Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Boom, irma”

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) Menghasilkan media pembelajaran Busy Book yang sesuai dengan kemampuan anak kelompok B di TKK Ade Irma Mataloko, 2) Mengetahui desain media pembelajaran Busy Book untuk meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa pada anak usia 5-6 tahun kelompok B di TKK Ade Irma Mataloko. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian pengembangan yang menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE dan prosedur pengembangan terdiri atas tahap Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation dan Evaluation. Subjek dalam penelitian ini melibatkan anak usia 5-6 tahun kelompok B di TKK Ade Irma Mataloko. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian pengembangan media pembelajaran Busy Book menunjukan bahwa media pembelajaran Busy Book yang digunakan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa anak usia 5-6 tahun di TKK Ade Irma Mataloko dikategorikan layak berdasarkan semua aspek yang sudah divalidasi dan sudah di uji coba. Pada validasi ahli materi dengan hasil penilaian yang dilakukan oleh ahli materi dengan total skor 93% dan dikatakan kategori “ sangat valid”, pada penilaian oleh ahli media dengan total skor 80% dan dikatakan kategori “valid”, pada penilaian oleh ahli desain pembelajaran dengan total skor 83% dan dikatakan kategori “ valid”, pada penilaian uji coba perorangan yang melibatkan dua orang anak usia dini di TKK Ade Irma Mataloko dengan total skor 90% dan dikategorikan “sangat valid” dan pada uji coba kelompok kecil yang melibatkan lima orang anak usia dini di TKK Ade Irma Mataloko dengan total skor 82,8% dan dikategorikan “valid”. Demikian pengembangan media pembelajaran Busy Book untuk meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa pada anak usia 5-6 tahun di TKK Ade Irma Mataloko ini layak untuk digunakan.

In his article in Psychoanalysis and History (2(2), 2000) Philip Kuhn proposes that, contrary to Freud's claims, his dream of Irma's injection occurred on 21 September 1895, and that it was not fully analysed until August 1899. He further asserts that this dream was used by Freud as a substitute for the dream that he felt compelled by Fliess to drop from the first draft of his book. The author finds no evidence to support Kuhn's claims but, on the contrary, demonstrates the insubstantial nature of the supporting argument and the imagined character of his ‘evidence’. The true chronology of Freud's writing of his dream book is mapped out, along with the effects of the deletion of his ‘big’ dream. It is argued that the publication of Kuhn's paper poses serious questions to academic journals dealing with the history of psychoanalysis about their policy on the standards of their published papers.

Reseña de Michelle Monter Arauz, Narradoras del norte: estudio de la obra de Adriana García Roel, Irma Sabina Sepúlveda y Sofía Segovia, Monterrey, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios Humanísticos, 2021, 161 pp. ISBN: 978-607-27-1464-9. https://libros.uanl.mx/index.php/u/catalog/book/86

Journalism and Climate Crisis: Public Engagement, Media Alternatives, edited by Robert A. Hackett, Susan Forde, Shane Gunster and Kerrie Foxwell-Norton. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 2017. 204 pages. ISBN 978-1-1389-5039-9AT THE time of reviewing this important and timely book, Hurricane Irma had just ripped a trail of unprecedented destruction from Antigua, Barbuda and Saint Barthélemy in the eastern Caribbean to Florida with at least 81 deaths. Florida involved one of the largest mass evacuations in US history, with nearly 7 million people being warned to seek shelter elsewhere. Seventy per cent of Miami lost electricity at the height of the storm.

Desain buku ilustrasi memiliki peran penting dalam upaya meningkatkan minat literasi anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis desain cover buku anak usia dini karya Gibran Maulana bertema Cerita Rakyat Nusantara. Tiga buku dipilih dalam penelitian ini: Si Kancil, Keong Emas dan Bawah Merah Bawang Putih. Metode kualitatif digunakan untuk melakukan analisis data. Pertama-tama tabel struktur desain dibuat untuk mengetahui karakteristik desain secara keseluruhan, selanjutnya pembahasan berfokus pada konteks desain dan tahapan akhir yakni menganalisa kualitas desain cover yang mengacu pada proporsi, keseimbangan, kontras, irama, dan kesatuan dimana teori desain Tom Lincy digunakan sebagai acuan. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa, karakteristik desain cover buku bertema Cerita Rakyat Nusantara karya Gibran Maulana cenderung menggunakan warna pastel sebagai identitas pewarnaan, kesesuaian konteks buku dengan daya imajinasi anak terbilang baik dan desain cover buku secara keseluruhan memiliki pakem yang berulang seperti proporsi, keseimbangan, kontras, irama dan kesatuannya. Kata kunci: desain, cover buku, anak usia dini Analysis of early children's reading book cover design by Gibran Maulana AbstractIllustration book design has an important role in increasing children's literacy interest. This article aims to describe the cover design of Gibran Maulana's early childhood book with the theme of Indonesian Folklore. Three books were selected in this study: Si Kancil, Keong Emas and Bawah Merah Bawang Putih. The qualitative method is used to analyze data. First, a design structure table is made to determine the overall design characteristics, then the discussion focuses on the design context and the final stage, namely analyzing the quality of the cover design which refers to proportion, balance, contrast, rhythm, and unity where Tom Lincy's design theory is used as a reference. The results of the writing explain that, the characteristics of the book cover design with the theme of the Indonesian Folklore by Gibran Maulana tend to use pastel colors as coloring identities, the suitability of the context of the book with the imagination of children is reasonably good and the overall book cover design has repetitive principles such as proportion, balance, contrast, rhythm and unity. Keywords: design, book cover, early childhood

Ecology term has first been used in the translation study of Vahdet-i Mevcȗd Bir Tabî'at Âliminin Dini by Bahâ Tevfik and Ahmed Nebîl in 1911. The first period has been defined as the times between 1911 and 1965 when the first book has been published. The first doctorate level study has been accomplished by Asaf Irmak in Germany. The first lecture note for ecology has been written by Asaf Irmak in 1934. In 1934 “Toprak ilmi ve Ekoloji” lecture has been added to academic curriculum in higher educational institutes. The first academic department has been established in Faculty of Forestry as “Toprak ilmi ve Ekoloji Anabilim Dalı” in 1943. In the same faculty in 1950 the “Orman Ekolojisi” lecture has been given independently. The first book is assumed to be “Böcek Ökoloji ve Epidemiyolojisi” written by Akif Kansu. While in the initial years after 1911 the ecology term has been used in limited science branches, and after 50’s the terms and concepts related to ecology have been used more commonly. Between the years 1911-65 some translational studies have been encountered dealing with principal terms and concepts, sub-disciplines of ecology and ecosystems types. So, the substructure of term and conceptual substructure of the further ecology studies

<p><em>Mora</em><em>l values undoubtedly play a significant role in human life. These values are not only in religious texts (such as Qur’an, Hadits, Old Testament, Bible, Book of Psalms) but also in literatures. One of the examples is lyrics of Rhoma Irama’s song from 1970s to 1980s. This is a library research using a content analysis approach. Meanwhile, this research utilizes semiotic and hermeneutic methods. The findings show that the lyrics of Rhoma Irama’s song during 1970-1980 contained some moral values which could be implemented in personal life, family, society and religious life. The important values contained in such songs are amanah (trustful), as-siddiq (truth, honesty), al-‘adl (justice), al-rahmah (love), al-ukhuwah (brotherhood) and tasamuh (tolerance). The aforementioned values refer to two Islamic primary sources that are relevant to all times, in the past, present and future.</em></p>

A major Hittite city-mound in the vicinity of the Kerkenes Dağ having been identified by Dr. Summers (see previous article), the question naturally arises whether their ancient Hittite names can be determined. Unfortunately this central area of the Hittite kingdom was completely distorted in The Geography of the Hittite Empire (1959) by the misplacing of Pala-Tumanna and Nerik and the places, such as Mt. Ḫaḫarwa, associated with them. Allusions to “the sea” locate these places firmly, with Zalpa, at the opposite end of the zone occupied by the Kaška folk, in the far north by the mouth of the Kızıl Irmak, and the maps in that book must be disregarded.Kuşaklı Höyük stands in the basin of the Kanak Su which rises just above the site of Alişar. This stream is a tributary of the Delice Su which flows north-westward into the Kızıl Irmak and which Forlanini has suggested might be the Hittite “Red River”, said to have “mingled its waters with the Maraššantiya”, but the Kanak Su and its tributaries have not yet been certainly identified in the Hittite texts.

Abstrak: Rachman Sabur adalah salah seorang sutradara teater dari kelompok Teater Payung Hitam Bandung. Sejak kecil ia sudah mulai suka menonton berbagai pertunjukan seperti sandiwara sunda, tari, wayang dan reog. Proses kreatif Rachman Sabur menyutradarai drama verbal dan teater non verbal mendapat pujian dari berbagai tokoh teater dan mempunyai banyak penonton. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan proses kreatif Graham Wallas yang dikemukakan oleh Irma Damayanti dalam buku Psikologi Seni (2006) yang meliputi Preparation (persiapan), Incubation (pengeraman), Ilumination (ilham, inspirasi), verification (pembuktian atau pengujian). Metode yang digunakan adalah deskritif analisis, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dengan Rachman Sabur, para pemeran, para pendukung dan pengamat teater dari Bandung. Selain itu juga data diambil dari berbagai ulasan tentang karya-karya penyutradaraannya, ulasan dari surat kabar dan Website dari para pengulas pertunjukan teater yang terpercaya. Dari pendekatan dan metode tersebut akan terurai proses kreatif Rachman Sabur dalam melahirkan karya-karyanya. Kata kunci: Proses Kreatif, Rachman Sabur, Teater Payung Hitam, Graham Wallas Abstract: Rachman Sabur is one of the theater directors of the Bandung Black Payung Theater group. Since childhood, he has started to like watching various performances such as Sundanese plays, dance, wayang and reog. Sabur's creative process in directing verbal dramas and non-verbal theaters has received praise from various theater figures and has a large audience. This study uses the creative process approach of Graham Wallas proposed by Irma Damayanti in the book Psychology of Art (2006) which includes Preparation (preparation), Incubation (incubation), Illumination (inspiration, inspiration), verification (proof or testing). The method used is descriptive analysis, with data collection techniques through interviews with Rachman Sabur, actors, supporters and theater observers from Bandung. In addition, data is also taken from various reviews of his directing works, reviews from newspapers and websites from trusted reviewers of theater performances. From these approaches and methods, Sabur's creative process in producing his works will be unravelled. Keywords: Creative Process, Rachman Sabur, Payung Hitam Theatre, Graham Wallas

Poor managerial decisions on the part of university managers have continued to be on the increase due to poor financial literacy skills and knowledge. Previous studies on financial literacy skills in Nigeria have been largely investigated through the lens of financial institutions and small and medium-scale enterprises leaving sparse attention to the educational institution-university. This research chasm forms the need for this study. The paper aims to dissect the importance and challenges of financial literacy skills for managers’ financial and managerial decision-making. The methodological blueprint drew insight from the pragmatism philosophical worldview with a mixed-method approach to understanding the research problem. A total of 115 and 16-unit managers were randomly and purposively recruited with the structured questionnaire and semi-structured interview type employed to retrieve quantitative and qualitative data. Data were analyzed with the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and the NVivo (v.12) qualitative software. Financial planning, book-keeping, cashbook, and inventory financial literacy skills of managers were identified with accompanying challenges in the areas of lack of training on financial literacy development and poor financial skill and accounting background. The strategic measures required for the improved acquisition of financial literacy skills include timely financial literacy training, access to financial literacy tools and software, and the need to prioritize the recruitment of managers with financial literacy knowledge. The study echoes increased support for ensuring university managers are adequately trained on the complexities of financial literacy skills.

Toxic relationships are dangerous. Toxic relationships are often found in dating relationships. The cause of a toxic relationship is when in a relationship there is intimidating behavior towards their partner, being rude, reluctant to blame and winning alone. The social phenomena of toxic relationships or toxic relationships above become ideas in the creation of works. The creators interpret the atmosphere and emotions experienced in dating such as joy, sadness, anger, chaos and moral messages about dating as important parts that can be expressed. In developing the work, the artist uses the local idiom of the Senandung Jolo tradition. The creation method used in the cultivation is based on the testimony of the creative thinker Graham Wallas (1926) in the book Psychology of Art by Irma Damayanti it is stated that there are three stages, namely the data collection stage, the observation stage, and the work embodiment stage. The author interprets that a toxic relationship always begins with harmony, but there is also an emotional imbalance with the big title Composition KauAku, which consists of three works entitled "Selaras", "Kentara" and "Swantantra" with world music approach.

BOOK REVIEWS / CRÍTICA DE LIBROS / CRÍTICA DE LIVROS Paul Warde: The Invention of Sustainability: Nature and Destiny, c. 1500-1870 Simone Gingrich & Juan Infante Amate Jesús Fernández Fernández and Margarita Fernández Mier (Eds.): The Archaeology of Medieval Villages Currently Inhabited in Europe Christopher Dyer Giacomo Bonan: The State in the Forest: Contested Commons in the Nineteenth Century Venetian Alps Iñaki Iriarte Goñi Rosa Congost, Jorge Gelman and Rui Santos (Eds.): Property Rights in Land: Issues in Social, Economic and Global History Francisco J. Beltrán Tapia Alessandro Carassale, Claudio Littardi and Irma Naso (Ed.): Fichi: Storia, economia, tradizioni / Figs: History, Economy, Traditions Claudio Lorenzini Sandra Kuntz-Ficker (Ed.): The First Export Era Revisited: Reassessing its Contributions to Latin American Economies Vicente Pinilla Laurent Herment (Dir.): Histoire rurale de l’Europe, XVIe-XXe siècle Juan Pan-Montojo Édouard Lynch: Insurrections paysannes: De la terre à la rue. Usages de la violence au XXe siècle Alba Díaz-Geada Stéphane Le Bras: Le négoce des vins en Languedoc: L’emprise du marché, 1900-1970 Llorenç Ferrer-Alòs José Ignacio Cubero: Historia general de la agricultura: De los pueblos nómadas a la biotecnología Maria Antònia Martí Escayol Dale Tomich: Espacios de esclavitud: Tiempo/tiempos del capital Antonio Santamaría

Children's literature can be an important vehicle to use when exploring various mathematical concepts (Whitin and Wilde 1992). Stories can help students understand the meaningful contexts that support mathematical thinking. They will see mathematics not as a prescribed set of algorithms to master but as a way of thinking about their world. Children's literature present a nonthreatening avenue to test out current notions about important mathematical concepts. The following two classroom scenarios occurred in Cassandra Gary's first-grade classroom in Irmo. South Carolina. She used two pieces of literature, The Line-up Book (Russo 1986) and The Doorbell Rang (Hutchins 1986), on two different occasions a springboards for mathematical thinking. The first book enabled her students to explore the concept of length, and the second story reinforced the concept of partitioning. Although each book ha a mathematical dimension, it is important to remember that they are, first and foremost, good pieces of literature. Each book is a unique literary experience and should be enjoyed for its own ake first. Gary read each story to the class cveral times and let the students voice their peronal. spontaneous observations and predictions. By so doing, the integrity of the literature is respected and preserved.

This research is expected to be a vokabuler of mrabot garap with specific studies of gending dynamics and popularization of Larawudhu gendhing using kendang inggah garap. Larawudhu itself is generally served using the inggah-inggahan, namely ladrang Clunthang. In this study, it will be explained about the series of gendings selected to achieve the desired gending dynamics. The concepts used include; the concept of garap by Rahayu Supanggah, the concept of mandheg by Ananto Sabdo Aji, the concept of mungguh by Bambang Sosodoro, and the concept of wiledan gender kembang tiba & ukel pancaran by Sumarsam. The method used is qualitative by means of book literature studies or related research, direct and indirect observations are also carried out to expand the author's knowledge in reviewing this research, as well as interviews with karawitan experts as input or advice for the author in conducting research. The results of this analysis offer or novelty of the work include; Larawudhu is presented using inggah kendang without changing the essence of gending Larawudhu itself, vokabuler offers mrabot with a series of gending – gending that are not similar, garap ciblon irama wiled and rangkep as an alternative garap in the form of inggah, as well as doing garap andhegan with consideration as a reinforcement of prenes elements in the garap of ciblon irama rangkep.

‘Mirror, Mirror on the W all, Who’s the Fairest of them All?’ Thoughts on a Monograph about the Traditional Clothing of Lithuanian Peasant Men The author of the review discusses the debatable aspects of Vida Kulikauskienė’s monograph ‘Traditional Clothing of Lithuanian Peasant Men’. First, he highlights the value of the book. He notes that the book is the result of Kulikauskienė‘s longterm research into traditional peasant men’s clothing, and the reconstruction and creation of the Lithuanian national clothes in relation to it. Ethnographic fieldwork, which began in the 1960s, took place within the context of the preparation of the ‘Historical Ethnographic Atlas of Baltic National Clothes’. Until then, research into women’s traditional clothing, which had been carried out for several decades, and the well-established picture of their regional sets, contrasted with men’s clothing as depicted mostly in a variety of fragmentary literary texts. After a few years, the ethnographic information covering the entire territory of Lithuania began to appear in Kulikauskienė’s articles published in various local monographs. After supplementing the data gathered during the ethnographic field-trips with literary material, and researching in museums and archives, Kulikauskienė wrote and sucessfully defended her doctoral dissertation. At the same time, an introductory text for the ‘Historical Ethnographic Atlas of Baltic National Clothes’ was written, and maps were compiled. The atlas was published in Riga in 1985. Before that, Kulikauskienė published a series of articles on clothing, and wrote a manuscript for this monograph. The ethnologists Dr Irma Šidiškienė and Dr Dalia Bernotaitė-Beliauskienė took the initiative and prepared the final version of the manuscript, selected illustrations, and wrote footnotes and explanations.

There is no clear evidence about the influence of programmed physical activity (training) on growth hormone (GH) response to acute physical exercise. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between the level of physical activity and the serum growth hormoneconcentration in response to acute physical exercise. The study was performed on 20, healthy male subjects. Based on the level of their physical activities they were divided in two groups of equal size: group 1, trained, and group 2, untrained subjects. All subjects performed one boot of exercise on cycle ergometer, lasting 30 minutes. Work intensity was approx. 65% of VO2 max, and the rate of cycling was 60/min. Serum GH concentrations were measured by IRMA (immunoradiometric assays) method in blood samples obtained in the period of rest, during exercise and in the recovery period. There were marked differences in the dynamics of changes in the serum GH concentrations during exercise period between the groups of various level of physical activity despite the lack of the significant differences in basal level and maximal level of serum GH concentration at the end of exercise. Untrained subjects showed faster increase in serum GH concentration than trained subjects, but in trained subjects the restoration of the basal values in the recovery period was faster. These results indicate that the level of physical activities in young, healthy male subjects has no influence on GH response to acute physical exercise.

"Academia" Publishing House (1922–1937) books are an example of high publishing culture.For many years, the products of the publishing house have been the subject of close attention on the part of bibliophiles and collectors in many countries of the world. The reason for this interest is literary impeccability and excellent decoration. To reach unprecedented artistic heights became possible thanks to the work of the best Soviet professional artists. All the existing printing methods, the best printing houses, and graphic art techniques were used while creating these books. The history of the publishing house, covered in rare publications, alongside with triumphal events, victories at international book competitions, is full of dramatic and even tragic pages. It can be called the publishing house of repressed editors, authors, and books.Almost all the managers of Academia, many employees were subjected to repressions, were sentenced to capital punishment. Their names were extorted from the output of the entire book circulation; introductory articles were cut out, publications were discontinued, sometimes, entire print runs of books were destroyed. In modern libraries, copies of such "repressed" books have been miraculously preserved. That is why it is difficult to overestimate their historical and cultural value – genuine documentary witnesses of historical events of almost a century remoteness.The history of the Academia Publishing House is intertwined with Irkutsk, since the stuff included people whose fate related to the city on the Angara: the last head of the “Academia”, Yakov Davidovich Yanson, after the October revolution held leadership positions in the government in Irkutsk; the founder of the Soviet school of folklore and anthrax studies, Irkutsk professor Mark Konstantinovich Azadovsky also collaborated with the publishing house “Academia”.The article is the first to observe the questions of valuable collections formation and preservation in the Irkutsk Regional Universal Scientific Library named after I. I. Molchanov-Sibirsky (IRSUSL), the former library of the Irkutsk Pedagogical Institute and the library of the Irkutsk Regional Art Museum named after V. P. Sukatchev (IRAM). Collecting bit-by-bit book masterpieces, librarians study, popularize them at exhibitions, presentations, lectures, showing the authentic Russian book art culture.

-Edward L. Cox, Judith A. Carney, Black rice: The African origin of rice cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. xiv + 240 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Brian Dyde, A history of Antigua: The unsuspected Isle. Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2000. xi + 320 pp.-Carolyn E. Fick, Stewart R. King, Blue coat or powdered wig: Free people of color in pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001. xxvi + 328 pp.-César J. Ayala, Birgit Sonesson, Puerto Rico's commerce, 1765-1865: From regional to worldwide market relations. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 200. xiii + 338 pp.-Nadine Lefaucheur, Bernard Moitt, Women and slavery in the French Antilles, 1635-1848. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. xviii + 217 pp.-Edward L. Cox, Roderick A. McDonald, Between slavery and freedom: Special magistrate John Anderson's journal of St. Vincent during the apprenticeship. Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2001. xviii + 309 pp.-Jaap Jacobs, Benjamin Schmidt, Innocence abroad: The Dutch imagination and the new world, 1570-1670. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xxviii + 450 pp.-Wim Klooster, Johanna C. Prins ,The Low countries and the New World(s): Travel, Discovery, Early Relations. Lanham NY: University Press of America, 2000. 226 pp., Bettina Brandt, Timothy Stevens (eds)-Wouter Gortzak, Gert Oostindie ,Knellende koninkrijksbanden: Het Nederlandse dekolonisatiebeleid in de Caraïben, 1940-2000. Volume 1, 1940-1954; Volume 2, 1954-1975; Volume 3, 1975-2000. 668 pp. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2001., Inge Klinkers (eds)-Richard Price, Ellen-Rose Kambel, Resource conflicts, gender and indigenous rights in Suriname: Local, national and global perspectives. Leiden, The Netherlands: self-published, 2002, iii + 266.-Peter Redfield, Richard Price ,Les Marrons. Châteauneuf-le-Rouge: Vents d'ailleurs, 2003. 127 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Mary Chamberlain, Glenford D. Howe ,The empowering impulse: The nationalist tradition of Barbados. Kingston: Canoe Press, 2001. xiii + 354 pp., Don D. Marshall (eds)-Jean Stubbs, Alejandro de la Fuente, A Nation for All: Race, Inequality, and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. xiv + 449 pp.-Sheryl L. Lutjens, Susan Kaufman Purcell ,Cuba: The contours of Change. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000. ix + 155 pp., David J. Rothkopf (eds)-Jean-Germain Gros, Robert Fatton Jr., Haiti's predatory republic: The unending transition to democracy. Boulder CO: Lynn Rienner, 2002. xvi + 237 pp.-Elizabeth McAlister, Beverly Bell, Walking on fire: Haitian Women's Stories of Survival and Resistance. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xx + 253 pp.-Gérard Collomb, Peter Hulme, Remnants of conquest: The island Caribs and their visitors, 1877-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 371 pp.-Chris Bongie, Jeannie Suk, Postcolonial paradoxes in French Caribbean Writing: Césaire, Glissant, Condé. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 216 pp.-Marie-Hélène Laforest, Caroline Rody, The Daughter's return: African-American and Caribbean Women's fictions of history. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. x + 267 pp.-Marie-Hélène Laforest, Isabel Hoving, In praise of new travelers: Reading Caribbean migrant women's writing. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ix + 374 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Franck Degoul, Le commerce diabolique: Une exploration de l'imaginaire du pacte maléfique en Martinique. Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge, 2000. 207 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Margarite Fernández Olmos ,Healing cultures: Art and religion as curative practices in the Caribbean and its diaspora. New York: Palgrave, 2001. xxi + 236 pp., Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Charley Gerard, Music from Cuba: Mongo Santamaría, Chocolate Armenteros and Cuban musicians in the United States. Westport CT: Praeger, 2001. xi + 155 pp.-Ivelaw L. Griffith, Anthony Payne ,Charting Caribbean Development. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xi + 284 pp., Paul Sutton (eds)-Ransford W. Palmer, Irma T. Alonso, Caribbean economies in the twenty-first century. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. 232 pp.-Glenn R. Smucker, Jennie Marcelle Smith, When the hands are many: Community organization and social change in rural Haiti. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xii + 229 pp.-Kevin Birth, Nancy Foner, Islands in the city: West Indian migration to New York. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. viii + 304 pp.-Joy Mahabir, Viranjini Munasinghe, Callaloo or tossed salad? East Indians and the cultural politics of identity in Trinidad. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xv + 315 pp.-Stéphane Goyette, Robert Chaudenson, Creolization of language and culture. Revised in collaboration with Salikoko S. Mufwene. London: Routledge, 2001. xxi + 340 pp.

-Peter Hulme, Simon Gikandi, Writing in limbo: Modernism and Caribbean literature. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. x + 260 pp.-Charles V. Carnegie, Alistair Hennessy, Intellectuals in the twentieth-century Caribbean (Volume 1 - Spectre of the new class: The Commonwealth Caribbean). London: Macmillan, 1992. xvii 204 pp.-Nigel Rigby, Anne Walmsley, The Caribbean artists movement, 1966-1972: A literary and cultural history. London: New Beacon Books, 1992. xx + 356 pp.-Carl Pedersen, Tyrone Tillery, Claude McKay: A black poet's struggle for identity. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992. xii + 235 pp.-Simone Dreyfus, Irving Rouse, The Tainos: Rise and decline of the people who greeted Columbus. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. xii + 211 pp.-Louis Allaire, Antonio M. Stevens-Arroyo, Cave of the Jagua: The mythological world of the Taino. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. xiii + 282 pp.-Irving Rouse, William F. Keegan, The people who discovered Columbus: The prehistory of the Bahamas. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992. xx + 279 pp.-Neil L. Whitehead, Philip P. Boucher, Cannibal encounters: Europeans and Island Caribs, 1492-1763. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. xii + 217 pp.-Peter Kloos, Kaliña, des amérindiens à Paris: Photographies du prince Roland. Présentées par Gérard Collomb. Paris: Créaphis, 1992. 119 pp.-Maureen Warner-Lewis, Alan Gregor Cobley ,The African-Caribbean connection: Historical and cultural perspectives. Bridgetown, Barbados: Department of History, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, 1990. viii + 171 pp., Alvin Thompson (eds)-H. Hoetink, Jean-Luc Bonniol, La couleur comme maléfice: une illustration créole de la généalogie des 'Blancs' et des 'Noirs'. Paris: Albin Michel, 1992. 304 pp.-Michael Aceto, Richard Price ,Two evenings in Saramaka. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1991. xvi + 417 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Vernon W. Boggs, Salsiology: Afro-Cuban music and the evolution of Salsa in New York City. New York: Greenwood, 1992. xvii + 387 pp.-Martin F. Murphy, Sherri Grasmuck ,Between two islands: Dominican international migration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. xviii + 247 pp., Patricia R. Pessar (eds)-Rosario Espinal, Richard S. Hillman ,Distant neighbors in the Caribbean: The Dominican Republic and Jamaica in comparative perspective. New York: Praeger, 1992. xviii + 199 pp., Thomas D'Agostino (eds)-Svend E. Holsoe, Neville A.T. Hall, Slave society in the Danish West Indies: St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix. Edited by B.W. Higman. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 1992. xxiv + 287 pp.-Light Townsend Cummins, Francisco Morales Padrón, The journal of Don Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis 1780-1783. Translated by Aileen Moore Topping. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1989. xxxvii + 380 pp.-Francisco A. Scarano, Laird W. Bergad, Cuban rural society in the nineteenth century: The social and economic history of monoculture in Matanzas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xxi + 425 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Larry R. Jensen, Children of colonial despotism: Press, politics, and culture in Cuba, 1790-1840. Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1988. xviii + 211 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Anton L. Allahar, Class, politics, and sugar in colonial Cuba. Lewiston NY; The Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. xi + 217 pp.-Aline Helg, Josef Opatrny, U.S. Expansionism and Cuban annexationism in the 1850s. Prague: Charles University, 1990. 271 pp.-Rita Giacalone, Humberto García Muñiz ,Bibliografía militar del Caribe. Río Piedras PR: Centro de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1992. 177 pp., Betsaida Vélez Natal (eds)-Carlos E. Santiago, Irma Tirado de Alonso, Trade issues in the Caribbean. Philadelphia: Gordon & Breach, 1992. xv + 231 pp.-Drexel G. Woodson, Frantz Pratt, Haiti: Guide to the periodical literature in English, 1800-1990. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1991. xiv + 313 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, Livio Sansone, Hangen boven de oceaan: het gewone overleven van Creoolse jongeren in Paramaribo. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 1992. 58 pp.-Ronald Gill, Dolf Huijgers ,Landhuizen van Curacao en Bonaire. Amsterdam: Persimmons Management. 1991. 286 pp., Lucky Ezechiëls (eds)-Alex van Stipriaan, Waldo Heilbron, Colonial transformations and the decomposition of Dutch plantation slavery in Surinam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam centre for Caribbean studies (AWIC), University of Amsterdam, 1992. 133 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Bea Lalmahomed, Hindostaanse vrouwen: de geschiedenis van zes generaties. Utrecht: Jan van Arkel, 1992. 159 pp.-Aart G. Broek, Peter Hoefnagels ,Antilliaans spreekwoordenboek. Amsterdam: Thomas Rap, 1991. 92 pp., Shon Wé Hoogenbergen (eds)

-Valerie I.J. Flint, Margarita Zamora, Reading Columbus. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. xvi + 247 pp.-Riva Berleant-Schiller, Historie Naturelle des Indes: The Drake manuscript in the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Norton, 1996. xxii + 272 pp.-Neil L. Whitehead, Charles Nicholl, The creature in the map: A journey to Eldorado. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995. 398 pp.-William F. Keegan, Ramón Dacal Moure ,Art and archaeology of pre-Columbian Cuba. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996. xxiv + 134 pp., Manuel Rivero de la Calle (eds)-Michael Mullin, Stephan Palmié, Slave cultures and the cultures of slavery. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. xlvii + 283 pp.-Bill Maurer, Karen Fog Olwig, Small islands, large questions: Society, culture and resistance in the post-emancipation Caribbean. London: Frank Cass, 1995. viii + 200 pp.-David M. Stark, Laird W. Bergad ,The Cuban slave market, 1790-1880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xxi + 245 pp., Fe Iglesias García, María Del Carmen Barcia (eds)-Susan Fernández, Tom Chaffin, Fatal glory: Narciso López and the first clandestine U.S. war against Cuba. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996. xxii + 282 pp.-Damian J. Fernández, María Cristina García, Havana USA: Cuban exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1994. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. xiii + 290 pp.-Myrna García-Calderón, Carmen Luisa Justiniano, Con valor y a cómo dé lugar: Memorias de una jíbara puertorriqueña. Río Piedras: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994. 538 pp.-Jorge Pérez-Rolon, Ruth Glasser, My music is my flag: Puerto Rican musicians and their New York communities , 1917-1940. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995. xxiv + 253 pp.-Lauren Derby, Emelio Betances, State and society in the Dominican Republic. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1995. xix + 162 pp.-Michiel Baud, Bernardo Vega, Trujillo y Haiti, Volumen II (1937-1938). Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1995. 427 pp.-Danielle Bégot, Elborg Forster ,Sugar and slavery, family and race: The letters and diary of Pierre Dessalles, Planter in Martinique, 1808-1856. Elborg & Robert Forster (eds. and trans.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996. 322 pp., Robert Forster (eds)-Catherine Benoit, Richard D.E. Burton, La famille coloniale: La Martinique et la mère patrie, 1789-1992. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994. 308 pp.-Roderick A. McDonald, Kathleen Mary Butler, The economics of emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823-1843. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xviii + 198 pp.-K.O. Laurence, David Chanderbali, A portrait of Paternalism: Governor Henry Light of British Guiana, 1838-48. Turkeyen, Guyana: Dr. David Chanderbali, Department of History, University of Guyana, 1994. xiii + 277 pp.-Mindie Lazarus-Black, Brian L. Moore, Cultural power, resistance and pluralism: Colonial Guyana 1838-1900. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press; Mona, Kingston: The Press-University of the West Indies, 1995. xv + 376 pp.-Madhavi Kale, K.O. Laurence, A question of labour: Indentured immigration into Trinidad and British Guiana, 1875-1917. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1994. ix + 648 pp.-Franklin W. Knight, O. Nigel Bolland, On the March: Labour rebellions in the British Caribbean, 1934-39. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1995. viii + 216 pp.-Linden Lewis, Kevin A. Yelvington, Producing power: Ethnicity, gender, and class in a Caribbean workplace. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. xv + 286 pp.-Consuelo López Springfield, Alta-Gracia Ortíz, Puerto Rican women and work: Bridges in transnational labor. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996. xi + 249 pp.-Peta Henderson, Irma McClaurin, Women of Belize: Gender and change in Central America. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996. x + 218 pp.-Bonham C. Richardson, David M. Bush ,Living with the Puerto Rico Shore. José Gonzalez Liboy & William J. Neal. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. xx + 193 pp., Richard M.T. Webb, Lisbeth Hyman (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, David Barker ,Environment and development in the Caribbean: Geographical perspectives. Mona, Kingston: The Press-University of the West Indies, 1995. xv + 304 pp., Duncan F.M. McGregor (eds)-Alma H. Young, Anthony T. Bryan ,Distant cousins: The Caribbean-Latin American relationship. Miami: North-South-Center Press, 1996. iii + 132 pp., Andrés Serbin (eds)-Alma H. Young, Ian Boxill, Ideology and Caribbean integration. Mona, Kingston: The Press-University of the West Indies, 1993. xiii + 128 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Howard Gregory, Caribbean theology: Preparing for the challenges ahead. Mona, Kingston: Canoe Press, University of the West Indies, 1995. xx + 118 pp.-Lise Winer, Richard Allsopp, Dictionary of Caribbean English usage. With a French and Spanish supplement edited by Jeanette Allsopp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. lxxviii + 697 pp.-Geneviève Escure, Jacques Arends ,Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995. xiv + 412 pp., Pieter Muysken, Norval Smith (eds)-Jacques Arends, Angela Bartens, Die iberoromanisch-basierten Kreolsprachen: Ansätze der linguistischen Beschreibung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995. vii + 345 pp.-J. Michael Dash, Richard D.E. Burton, Le roman marron: Études sur la littérature martiniquaise contemporaine. Paris: L'Harmattan. 1997. 282 pp.

Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis fotografi Djaja Tjandra Kirana. (2) untuk mendeskripsikan nilai estetika dalam karya fotografi Djaja Tjandra Kirana. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik dokumentasi, kepustakaan dan triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Jenis-jenis fotografi Djaja Tjandra Kirana yang terdapat dalam buku “Jiwa Cahaya” adalah: fotografi kehidupan manusia (human interest), fotografi jurnalistik (photojournalism), fotografi pemandangan (landscape photography), fotografi model (photography modelling), fotografi jalanan (street photography), dan fotografi potret (portrait photography) dan (2) Nilai estetika fotografi Djaja Tjandra Kirana yang terdapat dalam buku “Jiwa Cahaya” adalah: unsur-unsur rupa (unsur desain) dibagi menjadi enam unsur yaitu, garis, shape (bangun), tekstur, warna, intensity/chroma, ruang dan waktu. Dasar-dasar penyusunan (prinsip desain) dibagi menjadi empat unsur yaitu, paduan harmoni, paduan kontras, paduan irama, dan paduan gradasi dan hukum penyusunan (azas desain) dibagi menjadi empat unsur yaitu, asas kesatuan, keseimbangan, simplicity (kesederhanaan), emphasis (aksentuasi), dan proporsi. Kata Kunci : Estetika, Fotografi, Djaja Tjandra Kirana. This study aimed (1) to describe the types of Djaja Tjandra Kirana’s photography and (2) to describe the aesthetic values conveyed in Djaja Tjandra Kirana’s photographical work. This was a descriptive qualitative study. The data were collected with documentation, library research, and triangulation techniques. The result showed that (1) the types of Djaja Tjandra Kirana’s photography found in the book “Jiwa Cahaya” were: the photography of human interest, photojournalism, landscape photography, photography modelling, street photography, and portrait photography. The result also showed that (2) the aesthetical values conveyed in Djaja Tjandra Kirana’s photography found in the book “Jiwa Cahaya” were: the design element, which was divided into six elements, namely line, shape, texture, color, intensity/chroma, space and time, and also the design principle, which was divided into four composite elements, namely the composite of harmony, contrast, rhythm, and gradation. Another value found was also the design basis, which was divided into four principles, namely the principle of unity, balance, simplicity, emphasis, and proportion.keyword : Aesthetic, Photography, Djaja Tjandra Kirana

ABSTRACTThe Influence of the Buku Ende Hymn on the Quality of Singing Among the Congregation of the HKBP Church in Yogyakarta. This paper talks about Ende book, a collection of worship songs for the HKBP congregation composed by European composers in the 16th and 17th centuries. Conveyed by missionaries to Batak land, these songs were later translated into Toba Batak language and some were composed to suit the rhythms of Batak indigenous music. In singing the songs, HKBP Yogyakarta congregation sing the original notation (not transfused lower) that frequently consists of high notes, causing the congregation having low vocal range to sing the song in one octave below the basic tone. The objective of the study is to examine how immense Ende Book influences the vocal quality of HKBP Yogyakarta congregation. The author implemented descriptive qualitative method by adapting the theory of 'The Power of Habit' by Charles Duhigg. Data collection techniques used by the author were observation, interview, and documentation. The results of this study reveal that habit plays a major role in the routines to achieve a satisfactory quality of singing. When singing Ende book, HKBP Yogyakarta congregation have unconsciously acquainted several elements of vocal techniques. The vocal techniques in particular are breathing, resonance, voice range, and interpretation, in which a significant impact on the quality of the singing voices of HKBP Yogyakarta congregation retain. By implementing the original range and sentence structure (phrasing) in Ende book, the learning process taken place e every Sunday worshipping has unconsciously imporoved the singing quality of HKBP Yogyakarta congregation.ABSTRAKBuku Ende merupakan buku yang berisi nyanyian ibadah bagi jemaat HKBP yang sebagian besar diciptakan oleh komponis Eropa pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17 Masehi. Nyanyian ini dibawa oleh para misionaris ke tanah Batak lalu diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Batak Toba dan ada juga yang digubah untuk disesuaikan dengan irama musik Batak. Menyanyikan nyanyian buku Ende ini jemaat HKBP Yogyakarta bernyanyi dengan tangga nada aslinya (tidak ditransfus lebih rendah) sehingga ketika menyanyikan nada-nada tinggi, bagi jemaat yang mempunyai ambitus suara yang rendah sering menyanyikannya dengan nada satu oktaf dibawah nada dasar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat sejauh mana pengaruh nyanyian pada Buku Ende ini terhadap kualitas bernyanyi jemaat HKBP Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan memakai teori ‘The Power of Habit’ dari Charles Duhigg. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor kebiasaan menjadi salah satu rutinitas untuk mencapai kualitas bernyanyi yang memuaskan. Dalam menyanyikan buku Ende ini terdapat banyak unsur-unsur teknik vokal yang tanpa disadari telah memberikan pembelajaran vokal, khususnya kepada jemaat HKBP Yogyakarta. Teknik vokal yang dimaksud, antara lain: pernapasan, resonansi, ambitus suara, dan interpretasi, berdampak besar bagi kualitas suara bernyanyi jemaat HKBP Yogyakarta. Dengan nyanyikan tangga nada asli pada buku Ende dan kebiasaan menerapkan teknik vokal yang baik dan benar, tanpa disadari proses pembelajaran berlangsung setiap Minggu. Hal ini yang menyebabkan suara jemaat gereja HKBP Yogyakarta semakin berkualitas baik.

The Qur'an is a holy book that is always interesting to be examined from all sides: from the beauty of the language used to the contained meaning; from the form of writing to the variety of readings; including some matters related to the subject matter of the Qur'an. All these aspects if examined in depth, will lead us to the conclusion that the Qur'an is a miracle, as well as prove that the risks of Muhammad Saw is true. One of the main content of the Qur'an is the stories. Judging from the time of occurrence, the stories can be divided into three categories. First, the stories of previous prophets that were so difficult for historians to uncover, as the 'A> d and Thamu> d and the city of Iram they were proud of; the story of Pharaoh and his destruction and the power of Alla> h to immortalize his body; story of As}h}a>b al-Kahf and so forth. Second, the notice of the Messenger of Allah concerning the state of his people, including the conspiracy of the unbelievers and the munafiq who were about to kill him. Third, the news about something that will happen like preaching about the victory of the Muslims in the war badar, victory of the army of Rum on Persi also the news about the coming of Judgment Day and human condition at that time. The truth of the stories is certain. It became one amongst the evidence of miracles. In addition, the presenting of these stories is packed with beautiful language with high literary value, thus further strengthening the miracles of the Qur'an and proving that it really comes from Allah Swt, not Muhammad's engineering.

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai interaksi musikal dalam pertunjukan kesenian Topeng Betawi. Fokus permasalahan menitikberatkan tentang bagaimana jalinan interaksi musikal yang terjadi di antara para pemain musik dalam sajian gending pokok pertujukan kesenian Topeng Betawi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis yakni metode dengan cara menggambarkan atau melukiskan objek yang dikaji berdasarkan data-data yang diperoleh, yang kemudian dilakukan analisis terhadap data tersebut. Penelitian ini menerapkan teori interaksi musikal yang dirumuskan oleh Benjamin Brinner. Teknik pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui studi lapangan, perekaman audio-visual, dan studi pustaka. Hasil analisis dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan (1) Pemain rebab sebagai pimpinan yang memiliki kewajiban untuk mengkoordinasi jalannya pertunjukan. (2) Tata letak instrumen musik dari masing-masing penyaji didasarkan atas pertimbangan kelancaran pesan musikal. (3) Pesan musikal merupakan tanda yang kemudian mendapat respon dari pemain musik yang lain. (4) Struktur gending dipengaruhi jenis irama yang dimainkan. (5) Respon musikal merupakan wujud dari motivasi masing-masing pemain musik. ABSTRACTThis study discusses the musical interaction in Topeng Betawi art performances. The focus of the problem focuses on how the fabric of musical interaction that occurs between the musicians in the musical staple grain Performace Topeng Betawi arts. The method used in this research is a descriptive analysis of the methods by describing or depicting an object under study based on the data obtained, which then conducted an analysis of the data. This research applies the theory of musical interaction formulated by Benjamin Brinner. Data collection techniques gained through fieldworks, audio-visual recording, and literature. Analytical results from this study can be concluded (1) Player fiddle as a leader who has the obligation to coordinate the course of the show. (2) The layout of musical instruments from each presenter is based on the consideration of the smoothness of the musical message. (3) Book musicals is a sign that later received a response from the other music players. (4) The structure of the musical influenced the type of rhythm being played. (5) Response musical is a form of motivation for each music player.

The scope of education itself is recognizing letters to being able to read and write, recognizing numbers to counting correctly, and recognizing colors and shapes in order to get to know the surrounding environment. This should have been learned from an early age or kindergarten age, because at that time children easily absorb the information given to them. It is for this reason that children must be facilitated with things that can facilitate their learning process, one of which is by providing books. To make it easier and to make children interested in understanding the contents of the reading, books are made with attractive illustrations and colors for children, so that they are interested in reading and understanding the contents of the book. One of the media for channeling education is through picture story books. Picture story books are one way of shaping children’s personalities, picture story books also provide many other benefits such as rhythm, rhymes, pictures that can stimulate language development and listening skills for children. ABSTRAK Ruang lingkup pendidikan itu sendiri adalah mengenal huruf hingga dapat membaca dan menulis, mengenal angka hingga dapat berhitung dengan benar, serta mengenal warna dan bentuk agar dapat mengenal lingkungan sekitarnya. Hal ini seharusnya sudah dipelajari sejak usia dini atau usia taman kanak-kanak, karena pada masa itu anak mudah menyerap informasi yang diberikan kepada mereka, karena alasan inilah anak harus difasilitasi dengan hal-hal yang dapat mempermudah proses pembelajaran mereka, salah satunya adalah dengan menyediakan buku. Untuk mempermudah dan membuat anak tertarik dalam memahami isi bacaan, maka buku dibuat dengan ilustrasi dan warna yang menarik untuk anak, sehingga mereka tertarik untuk membaca dan memahami isi buku tersebut. Salah satu media untuk menyalurkan pendidikan adalah melalui buku cerita bergambar. Buku cerita bergambar merupakan salah satu cara membentuk kepribadian anak, buku cerita bergambar juga memberikan banyak manfaat lainnya seperti, irama, sajak, gambar yang dapat merangsang pengembangan bahasa dan ketrampilan mendengar bagi anak-anak.

Dyslexia is a type of learning difficulty in children in the form of reading disabilities, symptoms that are not caused by the ability of sight, hearing, intelligence, or skills in languagee, but rather to disturbances in the brain processes when processing the information it receives. The factors that couse dyslexia, are phenoological problems, educational factors, psychological factors, and biological factors. As for the characteristics of dyslexia, among others: symptoms of dyslexia in pre-school: 1), loves to mix up words and phrases, 2), difficulty learning the repetition of sounds (rhymes) and rhythms, 3) it’s hard to remember names, 4) late development in language, 5) happy to read a book, but not interested in words or letters, 6 it’s hard to dress. The characteristics of dyslexia at elementary school age: 1) difficulty reading and speeling, 2) often confused letters and numbers, 3) it’s hard to remember names, 4) difficult to understand the writing he read, 5. Slow at writing, 6 difficulty concentrating, 6) difficulty concentrating, 7) it’s hard to tell right and left, or the order of the week, 8) low self-esteem, and 9) still have difficulty in dressing. Abstrak Disleksia adalah jenis kesulitan belajar pada anak berupa ketidak mampuan membaca, gejala yang tidak disebabkan oleh kemampuan penglihatan, pendengaran, intelegensia, atau keterampilannya dalam berbahasa, melainkan lebih kepada gangguan dalam proses otak ketika mengolah informasi yang diterimanya. Faktor-faktor penyebab disleksia , adalah masalah fenoologi, faktor pendidikan, faktor psikologis, dan faktor biologis. Adapun ciri-ciri disleksia di antaranya: Ciri-ciri disleksia pada pra-sekolah: (1) Suka mencampur adukkan kata-kata dan frasa (2) Kesulitan mempelajari pengulangan bunyi (rima) dan irama (ritme), (3) Sulit mengingat nama, (4) Perkembangan dalam berbahasa yang terlambat, (5) Senang dibacakan buku, tetapi tidak tertarik dengan kata-kata atau huruf, (6) Sulit untuk berpakaian. Adapun ciri-ciri disleksia diusia sekolah dasar: (1) Sulit membaca dan mengeja, (2) Sering tertukar huruf dan angka, (3) Sulit mengingat alfabet atau mempelajari tabel, (4) Sulit mengerti tulisan yang ia baca, (5) Lambat dalam menulis, (6) Sulit konsentrasi, (7) Susah membedakan kanan dan kiri, atau urutan dalam sepekan, (8)Percaya diri yang rendah, (9) Masih tetap kesulitan dalam berpakaian. Kata Kunci: Disleksia, Kesulitan Belajar, dan Pendidikan

Manusia dianugerahi oleh Allah nalar agar mampu memperoleh pemahaman, melalui jalan tafakkur dan tadabbur terhadap keagungan dan keindahan ayat-ayat-Nya. Allah Swt menurunkan kalam mulia yang mengandung ketinggian nilai, sehingga manusia yang berpegang kepadanya tidak akan sesat selama-lamanya. Alquran adalah kitab yang tidak tertandingi ketinggian nilai bahasa yang terkandung di dalamnya. Adapun puisi adalah sebuah karya sastra yang diciptakan manusia, yang memiliki diksi, majas, kata konkrit dan amanat yang indah dan kompleks. Ternyata, Alquran adalah kitab suci yang memiliki bahasa lebih indah dan lebih komplek. Salah satu keagungan sastra dalam Alquran terdapat dalam surat al Insyirah. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keindahan dan kesempurnaan diksi, pengulangan bunyi, penggunaan kata kongkrit dan ambiguitas serta majas dalam surat Al-insyirah. Tulisan yang diselesaikan dari studi literatur ini menemukan fakta bahwa surat Al-insyirah mengandung struktur sastra sebagaimana puisi, mempunyai tema, amanat, nada dan suasana. Surat Al-insyirah dilafazkan dengan rima berpola a a a a b b c c, mengandung majas tropen, simbolik dan majas sinekdoke. Kata konkrit yang terdapat pada ayat pertama adalah etos kerja dan tawakkal. Surat Al-insyirah mengandung amanat agar manusia selalu optimis, senantiasa berusaha dan tekun dalam menyelesaikan setiap pekerjaan. Bertawakal kepada Allah adalah solusi segala masalah manusia. Allah memberikan jalan kemudahan bersama kesukaran yang dihadapi manusia. Suasana yang ditimbulkan oleh irama dan pemilihan kata yang terdapat dalam surat Al-insyirah bernuansa bahagia, gembira dan tegas. Kata Kunci: Sastra, Surat al-Insyirah, nilai kehidupan Humans are gifted with logic by God to be able to gain understanding, through tafakkur (reflection) and tadabbur (meditation) to the majesty and beauty of His verses. Allah has sent down noble words that contain high values so that people who hold on to them will not go astray forever. The Quran is a book that is unrivaled in the height of the language value contained in it. Poetry is a literary work created by humans, which has beautiful and complex diction, the figure of speech, concrete words and messages. Apparently, the Quran is a holy book that has a language that is more beautiful and more complex. One of the greatness of literature in the Quran is contained in the Surah Al-Insyirah. This writing aims to find out the beauty and perfection of diction, repetition of sounds, use of concrete words and ambiguity, as well as the figure of speech in the Surah Al-Insyirah. This writing, which was completed from the literature study, found the fact that Surah Al-Insyirah contains a literary structure like poetry since it has a theme, message, tone, and atmosphere. Surah Al-Insyirah is pronounced with a patterned rhyme a a a a b b c c and contains tropen, symbolic, and synecdoche figure of speech. The concrete words contained in the first verse are work ethic and tawakkal (trust in God’s plan). Surah Al-Insyirah contains a mandate that humans are always optimistic, full of effort, and persistent in completing every job. Trust in Allah is the solution to all human problems. Allah provides a way of the ease along with the difficulties faced by humans. The atmosphere evoked by the rhythm and word choice contained in the Surah Al-Insyirah is happy, joyful, and firm. Keywords: Literature, Surat al-Insyirah, the value of life

This study aims to determine the ability and development potential of VII grade students of SMPN 28 Medan in applying design elements and principles to tote bag design. This research is a qualitative research. The method used is descriptive qualitative research methods. The population of this research is 240 ornamental works in tote bag design. The sample used consisted of 30 works using the Cluster Random Sampling technique, namely samples taken by random groups (classes). Aspects of the design principles examined in this study are unity, balance, rhythm and emphasis. The results showed that overall the work of applying ornaments to the tote bag design of the VII grade students of SMPN 28 Medan obtained a good category and in the potential for developing the work as a whole there is still much that needs to be improved in order to get better results.Keywords: application, ornament, design principles.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan dan potensi pengembangan siswa SMPN 28 Medan kelas VII dalam menerapkan unsur dan prinsip desain pada desain tote bag. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif. Populasi penelitian ini berjumlah 240 karya ornamen pada desain tote bag. Sampel yang digunakan terdiri dari 30 karya dengan menggunakan teknik Cluster Random Sampling yaitu sampel yang diambil berdasarkan kelompok (kelas) secara acak. Aspek prinsip-prinsip desain yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini yaitu kesatuan, keseimbangan, irama dan penekanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa secara keseluruhan karya penerapan ornamen pada desain tote bag karya siswa smpn 28 Medan kelas VII memperoleh kategori baik dan dalam potensi pengembangan karya secara keseluruhan masih banyak yang harus diperbaiki agar mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik.Kata Kunci: penerapan, ornamen, prinsip desain. Authors:Ester Yuniar Simbolon : Universitas Negeri MedanZulkifli : Universitas Negeri MedanSugito : Universitas Negeri MedanReferences:Bramantijo, B., Karsam, K., & Priyoleksono, T. (2017). Tote Bag Berbahan Tenun Gedhog sebagai Produk Penunjang Bagi UKM Tenun dan Batik Gedhog Tuban. Batoboh, 2(2), 124-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.26887/bt.v2i2.355.Farida, N., Widoretno, S., & Yuliastuti, E. (2020). Pembuatan Kantong Kain “Tote Bag” sebagai Pengganti Kantong Plastik pada Pemuda Wirausaha Blitar. Jurnal Graha Pengabdian, 2(4), 296-304.Meyer, Franz Sales. (1957). Hand book of Ornament: New York: Dover Publication.Saragih, Daulat. (2017). Jenis Motif dan Nilai Filosofis Ornamen Tradisional Sumatera Utara. Yogyakarta: Thafa Media Yogyakarta.Sembiring, Dermawan. (2014). Wawasan Seni. Medan: Unimed Press.Simbolon, E. Y. (2020). “Karya Tote Bag”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: 28 Januari 2020, SMPN 28 Medan.Sunaryo, Aryo. (2009). Ornamen Nusantara. Semarang: Dahara Prize.Tasbergaransi. (2017). Sejarah dan Perkembangan Tote Bag. https://www.kaskus.co.id/thread/5913b07d60e24b78228b4567/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-tote-bag/ (diakses tanggal 28 Januari 2021).Zulkifli, Z., Atmojo, W. T., Kartono, G., & Nurwani, N. (2021). Revitalisasi Identitas Melayu: Studi Penerapan Ragam Hias Tradisonal Melayu pada Bangunan Modern di Kota Medan. Journal ofEducation, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), 3(3), 895-903. https://doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i3.421.

The article is devoted to the work of the famous modern children's writer, whose works have repeatedly won prestigious literary competitions, including the All-Russian Kniguru Competition (2013, 2014, 2015), the International Children's Literary Prize named after V. Krapivin (2013, 2014), the New Children's Book Competition (2014), the Literary Prize named after. S. Ya. Marshaka (2018) and others. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of theoretical works devoted to the analysis of Nina Dashevskaya's works published over the past decade. The purpose of the work is to study the integral system of the author's texts, which has certain characteristics. The object of research are collections of short stories "About Music" (2015), "The Second" (2018), "The Key" (2022), the novels "The Violin of an unknown master" (2015), "I am not a brake" (2016), "The Day of Pi" (2018), "Timofey: notebook; Irka: Sketchbook" (2020), "Sound Search. Cottage cheese" (2021). As a result, it is concluded that the author's characters are modern teenagers, original, enthusiastic, talented, they are looking for their own way, learning to communicate, make decisions, interact with other people. The author raises the problems of social isolation, lack of friends and relationships between brothers and sisters. The paper analyzes the values of the author's artistic world, the dominant artistic space, and the peculiarities of the plot structure of the works. Musicality and its realization in texts are considered as a fundamental feature of Dashevskaya's prose. The works demonstrate an educational aspect and a serious cognitive orientation of short stories and novellas, which is realized in information from the field of music, painting and literature. This work represents a stage in the study of modern literature for children and the work of Nina Dashevskaya, in particular, and opens up prospects for further research. Статья посвящена творчеству известного современного детского писателя, чьи произведения не раз становились победителями престижных литературных конкурсов, среди которых Всероссийский конкурс «Книгуру» (2013, 2014, 2015), Международная детская литературная премия имени. В. Крапивина (2013, 2014), конкурс «Новая детская книга» (2014), Литературная премия им. С. Я. Маршака (2018) и другие. Актуальность настоящего исследования обусловлена недостатком теоретических работ, посвященных анализу произведений Нины Дашевской, опубликованных в течение последнего десятилетия. Целью работы является изучение целостной системы текстов автора, обладающей определенными характеристиками. Объектом изысканий становятся сборники рассказов «Около музыки» (2015), «Второй» (2018), «Ключ» (2022), повестей «Скрипка неизвестного мастера» (2015), «Я не тормоз» (2016), «День числа Пи» (2018), «Тимофей: блокнот; Ирка: скетчбук» (2020), «Поиск звука. Творогов» (2021). В результате сделан вывод о том, что герои автора – современные подростки, самобытные, увлеченные, талантливые, они ищут свой путь, учатся общаться, принимать решения, взаимодействовать с другими людьми. Автор поднимает проблемы социальной изолированности, отсутствия друзей и взаимоотношений между братьями и сестрами. В работе проанализированы ценности художественного мира автора, доминанты художественного пространства, особенности сюжетного построения произведений. Рассматривается музыкальность и ее реализация в текстах как основополагающая черта прозы Дашевской. Произведения демонстрируют воспитательный аспект и серьезную познавательную направленность рассказов и повестей, которая реализуется в сведениях из области музыки, живописи и литературы. Настоящая работа представляет собой этап в изучении современной литературы для детей и творчества Нины Дашевской, в частности, и открывает перспективы для дальнейших исследований.

The fair transfer of the risk of loss from one entity to another in exchange for a payment, known as a premium, is what is meant by insurance (NCAER). A type of risk management called insurance is used to protect or hedge against the possibility of an unforeseen and contingent loss. In the economy, the insurance industry serves as a risk manager, investment activity booster, financial market stabilizer, mobilizer of funds, and financial middleman. According to the Financial Stability Forum, insurance services are categorized into three major categories: social insurance, non-social insurance and reinsurance. The social insurance sector helps in providing risk cover, investment and tax planning for individuals; the non-social insurance industry provides a risk cover for assets. Under reinsurance, developing countries often find themselves in the position of being buyers of reinsurance (UNCTAD 2007). The development of the social insurance market is playing an increasingly substantial role within the insurance industry due to the existence of insurance-growth relationship with the increased share of the insurance sector in the financial sector (Beck and Webb, 2003). Social insurance is civilization’s partial solution to the problems that caused by death; which eliminates 'risk', substituting certainty for uncertainty and comes to the timely aid of the family in the unfortunate event of death of breadwinner. In short, social insurance is concerned with two hazards that stand across the life-path of every person: firstly, that of dying prematurely is leaving a dependent family to fend for itself, and secondly, that of living till old age without visible means of supports (LIC, website). A well-developed social insurance sector is a boon for economic development as it provides long term funds for infrastructure development at the same time strengthening the risk taking ability of a country. Social insurers are custodians and managers of substantial investments of individuals; and policy holders need to be confident that their insurer will be able to meet its promised liabilities in the event that claims are made under a policy Regulatory authorities therefore seek to ensure that the financial soundness and performance of social insurance companies is in sound condition. Insurance is a big opportunity in a country like India with a large population and 2 untapped potential. In this current scenario of growing customer base, one of the principal concerns underlying the regulation of the insurance companies is the need to protect the interest of and secure fair treatment to policyholders (Charumathi, 2011) The risk absorption role of insurers promotes financial stability in the financial markets and provides a “sense of peace” to economic entities. The business world without insurance is unsustainable since risky business may not have the capacity to retain all kinds of risks in this ever changing and uncertain global economy (Ahmed et al., 2010). Insurance companies’ ability to continue to cover risk in the economy hinges on their capacity to create profit or value for their shareholders. The economic significance and recently increasing importance of the insurance industry for financial stability requires for adoption of risk-based supervisions of its undertakings. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), the regulatory body of the Indian insurance industry, has therefore intensified its supervision, on-site examinations and off-site surveillances. All of these regulatory measures are to ensure that the financial performance of insurance companies is in sound condition. Insurers’ financial performance is influenced by both internal and external factors. Whereas internal factors focus on an insurer’s-specific characteristics, the external factors concern both industry features and macroeconomic variables. The performance of insurance companies can also be appraised at the micro, meso and macro levels of the economy. The micro level refers to how firm-specific factors such as size, capital, efficiency, age, and ownership structure affect financial performance. The meso and macro levels refer to the influence of support-institutions and macroeconomic factors respectively. At the micro level, profit is the essential pre-requisite for the survival, growth and competitiveness of insurance firms and the cheapest source of funds (Buyinza et al., 2010). Without profits no insurer can attract outside capital to meet its set objectives in this ever changing and competitive globalized environment.

This book review highlights the main themes of the Handbook of Quality of Life in African Societies (as edited by Prof Irma Eloff from the University of Pretoria), focusing on meaning and language, culture (and positive culture), and social responsibility. The interrelatedness of all five parts of the book (from a macro, meso and micro perspective) are discussed with specific mention of Ubuntu and its relevance in investigating the phenomenon of quality-of-life. The review emphasises the need for exploratory and indigenous research in communities where social association is of immense importance and to contextualise quality-of-life from this perspective. This book is recommended for scholars who wishes to utilise indigenous methodologies and to deeper understand the diverse influences and social impact on the quality-of-life of individuals south of the Sub-Saharan Africa.

Short stories and novels written by Zsigmond Kemény in the 1850’s are usually known as female readings, intended mainly for women. These stories are often studied focusing on female characters or on the author’s biography (and the role that a woman played in it). The present study is on female readings: examining two examples of how women read and interpreted novels and how they could express their opinions. Firstly, it studies a critique by Pál Gyulai (1854), who has a debate with a countess in his writing. The question under debate is how a female character can be interpreted. After explaining this critique, the second example is a monography from 1903, written by one of the first Hungarian literary women, Irma Langheim. In her book, Langheim studies the female characters of Zsigmond Kemény, and she finds them full of life. These examined that female interpretations seemed to be important steps of literary history as history of readings.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the profile of patients with sickle cell disease admitted to the Childrens Hospital of the Irma Dulce Social Works in Salvador city, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive study through the analysis of hospitalization data registered in the book of Medical Residence in Pediatric Hematology and in the Hospital Information System, from March 2018 to March 2019. RESULTS: The main one cause of hospitalization is due to occlusive vessel crisis (59.5%) and the age group most affected is from 01 to 05 years (30%). Patients from Salvador city, capital of Bahia state, account for 65%. The average hospital stay is six days. Most patients still do not use hydroxyurea and 6% do not undergo regular outpatient follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the profile of patients with sickle cell disease can serve as a basis for improving the specific care that this public needs and for the development of actions for the early detection of the disease and the implementation of reference centers in the interior of the state of Bahia.

Renewable energy usage has entered a research boom, and the exceptional use of geothermal energy in urban heating and power generation has garnered the interest of an increasing number of nations. RCEP countries have launched new cooperation to promote the green recovery of the regional economy, which has prompted new demands for the integration and upgrade of existing environmental resource cooperation platforms in the region, and the development of geothermal energy has greater strategic significance for RCEP nations. Using the Constant Market Share (CMS) model and innovative RCA index (IRCA) method, this article measures and analyzes the changing trend of international competitiveness of geothermal energy products in RCEP nations. The findings of this study indicate that: (1) the comparative advantages of geothermal energy products in RCEP countries are insufficient; (2) structural effects have negative effects on export growth; (3) competitiveness is an important factor in promoting export trade; (4) second-order effects have a greater impact on exports. Based on the aforementioned research findings, this article proposes appropriate countermeasures.

This review examines Hilda Lloréns’s research into the role that Afro-Puerto Rican women play in advocating for environmental justice and building a sustainable environment in the Puerto Rican archipelago, particularly after the devastation left behind by Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, and the subsequent catastrophic effects of COVID-19 in 2020. Lloréns shows that Afro-Puerto Rican women are able to survive in the face of racial and ecological discriminations and marginalizations, and their survival is emblematic of Puerto Rico’s own survival. The author devotes the entirety of her book to show that as an "ethnographer of home," as she calls herself, it is essential for people to create livable worlds within which they can survive. Survival in the midst of catastrophic climate change is difficult, Lloréns argues, primarily because Puerto Ricans are often on the receiving end of austerity measures that make their existence tenuous, at best. These austerity measures typically come after a climatic event, and result in limited access to clean water, food, electricity, healthcare, housing, and education, which only serve to exacerbate the desperation that many on the island feel. While this desperation was widespread across the island after the hurricanes in 2017, residents in the southeastern region of the island (predominantly Afro-Puerto Ricans) were even more affected. Lloréns shows how these people used their limited resources to cull an existence out of a seemingly hostile land and create a community that sustained them. Lloréns draws on personal experiences, the experiences of her family, ethnography, anthropology, and interviews to show how vital it is to examine Puerto Rico not as a homogenous space but rather as a heterogeneous one with its unique complexities. And by centering the work and experiences of Black Puerto Ricans, Lloréns gives voice to a group that is largely left on the margins of society, but who demonstrates the importance of building community as a sustaining entity.

The traditional German tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin inhabits an ambiguous narrative borderland, a liminal space between fact and fiction, fantasy and horror, concrete details and elusive mystery. In his study of the Pied Piper in Tradition and Innovation in Folk Literature, Wolfgang Mieder describes how manuscripts and other evidence appear to confirm the historical base of the story. Precise details from a fifteenth-century manuscript, based on earlier sources, specify that in 1284 on the 26th of June, the feast-day of Saints John and Paul, 130 children from Hamelin were led away by a piper clothed in many colours to the Koppen Hill, and there vanished (Mieder 48). Later manuscripts add details familiar today, such as a plague of rats and a broken bargain with burghers as a motive for the Piper’s actions, while in the seventeenth century the first English-language version advances what might also be the first attempt at a “rational” explanation for the children’s disappearance, claiming that they were taken to Transylvania. The uncommon pairing of such precise factual detail with enigmatic mystery has encouraged many theories. These have ranged from references to the Children’s Crusade, or other religious fervours, to the devastation caused by the Black Death, from the colonisation of Romania by young German migrants to a murderous rampage by a paedophile. Fictional interpretations of the story have multiplied, with the classic versions of the Brothers Grimm and Robert Browning being most widely known, but with contemporary creators exploring the theme too. This includes interpretations in Hamelin itself. On 26 June 2015, in Hamelin Museum, I watched a wordless five-minute play, entirely performed not by humans but by animatronic stylised figures built out of scrap iron, against a montage of multilingual, confused voices and eerie music, with the vanished children represented by a long line of small empty shirts floating by. The uncanny, liminal nature of the story was perfectly captured. Australia is a world away from German fairy tale mysteries, historically, geographically, and culturally. Yet, as Lisa M. Fiander has persuasively argued, contemporary Australian fiction has been more influenced by fairy tales than might be assumed, and in this essay it is proposed that major motifs from the Pied Piper appear in several Australian novels, transformed not only by distance of setting and time from that of the original narrative, but also by elements specific to the Australian imaginative space. These motifs are lost children, the enigmatic figure of the Piper himself, and the power of a very particular place (as Hamelin and its Koppen Hill are particularised in the original tale). Three major Australian novels will be examined in this essay: Joan Lindsay’s Picnic at Hanging Rock (1967), Christopher Koch’s The Doubleman (1985), and Ursula Dubosarsky’s The Golden Day (2011). Dubosarsky’s novel was written for children; both Koch’s and Lindsay’s novels were published as adult fiction. In each of these works of fiction, the original tale’s motifs have been developed and transformed to express unique evocations of the Pied Piper theme. As noted by Fiander, fiction writers are “most likely to draw upon fairy tales when they are framing, in writing, a subject that generates anxiety in their culture” (158). Her analysis is about anxieties of place within Australian fiction, but this insight could be usefully extended to the motifs which I have identified as inherent in the Pied Piper story. Prominent among these is the lost children motif, whose importance in the Australian imagination has been well-established by scholars such as Peter Pierce. Pierce’s The Country of Lost Children: An Australian Anxiety explores this preoccupation from the earliest beginnings of European settlement, through analysis of fiction, newspaper reports, paintings, and films. As Pierce observed in a later interview in the Sydney Morning Herald (Knox), over time the focus changed from rural children and the nineteenth-century fear of the vast impersonal nature of the bush, where children of colonists could easily get lost, to urban children and the contemporary fear of human predators.In each of the three novels under examination in this essay, lost children—whether literal or metaphorical—feature prominently. Writer Carmel Bird, whose fiction has also frequently centred on the theme of the lost child, observes in “Dreaming the Place” that the lost child, the stolen child – this must be a narrative that is lodged in the heart and imagination, nightmare and dream, of all human beings. In Australia the nightmare became reality. The child is the future, and if the child goes, there can be no future. The true stories and the folk tales on this theme are mirror images of each other. (7) The motif of lost children—and of children in danger—is not unique to the Pied Piper. Other fairy tales, such as Hansel and Gretel and Little Red Riding Hood, contain it, and it is those antecedents which Bird cites in her essay. But within the Pied Piper story it has three features which distinguish it from other traditional tales. First, unlike in the classic versions of Hansel and Gretel or Red Riding Hood, the children do not return. Neither are there bodies to find. The children have vanished into thin air, never to be seen again. Second, it is not only parents who have lost them, but an entire community whose future has been snatched away: a community once safe, ordered, even complacent, traumatised by loss. The lack of hope, of a happy ending for anyone, is striking. And thirdly, the children are not lost or abandoned or even, strictly speaking, stolen: they are lured away, semi-willingly, by the central yet curiously marginal figure of the Piper himself. In the original story there is no mention of motive and no indication of malice on the part of the Piper. There is only his inexplicable presence, a figure out of fairy folklore appearing in the midst of concrete historical dates and numbers. Clearly, he links to the liminal, complex world of the fairies, found in folklore around the world—beings from a world close to the human one, yet alien. Whimsical and unpredictable by human standards, such beings are nevertheless bound by mysteriously arbitrary rules and taboos, and haunt the borders of the human world, disturbing its rational edges and transforming lives forever. It is this sense of disturbance, that enchanting yet frightening sudden shifting of the border of reality and of the comforting order of things, the essence of transformation itself, which can also be seen at the core of the three novels under examination in this essay, with the Piper represented in each of them but in different ways. The third motif within the Pied Piper is a focus on place as a source of uncanny power, a theme which particularly resonates within an Australian context. Fiander argues that if contemporary British fiction writers use fairy tale to explore questions of community and alienation, and Canadian fiction writers use it to explore questions of identity, then Australian writers use it to explore the unease of place. She writes of the enduring legacy of Australia’s history “as a settler colony which invests the landscape with strangeness for many protagonists” (157). Furthermore, she suggests that “when Australian fiction writers, using fairy tales, describe the landscape as divorced from reality, they might be signalling anxiety about their own connection with the land which had already seen tens of thousands of years of occupation when Captain James Cook ‘found’ it in 1770” (160). I would argue, however, that in the case of the Pied Piper motifs, it is less clear that it is solely settler anxieties which are driving the depiction of the power of place in these three novels. There is no divorce from reality here, but rather an eruption of the metaphysical potency of place within the usual, “normal” order of reality. This follows the pattern of the original tale, where the Piper and all the children, except for one or two stragglers, disappear at Koppen Hill, vanishing literally into the hill itself. In traditional European folklore, hollow hills are associated with fairies and their uncanny power, but other places, especially those of water—springs, streams, even the sea—may also be associated with their liminal world (in the original tale, the River Weser is another important locus for power). In Joan Lindsay’s Picnic at Hanging Rock, it is another outcrop in the landscape which holds that power and claims the “lost children.” Inspired partly by a painting by nineteenth-century Australian artist William Ford, titled At the Hanging Rock (1875), depicting a group of elegant people picnicking in the bush, this influential novel, which inspired an equally successful film adaptation, revolves around an incident in 1900 when four girls from Appleyard College, an exclusive school in Victoria, disappear with one of their teachers whilst climbing Hanging Rock, where they have gone for a picnic. Only one of their number, a girl called Irma, is ever found, and she has no memory of how and why she found herself on the Rock, and what has happened to the others. This inexplicable event is the precursor to a string of tragedies which leads to the violent deaths of several people, and which transforms the sleepy and apparently content little community around Appleyard College into a centre of loss, horror, and scandal.Told in a way which makes it appear that the novelist is merely recounting a true story—Lindsay even tells readers in an author’s note that they must decide for themselves if it is fact or fiction—Picnic at Hanging Rock shares the disturbingly liminal fact-fiction territory of the Piper tale. Many readers did in fact believe that the novel was based on historical events and combed newspaper files, attempting to propound ingenious “rational” explanations for what happened on the Rock. Picnic at Hanging Rock has been the subject of many studies, with the novel being analysed through various prisms, including the Gothic, the pastoral, historiography, and philosophy. In “Fear and Loathing in the Australian Bush,” Kathleen Steele has depicted Picnic at Hanging Rock as embodying the idea that “Ordered ‘civilisation’ cannot overcome the gothic landscapes of settler imaginations: landscapes where time and people disappear” (44). She proposes that Lindsay intimates that the landscape swallows the “lost children” of the novel because there is a great absence in that place: that of Aboriginal people. In this reading of the novel, it is that absence which becomes, in a sense, a malevolent presence that will reach out beyond the initial disappearance of the three people on the Rock to destroy the bonds that held the settler community together. It is a powerfully-made argument, which has been taken up by other scholars and writers, including studies which link the theme of the novel with real-life lost-children cases such as that of Azaria Chamberlain, who disappeared near another “Rock” of great Indigenous metaphysical potency—Uluru, or Ayers Rock. However, to date there has been little exploration of the fairy tale quality of the novel, and none at all of the striking ways in which it evokes Pied Piper motifs, whilst transforming them to suit the exigencies of its particular narrative world. The motif of lost children disappearing from an ordered, safe, even complacent community into a place of mysterious power is extended into an exploration of the continued effects of those disappearances, depicting the disastrous impact on those left behind and the wider community in a way that the original tale does not. There is no literal Pied Piper figure in this novel, though various theories are evoked by characters as to who might have lured the girls and their teacher, and who might be responsible for the disappearances. Instead, there is a powerful atmosphere of inevitability and enchantment within the landscape itself which both illustrates the potency of place, and exemplifies the Piper’s hold on his followers. In Picnic at Hanging Rock, place and Piper are synonymous: the Piper has been transformed into the land itself. Yet this is not the “vast impersonal bush,” nor is it malevolent or vengeful. It is a living, seductive metaphysical presence: “Everything, if only you could see it clearly enough, is beautiful and complete . . .” (Lindsay 35). Just as in the original tale, the lost children follow the “Piper” willingly, without regret. Their disappearance is a happiness to them, in that moment, as it is for the lost children of Hamelin, and quite unlike how it must be for those torn apart by that loss—the community around Appleyard, the townspeople of Hamelin. Music, long associated with fairy “takings,” is also a subtle feature of the story. In the novel, just before the luring, Irma hears a sound like the beating of far-off drums. In the film, which more overtly evokes fairy tale elements than does the novel, it is noteworthy that the music at that point is based on traditional tunes for Pan-pipes, played by the great Romanian piper Gheorge Zamfir. The ending of the novel, with questions left unanswered, and lives blighted by the forever-inexplicable, may be seen as also following the trajectory of the original tale. Readers as much as the fictional characters are left with an enigma that continues to perplex and inspire. Picnic at Hanging Rock was one of the inspirations for another significant Australian fiction, this time a contemporary novel for children. Ursula Dubosarsky’s The Golden Day (2011) is an elegant and subtle short novel, set in Sydney at an exclusive girls’ school, in 1967. Like the earlier novel, The Golden Day is also partly inspired by visual art, in this case the Schoolgirl series of paintings by Charles Blackman. Combining a fairy tale atmosphere with historical details—the Vietnam War, the hanging of Ronald Ryan, the drowning of Harold Holt—the story is told through the eyes of several girls, especially one, known as Cubby. The Golden Day echoes the core narrative patterns of the earlier novel, but intriguingly transformed: a group of young girls goes with their teacher on an outing to a mysterious place (in this case, a cave on the beach—note the potent elements of rock and water, combined), and something inexplicable happens which results in a disappearance. Only this time, the girls are much younger than the characters of Lindsay’s novel, pre-pubertal in fact at eleven years old, and it is their teacher, a young, idealistic woman known only as Miss Renshaw, who disappears, apparently into thin air, with only an amber bead from her necklace ever found. But it is not only Miss Renshaw who vanishes: the other is a poet and gardener named Morgan who is also Miss Renshaw’s secret lover. Later, with the revelation of a dark past, he is suspected in absentia of being responsible for Miss Renshaw’s vanishment, with implications of rape and murder, though her body is never found. Morgan, who could partly figure as the Piper, is described early on in the novel as having “beautiful eyes, soft, brown, wet with tears, like a stuffed toy” (Dubosarsky 11). This disarming image may seem a world away from the ambiguously disturbing figure of the legendary Piper, yet not only does it fit with the children’s naïve perception of the world, it also echoes the fact that the children in the original story were not afraid of the Piper, but followed him willingly. However, that is complicated by the fact that Morgan does not lure the children; it is Miss Renshaw who follows him—and the children follow her, who could be seen as the other half of the Piper. The Golden Day similarly transforms the other Piper motifs in its own original way. The children are only literally lost for a short time, when their teacher vanishes and they are left to make their own way back from the cave; yet it could be argued that metaphorically, the girls are “lost” to childhood from that moment, in terms of never being able to go back to the state of innocence in which they were before that day. Their safe, ordered school community will never be the same again, haunted by the inexplicability of the events of that day. Meanwhile, the exploration of Australian place—the depiction of the Memorial Gardens where Miss Renshaw enjoins them to write poetry, the uncomfortable descent over rocks to the beach, and the fateful cave—is made through the eyes of children, not the adolescents and adults of Picnic at Hanging Rock. The girls are not yet in that liminal space which is adolescence and so their impressions of what the places represent are immediate, instinctive, yet confused. They don’t like the cave and can’t wait to get out of it, whereas the beach inspires them with a sense of freedom and the gardens with a sense of enchantment. But in each place, those feelings are mixed both with ordinary concerns and with seemingly random associations that are nevertheless potently evocative. For example, in the cave, Cubby senses a threateningly weightless atmosphere, a feeling of reality shifting, which she associates, apparently confusedly, with the hanging of Ronald Ryan, reported that very day. In this way, Dubosarsky subtly gestures towards the sinister inevitability of the following events, and creates a growing tension that will eventually fade but never fully dissipate. At the end, the novel takes an unexpected turn which is as destabilising as the ending of the Pied Piper story, and as open-ended in its transformative effects as the original tale: “And at that moment Cubby realised she was not going to turn into the person she had thought she would become. There was something inside her head now that would make her a different person, though she scarcely understood what it was” (Dubosarsky 148). The eruption of the uncanny into ordinary life will never leave her now, as it will never leave the other girls who followed Miss Renshaw and Morgan into the literally hollow hill of the cave and emerged alone into a transformed world. It isn’t just childhood that Cubby has lost but also any possibility of a comforting sense of the firm borders of reality. As in the Pied Piper, ambiguity and loss combine to create questions which cannot be logically answered, only dimly apprehended.Christopher Koch’s 1985 novel The Doubleman, winner of the Miles Franklin Award, also explores the power of place and the motif of lost children, but unlike the other two novels examined in this essay depicts an actual “incarnated” Piper motif in the mysteriously powerful figure of Clive Broderick, brilliant guitarist and charismatic teacher/guru, whose office, significantly, is situated in a subterranean space of knowledge—a basement room beneath a bookshop. Both central yet peripheral to the main action of the novel, touched with hints of the supernatural which never veer into overt fantasy, Broderick remains an enigma to the end. Set, like The Golden Day, in the 1960s, The Doubleman is narrated in the first person by Richard Miller, in adulthood a producer of a successful folk-rock group, the Rymers, but in childhood an imaginative, troubled polio survivor, with a crutch and a limp. It is noteworthy here that in the Grimms’ version of the Pied Piper, two children are left behind, despite following the Piper: one is blind, one is lame. And it is the lame boy who tells the townspeople what he glimpsed at Koppen Hill. In creating the character of Broderick, the author blends the traditional tropes of the Piper figure with Mephistophelian overtones and a strong influence from fairy lore, specifically the idea of the “doubleman,” here drawn from the writings of seventeenth-century Scottish pastor, the Reverend Robert Kirk of Aberfoyle. Kirk’s 1691 book The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns and Fairies is the earliest known serious attempt at objective description of the fairy beliefs of Gaelic-speaking Highlanders. His own precisely dated life-story and ambiguous end—it is said he did not die but is forever a prisoner of the fairies—has eerie parallels to the Piper story. “And there is the uncanny, powerful and ambiguous fact of the matter. Here is a man, named, born, lived, who lived a fairy story, really lived it: and in the popular imagination, he lives still” (Masson).Both in his creative and his non-fiction work Koch frequently evoked what he called “the Otherland,” which he depicted as a liminal, ambiguous, destabilising but nevertheless very real and potent presence only thinly veiled by the everyday world. This Otherland is not the same in all his fictions, but is always part of an actual place, whether that be Java in The Year of Living Dangerously, Hobart and Sydney in The Doubleman, Tasmania, Vietnam and Cambodia in Highways to a War, and Ireland and Tasmania in Out of Ireland. It is this sense of the “Otherland” below the surface, a fairy tale, mythical realm beyond logic or explanation, which gives his work its distinctive and particular power. And in The Doubleman, this motif, set within a vividly evoked real world, complete with precise period detail, transforms the Piper figure into one which could easily appear in a Hobart lane, yet which loses none of its uncanny potency. As Noel Henricksen writes in his study of Koch’s work, Island and Otherland, “Behind the membrane of Hobart is Otherland, its manifestations a spectrum stretched between the mystical and the spiritually perverted” (213).This is Broderick’s first appearance, described through twelve-year-old Richard Miller’s eyes: Tall and thin in his long dark overcoat, he studied me for the whole way as he approached, his face absolutely serious . . . The man made me uneasy to a degree for which there seemed to be no explanation . . . I was troubled by the notion that he was no ordinary man going to work at all: that he was not like other people, and that his interest couldn’t be explained so simply. (Koch, Doubleman 3)That first encounter is followed by another, more disturbing still, when Broderick speaks to the boy, eyes fixed on him: “. . . hooded by drooping lids, they were entirely without sympathy, yet nevertheless interested, and formidably intelligent” (5).The sense of danger that Broderick evokes in the boy could be explained by a sinister hint of paedophilia. But though Broderick is a predator of sorts on young people, nothing is what it seems; no rational explanation encompasses the strange effect of his presence. It is not until Richard is a young man, in the company of his musical friend Brian Brady, that he comes across Broderick again. The two young men are looking in the window of a music shop, when Broderick appears beside them, and as Richard observes, just as in a fairy tale, “He didn’t seem to have changed or aged . . .” (44). But the shock of his sudden re-appearance is mixed with something else now, as Broderick engages Brady in conversation, ignoring Richard, “. . . as though I had failed some test, all that time ago, and the man had no further use for me” (45).What happens next, as Broderick demonstrates his musical prowess, becomes Brady’s teacher, and introduces them to his disciple, young bass player Darcy Burr, will change the young men’s lives forever and set them on a path that leads both to great success and to living nightmare, even after Broderick’s apparent disappearance, for Burr will take on the Piper’s mantle. Koch’s depiction of the lost children motif is distinctively different to the other two novels examined in this essay. Their fate is not so much a mystery as a tragedy and a warning. The lost children of The Doubleman are also lost children of the sixties, bright, talented young people drawn through drugs, immersive music, and half-baked mysticism into darkness and horrifying violence. In his essay “California Dreaming,” published in the collection Crossing the Gap, Koch wrote about this subterranean aspect of the sixties, drawing a connection between it and such real-life sinister “Pipers” as Charles Manson (60). Broderick and Burr are not the same as the serial killer Manson, of course; but the spell they cast over the “lost children” who follow them is only different in degree, not in kind. In the end of the novel, the spell is broken and the world is again transformed. Yet fittingly it is a melancholy transformation: an end of childhood dreams of imaginative potential, as well as dangerous illusions: “And I knew now that it was all gone—like Harrigan Street, and Broderick, and the district of Second-Hand” (Koch, Doubleman 357). The power of place, the last of the Piper motifs, is also deeply embedded in The Doubleman. In fact, as with the idea of Otherland, place—or Island, as Henricksen evocatively puts it—is a recurring theme in Koch’s work. He identified primarily and specifically as a Tasmanian writer rather than as simply Australian, pointing out in an essay, “The Lost Hemisphere,” that because of its landscape and latitude, different to the mainland of Australia, Tasmania “genuinely belongs to a different region from the continent” (Crossing the Gap 92). In The Doubleman, Richard Miller imbues his familiar and deeply loved home landscape with great mystical power, a power which is both inherent within it as it is, but also expressive of the Otherland. In “A Tasmanian Tone,” another essay from Crossing the Gap, Koch describes that tone as springing “from a sense of waiting in the landscape: the tense yet serene expectancy of some nameless revelation” (118). But Koch could also write evocatively of landscapes other than Tasmanian ones. The unnerving climax of The Doubleman takes place in Sydney—significantly, as in The Golden Day, in a liminal, metaphysically charged place of rocks and water. That place, which is real, is called Point Piper. In conclusion, the original tale’s three main motifs—lost children, the enigma of the Piper, and the power of place—have been explored in distinctive ways in each of the three novels examined in this article. Contemporary Australia may be a world away from medieval Germany, but the uncanny liminality and capacious ambiguity of the Pied Piper tale has made it resonate potently within these major Australian fictions. Transformed and transformative within the Australian imagination, the theme of the Pied Piper threads like a faintly-heard snatch of unearthly music through the apparently mimetic realism of the novels, destabilising readers’ expectations and leaving them with subversively unanswered questions. ReferencesBird, Carmel. “Dreaming the Place: An Exploration of Antipodean Narratives.” Griffith Review 42 (2013). 1 May 2016 <https://griffithreview.com/articles/dreaming-the-place/>.Dubosarsky, Ursula. The Golden Day. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2011.Fiander, Lisa M. “Writing in A Fairy Story Landscape: Fairy Tales and Contemporary Australian Fiction.” Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature 2 (2003). 30 April 2016 <http://openjournals.library.usyd.edu.au/index.php/JASAL/index>.Henricksen, Noel. Island and Otherland: Christopher Koch and His Books. Melbourne: Educare, 2003.Knox, Malcolm. “A Country of Lost Children.” Sydney Morning Herald 15 Aug. 2009. 1 May 2016 <http://www.smh.com.au/national/a-country-of-lost-children-20090814-el8d.html>.Koch, Christopher. The Doubleman. 1985. Sydney: Minerva, 1996.Koch, Christopher. Crossing the Gap: Memories and Reflections. 1987. Sydney: Vintage, 2000. Lindsay, Joan. Picnic at Hanging Rock. 1967. Melbourne: Penguin, 1977.Masson, Sophie. “Captive in Fairyland: The Strange Case of Robert Kirk of Aberfoyle.” Nation and Federation in the Celtic World: Papers from the Fourth Australian Conference of Celtic Studies, University of Sydney, June–July 2001. Ed. Pamela O’Neil. Sydney: University of Sydney Celtic Studies Foundation, 2003. Mieder, Wolfgang. “The Pied Piper: Origin, History, and Survival of a Legend.” Tradition and Innovation in Folk Literature. 1987. London: Routledge Revivals, 2015.Pierce, Peter. The Country of Lost Children: An Australian Anxiety. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.Steele, Kathleen. “Fear and Loathing in the Australian Bush: Gothic Landscapes in Bush Studies and Picnic at Hanging Rock.” Colloquy 20 (2010): 33–56. 27 July 2016 <http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/wp-content/arts/files/colloquy/colloquy_issue_20_december_2010/steele.pdf>.