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Merakeb, Seddik. "Modélisation des structures en bois en environnement variable". Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/94578804-9926-46e0-8969-67a4656612ce/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0031.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaMechanical properties of timber constructions depend strongly on moisture content state. In this context, it is shown a mecanosorptive coupling. This climatic environment aspect imposes a hygroscopic behavior modeling in order to estimate moisture content variations by integrating the heat and mass transfer processes. If the effect of moisture content on the mechanical behavior has been studied in the literature, this work enables us to precise effects of mechanical state on the transfer laws by taking into account boundary conditions and diffusion properties. In this context, we propose a thermodynamic and experimental approaches which allow to introduce a realistic coupled transfer algorithm in a finite element software
Koumbi, Mounanga Thierry. "Tensioactifs antioxydants originaux pour la formulation de produits de préservation du bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10084.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe presented work concerns the synthesis and characterization of amphipilic antioxidant compounds for the formulation of wood preservatives allowing the preparation of waterborne formulations to reduce rejections of VOCs answering to increasing environmental pressures. Based on preliminary studies showing synergistical effects between fungicides and antioxidants, the aim of this study was to design compounds possessing surfactant and antioxidant properties allowing the formulation in water of insoluble organic fungicides and to reduce the necessary quantity of biocide due to synergistical effects with antioxidant properties. Three families of amphiphilic compounds were synthesized. The first one corresponds to hindered phenol derivatives, the second to hindered amine and the third one to quats “with green label” derived from ascorbic acid. Surfactant and antioxidant properties of all new synthesized compounds have been characterized. The use of aqueous formulations of propiconazole prepared from these new surface active agents allows to increase beech wood durability exposed to the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor. Fungal growth inhibition tests realized on malt agar medium with various alkylammonium ascorbates presenting different alkyl chain’s lengths indicated an important growth inhibition of the mycelium for some of the tested products correlated at their amphiphilic properties
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Lebatteux, Muriel. "Durée de vie de poutres en bois reconstitué soumises à un environnement climatique naturel". Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10555.
Pełny tekst źródłaPelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Gherardi, Hein Paulo Ricardo. "Contrôle génétique et environnemental de l'angle des microfibrilles dans le bois d'Eucalyptus : effets sur les propriétés du bois et implication pour la sélection". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00623042.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaedlou, Nima. "Apports de la xylologie à l'archéologie : étude des objets en bois gallo-romains de la ville de Saintes (Charente-Maritime, France)". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066327.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrançois, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Audigeos, Delhine. "Relations entre diversité génétique et environnement : quels sont les processus évolutifs mis en jeu? : cas d'une espèce d'arbre tropical, Eperua falcata Aublet". Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0354.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe tropical forest is characterized by a strong specificdiversity and an elevated level of competition for the space occupation especially at the youthful stages. The occupation strategies of space are related to the methods of seeds dispersion, but probabilities of seed survival until the reproductive age rely on their potential of adaptation to their environment. In this context, i was interested in studying Eperua falcata, one of the dominant tree species in fFrench Guiana, which shows a water-soil-content-related ecological comportment. For this purpose, i decided to explore and compare genetic diversity in candidate genes with known functions (aquaporins, catalase and farnesyltransferase) to the one in randomly picked genomic sequences. First, i described aquaporins geneticdiversity at a regional scale; then i tested interactions between genetic diversity (neutral and adaptative) and the environment (water-soil content) and finally i performed the phylogeographic study of E. Falcata at French Guiana scale
Manfoumbi, Boussougou Nicaise. "Contribution à l’adaptation de l’Eurocode 5 aux essences tropicales dans leur environnement". Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/0551f36f-4466-48f1-8fa4-7f52805a085f/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4005.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present report makes a contribution to adapt Eurocode 5 for timber constructions using tropical hardwoods in tropical climate. This approach requests to well know the mechanical behavior in variable environment. In a first time, an experimental study is presented for decoupling postponed phenomena from a longitudinal four-point creep bending, under controlled climate on small samples by measuring upper and lower deflections. The result of this original experimental protocol allows separating and illustrating different phenomena met on creep evolution of timber beams: swelling-shrinkage effects, hygro-lock effect, orthotropic mechanosorption and viscoelasticity. In second time, longitudinal four-point creep bending tests were realised, in the scale of structure, in tropical atmosphere to Franceville in Gabon, in two tropical hardwoods: Moabi and Ozigo. The experimental device was led on three sites corresponding to three different climatic environments according to specific service classes of Eurocode 5: an atmosphere temporarily air-conditioned, a sheltered outside atmosphere and an outside atmosphere non-sheltered. The obtained results show that tropical wood have a deferred behaviour stressed by the strong variation of humidity for little significant temperature variations. To define new classes of service appropriated for the tropical atmospheres, it is important to characterize the diffusion process. Following this objective, a complete experimental device was led, in the scale of material, in order to determinate the sorption isotherms and diffusion parameters needed to study the mechano-sorptive behavior in real condition. In a last time, others tests of creep and relaxation, in the scale of material, were realized under controlled atmosphere, in the same species. This study, led in low and high relative humidity, shows that the creep is more significant for the wet beams and the recovery is more important when beams are dry. A modeling of the creep-recovery under low and high relative humidity is proposed and allows the determination of the viscoelastic parameters of the studied beams. At the end, a comparative study of creep coefficients, obtained on the laboratory samples and the beams in real environment, shows that the mechanic-sorptive effects are dominating, with an importance of longitudinal swelling-shrinkage effects, not insignificant in the scale of structure
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Boyancé, Patrick. "Modélisation de la rupture différée d'un matériau orthotrope viscoélastique en environnement naturel : application à un composite à base de bois : le LVL". Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10656.
Pełny tekst źródłaDeuffic, Philippe. "Produire et discuter des normes environnementales : écologues et forestiers face à la biodiversité associée au bois mort". Phd thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842846.
Pełny tekst źródłaCaurla, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la filière forêt-bois françaiseÉvaluation des impacts des politiques climatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD thesis addresses the issue of assessing the impacts of various climate policies on the French forest sector. It starts from the observation that, in France, most climate policies are based upon the stimulation of additional fuelwood consumption through bottom-up processes. Besides assessing the economic and environmental impacts of these fuelwood policies, we also analyze the impacts of two alternatives climate policies : a policy based upon carbon sequestration in forest and a policy to stimulate the forest sector through a top-down carbon tax policy. In order to test these policies, we develop a bio-economic model of the French sector called French forest sector model (FFSM). It contains two interconnected modules: the economic module represents the economy of the national forest sector in a partial equilibrium framework while the biological module represents the French forest resources dynamics. FFSM takes into account the consumption of 6 final products, the production of 3 primary products and represents tradesbetween the 22 French administrative regions and between France and the rest of the world. From FFSM, we assess the economic effectiveness of policies by interpreting policies costs and by measuring the impacts on the sector through economic variables. We also assess the environmental effectiveness by comparing their carbon balances and their impacts on the forest resource dynamics
Navarrete, Fuentes Paola Jeannette. "Adhésifs naturels à base de tannin, tannin/lignine et lignine/gluten pour la fabrication de panneaux de bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10089.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study deals with some researches carried out about the use of various natural materials as a source of raw material for the manufacturing of green adhesives for the industry of panel. In this context, work consisted in:(i) Evaluation of the potential of various tannins coming from barks wastes and development of adhesives containing tannins and various hardeners.(ii) Evaluation of the lignin potential from various origins and development of adhesives containing tannin from mimosa and lignin.(iii) Development of adhesives containing tannin and gluten protein.(iv) Evaluation of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOC) from particleboards manufactures with the natural adhesives previously developed.Thermomechanical analyses, spectroscopy CP-MAS 13C NRM, matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscometry (MALDI-TOF) and gelling time techniques were performed for evaluation and characterization of these adhesives. Internal bond test for the evaluation of adhesives mechanical resistance according to the standard EN-312 were also carried out.Concerning formaldehyde and other VOC emissions from panels with green adhesives, the recourse to standardized techniques which are gas chromatography associated with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were privileged
Armand, Decker Stéphanie. "Développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif pour la construction bois : prise en compte du confort des usagers, de l’impact environnemental et de la sécurité de l’ouvrage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0189.
Pełny tekst źródłaIndustrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project
Buridant, Jérôme. "Les espaces forestiers laonnois : début XVIIe-début XIXe siècle : hommes, environnement et paysages à l'époque pré-industrielle". Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040173.
Pełny tekst źródłaPelletier, Claude. "Méthodologie de détection des feux de forêt à partir d'images satellitaires NOAA". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62002.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaYoussef, Alice. "Prise en compte des apports mécaniques du béton de chanvre pour le calcul de structure bois/béton de chanvre et métal/béton de chanvre". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS431.
Pełny tekst źródłaLime and hemp concrete (LHC) is nowadays the most developed bio-based aggregate building material in Europe. It consists of hemp shiv and mineral binder mixing with water. Generally, bio-based materials like LHC are used for their thermal insulation properties in building. Most blocks of Lime Hemp Concrete which have been studied, show a brittle behavior and a very low mechanical strength. The formulations are generally rich in binder and slightly compacted. Up to now, this material is then not considered as a load bearing material and is mainly used as filler insulation, combined with structure components made of wood, concrete or masonry. A study has tested other formulations, with higher contents of aggregates thanks to a compaction process, in order to improve both the rigidity and the strength of the hardened mixtures. In these formulations, shiv which has higher amount is definitely lighter and more porous than lime, which prevents a significant increase in thermal conductivity. The present work of my PhD is an experimental study of the compressive and shearing behavior of hemp concrete, in order to study the load-bearing capacity and bracing of this bio based material, while maintaining good qualities of thermal insulation in building. Two compacted formulations were tested M1 & M4, as well as samples obtained from trade-blocks Chanvribloc®. Two series of tests were performed. The first one is a uniaxial compression test in each direction for characterizing the mechanical anisotropy of the material. This anisotropy is induced by the compacting process. The second one permits to characterize the shearing behavior of the different mix-designs. In this study, an original shear device was developed, specifically designed for this kind of material, which allows shearing under controlled normal stress. An image processing performed was carried out, using a camera and ARAMIS image processing software during shear tests, to evaluate the fields of deformations and to study the behavior of the specimen during the shear test. The compressive experiments results have shown that this material is anisotropic, even when it is industrially molded by vibrations. The material has a transverse isotropic behavior. The behavior in the longitudinal direction is characterized by very high ductility, while the transverse behavior is very brittle, with a highly variable and unsteady behavior. The experimental results in shear show a high ductility of this material. These results are very promising, an interesting behavior of LHC walls in term of potential bracing. Numerical modeling and applications have been carried out to illustrate the use of hemp concrete blocks for bracing buildings. The formulation M4 exhibits a better behavior under moderate and average seismic actions, compared to the formulation M1, while the Chanvribloc walls in the present state do not allowthe buildings to be braced in moderate or medium seismic zones
Robert, Nicolas. "Vers une production durable de multiples services écosystémiques : Analyse par la simulation de la production jointe de bois et de non-bois en forêt". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01058410.
Pełny tekst źródłaKassout, Jalal. "Réponse de traits fonctionnels foliaires et anatomiques chez l'olivier sauvage (Olea europaea L.) dans un environnement hétérogène et changeant : le modèle du Maroc soumis aux changements globaux". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG061.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the current context of global changes, is mainly important to study adaptive plant strategies in response to environmental changes. Olive (Olea europaea L.), emblematic Mediterranean species, seems vulnerable to the effect of anthropogenic and climatic changes under its distribution area. The Moroccan range of wild (spontaneous) populations of this species extends along a latitudinal gradient integrated into an aridity gradient. Sampling along this gradient made it possible to study 27 populations (19 populations of sylvestris variety of the europaea subspecies, and 8 population of the endemic subspecies Olea maroccana). This thesis explores, (i) Intraspecific variability of leaf and wood anatomical traits along aridity gradient at different organization levels (interpopulation, intrapopulation and intraindividual level) (ii) the functional strategies deployed by the two wild olive subspecies interpreted as adaptive responses (iii) the relationship of these strategies with the plant communities differentiation and ecology where the studied populations were sampled. The obtained results confirm the climatic aspect of the gradient underlying this work, because they show that the main ecological factors explaining the diversity of wild olive plant communities are of climatic nature. Our results show that functional leaf traits variation of oleaster (O. e. subsp. e. var sylvestris) expresses the ability of the species to use available resources to respond to changing climatic conditions, particularly aridity. Moreover, analysis of the leaf traits intraspecific variability of the two wild olive subspecies highlights the existence of a trade-off between resources acquisition and conservation according to climate and plant community type. For wood anatomical traits, our results show a pattern of variations in response to biogeographic, climatic and vegetation gradients allowing the wild olive to maintain its sap conduction performance and consequently adapt to changes in ecological stressful conditions, in particular to aridity and aridification. The differentiation of wild olive populations along the latitudinal gradient by functional leaf and wood traits corresponds also to a differentiation of plant communities, which these populations are part of. Finally, this study has greatly expands our understanding of adaptive strategies of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in Morocco in response to a latitudinal gradient of aridity
Prima, Marie-Caroline. "Utilisation de l'espace par les grands herbivores dans un environnement hétérogène et dynamique : méthodologie et applications". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34748.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn my thesis, I develop mechanistic models of space use based on animal movement, to understand and to predict population distribution in heterogeneous and dynamic landscapes. Used and developed methodologies couple mathematical modelling of the spatio-temporal dynamics of animal movement together with statistical analysis of simulated and empirical movement datasets. In my first chapter, I proceed in a series of simulations to clarify how many clusters are needed when using generalized estimating equations to correctly account for the correlation in movement data and to obtain robust inference on habitat selection. My simulations reveal that 30 independent individuals, each assigned to a cluster, are sufficient to avoid biased evaluation of the uncertainty on habitat selection along movement in heterogeneous environments. When less than 30 individuals are available, destructive sampling can be used but solely when temporal correlation is present and inter-individual heterogeneity is low in the data. In my second chapter, I develop a statistical movement model that allows to identify successive behavioral phases (e.g., foraging phase, inter-patch movement) together with behavior-specific habitat selection parameters, over the whole population and using temporally irregular data. Analysis of simulated and empirical movement data from three large herbivores including plains bison (Bison bison bison), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and plains zebra (Equus quagga) show the robustness and the high predictive capacity of the model. This statistical tool is also flexible since I assess multiple ecological processes from those datasets such as foraging behavior, migratory behavior or prey-predator interactions. In addition, I show how accounting for behavioral phases in habitat selection analysis is crucial to correctly characterize habitat selection along animal movement. In my third chapter, I develop a mathematical framework to couple movement of individuals among a network of resource patches with residency time in patches to mechanistically predict space use in heterogeneous landscapes. In addition, I illustrate a methodology to identify and predict the most representative theoretical network for the target species. I show from model application on data of plains bison that the theoretical network topology is crucial to correctly infer population space use and implement realistic management and conservation planning. In my chapter 4, I empirically assess the robustness of a network of resource patches following landscape fragmentation from anthropogenic source. The analysis shows that woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) reconnect some patches, thus causing robustness in their spatial networks. However, predictions on space use from the mechanistic model developed in chapter 3 reveal that, despite the rewiring, patch use change following the fragmentation. Moreover, this change is stronger when the most connected patches (i.e., the hubs) are impacted. My thesis provides a methodological contribution to better account for correlation in movement data and integrate behavioral phases in habitat selection analysis in heterogeneous landscapes. Besides, my work links network theory and space use to mechanistically predict population distribution in heterogeneous and dynamic environments. My research also assesses the context in which network theory can be applied to spatial ecology. Finally, my thesis improves our mechanistic understanding of animal movement in four species of large herbivores.
Hu, Ming-An. "Contribution de la geochimie organique a la comprehension de la genese de deux gites zn-pb sulfures, en environnement sedimentaire carbonate : bois-madame (gard, france) et la florida (province de santander, espagne)". Orléans, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ORLE2022.
Pełny tekst źródłaPloyet, Raphaël. "Régulation de la formation du bois chez l'eucalyptus lors du développement et en réponse à des contraintes environnementales". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30094/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDue to its outstanding growth combined to superior wood properties, Eucalyptus genus has become the most planted hardwood on earth and emerged as the most appealing sources of renewable biomass feedstock for paper and second-generation biofuels. Wood is composed of lignified secondary cell walls (SCWs) and its formation is tightly regulated by a complex, partially unknown, transcription factors (TFs) network. SCWs are composed by 80% of polysaccharides targeted for most of value-added bioproducts, whereas lignin (20%) is responsible for biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic degradation but increase wood energetic potential for combustion. Despite its remarkable adaptability to various soils and climate environment Eucalyptus growth varies strongly according to these factors. Eucalyptus is extensively grown in highly weathered soils in tropical and subtropical regions where plantations are facing more frequent drought episodes in combination to nutrient starvation, requiring high amounts of expensive fertilizers. In temperate regions such as North of Europe, the main limitation for the expansion of this non-dormant tree is cold exposure, which reduces dramatically its growth. The effects of these stresses are emphasized in the actual context of climate change which induces sharp contrasting periods, and their impacts on wood formation and quality remain unknown. Scarce data from literature suggest that these stresses affect secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition as well as xylem cell patterning. However these results are highly heterogeneous among different species and mainly focused on non-woody tissues. The selection of adapted clones and the development of more sustainable cultural practices are crucial to improve wood productivity and quality, which require a better understanding of tree response to cold and water stress in interaction with nutrition. In order to unravel the regulation of xylem differentiation by low temperature, we performed a targeted approach on cold-acclimated Eucalyptus trees. By biochemical, histochemical and transcriptomic analyses, we revealed that low temperature trigger a precocious SCW deposition in developing xylem cells, characterized by a strong lignin deposition. In parallel, we aimed to characterize the effect of water stress combined to different mineral nutrition regimes, on wood formation and quality. To this end, we took advantage of an experimental design set up on field with a highly productive Eucalyptus commercial clone submitted to both rainfall exclusion combined to potassium fertilization. We combined large scale analyses of transcriptome and metabolome, with wood structural and biochemical properties analyses. The integrative approach with these datasets revealed that potassium fertilization induces a repression of SCW biosynthesis, together with regulation of cambial activity and modifications in wood properties, with a strong interaction with water exclusion. Both approaches allowed to point out several uncharacterized yet TFs which are highly promising candidates in the control of cambial activity and SCW deposition in a woody perennial. Characterization of their function in poplar and Eucalyptus revealed a new key regulator of SCW biosynthesis in wood, and several MYB TFs potentially involved in the trade-off between SCW biosynthesis and growth
Newton, Claire. "Environnement végétal et économie en Haute-Egypte à Adai͏̈ma au Prédynastique. Approches archéobotaniques comparatives de la IIe dynastie à l'époque romaine". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20178.
Pełny tekst źródłaLupsea, Maria-octavia. "Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of buildings : numerical modelling of dangerous substances’ release to water". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0007.
Pełny tekst źródłaAny construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the field
Watchman, Mélanie. "Bois et confort environnemental : l'importance de la matérialité dans l'évaluation post-occupationnelle". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28066.
Pełny tekst źródłaMany environmental advantages of wood in buildings have been thoroughly documented; however this material’s effects on occupants are not well known and fully comprehended. Previous studies have demonstrated that factors unrelated to the indoor environment quality can affect comfort, but the influence of materiality is seldom considered. This research focused on studying occupant comfort in a multifunctional room characterised by extensive wood surfaces in comparison with a similar room with more conventional surfaces at Laval University, Quebec, Canada. The objectives of this research focus on better understanding how occupants perceive wood in built environments, determining the thermal, visual, acoustical and olfactory similarities and differences between two rooms using on-site surveys and exploring whether the indoor use of wood influences occupant comfort. A comparative study within a post-occupancy evaluation framework analysed the subjective perception of building occupants in relation to physical comfort factors. A total of 36 occupants completed a questionnaire elaborated to compare comfort satisfaction between two rooms with different interior finishes. Analysis of instrumental measurements and images of each room’s indoor environment determined the similarities and differences between the rooms. Quantitative and qualitative analyses reveal that both rooms share similar thermal and acoustic comfort parameters, but present contrasting visual characteristics. The colour, knots and grain of the wood contributed to visually warm experiences resulting in a yellowish room whereas a mix and match of artificial finishes generated a colder, bluish ambiance in the other room. Results from the questionnaire indicate that occupants were generally more satisfied in the room with extensive wood surfaces in terms of lighting, noise and temperature despite objectively similar environmental conditions in both rooms. The conclusion reached is that architects should consider the indoor use of wood for its unique visual ambiances that enhance comfort levels.
Bessaad, Abdelwahab. "Les récoltes intensives de bois-énergie : risque environnemental et gain économique". Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://intranet.univ-orleans.fr/bibliotheques/theses/103711_BESSAAD_2020_archivage.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaForest-wood sector is a strategic sector for the mitigation of climate change, in particular through the production of fuelwood. However, the intensive harvesting of biomass can lead to a loss of forest soil fertility in the long term. The thesis work focuses on the sustainability of energy wood harvesting with (1) an environmental component, which concerns the assessment of nutrient returns by leaching during the pre-drying period, the characterization of exported biomass as well as the evaluation of dead wood on the ground (2) an economic component with an assessment of the economic impacts of a potential drop in productivity and their highlighting with the possible choices of cutting and silvicultural treatments.The Pre-drying operation of the trees proved to be unsatisfactory for an optimal return of nutrients contained in leaves and twigs. More than half of the nutrients remain exported from the forest after three months of pre-drying. The volumes of dead wood left on forests to maintain soil fertility and biodiversity were low (<10%) and below current recommendations. The risk of reduced productivity in the long term is therefore very high for the studied practices. From an economic side, whole-tree harvesting improves forest profitability on average by 40% compared to conventional harvesting, while a potential decrease in annual tree growth of 3% on average led to equivalent profitability as for conventional harvesting system. Maintaining recommended levels of ground residue (30%) does not significantly affect the expected profitability of the total wood harvest, -10% on average. Forest owners need to be aware of the role of harvest residues, supported technically and financially by forest managers and policies in order to ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of wood harvesting in the long term
Dahmani, Manel. "Analyse 4E (Energétique, Exergétique, Environnementale et Economique) de systèmes de valorisation énergétique de biomasses". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1165.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe fossil fuels depletion and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions encourage the search for new energy sources that are renewable and less polluting. Thanks to its abundance, biomass appears as an interesting sector of replacement of fossil fuels. The objective of this work is to perform a 4E analysis (Energy, Exergy, Environmental and Economic) of an electricity production system via the gasification of palm waste. Palm watse constitutes one of the most abundant vegetable wealth in Tunisia and which today, remain very little exploited. A fixed bed gasifier coupled to an internal combustion engine is considered to produce330 kW of electricity. The Cold Gas Efficiency of the process is 58.58%. The results show that the energy and exergy yields of the system are 22.6% and 19.22%, respectively. The environmental performance of the system is evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The economic evaluation is carried out in order to evaluate the cost of electricity production by the gasification plant. The results give a cost of 3.88 ct€ for 1kWh
Koumbi, Mounanga Thierry. "Tensioactifs antioxydants originaux pour la formulation de produits de préservation du bois". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10084/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe presented work concerns the synthesis and characterization of amphipilic antioxidant compounds for the formulation of wood preservatives allowing the preparation of waterborne formulations to reduce rejections of VOCs answering to increasing environmental pressures. Based on preliminary studies showing synergistical effects between fungicides and antioxidants, the aim of this study was to design compounds possessing surfactant and antioxidant properties allowing the formulation in water of insoluble organic fungicides and to reduce the necessary quantity of biocide due to synergistical effects with antioxidant properties. Three families of amphiphilic compounds were synthesized. The first one corresponds to hindered phenol derivatives, the second to hindered amine and the third one to quats “with green label” derived from ascorbic acid. Surfactant and antioxidant properties of all new synthesized compounds have been characterized. The use of aqueous formulations of propiconazole prepared from these new surface active agents allows to increase beech wood durability exposed to the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor. Fungal growth inhibition tests realized on malt agar medium with various alkylammonium ascorbates presenting different alkyl chain’s lengths indicated an important growth inhibition of the mycelium for some of the tested products correlated at their amphiphilic properties
Hu, Jinbo. "Associations tanins-bore pour des produits de protection du bois à faible impact environnemental". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS248/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDue to its origins, wood remains biodegradable and needs to be protected against abiotic and biotic agents for a long service life. Tannin-boron associations can be considered as an innovative preservative formulation and environmentally-friendly treatment. These waterborne associations of tannins and boric acid increase the permanence of boron in the wood. Furthermore, boric acid is partly fixed to the network of autocondensed tannin in the wood and keeps sufficient mobility to maintain its biological action. These associations have been investigated for their outdoor applications, both above and in-ground, as well as for their ability for fire protection. An original formulation of tannin-hexamine and boric acid, has shown efficiency against biological attack and fire degradation. The natural and artificial weathering behaviour, and laboratory scale leaching, of such treated wood have been investigated, and followed by biological tests. The results showed that the weatherings led to different performances, always linked with the amount of remaining boron. An advanced tannin-boron formulation including ɛ-caprolactam to make the polymer network more flexible (and avoiding cracks as noticed for the original formulation) was studied for the chemical mechanisms, biological resistance above and in-ground, fire retardancy. The tannin polymer acquires a more elastic structure after adding ɛ-caprolactam, as seen with FT-IR analyses. The biological resistance of the treated wood provided a long lasting protection against degradation in outdoor exposures, and even in ground contact. However, fire retardant effect of this advanced tannin-boron preservative was negatively influenced with comparison to the original tannin-boron formulation, but still better than control. In order to improve the associations between boron and tannin for wood protection, the conception of wood polymer nanocomposite using tannin, boric acid and montmorillonite tentatively carried out. The analyses of FT-IR and XRD have investigated to identify nanoclay in Wood Tannin Nanocomposite (WTNC). Meanwhile, the trace of montmorillonite in wood cell is also captured by SEM. By comparison with control, compression strengths of WTNC samples increase; water absorption and gluing ability of WTNC depend on the wood species used (Scot Pine vs. Beech); dimensional stability of WTNC is slightly decreased, and wettability was significantly decreased. Fungal and termite resistance of WTNC are improved to different extends if Scots pine or beech samples are used. Fire performances of WTNC is affected differently depending on the wood species used and the parameters considered. This study also analyses the environmental impacts of producing tannin-boron (TB) preservative (the original formulation) and comparatively introduces the cradle-to-grave life cycle environmental impacts (LCA) of TB-treated timber as landscaping materials, compared with 2 industrial formulations and concrete.Even if all these tannin-boron association systems developed still need to be improved for some point of their chemistry, biological performances (coleoptera insects, field tests with termites, molds…), as well as for their eco-toxicological profile, they have shown to improve the biological and fire resistance of the wood
Raji, Saed. "Caractérisation hygro-thermique, par une approche multi échelle, de constructions en bois massif en vue d'amélioration énergétique et de valorisation environnementale". Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13335.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarsden, Claire. "Bilans carbonés et hydriques de plantations à croissance rapide d'Eucalyptus : modélisation et extrapolation spatiale de la parcelle à la région". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10084/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIndustrial Eucalyptus plantations are expanding rapidly in many tropical regions, and in particular in south-eastern Brazil. Their sustainability and environmental impact are an issue of concern, and questions have been raised regarding their carbon balance and effects on soil fertility and water ressources. This thesis addresses some of these questions, by studying the carbon, water and nitrogen balance of Eucalyptus plantations in São Paulo State.A process-based modelling approach was adopted, with the ultimate aim of application at the scale of large plantations. A first empirical approach was developed to estimate wood production on a spatial basis, involving the construction and interpretation of MODIS vegetation index time series on a set of Eucalyptus stands of contrasted age and productivity levels. The complete ecophysiological C-H2O-N cycling model "G'DAY" was then adapted for Brazilian plantations. Rotation-length simulations of C, H2O and N fluxes were carried out on the afore-mentioned set of plantation stands, either with or without the integration of leaf area index data obtained from MODIS reflectance time-series. The satellite time series carry useful information about the spatio-temporal variability of productivity, which is also well reproduced by the proposed ecophysiological model
Kibamba, Jean-Christian. "Les effets des activités de la filière bois sur le milieu naturel : perception des problèmes dans les entreprises lorraines du bois". Nancy 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN21020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe industrial transformation generates pollution and nuisances. Like all industries, wood industry generates during its various stages of the manufacturing and of the treatment of wood material, different kinds of polluting agents which spread through the nature in differents states : as a solid (different discards), as liquid (chemical products having the polluting agents) as a gaz (any gaz more or less dangerous. The wood industry is also face the increasing of the contestations from people living not for from its installations and chiefly from public opinion. Norvadays, many rules are required to its various installations; others will be applied on the products deriving from the wood industry, which must respect some ecological criteria exacted by various regulations which tend to control industrial activity and the necessity to protect the environment. To understand very well the risks of pollution generated by the wood industry in the environment, and also to know the attitude of the industrialists facing these problems, an requiry in the industrial middle allows us to knom the state of the industrial plants and the reason of the main problems of environment or the problem capable to be faced in different sectors of the wood industry. The importance of the nuisances depends very often on the size of the enterprises and on theirs production process. What is worth saying is that in Lorraine, the pollution caused by wood industry is weak. This is due by the dispersion of the industrial installations, the slight use of chemical products, the adaptation and the progressive modernization of the industrial tissue. Yes, somme problems still exist. They concern chiefly noise, the using of discards produced by chemical products and the best control of the installation of wood combustion
Plea, Oumar. "Les services écosystémiques en milieu soudano-sahélien : un outil de lutte contre la désertification "cas des régions de Ségou et de Mopti au Mali"". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR1502.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn 1977, a conference on the preservation of natural resources drew world attention to the degradation of the Sudano-Sahelian environment (UNEP, 1977). During this conference, the paradigm of ecosystem services was proposed as a tool to limit environmental disorders. This thesis is part of this logic. In a multidisciplinary approach, it proposes to evaluate the ecosystem services of supply, especially of energy wood in the regions of Ségou and Mopti in Mali. It is based on the top-down approach of ecosystem services. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the way in which climatic conditions and plant dynamics are related on the one hand, and plant dynamics and human activities on the other. In order to apprehend these links, it is necessary to grasp the influence of the physical tendencies of the environment. There is also a need to assess the forest ecosystem and to understand how men exploit forests. In addition, it is necessary to understand the local population’s perception of the degradation of natural resources. The results from the meteorological surveys highlight a recurrence of drought periods in the study area. The inventory of the forest massifs shows above all that we have to do with heterogeneous vegetal surfaces dominated by the open shrub steppe on sparsely vegetated ground and on bare soil. The analyses carried out illustrate strong anthropic pressures on these plant formations. The dynamic is due to the removal of energy wood for domestic use. The fuelwood supply scheme for both sites shows a negative balance. Spatially, the intensity of flows and its impact are accentuated in the Mopti region which borders the Sahara. In order to build a decision support tool, we sought to qualify the local population perception of ecosystem degradation. The results of the lexicometric analyses highlight the perception of the respondents. The degradation of natural resources is mostly associated with divine will and climate change. Finally, the results of this work can contribute to public actions to improve management of ecosystems, particularly plant formations in Mali
Denis, Maxinne. "Synthèse d'additifs retardateurs de flamme biosourcés phosphorés pour l'élaboration de nouveaux polymères pour peinture bois à faible impact environnemental". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ENCM0021.
Pełny tekst źródłaSynthesis of new difunctional reactive phosphorus flame retardants monomers and study of their introduction into the polymer matrix by copolymerization. Tests of post-functionalization on conventional polymeric resins and evaluation of the flame retardant properties of the coating. Synthesis of new reactive phosphorus flame retardants from renewable resources to integrate in a partially biosourced polymer formulation
Tikhonova, Elena. "Amélioration des caractéristiques des panneaux de fibres à base de bois et de réduction des impacts environnementaux grâce à la stratification de leur structure". Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDN0003.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis investigates new layered fibreboard products with enhanced properties whilst minimizing their environmental impact. A review of literature revealed that layering technique, understood in term of producing multi-layered mattresses before pressing, brings many benefits in case of several types of wood-based panels, notably OSB and particleboard. Three main concepts to change layers through the fibreboard thickness were considered in the current study: effect of fibre size; effect of fibre origin and fibre pre-treatment with the enzymes. The smallest fibres were found to improve board performances when placed in outer layers, while the largest fibres are applied in the core. Fibre fractionation was suggested as an efficient way to separate the fibres by size and reduce energy consumption during their production. Paper rejects were investigated as an alternative fibre source. The substitution level could vary as 10 – 50 % and depends on final requirements to the boards. Fibre pre-treatment with enzymes was suggested for the top layer of the boards to increase it hydrophobicity and maintain mechanical resistance due to the bottom layer composed of untreated fibre. The multi-layer structure was analysed theoretically and a structural model was developed to predict MOR of the boards as a function of raw material properties. The final products showed 7 % of energy efficiency increase, 16 % reduced carbon footprint and up to 20 % raw material saving
Armand, Decker Stéphanie. "Développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif pour la construction bois : prise en compte du confort des usagers, de l’impact environnemental et de la sécurité de l’ouvrage". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0189/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIndustrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project
Rakotovololonalimanana, Herizo. "Déterminisme génétique et environnemental des propriétés du bois de LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA : adaptation aux reboisements malgaches et apports à la production ligneuse". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20191/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeyond the clearance for agricultural, the filling of the deficiency of wood as energy and material for the Malagasy local market takes part in the reduction of the forest cover in Madagascar. In order to preserve Malagasy natural forests, known to be a mega-biodiversity reservoir, with also full-filling the local demand in wood, the plantation forests represent a crucial challenge. Nevertheless, the timbers coming from the planted Malagasy forest, generally dominated by Eucalyptus and Pine species, offer less choice and do not have the required qualities to substitute the timber from natural forest, especially for carpentry, joinery and furniture manufacturing. Liquidambar styraciflua timber is used in many countries for packaging, veneer, plywood and furniture production. The objective of this work is to contribute to the improvement of Liquidambar styraciflua for a forestry and end-use in adequation with the Malagasy context. The approach used is original because it combines the study of the growing characteristics in the field, the production and the quality of the seeds, the juvenile growth and the wood properties, with considering also the genetic variability of the species. In order to do so, the inventory annual data of the provenance trial of Liquidambar in Mandraka has allowed evaluating the adaptation of this species and the intra-specific variability of its growth. Seed samplings, germination tests and tree nursery growth tests have been performed to evaluate the multiplication ability and its variability in order to state about the vulgarization possibility for this species. Finally, this work was also about the characterization of physic-mechanical and natural durability properties of Liquidambar timber. Once these trials and experiments completed, this work showed that Liquidambar from Mandraka presents a good adaptability associated with an important growth compared to other Liquidambar international provenance trials done by the Commonwealth Forestry Institute. Moreover, the growth of Liquidambar from Mandraka is similar to Eucalyptus species and better than Pinus species when planted in the same ecological environment. The seed production of Liquidambar from Mandraka is higher than in its natural distribution area. Its seeds present a high speed and rate of germination of 75% and 83%, respectively. This confirms the good adaptation of this species for the considered studied conditions. Our study suggest that tallest trees produce more fertile seeds and seedlings have a more rapid juvenile growth (up to 425 days) compared to seedlings coming from smaller mother tree. This work has also brought into light that indirect methods such as Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy, ultrasonic methods were efficient to estimate the physic-mechanical properties of Liquidambar timber, in addition to the standardized methods used. The physico-mechanical properties of Liquidambar timber are average compared to the most commonly used. Liquidambar timber extractible content is very low and it is not durable neither towards Reticulitermes termites, nor Coniophora puteanea and Coriolus versicolor Basidiomycete fungi. Low to strong phenotypic correlations between the physic-properties have been observed ; suggesting that a genetic or silvicultural improvement aiming to up-grade a property (physic or mechanic) could, in consequence, increase or decrease the value of another physic-mechanical property. Nevertheless, it would be interesting to get adequate experiments (test descendance from cross experiments) to estimate the genetic correlations. Concerning the variability, the physico-mechanical properties of Liquidambar timber follow a linear or logarithmic tendency from pith to bark, and normal, as well as tension wood was observed. The growing and multiplication characteristics of liquidambar are more variable than its physico-mechanical properties
Lupsea, Maria-octavia. "Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of buildings : numerical modelling of dangerous substances’ release to water". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0007/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAny construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the field
Tardy, Christophe. "Paléoincendies naturels, feux anthropiques et environnements forestiers de Guyane française du tardiglaciaire à l'Holocène récent : approches chronologique et anthracologique". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20275.
Pełny tekst źródłaNaudin, Aline. "Potentiel de la minéralogie magnétique en tant que marqueur des variations environnementales enregistrées par les dépôts tourbeux : Application au marais de la Trézence (17)". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703444.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrançois, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Yazdeen, Haji Haji. "Integrating Material Flow Cost Accounting with Life cycle assessment to Assess the Economic an Environmental Performances of Selected Wood Industries in the Landes de Gascogne Forest, France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0153.
Pełny tekst źródłaThere is an increasing understanding that our consumption and production patterns have to change to stay within our planetary boundaries, the planet being unable to indefinitely assimilate the effects of current anthropic activities. Correspondingly, in recent years, growing concerns about climate change pollution and biodiversity loss have driven business organizations to change their priorities, not only to achieve economic objectives, but also to consider ecological goals. Forestry, an important part of natural systems, has been a traditional supplier of renewable raw materials for industrial use (e.g., sawmilling for construction wood, pulp and paper, particle boards), as well as for domestic fuelwood. Although many studies have been conducted in this field, little attention has been paid to the importance of the monetary valuation of negative environmental impacts in order to determine the true price of wood products to take informed investment decisions. This study aims to assess economic and environmental performance of five maritime pinewood products during the gate-to-gate process (harvesting to semifinal product) in the Landes de Gascogne Forest (“Landes Forest”) in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France. The product groups considered are construction wood, pulp, plywood, pellets and pallets. For this purpose, the study uses several systemanalytical methods in combination: material flow analysis (MFA), life-cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC) and material flow cost accounting (MFCA). The relevant MFA data in Chapter 3 was collected from an industrial partner and based on databases, literature sources and other references to obtain Life Cycle Inventories for the LCA study in Chapter 4. The LCA software SimaPro was used for this analysis, applying the ReCiPe life-cycle impact assessment method to identify the environmental impact (gate-to-gate) of the studied products. A cost model based on the Environmental Prices Handbook was developed in Chapter 5 to estimate the external costs based on the environmental impact results. This has been set for each product group and integrated into environmental LCC to compare the external with the internal costs, in far as possible with the data available. The methodologies have been tied together in Chapter 6 using MFCA; results correspond to the market share specified in Chapter 3 by MFA. We found that, among the studied products, unbleached pulp and plywood production have the highest economic and environmental costs at €32.36/€15.13 and €27.22/€7.14, respectively. That means that the best use of raw timber is as construction wood due to two reasons: first, the long lifespan of construction wood compared to other studied products; second, not only is less energy is required in the production process, but chemical materials are also absent from the process. This study proposes a suitable methodology framework for the economic and environmental assessment of forest products and other industries. Moreover, this work reviews the design and monitoring of wood from a sustainable resource and environmental impact perspective The environmental impacts costs (external costs or externalities) and key internal costs have been estimated for studied product groups. [...]
Caurla, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la filière forêt-bois françaiseÉvaluation des impacts des politiques climatiques". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00772255.
Pełny tekst źródłaOuedraogo, Boukary. "Éléments économiques pour la gestion de l'offre et de la demande du bois-énergie dans la région de Ouagadougou". Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40035.
Pełny tekst źródłaBarbier, Elodie. "Prévalence de Mycobacterium bovis dans les agroécosystèmes : analyse de réservoirs environnementaux potentiels (sol, eau douce, faune du sol et faune aquatique) et traçage de la circulation de cette bactérie entre les différents compartiments". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS026/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This disease affects cattle, and many species of domestic and wild mammals, and humans. The circulation of the bacteria in various multi-host systems promotes the maintenance of the disease and the contamination of cattle in the vicinity. Beside direct transmission of the bacteria through the respiratory route, indirect transmission, through inhalation or ingestion of environmental matrices contaminated by an infected animal excretory, is suspected in several countries. Environmental contamination with M. bovis appears to be a crucial factor in the persistence of the infection in multi-host systems.In Côte d'Or, a French department affected by bovine tuberculosis since 2004, the indirect transmission of the bacteria from infected wildlife to cattle is suspected in several cases. To assess this type of transmission of the bacillus, we evaluated the environmental contamination with M. bovis on a large number of samples taken in areas shared by cattle and / or wildlife infected. For this purpose, we developed or modified molecular detection systems adapted for environmental complex matrices. We also assessed the impact of physicochemical properties of both soil and temperature on survival of M. bovis and the role of earthworms in the spread of the bacteria from contaminated organic material. The environmental study showed the contamination of two media in particular: wetlands pastures and soil badger setts. Moreover, experimental studies have shown that M. bovis can survive in soil for several months at 4 ° C and the worms could spread the bacteria in the soil, or even play a potential role for vector animals that consume them. These results will propose improvements to existing biosecurity measures on cattle farms and provide new knowledge about the persistence and circulation of M. bovis in the environment in Côte d'Or
Bouchikhi, Aurélie. "Contribution à la formulation d’un béton végétal structurel à base cimentaire incorporant des co-produits / déchets de bois". Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0009.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe construction industry produces a high amount of greenhouse gases. In order to reduce the impact of materials on the environment, a lot of researches are focused on the study of different alternatives to limit the exhaustion of resources, the energy consumption and the rejection of polluting compounds. In this context, bio-based concrete seem to be a serious alternative to traditional concrete, with a lower carbon footprint.The aim of this industrial thesis, supported by the company ALKERN, leader in France and in Belgium for precast concrete products, is to contribute to the formulation of structural green concrete incorporating co-products / wood waste with an environmental impact lower than the Naturbloc®, a block already available on the market. This last product is made of wood aggregates mineralized and then introduced in a cementitious matrix.This work is divided into three parts. Firstly, the control wood (untreated) and reference wood (mineralized) were characterized. Then, alternative treatments to replace cement coating of wood were tested and characterized, especially in terms of water uptake and ability to leach or hold the extractives present in vegetables back. Their compatibility with a cementitious matrix was also evaluated. The study highlights the fact that the nature of the substrate has an influence on the results and on the interaction between aggregates and cementitious paste.Finally, treated wood was introduced into a cementitious matrix and in an alternative matrix with a lower environmental impact. The latter was obtained either by change of the binder or by use of additives in bio-based concrete. All the results show the existence of a direct link between physico-chemical properties of aggregates and mechanical performances of concrete
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Vouma, Ngnongui Roselie-Hermelinda. "Histoire du peuplement Ambaama et étude des savoirs locaux de gestion de l’environnement (fin XVIIIe-milieu XXe siècle)". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BOR30024.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis entitled « Story of the Ambaama settlement and study of local knowledge of environnemental management » aims to carry out a historical study of local knowledge to manage the environment in Ambaama community. It studies the context in which this knowledge was produced and put into the modes of organisation and functioning of that society. First of all, it aims above all to show how this knowledge plays an important role in the protection of the environment and natural resources. Then, it plans to study the socio-cultural dynamics that make this knowledge valid. In this way, we want to highlight the potential changes that have occurred when Europeans established contacts with the Ambaama. Next, we are going to see how the Ambaama reacted to the establishment of the colonial regulatory system in order to maintain the balance of their social organisation. In other words, we want to show the new colonial policies, in terms of management and protection of forest resources were imposed, with unraveling endogenous systems. This study is located at the crossroads of cultural and environmental history, techniques, ideas and even anthropology, particularly religious. Our thesis is based on two types of complementary sources. On the one band, we have European written sources including travelers' accounts from the 19th century and archival documents. On the other hand, there are oral sources collected during our surveys carried out in Gabon (in Haut-Ogooue and in some villages located between Makokou and Okondja)