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1
Nguyen, Thi Thu Hien. "Study of new exchangers for boron removal from water containing high concentration of boron". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0138/document.
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Le bore est nécessaire pour le développement des plantes supérieures (structuration de la paroi végétale). Il pose cependant des problèmes (défoliation, pourriture et chute des fruits mûrs). Pour l’homme, sa toxicité se traduit par des nausées, des diarrhées, des troubles du développement intellectuel, neurologique et physique. La pénurie en eau douce conduit à dessaler l’eau de mer pour augmenter la quantité en eau destinée à la consommation humaine, l’industrie et l’agriculture. Lors de ce procédé, il faut éliminer les ions majeurs mais aussi le bore présent à des concentrations élevées (> 4,5 mg L–1, environ 0,45 mM). Son usage dans l’industrie et son rejet dans l’environnement conduisent à la pollution des eaux souterraines et de surface. Son élimination est donc indispensable, sachant que l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé recommande une valeur guide de 0,5 mg L–1 dans l’eau potable et une valeur maximale de 0,3 mg L–1 dans l’eau utilisée pour l’irrigation. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude cinétique et thermodynamique des échanges du bore à la surface de différents matériaux en fonction de paramètres physico-chimiques (pH, concentration initiale …) à l’aide d’essais en réacteurs fermés et en colonnes. Deux types de résines commerciales ont été choisies : (i) les résines échangeuses d’anions Ambersep 900-OH et Amberlite IRA 402 Cl avec des fonctions ammonium, (ii) les résines spécifiques Amberlite IRA 743 et Diaion CRB 03 ayant des fonctions méthylglucamine. Les premières essais en réacteurs fermés montrent que les échanges liquide-solide sont rapides avec une élimination du bore > 96 % pour t < 30 min pour Amberlite IRA 743, Diaion CRB 03 et Ambersep 900-OH. Pour t > 2 h, un équilibre est observé pour toutes les résines. Le modèle du pseudosecond ordre permet de décrire la cinétique de sorption pour les 4 résines. A l’équilibre, l’adsorption est maximum d’une part dans une gamme de pH compris entre 6 et 12 pour les 2 résines sélectives Amb IRA 743 et CRB 03, et d’autre part pour un pH de 8 pour la résine Ambersep 900-OH et un pH 10 pour la résine Amberlite IRA 402 Cl. A pH 8 et pour les concentrations en bore < 20 mM, la sorption du bore est représentée par le modèle de type Langmuir pour Amberlite IRA 743, Ambersep 900-OH et Diaion CRB 03. Par contre, la rétention du bore sur Amberlite IRA 402 Cl suit une isotherme de type linéaire. A pH 8 et pour des concentrations en bore < 20 mM, les capacités de sorption sont : 1, 0,7, 0,3 et 0,05 mmol g–1 pour Diaion CRB 03, Amberlite IRA 743, Ambersep 900-OH et Amberlite IRA 402 Cl, respectivement. Les résines Ambersep 900-OH, échangeuse d’anions, et Amberlite IRA 743, sélective, ont été utilisées pour les essais en colonnes en fonction de la concentration en bore et du temps de séjour. Pour la résine spécifique, le temps de séjour dans la colonne affecte fortement le comportement du bore : lorsqu’il diminue, son élution est rapide suivie d’une longue traînée ; lorsqu’il augmente, la courbe de percée correspond à un système à l’équilibre. Pour un temps de séjour élevé, les résultats confirment la non-linéarité observée lors des essais en réacteurs fermés. Pour la résine échangeuse d’anions, la non-linéarité est aussi confirmée. Ces essais permettent de différencier le comportement du bore lors de sa désorption. La régénération est obtenue après des traitements acides et basiques pour la résine spécifique alors qu’un traitement alcalin est suffisant pour la résine anionique. Une étude plus détaillée des mécanismes est en cours et permettra de les intégrer dans un même modèle. La fixation du bore sur des pectines et sa rétention par des membranes d’ultrafiltration (membranes de seuil de coupure différent) a aussi été étudiée. Les pectines ont été caractérisées (composition en sucre et en bore présent initialement) et la viscosité des solutions pectiques mesurée. Des essais de filtration ont permis de déterminer l’efficacité de production et de rétention du bore sur ces matériauxBoron is an element, which is necessary as essential nutrient for living organisms, especially for plants where it is involved in cell wall composition. But boron excess can cause some problems on the development of plants (defoliation, decay and fall unripe fruits), of humans and animals such as nausea, diarrhoea, dermatitis, lethargy. Boron toxicity also changes blood composition, caused disorder in neurological, physical, intellectual development. Nowadays, due to the shortage of fresh water sources, seawater desalination has been becoming an alternative fresh water supply. However, the presence of boron in seawater is quite high (4.5 mg L–1, around 4.5 mM). Moreover, the increasing use of boron in industries and its discharge to the environment has led to the contamination of surface and ground waters. As the result, boron removal, in production of drinking water becomes very important. Therefore, the World health organization has recommended a guideline of 0.5 mg L–1 B in drinking water and a maximum limit of 0.3 mg L–1 B in fresh water used for irrigation. The objective of this thesis is to study the mechanisms of boron surface exchange on different materials versus time and at equilibrium depending on some physicochemical parameters such as pH, initial boron concentration, reaction time in order to find a new exchanger for boron removal. Boron removal was carried out by ion exchange process using 2 types of resins: Amberlite IRA 743, Diaion CRB 03 as boron selective resins with methylglucamine functions, and Ambersep 900-OH and Amberlite IRA 402 Cl as anionic exchange resins with ammonium functions. From batch studies, fast exchange between resin surface and liquid phase was observed with boron removal up to at least 96 % within 30 min for Amberlite IRA 743, Diaion CRB 03 and Ambersep 900- OH. The reaction between resin surface and boron solution reached equilibrium after 2 h for all the resins. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was used to well describe the sorption kinetic process of the resins. At equilibrium, the experimental results showed that the maximum adsorption was observed to be achieved at pH 8 for Ambersep 900- OH, pH 10 for Amberlite IRA 402 Cl and independent on pH range from 6 to 12 for the 2 boron selective resins Amberlite IRA 743 and Diaion CRB 03. At pH 8 and for boron concentrations < 20 mM, the Langmuir-type relationship was used to fit the experimental data for Amberlite IRA 743, Ambersep 900- OH and resin Diaion CRB 03. In the range of studied boron concentration, the boron sorption onto Amberlite IRA 402 Cl followed linear-type behaviour. At pH 8 and for boron concentrations < 20 mM, the sorption capacities are: 1, 0,7, 0,3 et 0,05 mmol g–1 for Diaion CRB 03, Amberlite IRA 743, Ambersep 900- OH and Amberlite IRA 402 Cl, respectively. Column experiments were performed with the anionic resin Ambersep 900-OH and the selective one Amberlite IRA 743 by studying both the influence of boron concentration and the residence time. For the selective resin, if the residence time decreases, the boron breakthrough is fast followed by a long tail. For larger residence time, local equilibrium seems to be assumed. Results are thus consistent with batch experimental data. For the anionic resin, the nonlinear behaviour is also confirmed. Moreover, column experiments showed a strong difference during desorption. To regenerate resins, acid and basic treatments are necessary for the selective resin although a basic solution is enough for the anionic resin. A more detailed study of mechanisms is in progress in order to build a exchange model for predicting boron fate. Finally, characterization of pectins was also performed. Its composition (sugar and boron content) and the viscosity of pectin solutions were quantified. Filtration experiments allowed testing the efficiency of such material to remove boron too
2
Cowley, Robyn Anne. "The effect of changing water distribution from linear to point source on vegetation and soil following piping of an artesian bore in a semi-arid mulga paddock /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16636.pdf.
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Kanso, Sungwan, i n/a. "Molecular Studies of Bacterial Communities in the Great Artesian Basin Aquifers". Griffith University. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040219.140509.
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16S rRNA gene analysis has shown that bacterial diversity in the GAB bores studied was limited to the genera Hydrogenobacter in the phylum Aquificae, Thermus in the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, Desulfotomaculum in the phylum Firmicutes, the alpha-, beta- and gamma-classes of the phylum Proteobacteria and the phylum Nitrospirae. There was no clone closely related to members of the delta-proteobacteria and epsilon-proteobacteria classes detected. The number of bacterial strains directly isolated from the Fairlea and the Cooinda bores were far less than the numbers of distinctive phylotypes detected by the 16S rRNA gene characterisation. In addition none of the bacterial strains directly isolated from the water samples were represented in the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Similar discrepancies between the bacterial populations obtained from the 16S rRNA gene analysis and those obtained from direct isolation have been reported in the literature (Dunbar et al., 1999; Kampfer et al., 1996; Suzuki et al., 1997; Ward et al., 1998; Ward et al., 1997). However, in general, the phyla with which the isolates were affiliated were the same as those phyla to which the clones belonged. The environmental changes introduced (by bringing the artesian water up to the surface and exposing it to four types of metal coupons made of carbon steels identified by codes ASTM-A53B, ASTM-A53, AS-1074 and AS-1396 and commonly used in bore casings) led to changes in the bacterial community structures. In general, the species which proliferated in the communities before and after the changes were different. The diversity of the bacterial species in the community decreased following the environmental changes. Clones dominating the clone libraries constructed from newly established bacterial communities also differed from the clones dominating the libraries constructed from the bacterial communities which had existed naturally in the bores. These trends toward change in the bacterial communities were observed at both the Fairlea and the Cooinda bore sites. All four metal types incubated in the Fairlea bore water lost between 3.4 and 4.7% of their original weight. In contrast none of the metals incubated in Cooinda bore water lost weight. Clone library A1 showed that the natural population of the Fairlea bore was dominated by clone A1-3, which represented a novel species related to the isolate boom-7m-04. But after metal incubation (and recording of the metal weight loss), the bacterial community was dominated by clone PKA34B, which has a 95% similarity in its 16S rRNA gene sequence with Desulfotomaculum putei. Desulfotomaculum species are known to cause metal corrosion due to their byproduct H2S. But the low level of phylogenetic relatedness found does not provide enough information to speculate on whether the species represented by clone PKA34B is a member of the genus Desulfotomaculum or not. However, the fact that clone PKA34B dominated the PKA clone library by 50% makes the species it represents a suspected candidate likely to be involved with the metal weight loss at the Fairlea bore. In contrast, clone library 4381 showed that the natural population of the Cooinda bore was dominated by clone 4381-15 representing a species distantly related to a hydrogen oxidiser Hydrogenophaga flava (95% similarity). The dominating clone of the new community formed after metal incubation was clone COO25, which has 99% similarity with Thermus species that have not been reported to be involved with metal corrosion to my knowledge. In this project detection, identification and comparative quantification by 16S rRNA gene-targeted PCR probing with probes 23B and 34B were successfully developed for a Leptothrix-like species and for a Desulfotomaculum-like species represented by clones PKA23B and PKA34B respectively. This method of probing permits a fast, sensitive and reproducible detection, identification and at least a comparative quantification of the bacteria in the environment without the need for culturing. Therefore it is extremely suitable for use in bacterial population monitoring. PCR probing with the 34B probe has a potential commercial use as a means of screening for bores with a potential high risk of corrosion due to this Desulfotomaculum-like species. Direct isolation of bacteria from the GAB water has resulted in the isolation of seven strains from the Fairlea bore and eight from the Cooinda bore. Among these isolates, three novel strains were studied in detail. Reports on the characterisation of strain FaiI4T (T=Type strain) from the Fairlea bore (Kanso & Patel, 2003) and strain CooI3BT from the Cooinda bore have been published (Kanso et al., 2002). The data generated during this project add to our current information and extend our knowledge about the bacterial communities of the GAB's sub-surface environment. This information will provide a basis for further ecological studies of the GAB. Studies on involvement of certain groups of bacteria with the corrosion of metals used in bore casings could provide a foundation for further studies to develop maintenance and managing strategies for the GAB bores.
4
Kanso, Sungwan. "Molecular Studies of Bacterial Communities in the Great Artesian Basin Aquifers". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366613.
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16S rRNA gene analysis has shown that bacterial diversity in the GAB bores studied was limited to the genera Hydrogenobacter in the phylum Aquificae, Thermus in the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, Desulfotomaculum in the phylum Firmicutes, the alpha-, beta- and gamma-classes of the phylum Proteobacteria and the phylum Nitrospirae. There was no clone closely related to members of the delta-proteobacteria and epsilon-proteobacteria classes detected. The number of bacterial strains directly isolated from the Fairlea and the Cooinda bores were far less than the numbers of distinctive phylotypes detected by the 16S rRNA gene characterisation. In addition none of the bacterial strains directly isolated from the water samples were represented in the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Similar discrepancies between the bacterial populations obtained from the 16S rRNA gene analysis and those obtained from direct isolation have been reported in the literature (Dunbar et al., 1999; Kampfer et al., 1996; Suzuki et al., 1997; Ward et al., 1998; Ward et al., 1997). However, in general, the phyla with which the isolates were affiliated were the same as those phyla to which the clones belonged. The environmental changes introduced (by bringing the artesian water up to the surface and exposing it to four types of metal coupons made of carbon steels identified by codes ASTM-A53B, ASTM-A53, AS-1074 and AS-1396 and commonly used in bore casings) led to changes in the bacterial community structures. In general, the species which proliferated in the communities before and after the changes were different. The diversity of the bacterial species in the community decreased following the environmental changes. Clones dominating the clone libraries constructed from newly established bacterial communities also differed from the clones dominating the libraries constructed from the bacterial communities which had existed naturally in the bores. These trends toward change in the bacterial communities were observed at both the Fairlea and the Cooinda bore sites. All four metal types incubated in the Fairlea bore water lost between 3.4 and 4.7% of their original weight. In contrast none of the metals incubated in Cooinda bore water lost weight. Clone library A1 showed that the natural population of the Fairlea bore was dominated by clone A1-3, which represented a novel species related to the isolate boom-7m-04. But after metal incubation (and recording of the metal weight loss), the bacterial community was dominated by clone PKA34B, which has a 95% similarity in its 16S rRNA gene sequence with Desulfotomaculum putei. Desulfotomaculum species are known to cause metal corrosion due to their byproduct H2S. But the low level of phylogenetic relatedness found does not provide enough information to speculate on whether the species represented by clone PKA34B is a member of the genus Desulfotomaculum or not. However, the fact that clone PKA34B dominated the PKA clone library by 50% makes the species it represents a suspected candidate likely to be involved with the metal weight loss at the Fairlea bore. In contrast, clone library 4381 showed that the natural population of the Cooinda bore was dominated by clone 4381-15 representing a species distantly related to a hydrogen oxidiser Hydrogenophaga flava (95% similarity). The dominating clone of the new community formed after metal incubation was clone COO25, which has 99% similarity with Thermus species that have not been reported to be involved with metal corrosion to my knowledge. In this project detection, identification and comparative quantification by 16S rRNA gene-targeted PCR probing with probes 23B and 34B were successfully developed for a Leptothrix-like species and for a Desulfotomaculum-like species represented by clones PKA23B and PKA34B respectively. This method of probing permits a fast, sensitive and reproducible detection, identification and at least a comparative quantification of the bacteria in the environment without the need for culturing. Therefore it is extremely suitable for use in bacterial population monitoring. PCR probing with the 34B probe has a potential commercial use as a means of screening for bores with a potential high risk of corrosion due to this Desulfotomaculum-like species. Direct isolation of bacteria from the GAB water has resulted in the isolation of seven strains from the Fairlea bore and eight from the Cooinda bore. Among these isolates, three novel strains were studied in detail. Reports on the characterisation of strain FaiI4T (T=Type strain) from the Fairlea bore (Kanso & Patel, 2003) and strain CooI3BT from the Cooinda bore have been published (Kanso et al., 2002). The data generated during this project add to our current information and extend our knowledge about the bacterial communities of the GAB's sub-surface environment. This information will provide a basis for further ecological studies of the GAB. Studies on involvement of certain groups of bacteria with the corrosion of metals used in bore casings could provide a foundation for further studies to develop maintenance and managing strategies for the GAB bores.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences
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Yang, Ting. "Maturation of Clay Seals in Deep Bore Holes for Disposal of Radioactive waste : Theory and Experiments". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65794.
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KBS-3 and very deep borehole (VDH) concepts are two major types of long-term geologicaldisposal methods for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) isolating from the biosphere. TheKBS-3V concept for isolating the HLW at the depth of 400-500 m, is the officially proposedoption in Sweden and has been the subject of considerable research in the past few decades,while the VDH concept was considered as an option in the 1950s but later became discouragedbecause of insufficient experience in drilling technology. The greatest merit of the VDHconcept is that the almost stagnant groundwater in the deep boreholes prevents the transport ofthe possible release of radionuclides into the rock or up to the ground level. Since variousdisadvantages of the KBS-3V concept were found in previous research, the superiority of VDHconcept attracted the researchers to continue studying it into the late 1980s.The geological repositories of both of KBS-3V and VDH types primarily consist of a naturalbarrier (host rock) and of an engineering barrier (also known as a buffer/backfill barrier).According to the principle of IAEA and national relative research organizations, thebuffer/backfill material should have low permeability and good expandability, as well assuitable physical and sealing properties.The thesis concerns the VDH concept and is focused on the construction and performance ofthose parts of the sealed repository that are not affected by high temperature or gamma radiation.In the lower part of a VDH repository, the clay packages containing HLW will be exposed tohigh temperature (100-150 ) in the borehole and to highly saline groundwater. In theinstallation phase of HLW, the groundwater will be pumped out and replaced by medium-softsmectite clay mud in which the HLW packages are installed vertically. During the hydrationand maturation of the clay components, the microstructural reorganization, water transport,migration of clay particles and redistribution of the density of the components take place. Thematuration determines the transient evolution of the clay seals and influences the rheologicaland soil mechanical behavior in the installation phase. The maturation of clay system alsodetermines their ultimate sealing potential of VDH repositories.This study presents the work carried out for investigating the maturation of the buffer-backfillclay in the HLW deep borehole. Initially in the study three types of clays, the Namontmorillonite,magnesium-rich and illite-smectite mixed layer clays, were examined for estimating their performance as the barrier candidate material. This is mainly presented in theliterature review. The experimental study was conducted on montmorillonite GMZ clays andI/S mixed-layer Holmehus clay. The expandability and permeability tests were carried out forinterpretation of the recorded swelling development and assessment of the effect of the salineconditions, with the goal of deriving a relationship between swelling pressure and hydraulicconductivity for different dry densities. The maturation tests of initially fully-saturatedHolmehus clay and partly saturated GMZ clay were performed. During the tests, the shearstrength mobilised by the relative movement of densified mud and migrated dense clay -contained in a perforated central tube - were determined. According to the results of shearstrength tests, the maximum operation time or the number of clay packages to be placed in asingle operation was evaluated, whilst the suitable saturation degree of the dense clay wasdiscussed as well.A model of the maturation of initially water-saturated clay seals based on Darcy’s law wasworked out and the evolution of the clay components in a lab-scale borehole using Holmehusclay were performed and compared with the experimental recordings. Good agreementsbetween the physical behaviors of the theoretical simulations and the measurements wasachieved by which the validity of the model was verified. Using the results, the hydration andsoil migration in the entire maturation process were presented in diagram. The model was alsoused for preliminary evaluation of the maturation products in real boreholes by assuming thesame Holmehus clay as used in the tests. Two constellation of borehole and dense clay withdifferent diameters, 80 cm borehole /60 cm clay and 80cm/50cm, were assumed. The resultsrespecting dry density and hydraulic conductivity of the ultimate maturation products, and thedegree of homogeneous of the buffer and backfill clay system in the assumed boreholes, arepresented and discussed. The options of different mineral types and initial physical propertiesof the candidate buffer clays provide a reference for engineering barrier design of HLW disposalin VDH.
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Aldosary, Huda A. KH. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation by Anaerobic Bacteria from the Great Artesian Basin". Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/393639.
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The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) is a vast subterranean thermal aquifer system underlying over 20% of the Australian continent. Substantial reserves of oil, gas and minerals exist within the GAB and combined with industrial activities can often contaminate the groundwaters. The current study investigated the bacterial ecology of bore waters that were in or close to oil deposits. Three sites were selected, two in the Quilpie/Eromanga region of Queensland (Naretha bore registered number 4022 and Adavale bore registered number 305), and the other in the Moomba oil field of South Australia (Moomba bore 9). A wide diversity of bacteria was detected across all of the samples collectively, including members of 32 bacterial phyla. There was greater diversity in the water samples from bores 4022 and 305 compared with Moomba 9, which was likely due to its closer association with oil. The most dominant bacterial taxa were similar in bores 4022 and 305, families Rhodobacteraceae, and Xanthomonadaceae and the order Bacillales. In contrast, the dominant taxa from Moomba 9 were the family Oxalobacteriaceae and the genus Agrococcus. Three different water samples were tested from bore 4022, from the source, 100 m and 250 m downstream in the runoff channel water. The bacterial diversity increased the further away the water flowed from the bore, due to the cooler water and contamination from the surrounding environment.
A comprehensive anaerobic thermophilic enrichment program revealed that bacteria grew on a wide variety of organic substrates and a range of heavy metals as terminal electron acceptors. Isolation yielded 164 bacteria capable of using substrates from sugars and extracts through to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and reducing the metals iron(III), vanadium(V), cobalt(III) and manganese(IV). Seven pure iron(III) reducing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degrading bacteria, designated strains RN40AT, RN40BT, RN40CT, RN40DT, RN305AT, RN305BT and MBA9BT, were selected for further studies. The rates of degradation Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation by Anaerobic Bacteria from the Great Artesian Basin and PAH preference varied significantly between the isolates. Strain MBA9BT showed the highest extent (97.6%) of anthracene degradation while strain RN305BT was the lowest (9.7%). Again, strain MBA9BT also showed the highest extent (91.2%) of pyrene degradation and strain RN40DT showed the lowest (16.1%). Phenanthrene degradation was highest in strain RN40BT and the lowest in strain MBA9BT (2%). PAH degradation in all the isolates showed a direct dependence on Fe(III) reduction. A measurable decrease in the surface tension of the medium suggested the production of biosurfactants by all isolates when grown with PAHs as substrates.
Genomic analysis of the isolates revealed subsystems of different pathways that are commonly found in metal acquisition, transport and utilisation as well as those for aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Strain RN40DT had the highest number of genes involved in the metabolism of PAHs, though all of the isolates had genes for the metabolism of central aromatic intermediates, especially those related to catechol, salicylate and homogentisate degradation. The isolates had varying levels of genes involved in the metabolism and resistance to iron, copper, chromium, zinc, molybdenum, manganese and mercury. Strains RN40AT, RN305AT RN305BT, RN40BT and RN40DT contained the most genes for iron acquisition and metabolism including those for siderophores, hemin transporters and ferric ABC transport systems.
The results in the current study have built upon our understanding of bacterial diversity in the GAB, particularly with insights into waters associated with oil deposits. Bacteria that degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the simultaneous reduction of Fe(III) under anaerobic conditions were isolated for the first time and may have significant potential in bioremediation of contaminated groundwaters.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Vatanen, V. (Varpu). "”She waited and breathed, and the water didn’t come. The ice bore her.”:Satumaisen maaginen selviytymistarina: Eowyn Iveyn romaani The Snow Child lapsettomuuden kriisin ja surutyön prosessin allegorisena kuvauksena". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201811293148.
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Tutkielmani aiheena on alaskalaisen Eowyn Iveyn esikoisromaani The Snow Child (2012) lapsettomuuden kriisin ja surutyön prosessin allegorisena kuvauksena. Teos käsittelee raskaita asioita ihmeellisen herkällä tavalla: Ivey kuvaa masennusta, surua ja lapsettomuuden kriisiä osin realistisesti, osin maagisen realismin, sadun ja fantastisen keinoin. Runsas symboliikka ja maagiset elementit realistisen masennus- ja selviytymiskertomuksen rinnalla tarjoavat mahdollisuuden koko teoksen allegoriseen lukemiseen. Tutkielmassani keskityn lapsettomuuden kriisiin ja surutyön prosessiin lähinnä naishahmo Mabelin kautta. Miehiset hahmot jäävät sivummalle johtuen feministisen ja ekofeministisen tutkimusotteen merkityksestä tutkielmassani. Tutkielmani nimessä esiintyvä lainaus teoksesta on allegorinen viitaten melankolisen Mabelin tilaan ja Mabelin ja talvisin ilmestyvän lumityttö Fainan suhteeseen: jää kantaa masentunutta Mabelia sittenkin, eikä hän huku. Lainauksen allegorisuus selittyy tulkinnallani Fainasta Mabelin pelastajana, keinona, jolla Mabel selviytyy surustaan. Faina, Mabelin lisäksi teoksen toinen merkittävä naishahmo, on maaginen mysteeri ja sellaiseksi myös jää teoksen lopussa. Fainan alkuperästä, olemuksesta ja sen merkityksestä teoksessa esitän pohdintoja ja hypoteeseja useassa luvussa. Pyrin perustelemaan päätelmiäni tutkimalla teoksessa esiintyviä eri genrejä ja niiden suhdetta allegoriaan, osoittamalla teoksen intertekstuaalisia yhteyksiä eri hypoteksteihin, erityisesti satuihin, ja ennen kaikkea analysoimalla löytämiäni allegorisia piirteitä lähemmin sekä viittaamalla psykologisiin tutkimuksiin. Teos sijoittuu Alaskaan, ja luonnon kuvaus on siinä oleellista. Käsittelenkin melko laajasti teoksen luontosymboliikkaa allegorisuuden tuottajana ja merkittävänä osana tulkintaa. Teoksen suhde luontoon perustelee myös ekofeministisen lähestymistavan feministisen ja psykologisen tutkimusotteeni ohessa. Ekofeminismi liittyy ajatukseeni käsittää Faina paitsi liminaalitilassa olevaksi tytöksi ja osin Mabelin psyyken luomaksi fantasiaksi, myös Alaskan ja Toiseuden symboliksi. Osoitan Iveyn teosta analysoimalla myös sen kantaaottavuuden äitiyden rooliin ja sen ongelmiin. Psykologista tutkimusotetta edustavat äitiyden kriisien tutkimukseen keskittyneet psykoanalyyttiset ja psykologiset tutkimukset, joita käytän Mabelin tilan selittämisessä. Mabelin masennuksen ja surutyön kaaren tarkastelun yhteydessä käytän myös lääketieteellisiä lähteitä havainnollistamaan ja perustelemaan Mabelin toimintaa. Jo mainitsemani liminaalisuus on työssäni olennaista, ja pyrin lääketieteellisin ja psykologisin lähtein täsmentämään tutkielmassa esittämiäni ajatuksia masennuksesta liminaalitilana. Haluan myös nostaa esille uutta alaskalaista naiskirjallisuutta, sillä Iveystä ei ole juuri tehty tutkimuksia. Tutkimukseni perusteella koko teoksen voi lukea surutyön allegoriana, jossa on elementtejä maagisesta realismista ja fantastisesta. Teoksessa kuvattujen lapsettomuuden surun ja masennuksen ollessa fiktion ulkopuolellakin olemassa olevia ongelmia esitän, että teosta voisi hyvin käyttää myös kirjallisuusterapiassa. Allegorisen tulkinnan kautta teoksen voi käsittää melankolisuudestaan huolimatta viestivän toivosta ja elämän hyvyydestä.
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Vatn, Karsten Dånmark. "Optimization of water-borne crude oil transport". Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering Cybernetics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9544.
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A ship scheduling problem in optimization of water-borne crude oil transportation has been investigated. The classic optimization problem the most closely related to the problem at hand is the Multi-Vehicle-Pick-up-and-Delivery Problem with Time Windows (m-PDPTW). In addition to the basic characteristics of the m-PDPTW, the studied problem has an additional degree of freedom due to having pick-ups and deliveries that are not matched. This extra freedom gives new possibilities when creating effective heuristics when dealing with transportation problems. The studied problem has been presented in relation to carefully selected background literature. On this basis a proposed heuristic has been developed, and implemented using some already existing structures in the commercial decision support system TurboRouter. The studied problem is an industrial shipping problem, an operational mode where the shipper owns the cargo to be transported. No income is therefore made directly from transporting goods. Therefore the objective function chosen was net income, which in this mode is the same as minimizing the net expenses. A multi-start local search with pre-matching of pick-ups and deliveries heuristic was chosen based on an assessment of problem size, problem type, real life applicability and existing software. This heuristic consists of three main parts. First the pick-ups and deliveries are matched and merged in a pre-matching heuristic, and then a large number of initial solutions are generated by an insertion heuristic. The best initial solutions are then improved by a local search. Two strategies were developed for pre-matching and then tested. The one with the best test results was subsequently used in the heuristic. This multi-start local search with pre-matching of pick-ups and deliveries heuristic has been subject to rigorous testing and was compared to a single-start local search and multiple initial solutions heuristic. The solutions generated by the multi-start local search heuristic were superior compared to those of the other heuristics, but the computation time necessary was high and higher than those of the heuristics which it was compared to. This high computation time is partially believed to be a result of flexible data sets resulting in broad solution spaces. In addition some computationally expensive heuristics were deployed, increasing the computation time. In real life applications, finding a solution relatively quickly is of importance. Therefore the heuristic may need to be simplified and used on "tighter" data sets than some sets used in testing to be real life applicable.
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Trueman, Richard Edward. "Self segregation in water-borne latex coatings". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610438.
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Quinn, Megan, i B. O'Connell. "Water-Borne Disease From a Global Perspective". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6808.
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Hao, Wenjun. "Atomic layer deposition of boron nitride". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1311/document.
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Cette thèse conclut 3 années d'études doctorales sur le "dépôt de couches atomiques (ALD) de nitrure de bore (BN)". Le but de ce travail a été d'adapter la voie des céramiques dérivées de polymères (PDC) à la technique ALD pour la croissance de films minces de h-BN et l'élaboration de nanostructures fonctionnelles. Tout d'abord, un nouveau procédé d'ALD sans ammoniac en deux étapes, comprenant une croissance par ALD à basse température (80 °C) de polyborazine (PBN) à partir de 2,4,6-trichloroborazine et d'hexaméthyldisilazane suivi un traitement thermique à haute température sous atmosphère contrôlée a été développé. Ainsi, des films minces uniformes et homogènes de BN ont pu être déposés sur divers substrats. Le caractère autolimité des réactions mises en jeu ainsi que l'homogénéité des films sur des supports très structurés ont été vérifiés. De ce fait des nanostructures fonctionnelles BN ont été réalisées à partir de substrats ou de templates de dimensionnalité variée. Leurs applications en tant que revêtements protecteurs et comme filtres et éponges absorbantes pour purifier les eaux polluées par des hydrocarbures ont en particulier été étudiées. Enfin, un deuxième procédé ALD basse température (85-150°C) utilisant le tri(isopropylamino)borane et la méthylamine comme précurseurs a été préalablement étudié afin de confirmer l'adaptabilité de la voie PDC et la technique ALD. Des films minces de BN ont été obtenus sur des substrats plans et il a été prouvé que les vapeurs de tri(isopropylamino)borane peuvent infiltrer des fibres de polyacrylonitrile électrofilées.Ce travail a été entièrement réalisé à l'Université de Lyon et a reçu le soutien financier du China Scholarship Council (CSC) pour la bourse de doctorat ainsi que de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (projet n° ANR-16-CE08-0021-01)This thesis achieves 3 years of PhD studies on “Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of boron nitride (BN)”. The aim of this PhD work is to adapt the polymer derived ceramics (PDCs) route to the ALD technique for h-BN thin film growth and elaboration of functional nanostructures. A novel two-step ammonia-free ALD process, which includes ALD deposition of polyborazine at low temperature (80 °C) from 2,4,6-trichloroborazine and hexamethyldisilazane followed by post heat treatment under controlled atmosphere, has been established. Conformal and homogeneous BN thin films have been deposited onto various substrates. The self-limitation of the reactions on flat substrates and the conformality of the films on structured substrates have been verified. Functional BN nanostructures have thus been fabricated using substrates or templates with different dimensionalities. In particular, their applications as protective coatings as well as filter and absorber to purify polluted water from organic/oil hav e been investigated. Finally, a second low temperature (85-150 °C) ALD process using tri(isopropylamine)borane and methylamine as precursors has preliminary been studied in order to confirm the adaptability of PDCs route to ALD technique. BN thin films have been grown onto flat substrate and it has been proven that tri(isopropylamino)borane vapor can infiltrate into electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers.This work was carried out at University of Lyon and financially supported by the National Research Agency (project n° ANR-16-CE08-0021-01)
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Hou, Ting. "DNA microarray-based detection of water-borne viruses". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2165/.
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Viruses can be transmitted through and contaminate waters causing waterborne epidemics to humans and animals. There is insufficient understanding about how viruses survive in the environment, and to what extent this may differ between agents or in the co-presence of other micro-organisms. The limited data makes it difficult to determine the risks of viruses and this hinders the preparation of preventative plans against viral transmission through the waters. This project sought to establish a DNA microarraybased approach to detect and differentiate between viruses in environmental waters, to provide a sensitive, specific and rapid system for monitoring virus contamination. Such a system might provide data not only for improved predictions of the outbreak of diseases but may lead to the effective modelling ofvirus re-circulation through the environment. The Picornaviridae virus family was the focus of this project. 152 specific microarray probes were designed after using 'ClustalX' software to multiply align the respective virus sequences and conducting 'BLASTN' similarity searches to estimate their specificity. Standard and multiplex RT-PCR amplification of viral nucleic acids with direct incorporation of fluorescent Cy-dyes was combined with the DNA microarray hybridization technique to identify the virus composition of test and environmental samples. The microarray data was normalised and ranked using a range of statistical methods. After the development of appropriate detection criteria using pilot studies with known input virus samples the experimental and statistical process was applied to detection and identification of viruses within environmental samples. Following tests on a range of different techniques for RNA extraction, amplification and labelling the following optimal procedure was adopted: following the concentration of virus particles by acetone precipitation, RNA from the environmental samples was extracted using the 'QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit'; following olio-dT-primed cDNA synthesis, the 'Genomiphi V2 DNA Amplification Kit' was used to randomly amplify the cDNA; the DNA was then directly labelled by incorporating Cy-dyes in a PCR reaction with multiple virus-specific primers. A sewage sample was provided by the Reading HPA Environmental Virology Unit for testing in this project; they had identified a number of viruses in this sample by cell culture: Coxsackieviruses B2, B3, B4 and B5 and also detected some unknown isolates. The optimised microarray-based method developed in this project predicted the presence of the following viruses in the same sewage sample: Coxsackieviruses B4 and B3, Bovine Enterovirus, Poliovirus and Hepatitis A virus. Thtis, while some ofthe same viruses were detected by the microarray, a range of other viruses were also detected, using relatively stringent statistical thresholds. The microarray-based detection system appears to have broader specificity, and possibly sensitivity, than the cell culture-based approaches and importantly, is potentially able to direct non-cultivable and non-viable viruses in a water sample. These findings, coupled with the rapid nature of the technique, suggest that micorarrays, could, in the future, provide a superior alternative to cell culture-based methods for detection ofwaterborne viruses.
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Regan, Christopher James. "The durability of water-borne acrylic coating systems". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337183.
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The objectives of this research programme were to examine the influence of manufacturing and processing parameters on the environmental stability of aqueous acrylic based latices and to also extend the programme to an assessment of the behaviour of various stabiliser types suitable to such materials through either end-group modification or direct in-situ addition. During the research programme a number of physical and chemical techniques were assessed to routinely characterise and monitor the photochemical and thermal degradation of acrylic latices. These were based on emulsion polymerised formulations of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. In the first instance, acrylic latices based on different formulations were chosen as homopolymers and copolymers. Here the nature of impurities and oxidation products generated during various stages of their manufacture have to be characterised and inter-related to their influence on subsequent environmental degradation. This involved the use of reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy to show functional group changes together with colourimetric U.V. analysis to determine photochemical generation of hydroperoxides. The early chemical changes and their subsequent influence on the physical and chemical properties of the latices during the later stages of environmental degradation were found to exhibit a close inter-relationship. In this regard the formation and the manufacturing temperatures and periods were crucial. Thermal methods of analysis were also used to characterise differences in the properties of the latices before and during thermal and photochemical oxidation. The nature of the residual persulphate initiator and the compositions of the latices in terms of end group modification were important parameters. De-esterification and hydroperoxide formation were found to be important processes during latex degradation while the use of low levels of co-monomer addition. such as methacrylic acicL to the emulsion reaction gave latices with improved light stability. Subsequent aspects of the research programme involved a detailed investigation into the behaviour and performance of various stabiliser types and formulations. Thus, while coreactive hindered piperidine stabilisers was found to be effective, the incorporation of simple terminal dialkyl acrylamide/methacrylaroide groups were also found to be effective. The efficiency of dialkylamide groups operating through a sacrificial mechanism is discussed. The influence of these processing operations on subsequent stabiliser activity provides valuable information on the mode of action of these stabilisers in such complex media. Further work involved a study into the effect of fluorinated methacrylates used in emulsion polymerised formulations. Here, the presence of residual starting materials in the monomer was found to have a detrimental effect in terms of photostability. Subsequent analysis of acrylic resins, based on solution polymerised formulations of methyl methacrylate and fluorinated methacrylates, was undertaken. The influence of reactive stabiliser types on these resins was important and to improve stabiliser perfonnance, synergistic stabiliser formulations were studied. This project will provide important fundamental information on the behaviour of active chromophores produced during the manufacturing process and hopefully resuh in the development of monitoring methodologies to establish paint quality.
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Broadbridge, Simon Glenn. "A biomimetic approach to water-borne surface coatings". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243175.
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Wilson, Jonathan. "Sorption of metals from aqueous solution by bone charcoal". Connect to e-thesis, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/756/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2002.Ph.D. thesis submitted to Environmental, Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow, 2002. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Nissen, Silke. "Remediation of water-borne pollutants and pathogens by photoelectrocatalysis". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25471.
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Viney, R. D. "Structure-property relationships in water-borne pressure-sensitive adhesives". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488267.
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Barrett, Brian Edward. "Water-borne geophysics for Murray River salt-load detection". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smb2741.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115) Towed DC Resistivity and Transient Electromagnetic arrays have been trialled for suitability in monitoring salt-loads on the Murray River at Waikerie, South Australia.
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Gonzalez, Cécile. "Quantification de l'acidification de l'océan par l'analyse géochimique des coraux profonds". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112009/document.
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L’acidification des océans provoquée par l’absorption du CO2 atmosphérique par l’eau de merest devenue une préoccupation écologique majeure et menace déjà les organismes calcifiants. Suiteà la révolution industrielle, le pH de l’océan de surface a diminué de 0,1 unité-pH. En revanche, celuides eaux profondes reste peu documenté. Les isotopes du bore (11B) dans les carbonatesbiogéniques se sont révélés être un puissant outil géochimique pour la reconstitution du pH, mais n’apas encore été appliqué aux coraux profonds. Un travail analytique sur MC-ICPMS Neptune et uneanalyse géochimique de ces coraux ont été effectués afin de reconstituer et quantifier l’acidificationdes océans. De même, la valeur 11B de l’eau de mer utilisée pour calculer les paléo-pH a étérevisitée et l’homogénéité des océans vérifiée.L’analyse de deux colonies modernes de Lophelia pertusa et Madrepora oculata a permis dequantifier un taux d’acidification pendant la fin du XXème siècle pour les eaux de sub-surface en mer deNorvège et cela après établissement d’une calibration expérimentale à partir de coraux de culture.L’analyse géochimique des coraux profonds a mis en évidence un effet vital lié à la physiologie quidoit être considéré pour quantifier avec précision la variabilité du pH. Celui-ci peut être en partiecorrigé par une analyse statistique des isotopes stables B, C et O. Cette étude a aussi révélél’influence de l’hydrodynamique régionale. Enfin les variations naturelles du pH pendant l’Holocène etle Dernier Maximum Glaciaire sur des coraux profonds fossiles méditerranéens ont été établies etcelles pendant l’aube de l’explosion de la diversité biologiqueOcean acidification is caused by the absorption of rising atmospheric CO2 by seawater andrepresents a major environmental issue. Since the beginning of the industrial era, seawater pH hasdecreased by 0.1 pH units and is already threatening calcifying organisms. Boron isotopes (11B) haveproved to be a powerful geochemical tool for the reconstruction of pH variations, but has not yet beenapplied to deep-sea corals (DSC). Accurate and precise measurements of boron isotopes in coralsand seawaters were performed in order to measure small pH variations.The technique of pH reconstruction based on boron isotopes (pH-11B) was used on two specimens of the DSC Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa collected alive in the Norwegian Sea and spanning an age of 40 (3) and 67 (3) years, respectively. Acidification rates were calculated by applying a new pH-11B calibration obtained from the geochemical analysis M. oculata and L. pertusa samples cultured under different pCO2 conditions. The contribution of a biological-related vital effect on d11B was observed at macrometer scale, and a correction was finally suggested based on oxygen and carbon isotopes. Overall, the coral δ 11B-based reconstructions show a pH decrease in the Norwegian Sea since the 1940s, which seems to be related to the local hydrodynamics. The pH-11B technique was also applied to fossil DSC fragments from two “on-mound sediment cores” retrieved in the Siculo-Tunisian Strait with the aim to reconstruct the pH during the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene periods. Finally, well-preserved limestone samples from the stratigraphic sequence Nama (551-543 Ma) in Namibia were investigated for 11B to study the pH variations at the beginning of the Cambrian evolutive radiation
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Das, Paramita [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Möller i Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Richtering. "Water-borne self-assembled polymer/nanoclay-based nacre-mimetics with superior mechanical and functional properties / Paramita Das ; Martin Möller, Walter Richtering". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125910585/34.
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Dong, Hai. "Water-borne oil-modified polyurethane coatings via hybrid miniemulsion polymerization". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8514.
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Tay, Hwee Koon. "Barrier properties of water-borne polymeric coatings and corrosion protection". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363999.
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Bories-Azeau, Xavier. "Synthesis of novel block copolymer dispersants for water-borne pigments". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555262.
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Carrier, Roxie. "Temperature Tolerance of Freshwater Fish Exposed to Water-Borne Cadmium". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504077/.
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Lethal toxicity values (96 h LC50; mg Cd/L) for the test species were similar: Lepomis cyanellus, 11.52; Notropis lutrensis, 6.62; Pimephales promelus, 3.58. However the effects of cadmium concentration and exposure time on temperature tolerance varied between species. Neither cadmium concentration nor exposure time had a significant effect on the CTM of green sunfish. Both cadmium concentration and exposure time had a significant effect on the CTMs of red shiners and fathead minnows. By day 10 mean CTMs were 2.3 t- 4.5 C (red shiners) and 4.2 to 5.7 C (fathead minnows) lower than control CTM. These results suggest a potential problem in cadmium contaminated systems for high environmental temperatures to stress or kill fish.
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Fernandes, Ana Margarida Conde. "Development of water-borne adhesives using monomers from renewable sources". Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/8040.
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Within this master thesis, I carried out an experimental investigation of new synthetic routes to acrylic aqueous adhesives using components obtained from renewable raw materials. The experimental program has included two different strategies. In the first strategy we investigated the covalent incorporation of carboxylic acids coming from vegetable oils into methacrylic monomer and their subsequent miniemulsion polymerization. Our second strategy consisted in the incorporation of similar carboxylic acids into methacrylic monomers via ionic complexation. Then, we investigated a serie of polymer latexes synthesized via free radical emulsion polymerization of these ionic monomers.
In the case of our covalently attached monomer, it was possible to obtain high efficiency of the miniemulsion polymerization reaction. However, we observed some coagulation problems of the latexes and the obtained film were brittle and did not show adhesive properties.
In the second case, we investigated the polymerization of the ionic methacrylic-carboxylate monomers in water by free radical polymerization. For this system it was observed that an exact range exists between the monomer solids content of the reaction and the ratio between the monomer components, in order to obtain stable emulsions. Interestingly, after drying, the obtained films showed good adhesive properties demonstrating a remarkable ability of these to adhere in rigid surfaces. Nesta tese de mestrado, realizei uma investigação experimental de novas rotas de síntese para formular adesivos acrílicos em fase aquosa usando componentes obtidos a partir de matérias-primas renováveis. O programa experimental incluiu duas estratégias distintas. Numa primeira estratégia foi investigada a incorporação covalente de ácidos carboxílicos provenientes de óleos vegetais em monómeros metacrílicos e sua subsequente polimerização por miniemulsão. A segunda estratégia consistiu na incorporação de ácidos carboxílicos similares, em monómeros metacrílicos, via complexação iónica. Em seguida realizou-se uma investigação de uma serie de “latexes” de polímeros, obtidos por polimerização em emulsão de radicais livres provenientes destes monómeros iónicos.
No caso do monómero ligado covalentemente, foi possível obter uma elevada eficiência da reacção de polimerização por miniemulsão. No entanto, observaram-se alguns problemas de coagulação dos “latexes” e os filmes obtidos eram quebradiços não apresentando quaisquer propriedades adesivas.
No segundo caso estudado, foi investigada a polimerização dos monómeros iónicos metacrílicos-carboxilatos em água por polimerização via radical livre. Para este sistema verificou-se que existe uma faixa exacta entre o teor de sólidos contidos do em reacção e a razão mássica entre os componentes monoméricos, a fim de se obterem emulsões estáveis. Curiosamente, após a secagem dos filmes obtidos, estes apresentaram boas propriedades adesivas que demonstram uma notável capacidade destes compostos para aderir a superfícies rígidas.
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Smith, H. E. M. "The protection of poorly prepared steel surfaces using water-borne coatings". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233531.
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Errington, Nicola. "Structure-property relationships in water-borne, crosslinked, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594755.
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Five series of acrylic water-borne pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA's) were prepared with controlled particle morphologies, including core-shell and continually-varying composition. All latex adhesives were prepared at 50 % solids content by emulsion polymerisation of n-butyl acrylate (BA) and acrylic acid (AA) as the main monomers and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDA) as a crosslinking agent. Seed particles of poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) were grown by an in-situ batch process to produce a particle of diameter 110 nm. Direct growth of these particles by a semi-continuous process under monomerstarved conditions was employed to give a final particle diameter of approximately 310 nm. Preliminary investigations were aimed at preparation of a latex with a narrow particle size distribution and a low level of coagulum. Initial work using 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) as the main monomer was not successful because a stable 50 % solids latex could not be produced with controlled particle growth. Hence a formulation was developed using BA and AA. Three series of latexes were prepared with a core-shell particle morphology. Series 1 involved the investigation of the level of crosslinker in the core, at fixed 45:55 core:shell weight ratio, with HDA levels ranging from 0 to 37.5 mol%. Series 2 investigated the volume fraction of crosslinked core (containing 33.3 mol% HDA) over the range 55:45 to 15:85 core:shell weight ratio. Series 3 investigated the effects of the thickness of a crosslinked shell (9.1 mol% HDA) for core-shell particles with a noncrosslinked core (at 55:45, 75:25 and 90:10 core:shell weight ratios). Series 4 latexes were prepared using power-feed processes, one linear power-feed and three based on Series 1 and 2 core-shell adhesive compositions. An additional latex was prepared with a particle profile in which the composition changed linearly with particle radius. Series 5 adhesives were blends of two latexes, such that the mixture had the same composition as Series 2 core-shell adhesives and consisted of the 'core' of the core-shell adhesive blended with a latex with the same composition as the shell of the respective core-shell adhesive. Latex preparation was controlled and monitored by measuring the particle size and the conversion of monomer to polymer at intervals during the preparation. Thermal properties of the adhesives were investigated for thick film samples by dynamic mechanical analysis {DMA}to measure the glass transition temperature {Tg}. Differential scanning calorimetry {DSC}was also used to measure Tgfor comparison. DMA showed two Tg's corresponding to the core and the shell. As the level of crosslinker was increased, the two Tg's became more discrete due to the Tg of the crosslinked phase increasing. The magnitude of the peaks in loss tangent {tan 5} for the core and shell material changed in accordance with the ratio of core:shell. Power-feed adhesives showed a broad glass transition region, which spanned the regions between the Tg's of the equivalent core-shell adhesive. The peaks in tan 5 for the blended systems were more discrete than for the equivalent core-shell adhesives. Adhesive properties were assessed using shear resistance and 1800 peel adhesion tests. Static shear tests were inadequate for testing highly-crosslinked adhesives; hence a dynamic shear resistance test was developed. In comparison to a uniform {noncrosslinked} poly(butyl acrylate-eo-acrylic acid} (PBAlAA) latex, inclusion of crosslinker led to vastly reduced peel adhesion. However, as the level of crosslinker was increased in the Series 1 adhesives, both the peel adhesion and the shear resistance increased. Series 2 and 3 latexes showed that the peel adhesion increases as the amount of non-crosslinked phase is increased. Series 2 adhesives exhibited a maximum in the shear resistance, while Series 3 adhesives showed a decreased in shear resistance as amount of non-crosslinked! ehe core was increased. Adhesive properties of Series 4 power-feed latex polymers showed no dependence on overall crosslink density, but revealed that there is a dependence on the distribution of crosslinker through the particle.
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Thompson, William Z. "EFFECT OF POLYMER DESIGN AND COATING FORMULATION ON THE WATER UPTAKE AND SENSITIVITY OF ACRYLIC WATER-BORNE FILMS". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2160.
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Water-borne latex coatings represent a safer, more user-friendly, and environmentally responsible alternative to solvent-borne coatings, and are growing in popularity each year. However, these coatings often exhibit unfavorable performance when exposed to water for extended periods of time. This prolonged exposure often results in water uptake, which may give rise to other detrimental effects such as a decrease in modulus, blushing or water-whitening, reduced serviceable life, and softening of the film. In this study, various polymer composition latex design spaces are studied to develop an understanding of how water uptake can be modulated and minimized using common synthetic approaches. Factors including monomer selection, particle size, polymer molecular weight, crosslinking density, surfactant choice and particle stabilization, processing variables and Tg are considered. In addition, some formulation modifications including PVC, film thickness, and choice of coalescent package are explored to gain a more comprehensive understanding of final product performance. In quantifying the total water uptake of the films, gravimetric analysis tends to be the preferred method employed in the coatings industry. However, other analytical approaches can be used to better understand the effect that water has on the properties of the film. These methods may include differential scanning calorimetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, immersion testing using dynamic mechanical analysis, and others. In the work, it has been shown that interparticle crosslinking, surfactant, and monomer selection can have an extreme influence on the water uptake of free films. Film samples exhibit a range of water uptake values from nearly 200% to less than 5% over a one-week soak in deionized water. It is thought that the surfactant may provide hydrophilic channels that allow water to v penetrate the film and form heterogeneous domains within the coating. These domains then grow and scatter light, leading to water-whitening and an increase in mass when compared to the dry film. Utilizing monomers with differing relative solubilities in water, such as methyl methacrylate and styrene, further allow control of this effect. Interparticle crosslinking via keto-hydrazide crosslinking, which is achieved during the film formation process, can also prevent the formation and growth of these large water domains, thus resulting in better performing films.
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Ailavajhala, Ramyasri. "NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC ASSESSMENT OF BONE WATER BINDING TO COLLAGEN AND MINERAL". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/591935.
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BioengineeringPh.D.
Cortical bone fragility increases with age, therapeutic drug use and disease states. Clinically, bone fragility is evaluated by assessment of bone mineral density (BMD); however, studies have shown that other factors such as bone architecture, cell turnover and tissue composition influence bone quality. There is growing evidence that age related changes in bone water associated with collagen and/or mineral have a direct impact on bone mechanical competence and structural integrity. Understanding these compositional changes will aid in improved diagnose and prediction of fractures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to evaluate bone water, but this modality is limited in spatial resolution and is still being developed. Although still in the experimental stage, vibrational spectroscopy in the near infrared region (NIR) also known as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nondestructive modality that can spatially evaluate alterations of bone composition. NIRS is a unique nondestructive technique that produces a signature spectrum by penetrating high frequency (4000-12,000 cm-1) non-ionizing radiation into material. NIRS permits a depth of penetration from millimeters to centimeters, dependent on frequency (wavelength). NIRS is very sensitive to water and can be used to provide molecular information of water related to collagen and mineral in bone samples. To date, definitive information on which NIR absorbances are linked to collagen or mineral bound water have not been identified. The overarching hypothesis is that water associated with collagen and/or mineral can be identified using NIRS and will serve as a biomarker for bone fragility in future preclinical studies. This will be achieved with the following three aims: First, to develop a method to image human cortical bone tissue using NIRS; second, to identify NIRS absorbances of water bound with mineral and collagen in bone; and finally, the third aim, to correlate the NIRS-derived water content in human cortical bone to structural properties determined by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Together these studies will establish the NIRS technique as a powerful tool to screen and monitor aging and diseased tissues in preclinical studies.
Temple University--Theses
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Belbaisi, Adham. "Deep Learning-Based Skeleton Segmentation for Analysis of Bone Marrow and Cortical Bone in Water-Fat Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297528.
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A major health concern for subjects with diabetes is weaker bones and increased fracture risk. Current clinical assessment of the bone strength is performed by measuring Bone Mineral Density (BMD), where low BMD-values are associated with an increased risk of fracture. However, subjects with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have been shown to have normal or higher BMD-levels compared to healthy controls, which does not reflect the recognized bone fragility among diabetics. Thus, there is need for more research about diabetes-related bone fragility to find other factors of impaired bone health. One potential biomarker that has recently been studied is Bone Marrow Fat (BMF). The data in this project consisted of whole-body water-fat Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) volumes from the UK Biobank Imaging study (UKBB). Each subject in this data has a water volume and a fat volume, allowing for a quantitative assessment of water and fat content in the body. To analyze and perform quantitative measurements of the bones specifically, a Deep Learning (DL) model was trained, validated, and tested for performing fully automated and objective skeleton segmentation, where six different bones were segmented: spine, femur, pelvis, scapula, clavicle and humerus. The model was trained and validated on 120 subjects with 6-fold cross-validation and tested on eight subjects. All ground-truth segmentations of the training and test data were generated using two semi-automatic pipelines. The model was evaluated for each bone separately as well as the overall skeleton segmentation and achieved varying accuracy, performing better on larger bones than on smaller ones. The final trained model was applied on a larger dataset of 9562 subjects (16% type 2 diabetics) and the BMF, as well as bone marrow volume (BMV) and cortical bone volume (CBV), were measured in the segmented bones of each subject. The results of the quantified biomarkers were compared between T2D and healthy subjects. The comparison revealed possible differences between healthy and diabetic subjects, suggesting a potential for new findings related to diabetes and associated bone fragility.
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Drašar, Zdeněk. "Studie rekonstrukce rybníku Těšík v k.ú. Horní Bory". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371823.
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This diploma thesis deals with the proposal of reconstuction of the pond Těšík at the level of study. The introductory part of the thesis defines the terminology and the partition of small water reservoirs. The next practical part is focused to the locality of interest and its current state leading to the necessary reconstruction. This part is followed by the design of a technical solution for reconstruction based on hydrotechnical calculations and the graphics part.
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UNAL, MUSTAFA. "CLASSIFICATION OF BOUND WATER AND COLLAGEN DENATURATION STATUS OF CORTICAL BONE BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1473384701729628.
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Reynolds, S. James. "Uptake and disposition of calcium and water by egg-laying zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299510.
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Summers, Robert James. "The potential of bucket bored wells for rural water supply in developing countries". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0025/MQ36850.pdf.
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Irving, Elaine Caroline. "Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus to dietary and water-borne cadmium". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341246.
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Peletz, Rachel L. "Safe drinking water for households with young children born to HIV-positive mothers". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558375.
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Yüceer, Ahmet. "Pressure drops along the bores of hollow fibre membranes their measurement, prediction and effect on fibre bundle performance /". Connect to e-thesis, 1985. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/976/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1985.BLL : D80152. Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Glasgow, 1985. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Thomas, Andrew, i Andrew Thomas. "Effect of Oxidative Weathering on In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Toxic Substances in Contaminated, Mine Tailings-borne Dusts". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621844.
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Due to the history of hardrock mining in the southwestern United States, environmental contamination at legacy mine sites is an ongoing problem. Mine wastes, the primary source of contamination, particularly tailings are the uneconomical byproducts of hardrock mining that are generally deposited near a mine. Due to the geochemistry of sulfide orebodies (the source of many valuable metals including Zn, Pb, and Cu), the residues of sulfide ore extraction often have high concentrations of toxic contaminants such as As, Pb and Cd, which are released into the environment due to chemical and mineralogical changes following exposure of the tailings to oxygen and water. The secondary precipitates formed by tailings oxidation are primarily fine particles and due to the dry climate of desert southwestern US, the lack of soil moisture and structure, and the lack of vegetative cover on the tailings surface, contaminated dusts consisting of these secondary precipitates can be generated and spread to nearby communities by wind erosion of the tailings surface. Ingestion or inhalation of these wind-borne dusts can cause health problems resulting from contaminant exposure that depend on the lability of the contaminants in the biofluids that the dust particles come into contact with, a parameter that can be determined using in vitro bioaccessibility assays. This research project concentrated on a tailings pile at the Iron King Mine and Humboldt Smelter Superfund site (IKMHSSS), a disused mine site located in the town of Dewey-Humboldt, AZ. Previous studies at IKHMSSS have revealed that the top meter of the tailings pile encompasses the entirety of a general pyrite (FeS₂) weathering sequence, with the lower levels dominated by pyrite and other minor sulfide minerals (e.g. ZnS, FeAsS, PbS), an intermediate layer dominated by sulfate salts, ferrihydrite and other amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxides, and a surface layer dominated by crystalline tertiary precipitates such as jarosite (KFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆). Samples were taken from seven distinct layers differentiated by color, texture and morphological characteristics, and the PM₁₀ fraction of each sample was isolated using a cyclone dust generator. The PM₁₀ samples were then treated with synthetic biofluids designed to mimic physiological conditions present in the human respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract, and the aqueous concentations of As, Fe, Pb and SO₄ were measured at successive time points to determine the chemical kinetics of contaminant release into the synthetic interstitial fluids. The solution data was complemented by x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments performed at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. These studies found that the in vitro bioaccessibility of both Pb and As was highest for the unweathered deep tailings samples and lowest for the partially-oxidized transition zone samples. The primary factors found to control bioaccessibility were the presence of labile Fe³⁺ and SO₄²⁻ in the samples, both of which are required to drive the precipitation of secondary minerals capable of incorporating trace elements such as As and Pb into their structure.
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Sen, Evrim. "Water Dispersed Epoxy Resin For Surface Coatings". Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1211051/index.pdf.
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In this research water dispersed epoxy varnishes were produced by reacting solid epoxy resin with ethylene diamine (EDA) and maleinized fatty acids of linseed oil.
Maleinized fatty acid (MFA) was produced by the maleinization process, in which, fatty acid and maleic anhydride were reacted under nitrogen atmosphere.
Maleinization was performed in order to insert hydrophilic groups to the fatty acid chains, which were then inserted to the backbone of the
epoxy resin. This was done to give water dispersibility to the hydrophobic epoxy resin.
Solid epoxy resin was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane. Ethylene diamine was then added to the solution at 50°C, and stirred for 4 hours. Then the temperature was increased to 80oC and kept for 2 hours. Maleinized fatty acids were then introduced, and the reaction was carried out at 90oC for 10 hours. 1,4-dioxane was used for the removal of the water, which forms as the byproduct. Then the driers were added. The carboxylic groups of the maleinized fatty acid were neutralized by morpholine and the product was dispersed in water. The varnish was applied on test panels and left for air-drying for 24 hours and then baked at 140°
C for 5 hours. The free epoxy content was determined by pyridinium-chloride titration and it was seen that all the epoxy groups reacted. Also, produced fatty acid was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and maleinized fatty acid was characterized by H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Hardness, bending, impact resistance, gloss, and abrasion resistance tests were carried out on hardened varnish specimens. The samples generally showed good mechanical and physical properties. While the baking time was increased the hardness of product increased. Samples showed superior impact resistance, gloss, and flexibility.
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Vieira, Figueira Cibele. "El borde costero como límite: directrices para el caso de Porto Alegre". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6571.
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La cuestión principal que se propone afrontar este trabajo de tesis es entender la relación entre el límite costero y la malla urbana respecto a su estructura, qué significado aporta el paseo marítimo o ribereño a la ciudad para definir una identidad colectiva. Al crecer, la ciudad pierde, recupera, descubre o se topa con nuevas identidades que le atribuyen un diferencial, un valor; el paseo costero es una estructura con gran significado que contribuye a la identidad local, y que debe encajar en la estructura de la ciudad. El trabajo busca reconocer estos valores que se concretan en imágenes y prototipos visuales y expresarlos gráficamente.Hemos investigado los principales condicionantes de los paseos costeros como elementos de protección del borde de agua y como elementos que se integran en el medio natural, basándonos en el estudio sistemático de diversas experiencias ya realizadas, para desarrollar el análisis de este tipo de espacio público asociado al ejercicio de la proyectación arquitectónica. Este tipo de espacio complejo, concebido desde distintos aspectos ―algunos fundamentales para su realización, como el económico―, en este análisis será abordado desde el punto de vista morfológico, a partir del análisis visual y del análisis gráfico.
En la investigación se da énfasis al paseo costero como protagonista principal en la tarea de la ordenación del borde costero y como el elemento capaz de rematar dignamente las áreas urbanas y configurar la fachada de la ciudad junto al mar. Hemos buscado reconocer las relaciones entre el borde y la ciudad que establecen la idea de unión, definir cuáles son los condicionantes físicos que configuran la delimitación urbana y la relación con los elementos urbanos de la ciudad. A través de diversos proyectos analizados establecemos algunos parámetros respecto a la calidad visual a nivel urbano (texturas, volúmenes y colores) y a nivel del observador (suelo, fachada, arbolado, mobiliario urbano y elementos especiales).
El punto de partida es la construcción de un esquema metodológico que ha permitido profundizar en las relaciones entre las soluciones estudiadas y un caso real al cual podría aplicarse. A partir de este momento entramos en un área bastante cercana a la autora, que es el actual estado de la zona costera de la ciudad de Porto Alegre. Se estudia un tramo bastante central, de siete kilómetros, donde fue construida a poco más de diez años una avenida junto a la costa como una vía para intentar resolver el problema del tráfico viario, cuando, a partir de este momento, la ciudad redescubre la costa que estaba olvidada. Actualmente esta zona presenta sólo algunas intervenciones puntuales y mantiene sus características naturales. Este trabajo ha buscado reconocer los diferentes elementos de este tipo de zona que requiere una teoría propia donde se describan tipos universales aplicables a la definición del borde costero. Hemos pretendido establecer una relación de indicadores y sugerencias que permitan reflexionar sobre el paseo desde su uso urbano y su relación con el ámbito natural.
La tesis busca comprender con qué herramientas de análisis se puede lograr una mejor comprensión y aproximación al espacio construido y cómo este estudio puede auxiliar a la hora de establecer directrices para crear un espacio público similar. Finalmente, el trabajo es un análisis del borde costero como espacio público de excepción dentro de la ciudad. A través de la observación de valores percibidos en paseos existentes dentro de España y dos casos significativos brasileños se ha buscado determinar los principales elementos de formación de este tipo de área. Partiendo de este punto, evaluamos el caso de Porto Alegre cuya zona costera, junto al centro de la ciudad, necesita una intervención. Basados en las conclusiones de la investigación, proponemos directrices para este caso específico.
This essay intends to unveil the relationship between the boundaries of the sea and the urban network with regard to its structure, the value of the promenade in connection with the city to define a collective identity.
When the city grows, it losses, develops, discovers or bumps into new identities which give it another value; the promenade is a structure which carries a valuable meaning to the local identity and it has to fit in with the city's structure. This essay intends to identify such values by turning them into images and graphs.
We did a research into the determining factors of the promenade as a key protection of the seaside and as an element which blends with nature. Such conclusions are based on a wide range of different experiences which helped us to get a complete insight into this architectural element. One of the key factors to analyse this complex space is the economic viewpoint, however, we are going to analyse it from a morphological point of view together with a visual and graphic analysis.
This research highlights the promenade as a key weapon in the coast planning as well as an outline against the urban areas which contributes to the city's façade. We intended to identify the link between the seashore and the city, and at the same time to define the physical elements which set the urban limits and their relationship. The different projects analysed lead to some conclusions concerning the quality of the urban landscape (texture, volume, colours) and the observer's feedback (ground, façade, woodland, street furniture, special elements).
The drawing of a methodological sketch is the starting point to deepen into the relationships between the solutions studied and a real case to which it could be applied.
From this moment onwards we get into the current condition of the coastal area of Porto Alegre.
The scope of the study covers a stretch of seven kilometres. There, an avenue was built next to the coast within ten years or so in an effort to solve road traffic problems. At that moment, the city rediscovers the coast which had been completely forgotten.
At present, this area maintains its natural features on the whole. This essay tries to identify the range of different elements in the area to set them as an example so that they can be applied to the definition of "seashore". We made a list of signs and suggestions to think about the promenade, its urban use and its connection with the environment.
The thesis looks for the necessary tools to achieve a better understanding of the built belt. It might help to build up guidelines when the right time comes to create a new and similar public area.
To sum up, the essay is an analysis of the seashore looked on as an exceptional public area in the city. We paid attention to similar features of existing promenades in Spain and Brasil (two cases) to establish the reasons why such areas got created. Working on this principle, we reached the conclusion that Porto Alegre needs refurbishing. Based on the conclusions of the research we put forward some guidelines for this particular case.
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Eden, L. "Measurements of atmospheric water vapour using a balloon-borne surface acoustic wave frost point hygrometer". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598746.
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A frost point hygrometer is described in this thesis which uses surface acoustic waves (SAWs) to detect water vapour condensation. The SAW device crystal is cooled by a thermoelectric cooler until condensation occurs, at which point, water vapour loading onto the SAW device causes changes in the SAW velocity and amplitude. Two methods of determining the frost point temperature are outlined in this thesis. The first uses a feedback loop algorithm to maintain a constant amount of water vapour on the SAW device and hence keep the temperature of the device at the frost point. The second uses heating and cooling cycles to oscillate the SAW device temperature above and below the frost paint. Changes in the SAW properties are then used to detect the condensation-evaporation equilibrium point which is equal to the frost point. The use of SAWs rather than a conventional optical detection system in this hygrometer allows a faster response time, increased sensitivity, and decreased risk of contamination. Between September 2001 and February 2004, the SAW hygrometer was flown on 28 balloon flights, in various configurations. All of these flight data sets show agreement with radiosonde relative humidity measurements to within 1%, using given criteria for extraction of reliable SAW hygrometer measurements. Accurate lower and mid tropospheric measurements have been made on each flight and four flights show accurate upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric measurements with water vapour mixing ratio values of less than 5 ppmv. The Hibiscus campaign flights in Bauru, Brazil, show excellent agreement between the different instruments measuring water vapour on the flight train and the SAW hygrometer. These data are discussed in conjunction with auxiliary data and model backward trajectories. Two different backward trajectory models have been used to assess the possible mechanisms of transport of water vapour above Bauru, one of which is a large scale model and the other is a meso-scale model. A sharp contrast in the air parcel transport above and below the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is seen, with large scale convection or descent controlling the water vapour mixing ratios below the TTL, and a combination of large and small scale fields controlling the water vapour in and above the TTL.
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Alotaibi, Mohammad A. "Interaction of free-living protozoa with water-borne human pathogenic viruses and protection from disinfection". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9831.
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Acanthamoeba causes Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) and Amoebic Keratitis (AK) in humans and in its cystic form is resistant to extreme environmental conditions. Both human pathogenic water-borne viruses and free-living protozoa share the same aquatic environment. This study set out to test the ability of both Acanthamoeba and Tetrahymena to internalise and protect enteric viruses; coxsackievirus (B3, B5), poliovirus (PV) and rotavirus (RV) following co-culture. Viral uptake was assessed by infection of cultured mammalian cells, by indirect immunofluorescence (IF), and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that none of the free suspended viruses were internalised in Acanthamoeba or Tetrahymena. However, both coxsackievirus B3N and rotavirus Wa could be detected within Acanthamoeba by IF and confirmed by RT-PCR when the amoebae were co-cultured (fed) with virally infected mammalian cells. The co-cultured amoeba was allowed to encyst but following this procedure no viruses were detected either by cell culture or RT-PCR. In a second series of experiments, the efficacy of solar disinfection (SODIS) against viruses either alone or when co-cultured with Acanthamoeba was assessed. SODIS reduced the viral infectivity by over 3log10 after 1 h for CVB3N and over 2log10 for PV after 2 h. Repeating these experiments in the presence of riboflavin, a 6log10 reduction was observed for CVB3N after 1 h of light exposure and 6log10 after 6 h for all other viruses tested. The results suggest that Acanthamoeba does not internalise or protect viruses in suspension. However, if a virus is located with an infected mammalian cell then it may be internalised; a new potential mechanism for virus dissemination in the environment. Secondly, solar disinfection is an effective treatment method for water contaminated with viruses which is further enhanced by the addition of riboflavin. This study provides a practical example of low technology methods which could be utilised to provide safe drinking water in various circumstances.
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Traylor, Richard C. "Born of water and spirit : popular religion and early American Baptists in Kentucky, 1776-1860 /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091973.
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Bode, Felix [Verfasser], i Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Nowak. "Early-warning monitoring systems for improved drinking water resource protection / Felix Bode ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Nowak". Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179787218/34.
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Height, Shaun Gareth. "Behavioural responses of Australian freshwater crayfish (Cherax tenuimanus and Cherax albidus) to water-borne odours". Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/318.
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Interactions between non-native yabbies (Cherax albidus) and indigenous marron (Cherax tenuimanus) in the south-west of Western Australia are not well understood. While there is abundant evidence to suggest that invasive freshwater crayfish are detrimental to native species, the nature and degree of impact on marron populations by exotic yabbies remains unclear. Researchers have hypothesized that invasive species make faster and more appropriate use of information about their environment than native species. This greater behavioural plasticity can result in displacement of indigenous species, successful colonisation by invaders, and subsequent disturbance to natural ecosystems and representative biodiversity.The research presented in this thesis examines the behavioural responses of an indigenous crayfish (C. tenuimanus) and an invasive crayfish (C. albidus) to waterborne odours derived from food, alarm sources and finfish predators. This study was undertaken to assist in the understanding of predatory and competitive interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous crayfish and fish predators, with particular relevance to Western Australia. Predation and competition are major forces influencing community structure in ecosystems; therefore knowledge of competitive and predatory interactions will be of benefit when considering future translocation policies.Behavioural trials were conducted in two culture systems (54 L aquaria and a 70,000 L mesocosm), where marron and yabbies were exposed to a range of water-borne odours from finfish predators (silver perch and Murray cod), with and without competition from conspecific and heterospecific crayfish. A number of variables likely to influence crayfish behaviour were investigated: strength of chemical odour; crayfish size, gender, diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns; predator size; prior-residence; suitable habitat/shelter; and feed availability.A key innovation in this research was the high replication in the aquarium-based observation trials using a Latin Cube design, which resulted in greater statistical strength and lower variability. More importantly, this research deviated from the tradition of exclusively using the ‘individual crayfish’ approach for odour-detection experiments and tested these results in a 70,000 L communal observation tank. This was an important development in crayfish behavioural experimentation, particularly as several key findings from the individual crayfish approach were confirmed in a multi-species environment.Results from this study supported the hypothesis that invasive crayfish species make more appropriate use of a wider range of information about their environment than native crayfish species. Yabbies were found to possess behavioural characteristics not present in marron, such as clearer behavioural modifications to food and heterospecific odour, and cautionary behaviour in the presence of odour from a finfish predator. During simulated daylight conditions, marron displayed behaviours conducive to predation that were not present in yabbies, including less time spent in shelter and more time spent in locomotory activity. However, during specialised night-time observational studies developed during this research, these differences were not evident. This would not seem to be an unusual result, given that crayfish naturally forage at night and become more active; however, it may have important implications for future behavioural studies of crayfish, indicating a bias associated with day-time approaches. Crayfish size also played a role in behavioural modifications to water-borne odours. Larger marron displayed clearer changes in behaviour and were more responsive to heterospecific alarm odour than juveniles. Furthermore, juveniles of both species were more active than adults and sub-adults.The expansion of the yabby population into Western Australian habitats occupied by marron has been facilitated through translocation for aquaculture, and biological characteristics of the species, some of which are typical of other invasive crayfish species including: tolerance of a variety of conditions; rapid growth; early sexual maturity; burrowing to escape drought and predation; capable of multiple spawns in a growth season; and aggressiveness. Another characteristic of invasive crayfish species also shared by yabbies, as supported by the results of this study, is high behavioural plasticity.Although marron do not share the same level of behavioural plasticity found in yabbies, their larger body size increases their success in competitive interactions. The comparatively smaller body size of yabbies may be the major factor limiting their population expansion in the presence of marron, especially in water-bodies where shelter is a limited resource.Marron are an important endemic species in Western Australia, but their conservation is threatened by competition and predation from exotic species. The research presented in this thesis indicates that invasive yabbies are more receptive to chemical stimuli and better equipped to respond to predation risk than marron. This information will be of benefit when considering future translocation policy in Western Australia and highlights the need for a cautious approach to species introductions.
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Height, Shaun Gareth. "Behavioural responses of Australian freshwater crayfish (Cherax tenuimanus and Cherax albidus) to water-borne odours". Curtin University of Technology, Muresk Institute of Agriculture, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=128209.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Interactions between non-native yabbies (Cherax albidus) and indigenous marron (Cherax tenuimanus) in the south-west of Western Australia are not well understood. While there is abundant evidence to suggest that invasive freshwater crayfish are detrimental to native species, the nature and degree of impact on marron populations by exotic yabbies remains unclear. Researchers have hypothesized that invasive species make faster and more appropriate use of information about their environment than native species. This greater behavioural plasticity can result in displacement of indigenous species, successful colonisation by invaders, and subsequent disturbance to natural ecosystems and representative biodiversity.The research presented in this thesis examines the behavioural responses of an indigenous crayfish (C. tenuimanus) and an invasive crayfish (C. albidus) to waterborne odours derived from food, alarm sources and finfish predators. This study was undertaken to assist in the understanding of predatory and competitive interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous crayfish and fish predators, with particular relevance to Western Australia. Predation and competition are major forces influencing community structure in ecosystems; therefore knowledge of competitive and predatory interactions will be of benefit when considering future translocation policies.
Behavioural trials were conducted in two culture systems (54 L aquaria and a 70,000 L mesocosm), where marron and yabbies were exposed to a range of water-borne odours from finfish predators (silver perch and Murray cod), with and without competition from conspecific and heterospecific crayfish. A number of variables likely to influence crayfish behaviour were investigated: strength of chemical odour; crayfish size, gender, diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns; predator size; prior-residence; suitable habitat/shelter; and feed availability.
A key innovation in this research was the high replication in the aquarium-based observation trials using a Latin Cube design, which resulted in greater statistical strength and lower variability. More importantly, this research deviated from the tradition of exclusively using the ‘individual crayfish’ approach for odour-detection experiments and tested these results in a 70,000 L communal observation tank. This was an important development in crayfish behavioural experimentation, particularly as several key findings from the individual crayfish approach were confirmed in a multi-species environment.
Results from this study supported the hypothesis that invasive crayfish species make more appropriate use of a wider range of information about their environment than native crayfish species. Yabbies were found to possess behavioural characteristics not present in marron, such as clearer behavioural modifications to food and heterospecific odour, and cautionary behaviour in the presence of odour from a finfish predator. During simulated daylight conditions, marron displayed behaviours conducive to predation that were not present in yabbies, including less time spent in shelter and more time spent in locomotory activity. However, during specialised night-time observational studies developed during this research, these differences were not evident. This would not seem to be an unusual result, given that crayfish naturally forage at night and become more active; however, it may have important implications for future behavioural studies of crayfish, indicating a bias associated with day-time approaches. Crayfish size also played a role in behavioural modifications to water-borne odours. Larger marron displayed clearer changes in behaviour and were more responsive to heterospecific alarm odour than juveniles. Furthermore, juveniles of both species were more active than adults and sub-adults.
The expansion of the yabby population into Western Australian habitats occupied by marron has been facilitated through translocation for aquaculture, and biological characteristics of the species, some of which are typical of other invasive crayfish species including: tolerance of a variety of conditions; rapid growth; early sexual maturity; burrowing to escape drought and predation; capable of multiple spawns in a growth season; and aggressiveness. Another characteristic of invasive crayfish species also shared by yabbies, as supported by the results of this study, is high behavioural plasticity.
Although marron do not share the same level of behavioural plasticity found in yabbies, their larger body size increases their success in competitive interactions. The comparatively smaller body size of yabbies may be the major factor limiting their population expansion in the presence of marron, especially in water-bodies where shelter is a limited resource.
Marron are an important endemic species in Western Australia, but their conservation is threatened by competition and predation from exotic species. The research presented in this thesis indicates that invasive yabbies are more receptive to chemical stimuli and better equipped to respond to predation risk than marron. This information will be of benefit when considering future translocation policy in Western Australia and highlights the need for a cautious approach to species introductions.
47
Henin, Riccardo. "Dynamics of Bora wind over the Adriatic sea: atmospheric water balance and role of air-sea fluxes and orography". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8915/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Bora wind is a mesoscale phenomenon which typically affects the Adriatic Sea basin for several days each year, especially during winter. The Bora wind has been studied for its intense outbreak across the Dinaric Alps. The properties of the Bora wind are widely discussed in the literature and scientific papers usually focus on the eastern Adriatic coast where strong turbulence and severe gust intensity are more pronounced.
However, the impact of the Bora wind can be significant also over Italy, not only in terms of wind speed instensity. Depending on the synoptic pressure pattern (cyclonic or anticyclonic Bora) and on the season, heavy snowfall, severe storms, storm surges and floods can occur along the Adriatic coast and on the windward flanks of the Apennines.
In the present work five Bora cases that occurred in recent years have been selected and their evolution has been simulated with the BOLAM-MOLOCH model set, developed at ISAC-CNR in Bologna. Each case study has been addressed by a control run and by several sensitivity tests, performed with the purpose of better understanding the role played by air-sea latent and sensible heat fluxes. The tests show that the removal of the fluxes induces modifications in the wind approching the coast and a decrease of the total precipitation amount predicted over Italy.
In order to assess the role of heat fluxes, further analysis has been carried out: column integrated water vapour fluxes have been computed along the Italian coastline and an atmospheric water balance has been evaluated inside a box volume over the Adriatic Sea. The balance computation shows that, although latent heat flux produces a significant impact on the precipitation field, its contribution to the balance is relatively minor.
The most significant and lasting case study, that of February 2012, has been studied in more detail in order to explain the impressive drop in the total precipitation amount simulated in the sensitivity tests with removed heat fluxes with respect to the CNTRL run. In these experiments relative humidity and potential temperature distribution over different cross-sections have been examined. With respect to the CNTRL run a drier and more stable boundary layer, characterised by a more pronounced wind shear at the lower levels, has been observed to establish above the Adriatic Sea.
Finally, in order to demonstrate that also the interaction of the Bora flow with the Apennines plays a crucial role, sensitivity tests varying the orography height have been considered. The results of such sensitivity tests indicate that the propagation of the Bora wind over the Adriatic Sea, and in turn its meteorological impact over Italy, is influenced by both the large air-sea heat fluxes and the interaction with the Apennines that decelerate the upstream flow.
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Lo, Shek-yung Anthony, i 盧石勇. "The role of Hong Kong in the regional governance of water-borne transport service and infrastructure". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29851579.
Pełny tekst źródła
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Njagarah, Hatson John Boscoh. "Modelling water-borne infections : the impact of hygiene, metapopulation movements and the biological control of cholera". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95972.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water-borne infections have been a menace in many countries around the globe, claiming millions of lives. Cholera in particular has spread to all continents and now on its seventh epidemic. Although control measures have been continually developed through sanitation, vaccination and rehydration, the infection still devastates populations whenever there is an outbreak. In this research work, mathematical models for cholera transmission dynamics with focus on the impact of sanitation and hygiene, metapopulation spread, optimal control and biological control using a bacteriophage specific for pathogenic Vibrio cholerae are constructed and analysed. Vital analyses for the models are precisely given as well as numerical results depicting long term behaviour and the evolution of populations over time. The results of our analysis indicate that; improved sanitation and hand-hygiene are vital in reducing cholera infections; the spread of disease across metapopulations characterised by exchange of individuals and no cross community infection is associated with synchronous fluctuation of populations in both adjacent communities; during control of cholera, the control measures/efforts ought to be optimal especially at the beginning of the epidemic where the outbreak is often explosive in nature; and biological control if well implemented would avert many potential infections by lowering the concentration of pathogenic vibrios in the aquatic environment to values lower than the infectious dose.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water-infeksies is ’n bedreiging in baie lande regoor die wêreld en eis miljoene lewens. Cholera in die besonder, het op sy sewende epidemie na alle kontinente versprei. Hoewel beheermaatreëls voortdurend ontwikkel word deur middel van higiëne, inentings en rehidrasie, vernietig die infeksie steeds bevolkings wanneer daar ’n uitbraak voorkom. In hierdie navorsingswerk, word wiskundige modelle vir cholera-oordrag dinamika met die fokus op die impak van higiëne, metabevolking verspreiding, optimale beheer en biologiese beheer met behulp van ’n bakteriofaag spesifiek vir patogene Vibrio cholerae gebou en ontleed. Noodsaaklike ontledings vir die modelle is gegee sowel as numeriese resultate wat die langtermyn gedrag uitbeeld en die ontwikkeling van die bevolking oor tyd. Die resultate van ons ontleding dui daarop dat; verbeterde higiëne is noodsaaklik in die vermindering van cholera infeksies; die verspreiding van die siekte oor metapopulaties gekenmerk deur die uitruil van individue en geen kruis gemeenskap infeksie wat verband houmet sinchrone skommeling van bevolkings in beide aangrensende gemeenskappe; tydens die beheer van cholera,behoort die beheermaatreëls/pogings optimaal te wees veral aan die begin van die epidemie waar die uitbreking dikwels plofbaar in die natuur is; en biologiese beheer, indien dit goed geïmplementeer word, kan baie potensiële infeksies voorkom deur ’n vermindering in die konsentrasie van patogene vibrio in die water tot waardes laer as die aansteeklike dosis.
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Ogg, Christopher David. "Thermophiles from Deep Subsurface Waters". Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366568.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thermophiles dominate deep subsurface aquifers and represent the most ancient life on the
planet. In this project, the culturable diversity of thermophiles that inhabit the world’s
largest freshwater geothermal aquifer, Australia’s Great Artesian Basin (GAB), were explored
using culture-dependent techniques. These studies largely focused on four unique microbial
mat communities that exist in the runoff channel of the New Lorne Bore (registered number
17263) at temperatures between 52 – 72 °C and mostly targeted the cultivation of iron(III)-
reducing bacteria due to their considerable influence on subsurface processes and likely
involvement in the corrosion of GAB bores and pipelines. During this project a number of
novel and modified screening methods were developed including high-throughput
microenrichments of thermophiles using Biolog (Biolog Inc., U.S.A.) and U-bottom deep-well
(1 ml) microtiter plates (Sarstedt, Germany) amended with seldom tested energy substrates
and varied terminal electron acceptors (TEA) such as iron(III), sulphate, vanadium(V) and
molybdenum(VI). Phylogenetic analyses of the isolates recovered in this project detected
more than 15 novel phylotypes thereby extending the known culturable diversity of the GAB
microflora. Complete phenotypic characterisations were performed on 9 GAB
thermoanaerobic isolates, which resulted in the descriptions of 8 novel organisms including
4 novel genera: Thermotalea metallivorans (Ogg & Patel, 2009b), Fervidicola ferrireducens
(Ogg & Patel, 2009c), Sporolituus thermophilus (Ogg & Patel, 2009d) and Fervidicella
metallireducens (Ogg & Patel, 2010); and 4 novel species: Caloramator australicus (Ogg &
Patel, 2009a), Caloramator mitchellensis (Ogg & Patel, 2011a), Thermovenabulum
gondwanense (Ogg et al., 2010), and Desulfotomaculum varum (Ogg & Patel, 2011c); and
amendments to the genus Caloramator (Ogg & Patel, 2011a) [given in Appendices 1 – 8].
Included in these characterisation studies was a modified method for determining an
organisms mol % of G + C content of DNA using TempliPhi (Amersham Biosciences, U.K.)
genome amplification kits to prepare the high molecular weight (HMW) genomic DNA prior
to thermal denaturation. When the phenotypic data resulting from the strain
characterisations was combined with the enrichment results, a complex model of the
microbial oxidation of organic matter in the GAB at elevated temperatures (50 – 70 °C) was
constructed.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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