G.D. 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BackgroundPeriodic follow-up (FU) is necessary for patients with Rheumatic Diseases (RDs). In the case of a stable clinical condition or low disease activity, FU can be carried out also by rheumatology nurses (RNs). Recent studies focusing on FUs led by RNs either in Rheumatology Clinics and with Telenursing (TN), showed promising results in terms of outcomes, cost reduction and users’ satisfaction.ObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility of a Telenursing FU in a Rheumatology Centre in Florence, Italy.MethodsIn this pilot study, patients with stable inflammatory arthritis or low disease activity were contacted, after their first visit, through TN (T0) and then assessed during the following in-person visit (V12) by RNs for treatment adherence, for pain, for mental and physical health, for workability, for perception of disease activity and satisfaction concerning the TN service.ResultsOut of 27 interviewed patients, 59.3% (n=16/27) was affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), 18.5% (n=5/27) by Spondyloarthritis (AS), 14.8% (n=4/27) by Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) and 7.4% (n=2/27) by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. The mean age was 57.5±13.1 (M± DS) years and the treatment adherence level was optimal. 11.1% (n=3/27) of patients was referred for medical consultation because of the urgent clinical situation assessed by the RNs according to the clinical multidisciplinary checklist. After specialist consultation, 1 patient was revalued in presence for a transient ischemic attack; 1 patient was contacted by the rheumatologist following independent discontinuation of methotrexate therapy; 1 patient was redirected to urgent dermatology consultation because of a suspected cutaneous drug reaction.During the TN period (12 months), 33.3% (n=9/27) of the patients contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection and 11.1% (n=3/27) contracted urinary or upper respiratory tract infections.RA patients showed a mean Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease-RAID score of 2.4 at T0 and 2.5 at V12 (Range 0-10); AS patients showed a mean Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society-ASAS score of 0.3 in both periods and PsA showed a mean Psoriatic Arthritis Impact of Disease-PSAID score of 0.7 and 0.8 at T0 and V12, respectively. Among RA, AS and PsA patients, as a pain score of 3 was recorded in both periods.In order to attend the in-person FU visit, 68.4% (n=13/19) of the patients took work leave. 37% (n=10/27) of them waited 40.9±18.6 minutes at V12 control. The average distance between the Rheumatology Centre and patients’ home was 29.3±25.6 km. 15.4% (n=5/13) of the respondents did not own a car and 23.1% (n=3/13) was accompanied to visit by their caregiver.All the included patients expressed high satisfaction for the TN service, corresponding to 5 point Likert scale.ConclusionThe data show that TN FU is a valuable model for maintaining an adequate level of therapeutic adherence, reducing the travel time and working day loss, intercepting remotely clinical issues, as well as registering a high level of user acceptance and satisfaction. Further studies on larger samples are needed to confirm our findings.References[1] Bech B et al (2020) 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the role of the nurse in the management of chronic inflammatory arthritis.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases; 79:61-68. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215458.[2] Alcazar B, Ambrosio L. (2019) Tele-nursing in patients with chronic illness: a systematic review.An Sist Sanit Navar; 42(2):187-197. doi: 10.23938/ASSN.0645.[3] Larsson I et al. (2013) Randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led rheumatology clinic for monitoring biological therapy.Journal of Advanced Nursing; 70(1), 164–175., 2013 doi:10.1111/jan.12183Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Are epididymosomes implicated in protein transfer from the epididymis to spermatozoa? SUMMARY ANSWER We characterized the contribution of epididymal secretions to the sperm proteome and demonstrated that sperm acquire epididymal proteins through epididymosomes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Testicular sperm are immature cells unable to fertilize an oocyte. After leaving the testis, sperm transit along the epididymis to acquire motility and fertilizing abilities. It is well known that marked changes in the sperm proteome profile occur during epididymal maturation. Since the sperm is a transcriptional and translational inert cell, previous studies have shown that sperm incorporate proteins, RNA and lipids from extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by epithelial cells lining the male reproductive tract. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We examined the contribution of the epididymis to the post-testicular maturation of spermatozoa, via the production of EVs named epididymosomes, released by epididymal epithelial cells. An integrative analysis using both human and mouse data was performed to identify sperm proteins with a potential epididymis-derived origin. Testes and epididymides from adult humans (n = 9) and adult mice (n = 3) were used to experimentally validate the tissue localization of four selected proteins using high-resolution confocal microscopy. Mouse epididymal sperm were co-incubated with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled epididymosomes (n = 4 mice), and visualized using high-resolution confocal microscopy. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Adult (12-week-old) C57BL/CBAF1 wild-type male mice and adult humans were used for validation purposes. Testes and epididymides from both mice and humans were obtained and processed for immunofluorescence. Mouse epididymal sperm and mouse epididymosomes were obtained from the epididymal cauda segment. Fluorescent epididymosomes were obtained after labeling the epididymal vesicles with CFSE dye followed by epididymosome isolation using a density cushion. Immunofluorescence was performed following co-incubation of sperm with epididymosomes in vitro. High-resolution confocal microscopy and 3D image reconstruction were used to visualize protein localization and sperm-epididymosomes interactions. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Through in silico analysis, we first identified 25 sperm proteins with a putative epididymal origin that were conserved in both human and mouse spermatozoa. From those, the epididymal origin of four sperm proteins (SLC27A2, EDDM3B, KRT19 and WFDC8) was validated by high-resolution confocal microscopy. SLC27A2, EDDM3B, KRT19 and WFDC8 were all detected in epithelial cells lining the human and mouse epididymis, and absent from human and mouse seminiferous tubules. We found region-specific expression patterns of these proteins throughout the mouse epididymides. In addition, while EDDM3B, KRT19 and WFDC8 were detected in both epididymal principal and clear cells (CCs), SLC27A2 was exclusively expressed in CCs. Finally, we showed that CFSE-fluorescently labeled epididymosomes interact with sperm in vitro and about 12–36% of the epididymosomes contain the targeted sperm proteins with an epididymal origin. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The human and mouse sample size was limited and our results were descriptive. The analyses of epididymal sperm and epididymosomes were solely performed in the mouse model due to the difficulties in obtaining epididymal luminal fluid human samples. Alternatively, human ejaculated sperm and seminal EVs could not be used because ejaculated sperm have already contacted with the fluids secreted by the male accessory sex glands, and seminal EVs contain other EVs in addition to epididymosomes, such as the abundant prostate-derived EVs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings indicate that epididymosomes are capable of providing spermatozoa with a new set of epididymis-derived proteins that could modulate the sperm proteome and, subsequently, participate in the post-testicular maturation of sperm cells. Additionally, our data provide further evidence of the novel role of epididymal CCs in epididymosome production. Identifying mechanisms by which sperm mature to acquire their fertilization potential would, ultimately, lead to a better understanding of male reproductive health and may help to identify potential therapeutic strategies to improve male infertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ministerio de Economía y Competividad; fondos FEDER ‘una manera de hacer Europa’ PI13/00699 and PI16/00346 to R.O.; and Sara Borrell Postdoctoral Fellowship, Acción Estratégica en Salud, CD17/00109 to J.C.), by National Institutes of Health (grants HD040793 and HD069623 to S.B., grant HD104672-01 to M.A.B.), by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte para la Formación de Profesorado Universitario, FPU15/02306 to F.B.), by a Lalor Foundation Fellowship (to F.B. and M.A.B.), by the Government of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya, pla estratègic de recerca i innovació en salut, PERIS 2016-2020, SLT002/16/00337 to M.J.), by Fundació Universitària Agustí Pedro i Pons (to F.B.), and by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (PROLAB Award from ASBMB/IUBMB/PABMB to F.B.). Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy was performed in the Microscopy Core facility of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Center for Systems Biology/Program in Membrane Biology which receives support from Boston Area Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (BADERC) award DK57521 and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease grant DK43351. The Zeiss LSM800 microscope was acquired using an NIH Shared Instrumentation Grant S10-OD-021577-01. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): The department of cardiology from Leiden University Medical Center receives unrestricted grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Biotronik, Medtronik, Boston Scientific and BioSense Webster. MS was supported by the Research Fellowship of the European Society of Cardiology 2017/2018. Background The current golden standard to accurately delineate scar potentially related to ventricular tachycardia relies on electroanatomical voltage mapping. Endocardial unipolar voltage (UV) mapping is increasingly used to detect intramural or subepicardial non-ischemic scars. 3D mapping systems determine and display the largest peak-to-peak amplitude of the electrogram within the window-of interest usually set from the QRS onset, but cannot not identify far-field electrograms or artifacts. Purpose To evaluate the influence of manual adjustment of the window-of-interest on the amplitude of endocardial and epicardial right ventricular (RV) unipolar electrograms. Methods Patients who underwent ablation of a RV scar-related VT with combined endo- and epicardial RV mapping were included. Endo- and epicardial points were reviewed with special interest towards the unipolar signal. In case a far-field, ST-segment elevation/depression or artifact was present, the window-of-interest was adjusted and the corresponding unipolar amplitude was collected. Results Thirty-three patients were included (age 50 ± 14years and 79% male). The underlying aetiology was definite arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC; n = 17), athlete’s right ventricular outflow tract scar in (n = 9), cardiac sarcoidosis in (n = 3), scar of unknown origin (n = 2), borderline ARVC (n = 1) or myocarditis (n = 1). In total, 4225 endocardial points and 1960 epicardial points were re-analyzed. In 2987 (71%) endocardial points and 689 (65%) epicardial points the window-of-interest needed to be adjusted. Reason for this adjustment was ‘inclusion of far-field’ in 1380 (33%) endocardial- and 700 (36%) epicardial points; ‘inclusion of ST-segment elevation/depression’ in 1246 (29%) endocardial- and 316 (16%) epicardial points; RV-pacing artefact in 266 (6%) endocardial- and 116 (6%) epicardial points; and miscellaneous (e.g. unstable baseline or ablation point with artifact) in 95 (2%) endocardial- and 139 (7%) epicardial points (Figure). The median difference between the ‘automatically generated’ UV and the ‘adjusted’ UV was 0.81mV (IQR: 0.40-1.39) for the endocardial points and 0.54mV (IQR: 0.27-0.98) for the epicardial points. In 320 (8%) endocardial points the UV was changed from >5.5mV to <5.5mV, in 412 (10%) points from >4.4 to <4.4mV and in 396 (9%) points from >3.8mV to <3.8mV. Conclusion In the majority of endocardial and epicardial points the window-of-interest for unipolar voltage mapping needs to be adjusted to exclude far-field signal or ST-segment elevation/depression contributing to the automatically determined amplitude. Unadjusted unipolar voltage mapping underestimates low UV regions. RV-pacing generates a large unipolar far-field signal, which can obscure the local unipolar near-field signal. Accordingly, RV UV mapping during RV pacing should be used with caution. Abstract Figure. The pitfalls of UV mapping of the RV

Dear Colleagues, We are delighted to share another issue (September 2023, Volume 29, Issue 3) of the European Journal of Therapeutics (Eur J Ther). We believe this issue’s valuable and exciting works will be read with interest. As you will notice at first glance, you will see that this issue contains many editorials and letters to the editor, unlike the previous issues. As the new editorial team, we aim to publish current developments, interesting notes, or important historical anecdotes in medicine as Editorials, Special Editorials, or Letters to the Editor. We would like to inform you that you can submit all of your articles that meet these criteria to our journal. In this editorial, we would like to share the developments that we think are important for Eur J Ther, since our previous editorial [1]. First, we would like to share that the Eur J Ther is approved for inclusion in ERIH PLUS [2]. Moreover, the Eur J Ther now also appears in the Journal Section of the ResearchGate [3]. In this way, it will be possible to follow the Eur J Ther through ResearchGate. We wish to inform you that our editorial team is diligently striving to deliver enhanced advancements in the forthcoming editions. Another significant development is that an application to the Index Copernicus was submitted for the Eur J Ther on July 31, 2023 [4]. In the previous issue, it was reported that some of the cited references made to the previous articles published in the Eur J Ther were not reflected in the Web of Science, and applications via “data changes form” were made to correct them [1]. Most of these applications have been completed, updated in the Web of Science database, and corrected missing references. With these corrections and new citations in the last three to four months, the average per-item value (total number of citations for all articles divided by the number of articles) of the Eur J Ther has increased from 0.52 to 0.78 [5]. In addition, the journal’s H-Index has risen from 8 to 10. The current metrics of Eur J Ther in the Web of Science are as follows, as of August 16, 2023 [5]. Total number of publications: 800 (between 2007 to 2023) Citing Articles (total): 593 Citing Articles (without self-citations): 558 Times Cited (total): 620 Times Cited (without self-citations): 570 Average per item: 0.78 (620/800) H-Index: 10 Although these metrics may be insufficient for Eur J Ther, which has been published for over thirty years, we, the New Editorial Team, anticipate that we can achieve better levels in the long run with our updated policies. Another significant development is that the Journal Impact Factor value of the Eur J Ther was calculated for the first time, and this value was 0.3. As is known, the Web of Science calculated Journal Impact Factors for the first time for journals in the E-SCI index as of 2023 [6]. Although a Journal Impact Factor of 0.3 is not satisfactory, it is not bad for a journal whose Journal Impact Factor is calculated for the first time. On the other hand, we believe that this value will increase in the coming years, as essential and valuable studies will be published in our journal. The previous issue reported that there are significant changes in the Editorial Board of Eur J Ther [1, 7]. We are pleased to inform you that we continue to expand our editorial team in this issue. Information about our esteemed editors, who have recently joined our team, is below. Ricardo Grillo, DDS, MBA, MSc, is a new Editorial Board Member of the Eur J Ther for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Dr Grillo is the Head of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at IPESP (Brasília). He has more than 20 years of experience in Orthognathic Surgery, Oral Surgery and Maxillofacial Aesthetics. He is also a court expert in the topic. His special interest is related to new technologies including algorithms, virtual surgical planning, CAD and biotechnology. Figen Govsa (Gokmen), MD, finished her higher education at the Faculty of Medicine at Dokuz Eylul University in Izmir between 1982 and 1988. In 1989, she worked as a general practitioner at the Cal Health Center in Denizli Province. From 1990 to 1992, she served as an assistant at the Department of Anatomy at Ege University’s Faculty of Medicine. She worked as an associate professor at the Department of Anatomy between 1996 and 2001, and since 2001, she has been a professor. She has served in various faculty and upper management positions in Ege University’s institutional structure, continuing her education-focused administrative roles in several councils and committees at the Faculty of Medicine. She has contributed to undergraduate and postgraduate education across Ege University’s faculties, mentoring master’s, doctoral, and specialist students, helping them become academics in the field of anatomy. Her research interests include clinical anatomy (surgical anatomy, head and neck surgery, vascular surgery, reconstructive surgery), radio-anatomy, anatomy teaching, and personalized treatment algorithms. She is the founder of the Digital Imaging and Three-Dimensional Modeling Laboratory- Ege 3D Lab (www.ege3dlab.com), where personalized surgical plans have increased surgical success in complex cases involving orthopedics, general surgery, neurosurgery, eye surgery, radiation oncology, and thoracic surgery. With 150 SCI-expanded indexed academic journal articles, she has served as editor and chapter author for several scientific books published by national and international publishers. She has been an executor and researcher on numerous national projects in collaboration with national and international scientists. She is the Education and Terminology theme editor of the Surgical Radiological Anatomy journal and serves as an editor and reviewer for many foreign journals. She was the only anatomist from Turkey to be included in Stanford University's list of the World's Most Influential Scientists. Her joint publication with Prof. Dr. Yelda Pınar, titled "Anatomy of the superficial temporal artery and its branches: its importance for surgery", was ranked among the top 50 most-cited articles in the face rejuvenation theme by Mayo Clinic's Department of Plastic Surgery since 1950. It's the only study from Turkey in the "Landmarks in Facial Rejuvenation Surgery: The Top 50 Most Cited Articles. Aesthet Surg J, 2020." From 2010 to 2012, Govsa contributed as a member of the TÜBA Turkish Medical Terminology Dictionary Working Group and was invited to rejoin the TÜBA working group starting in 2021. Since its establishment, she has been a member of the Turkish Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy Association, serving on its Qualification Board and Ethical Committee. She is also a member of the European Clinical Anatomy Association (EACA). Özgür Kasapçopur, MD, is a Professor in Pediatrics at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, and is currently Head of Pediatric Rheumatology. He serves as the Chairman of the Institutional Review Board and Clinical Research Ethical Committee of Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty. Professor Kasapçopur received his undergraduate education in Medicine at Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty and also completed here both his residency and fellowship in the Department of Pediatrics. Professor Kasapçopur is a member of the Pediatric Rheumatology European Society (PReS), the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO), the Turkish Pediatric Association and the Turkish National Society of Pediatric Rheumatology. Professor Kasapçopur’s research interests include vaccine response, cytokine pathway, and medical ethics, with clinical emphases on juvenile idiopathic arthritis, familial Mediterranean fever, autoinflammatory disease and juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis and scleroderma. Professor Kasapçopur has published 83 book chapters in Turkish medical textbooks, and more than 315 original peer-reviewed articles (and case reports) in medical journals. The h-index of Professor Kasapçopur is 55 in Google Scholar and 43 in Web of Science. He had more than 8800 citations in the Web of Science. Professor Kasapcopur is Editor-in-Chief of Turkish Archives Pediatrics. Additionally, Professor Kasapcopur is the Associate Editor of Archives of Rheumatology, Frontiers in Pediatrics, and Case Report in Pediatrics. He is also on the editorial board of many scientific national and international journals. Harry Pantazopoulos, PhD is a faculty member in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Dr Pantazopoulos received his A.L.M. degree from Harvard University and his doctoral degree in Neurobiology from Northeastern University in Boston. He trained as a postdoctoral fellow and a Junior Faculty at Mclean Hospital, Harvard Medical School before joining the University of Mississippi. The research of the Pantazopoulos lab is focused on identifying the neuropathological correlates of psychiatric disorders with an emphasis on the role of the extracellular matrix and circadian rhythms. He pursues these questions using a combination of human postmortem and animal model approaches. His long-term research goal is to develop a foundation of changes in neurocircuitry in several diseases, including Autism Spectrum Disorders, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression and Substance Use Disorders, that he can leverage to develop more effective treatments. In addition, he aims to identify basic biological mechanisms that will provide insight into how the circadian system and the extracellular matrix regulate neural functions in a brain region-specific manner, linked to specific behaviors. Ghada Shahrour, PhD, PMHCNS, RN is a faculty member at the Faculty of Nursing in Jordan University of Science and Technology. She is an associate professor in the field of psychiatric nursing and currently is the Chairman of the Community and Mental Health Nursing Department. Dr Shahrour received her PhD in 2017 and Master’s degrees in 2011 from Kent State University in the USA and her BSN from Jordan University of Science and Technology. Her research interest is in the area of mental health nursing and more specifically researching bullying among adolescent school children and college students. Although Dr Shahrour has been appointed in 2018 to work at Jordan University of Science and Technology, she has 30 publications so far in the field of mental health. Dr Shahrour is a co-founder and a previous vice president of the Psychological Sciences Association in Jordan. She has worked on national and international projects as a co-investigator. Dr Shahrour aspires to improve the lives of adolescents and college students through her research on bullying and mental health in general.

Introduction In the wake of the disaster of World War I, the Surrealists formulated a hostile critique of the novel that identified its limitations in expressing the depth of the mind's faculties and the fragmentation of the psyche after catastrophic events. From this position of crisis, the Surrealists undertook a series of experimental innovations in form, structure, and style in an attempt to renew the genre. This article examines how the praxis of shock is deployed in a number of Surrealist city novels as a conduit for revolt against a society that grew increasingly mechanised in the climate of post-war regeneration. It seeks to counter the contemporary view that Surrealist city dérives (drifts) represent an intriguing yet ultimately benign method of urban research. By reconsidering its origins in response to a world catastrophe, this article emphasises the Surrealist novel’s binding of the affective properties of shock to the dream-awakening dialectic at the heart of the political position of Surrealism. The Surrealist City Novel Today it has almost become a truism to assert that there is a causal link between the catastrophic devastation wrought by the events of the two World Wars and the ideology of rupture that characterised the iconoclasms of the Modernist avant-gardes. Yet, as we progress into the twenty-first century, it is timely to recognise that new generations are rediscovering canonical and peripheral texts of this era and refracting them through a prism of contemporary preoccupations. In many ways, the revisions of today’s encounters with that past era suggest we have travelled some distance from the rawness of such catastrophic events. One post-war body of work recently subjected to view via an unexpected route is the remarkable array of Surrealist city novels set in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s, representing a spectrum of experimental texts by such authors as André Breton, Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Philippe Soupault, and Michel Leiris. Over the past decade, these works have become recuperated in the Anglophone context as exemplary instances of ludic engagement with the city. This is due in large part to the growing surge of interest in psychogeography, an urban research method concerned with the influence that geographical environments exert over the emotions and behaviours of individuals, and a concern for tracing the literary genealogies of walking and writing in broad sweeping encyclopaedic histories and guidebook style accounts (for prominent examples see Rebecca Solnit’s Wanderlust and Merlin Coverley’s Psychogeography). Yet as Surrealist novels continue to garner renewed interest for their erotic intrigue, their strolling encounters with the unconscious or hidden facets of the city, and as precursors to the apparently more radical practice of Situationist psychogeography, this article suggests that something vital is missing. By neglecting the revolutionary significance that the Surrealists placed upon the street and its inextricable connection to the shock of the marvellous, I suggest that we have arrived at a point of diminished appreciation of the praxis of the dream-awakening dialectic at the heart of Surrealist politics. With the movement firmly lodged in the popular imagination as concerned merely with the art of play and surprise, the Surrealists’ sensorial conception of the city as embedded within a much larger critique of the creators of “a sterile and dead world” (Rasmussen 372) is lost. This calls into question to what extent we can now relate to the urgency with which avant-gardes like the Surrealists responded to the disaster of war in their call for “the revolution of the subject, a revolution that destroyed identity and released the fantastic” (372). At the same time, a re-evaluation of the Surrealist city novel as a significant precursor to the psychogeograhical dérive (drift) can prove instructive in locating the potential of walking, in order to function as a form of praxis (defined here as lived practice in opposition to theory) that goes beyond its more benign construction as the “gentle art” of getting lost. The Great Shock To return to the origins of Surrealism is to illuminate the radical intentions of the movement. The enormous shock that followed the Great War represented, according to Roger Shattuck, “a profound organic reaction that convulsed the entire system with vomiting, manic attacks, and semi-collapse” (9). David Gascoyne considers 1919, the inaugural year of Surrealist activity, as “a year of liquidation, the end of everything but also of paroxysmic death-birth, incubating seeds of renewal” (17). It was at this time that André Breton and his collaborator Philippe Soupault came together at the Hôtel des Grands Hommes in Paris to conduct their early experimental research. As the authors took poetic license with the psychoanalytical method of automatic writing, their desire to unsettle the latent content of the unconscious as it manifests in the spontaneous outpourings of dream-like recollections resulted in the first collection of Surrealist texts, The Magnetic Fields (1920). As Breton recalls: Completely occupied as I still was with Freud at that time, and familiar with his methods of examination which I had had some slight occasion to use on some patients during the war, I resolved to obtain from myself what we were trying to obtain from them, namely, a monologue spoken as rapidly as possible without any intervention on the part of critical faculties, a monologue consequently unencumbered by the slightest inhibition and which was, as closely as possible, akin to spoken thought. (Breton, Manifesto 22–23) Despite their debts to psychoanalytical methods, the Surrealists sought radically different ends from therapeutic goals in their application. Rather than using analysis to mitigate the pathologies of the psyche, Breton argued that such methods should instead be employed to liberate consciousness in ways that released the individual from “the reign of logic” (Breton, Manifesto 11) and the alienating forces of a mechanised society. In the same manifesto, Breton links his critique to a denunciation of the novel, principally the realist novel which dominated the literary landscape of the nineteenth-century, for its limitations in conveying the power of the imagination and the depths of the mind’s faculties. Despite these protestations, the Surrealists were unable to completely jettison the novel and instead launched a series of innovations in form, structure, and style in an attempt to renew the genre. As J.H. Matthews suggests, “Being then, as all creative surrealism must be, the expression of a mood of experimentation, the Surrealist novel probes not only the potentialities of feeling and imagination, but also those of novelistic form” (Matthews 6). When Nadja appeared in 1928, Breton was not the first Surrealist to publish a novel. However, this work remains the most well-known example of its type in the Anglophone context. Largely drawn from the author’s autobiographical experiences, it recounts the narrator’s (André’s) obsessive infatuation with a mysterious, impoverished and unstable young woman who goes by the name of Nadja. The pair’s haunted and uncanny romance unfolds during their undirected walks, or dérives, through the streets of Paris, the city acting as an affective register of their encounters. The “intellectual seduction” comes to an abrupt halt (Breton, Nadja 108), however, when Nadja does in fact go truly mad, disappearing from the narrator’s life when she is committed to an asylum. André makes no effort to seek her out and after launching into a diatribe vehemently attacking the institutions that administer psychiatric treatment, nonchalantly resumes the usual concerns of his everyday life. At a formal level, Breton’s unconventional prose indeed stirs many minor shocks and tremors in the reader. The insertion of temporally off-kilter photographs and surreal drawings are intended to supersede naturalistic description. However, their effect is to create a form of “negative indexicality” (Masschelein) that subtly undermines the truth claims of the novel. Random coincidences charged through with the attractive force of desire determine the plot while the compressed dream-like narrative strives to recount only those facts of “violently fortuitous character” (Breton, Nadja 19). Strikingly candid revelations perpetually catch the reader off guard. But it is in the novel’s treatment of the city, most specifically, in which we can recognise the evolution of Surrealism’s initial concern for the radically subversive and liberatory potential of the dream into a form of praxis that binds the shock of the marvellous to the historical materialism of Marx and Engels. This praxis unfolds in the novel on a number of levels. By placing its events firmly at the level of the street, Breton privileges the anti-heroic realm of everyday life over the socially hierarchical domain of the bourgeois domestic interior favoured in realist literature. More significantly, the sites of the city encountered in the novel act as repositories of collective memory with the power to rupture the present. As Margaret Cohen comprehensively demonstrates in her impressive study Profane Illumination, the great majority of sites that the narrator traverses in Nadja reveal connections in previous centuries to instances of bohemian activity, violent insurrection or revolutionary events. The enigmatic statue of Étienne Dolet, for example, to which André is inexplicably drawn on his city walks and which produces a sensation of “unbearable discomfort” (25), commemorates a sixteenth-century scholar and writer of love poetry condemned as a heretic and burned at the Place Maubert for his non-conformist attitudes. When Nadja is suddenly gripped by hallucinations and imagines herself among the entourage of Marie-Antoinette, “multiple ghosts of revolutionary violence descend on the Place Dauphine from all sides” (Cohen 101). Similarly, a critique of capitalism emerges in the traversal of those marginal and derelict zones of the city, such as the Saint-Ouen flea market, which become revelatory of the historical cycles of decay and ruination that modernity seeks to repress through its faith in progress. It was this poetic intuition of the machinations of historical materialism, in particular, that captured the attention of Walter Benjamin in his 1929 “Surrealism” essay, in which he says of Breton that: He can boast an extraordinary discovery: he was the first to perceive the revolutionary energies that appear in the “outmoded”—in the first iron constructions, the first factory buildings, the earliest photos, objects that have begun to be extinct, grand pianos, the dresses of five years ago, fashionable restaurants when the vogue has begun to ebb from them. The relation of these things to revolution—no one can have a more exact concept of it than these authors. (210) In the same passage, Benjamin makes passing reference to the Passage de l’Opéra, the nineteenth-century Parisian arcade threatened with demolition and eulogised by Louis Aragon in his Surrealist anti-novel Paris Peasant (published in 1926, two years earlier than Nadja). Loosely structured around a series of walks, Aragon’s book subverts the popular guidebook literature of the period by inventorying the arcade’s quotidian attractions in highly lyrical and imagistic prose. As in Nadja, a concern for the “outmoded” underpins the praxis which informs the politics of the novel although here it functions somewhat differently. As transitional zones on the cusp of redevelopment, the disappearing arcades attract Aragon for their liminal status, becoming malleable dreamscapes where an ontological instability renders them ripe for eruptions of the marvellous. Such sites emerge as “secret repositories of several modern myths,” and “the true sanctuaries of a cult of the ephemeral”. (Aragon 14) City as Dreamscape Contemporary literature increasingly reads Paris Peasant through the lens of psychogeography, and not unproblematically. In his brief guide to psychogeography, British writer Merlin Coverley stresses Aragon’s apparent documentary or ethnographical intentions in describing the arcades. He suggests that the author “rails against the destruction of the city” (75), positing the novel as “a handbook for today’s breed of psychogeographer” (76). The nuances of Aragon’s dream-awakening dialectic, however, are too easily effaced in such an assessment which overlooks the novel’s vertiginous and hyperbolic prose as it consistently approaches an unreality in its ambivalent treatment of the arcades. What is arguably more significant than any documentary concern is Aragon’s commitment to the broader Surrealist quest to transform reality by undermining binary oppositions between waking life and the realm of dreams. As Hal Foster’s reading of the arcades in Surrealism insists: This gaze is not melancholic; the surrealists do not cling obsessively to the relics of the nineteenth-century. Rather it uncovers them for the purposes of resistance through re-enchantment. If we can grasp this dialectic of ruination, recovery, and resistance, we will grasp the intimated ambition of the surrealist practice of history. (166) Unlike Aragon, Breton defended the political position of Surrealism throughout the ebbs and flows of the movement. This notion of “resistance through re-enchantment” retained its significance for Breton as he clung to the radical importance of dreams and the imagination, creative autonomy, and individual freedom over blind obedience to revolutionary parties. Aragon’s allegiance to communism led him to surrender the poetic intoxications of Surrealist prose in favour of the more sombre and austere tone of social realism. By contrast, other early Surrealists like Philippe Soupault contributed novels which deployed the praxis of shock in a less explicitly dialectical fashion. Soupault’s Last Nights of Paris (1928), in particular, responds to the influence of the war in producing a crisis of identity among a generation of young men, a crisis projected or transferred onto the city streets in ways that are revelatory of the author’s attunement to how “places and environment have a profound influence on memory and imagination” (Soupault 91). All the early Surrealists served in the war in varying capacities. In Soupault’s case, the writer “was called up in 1916, used as a guinea pig for a new typhoid vaccine, and spent the rest of the war in and out of hospital. His close friend and cousin, René Deschamps, was killed in action” (Read 22). Memories of the disaster of war assume a submerged presence in Soupault’s novel, buried deep in the psyche of the narrator. Typically, it is the places and sites of the city that act as revenants, stimulating disturbing memories to drift back to the surface which then suffuse the narrator in an atmosphere of melancholy. During the novel’s numerous dérives, the narrator’s detective-like pursuit of his elusive love-object, the young streetwalker Georgette, the tracking of her near-mute artist brother Octave, and the following of the ringleader of a criminal gang, all appear as instances of compensation. Each chase invokes a desire to recover a more significant earlier loss that persistently eludes the narrator. When Soupault’s narrator shadows Octave on a walk that ventures into the city’s industrial zone, recollections of the disaster of war gradually impinge upon his aleatory perambulations. His description evokes two men moving through the trenches together: The least noise was a catastrophe, the least breath a great terror. We walked in the eternal mud. Step by step we sank into the thickness of night, lost as if forever. I turned around several times to look at the way we had come but night alone was behind us. (80) In an article published in 2012, Catherine Howell identifies Last Nights of Paris as “a lyric celebration of the city as spectacle” (67). At times, the narrator indeed surrenders himself to the ocular pleasures of modernity. Observing the Eiffel Tower, he finds delight in “indefinitely varying her silhouette as if I were examining her through a kaleidoscope” (Soupault 30). Yet it is important to stress the role that shock plays in fissuring this veneer of spectacle, especially those evocations of the city that reveal an unnerving desensitisation to the more violent manifestations of the metropolis. Reading a newspaper, the narrator remarks that “the discovery of bags full of limbs, carefully sawed and chopped up” (23) signifies little more than “a commonplace crime” (22). Passing the banks of the Seine provokes “recollection of an evening I had spent lying on the parapet of the Pont Marie watching several lifesavers trying in vain to recover the body of an unfortunate suicide” (10). In his sensitivity to the unassimilable nature of trauma, Soupault intuits a phenomenon which literary trauma theory argues profoundly limits the text’s claim to representation, knowledge, and an autonomous subject. In this sense, Soupault appears less committed than Breton to the idea that the after-effects of shock might be consciously distilled into a form of praxis. Yet this prolongation of an unintegrated trauma still posits shock as a powerful vehicle to critique a society attempting to heal its wounds without addressing their underlying causes. This is typical of Surrealism’s efforts to “dramatize the physical and psychological trauma of a war that everyone wanted to forget so that it would not be swept away too quickly” (Lyford 4). Woman and Radical Madness In her 2007 study, Surrealist Masculinities, Amy Lyford focuses upon the regeneration and nation building project that characterised post-war France and argues that Surrealist tactics sought to dismantle an official discourse that promoted ideals of “robust manhood and female maternity” (4). Viewed against this backdrop, the trope of madness in Surrealism is central to the movement’s disruptive strategies. In Last Nights of Paris, a lingering madness simmers beneath the surface of the text like an undertow, while in other Surrealist texts the lauding of madness, specifically female hysteria, is much more explicit. Indeed, the objectification of the madwoman in Surrealism is among the most problematic aspects of its praxis of shock and one that raises questions over to what extent, if at all, Surrealism and feminism can be reconciled, leading some critics to define the movement as inherently misogynistic. While certainly not unfounded, this critique fails to answer why a broad spectrum of women artists have been drawn to the movement. By contrast, a growing body of work nuances the complexities of the “blinds spots” (Lusty 2) in Surrealism’s relationship with women. Contemporary studies like Natalya Lusty’s Surrealism, Feminism, Psychoanalysis and Katharine Conley’s earlier Automatic Woman both afford greater credit to Surrealism’s female practitioners in redefining their subject position in ways that trouble and unsettle the conventional understanding of women’s role in the movement. The creative and self-reflexive manipulation of madness, for example, proved pivotal to the achievements of Surrealist women. In her short autobiographical novella, Down Below (1944), Leonora Carrington recounts the disturbing true experience of her voyage into madness sparked by the internment of her partner and muse, fellow Surrealist Max Ernst, in a concentration camp in 1940. Committed to a sanatorium in Santander, Spain, Carrington was treated with the seizure inducing drug Cardiazol. Her text presents a startling case study of therapeutic maltreatment that is consistent with Bretonian Surrealism’s critique of the use of psycho-medical methods for the purposes of regulating and disciplining the individual. As well as vividly recalling her intense and frightening hallucinations, Down Below details the author’s descent into a highly paranoid state which, somewhat perversely, heightens her sense of agency and control over her environment. Unable to discern boundaries between her internal reality and that of the external world, Carrington develops a delusional and inflated sense of her ability to influence the city of Madrid: In the political confusion and the torrid heat, I convinced myself that Madrid was the world’s stomach and that I had been chosen for the task of restoring that digestive organ to health […] I believed that I was capable of bearing that dreadful weight and of drawing from it a solution for the world. The dysentery I suffered from later was nothing but the illness of Madrid taking shape in my intestinal tract. (12–13) In this way, Carrington’s extraordinarily visceral memoir embodies what can be described as the Surrealist woman’s “double allegiance” (Suleiman 5) to the praxis of shock. On the one hand, Down Below subversively harnesses the affective qualities of madness in order to manifest textual disturbances and to convey the author’s fierce rebellion against societal constraints. At the same time, the work reveals a more complex and often painful representational struggle inherent in occupying the position of both the subject experiencing madness and the narrator objectively recalling its events, displaying a tension not present in the work of the male Surrealists. The memoir concludes on an ambivalent note as Carrington describes finally becoming “disoccultized” of her madness, awakening to “the mystery with which I was surrounded and which they all seemed to take pleasure in deepening around me” (53). Notwithstanding its ambivalence, Down Below typifies the political and historical dimensions of Surrealism’s struggle against internal and external limits. Yet as early as 1966, Surrealist scholar J.H. Matthews was already cautioning against reaching that point where the term Surrealist “loses any meaning and becomes, as it is for too many, synonymous with ‘strange,’ ‘weird,’ or even ‘fanciful’” (5–6). To re-evaluate the praxis of shock in the Surrealist novel, then, is to seek to reinstate Surrealism as a movement that cannot be reduced to vague adjectives or to mere aesthetic principles. It is to view it as an active force passionately engaged with the pressing social, cultural, and political problems of its time. While the frequent nods to Surrealist methods in contemporary literary genealogies and creative urban research practices such as psychogeography are a testament to its continued allure, the growing failure to read Surrealism as political is one of the more contradictory symptoms of the expanding temporal distance from the catastrophic events from which the movement emerged. As it becomes increasingly common to draw links between disaster, creativity, and renewal, the shifting sands of the reception of Surrealism are a reminder of the need to resist domesticating movements born from such circumstances in ways that blunt their critical faculties and dull the awakening power of their praxis of shock. To do otherwise is to be left with little more than cheap thrills. References Aragon, Louis. Paris Peasant (1926). Trans. Simon Watson Taylor. Boston: Exact Change, 1994. Benjamin, Walter. “Surrealism: The Last Snapshot of the European Intelligentsia” (1929). Trans. Edmund Jephcott. Walter Benjamin Selected Writings, Volume 2, Part I, 1927–1930. Eds. Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap P, 2005. Breton, André. “Manifesto of Surrealism” (1924). Manifestoes of Surrealism. Trans. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1990. ———. Nadja (1928). Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Grove P, 1960. Breton, André, and Philippe Soupault. The Magnetic Fields (1920). Trans. David Gascoyne. London: Atlas P, 1985. Carrington, Leonora. Down Below (1944). Chicago: Black Swan P, 1983. Cohen, Margaret. Profane Illumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution. Berkeley, CA: U of California P, 1993. Conley, Katharine. Automatic Woman: The Representation of Woman in Surrealism. Lincoln, NE: U of Nebraska P, 1996. Coverley, Merlin. Psychogeography. Harpenden: Pocket Essentials, 2010. Foster, Hal. Compulsive Beauty. Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1993. Gascoyne, David. “Introduction.” The Magnetic Fields (1920) by André Breton and Philippe Soupault. Trans. David Gascoyne. London: Atlas P, 1985. Howell, Catherine. “City of Night: Parisian Explorations.” Public: Civic Spectacle 45 (2012): 64–77. Lusty, Natalya. Surrealism, Feminism, Psychoanalysis. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007. Lyford, Amy. Surrealist Masculinities: Gender Anxiety and the Aesthetics of Post-World War I Reconstruction in France. Berkeley, CA: U of California P, 2007. Masschelein, Anneleen. “Hand in Glove: Negative Indexicality in André Breton’s Nadja and W.G. Sebald’s Austerlitz.” Searching for Sebald: Photography after W.G. Sebald. Ed. Lise Patt. Los Angeles, CA: ICI P, 2007. 360–87. Matthews, J.H. Surrealism and the Novel. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1996. Rasmussen, Mikkel Bolt. “The Situationist International, Surrealism and the Difficult Fusion of Art and Politics.” Oxford Art Journal 27.3 (2004): 365–87. Read, Peter. “Poets out of Uniform.” Book Review. The Times Literary Supplement. 15 Mar. 2002: 22. Shattuck, Roger. “Love and Laughter: Surrealism Reappraised.” The History of Surrealism. Ed. Maurice Nadeau. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Penguin Books, 1978. 11–34. Solnit, Rebecca. Wanderlust: A History of Walking. London: Verso, 2002. Soupault, Philippe. Last Nights of Paris (1928). Trans. William Carlos Williams. Boston: Exact Change, 1992. Suleiman, Susan Robin. “Surrealist Black Humour: Masculine/Feminine.” Papers of Surrealism 1 (2003): 1–11. 20 Feb. 2013 ‹http://www.surrealismcentre.ac.uk/papersofsurrealism/journal1›.

Abstract with the disestablishment of religion in the early nineteenth century, New England clergy and laity who had enjoyed in statesanctioned Christianity a vision of a nation with a divine purpose were faced with the challenge of preserving their sense of national mission in a state that no longer officially authorized the practice of the Christian faith. Facing the steady growth of non-English-speaking, nonProtestant immigrants and the expansion of a frontier populated by unchurched whites and non-Christian Indians, a number of evangelical clergy, Christian professionals, businessmen, and well-stationed women formed benevolent societies such as the ABS (1816) and the ASSU (1824). These benevolent associations worked to reform the expanding American populace by producing enormous amounts of literature such as the Bible or Sunday school instructional materials and distributing them as widely as possible. The ATS was established in 1825 when the American Tract Society of Boston, formerly called the New England Tract Society, and many other smaller tract societies in the northeast merged with New York’s Religious Tract Society to form a national organization based in New York City on Nassau Street. Composed primarily of Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists, the ATS set itself the task of distributing tracts throughout the United States and around the world. Yet its greatest efforts were domestic.

Abstract When Dwight’s Journal folded, Dwight still had a dozen years of life remaining. With his daily toil behind him, he set about becoming Boston’s most formidable music historian through his contribution to The Memorial History of Boston (1881), an article on “Handel’s Messiah,” and his first major essay on J. S. Bach. Dwight also penned a significant portion of the authoritative History of the Handel and Haydn Society and wrote “Common Sense,” a thirty-page tract in which he railed against the “metaphysical and moral systems [that] spring up like the successive or alternate growths in forests.” “Common Sense” is Dwight’s final apologia on behalf of Transcendentalism. But he was to have one more significant crack at music criticism when he wrote for the Boston Evening Transcript. In the span of nine months, Dwight produced at least fifty-nine columns, many of which showed him at his most perceptive.