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1
Burton, Laini Michelle, i n/a. "The Blonde Paradox: Power and Agency Through Feminine Masquerade and Carnival". Griffith University. Queensland College of Art, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070122.110616.
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Blonde hair is a potent and highly visible sign in western culture. Although the popularity and desirability of blonde hair in the West is well documented, since the 1950s, blonde hair has also generated many negative associations and these have contributed to myths around blondeness. In particular, women who dye their hair blonde find themselves in a paradoxical position; they simultaneously evoke desire and derision. This thesis uses the model of feminine masquerade outlined by Joan Riviere (1929) as a locus for discussing the transgressive potential of the knowing use of blondeness as a sign. When women wear blondeness in this way they embrace it as an oblique means to access privilege. This self-reflexivity allows women to enter sites of power that they are otherwise excluded from. Drawing on ideas of the carnivalesque, as described by Mikhail Bakhtin (1968), this thesis also proposes that the carnivalesque is employed by women in order to transgress patriarchal boundaries through an ironic masquerade of the archetypal blonde. These paradoxical meanings of blondeness are evoked in the work of performance artist Vanessa Beecroft. Beecroft stages both the reflexive awareness of today's blonde woman and the way in which she is shaped by socio-cultural forces beyond her control. Through reference to Beecroft's art, this dissertation builds upon the optimism and transgressive potential of Bakhtin's 'carnival' and Riviere's 'feminine masquerade' to re-present the identity/position of blonde women as one of agency and power.
2
Young, Christine Margaret. "Beyond blonde creating a non-stereotypical Audrey in Ken Ludwig's Leading ladies /". Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002694.
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Spengane, Zandile Namhla Elizabeth. "Blood and virus detection on barber hair clippers". Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30855.
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Background: Bleeding from the popular clean-shave ‘chiskop’ haircut was recently reported as prevalent in South Africa (SA), a country with 6.9 million HIV-infected people. Objectives. To investigate the prevalence of barber hair clipper contamination with blood and HIV and hepatitis B viruses. Methods: Fifty barbers from three townships in Cape Town, SA, were invited to participate. One clipper from each barber was collected immediately after it had been used for a cleanshave haircut. Each clipper was rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline and then submerged in viral medium. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the bloodspecific RNA marker haemoglobin beta (HBB), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. Results: The clean-shave haircut was the most common haircut requested by clients (78%). Of the clippers collected, 42% were positive for HBB, confirming detection of blood, none were positive for HIV, and 4 (8%) were positive for HBV. Two clippers (clippers 16 and 20) were positive on qualitative HBV PCR. HBV DNA from clipper 16 clustered with genotype A sequences from SA, India, Brazil and Martinique, while clipper 20 clustered with SA genotype D sequences. The clipper 20 sequence was identical to a subtype D sequence (GenBank accession AY233291) from Gauteng, SA. Conclusion: This study confirms that there is significant contamination of barber hair clippers with blood and blood-borne viruses. Hepatitis B was detected with enough DNA copies to pose a risk of transmitting infection. Although HIV was not detected in this small study, the risk of transmission should be quantified. Further studies to investigate barber clipper sterilization practices and whether the clean-shave hairstyle is an independent risk factor for HIV, HBV and hepatitis C virus infections are warranted. Public education on individual clipper ownership (as is the case with a toothbrush) should be advocated for clean-shave and blade-fade haircuts.
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Standridge, Jeremy Shawn. "Postural instability and chronic low level manganese exposure: A cross-sectional pilot study of residents in Marietta, Ohio". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1211903710.
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Andrews, Rebecca. "Analysis of cannabinoids in post-mortem blood and hair : its value in post-mortem toxicology". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18786.
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The work presented in this thesis describes the development of methods for the analysis of cannabinoids in post-mortem blood samples and hair specimens from cannabis users. It investigates the value of measuring post-mortem blood cannabinoid concentrations and potential value of analysis for cannabinoids in hair for post-mortem toxicology. The development and validation of a method for analysis of cannabinioids in post-mortem blood is described. The method involved liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of the cannabinoids ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and metabolites 11-hydroxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) from post-mortem blood followed by analysis by two dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D GC-MS). The developed method was applied to post-mortem blood samples submitted by Her Majesty’s (HM) Coroners from fatal road traffic collisions (RTCs) and other routine case types (control group). The prevalence of cannabinoids in the RTC and control group was similar (21% of the RTC group and 26% of the control group were positive for at least one cannabinoid), however, 90% of the cannabinoid positive RTCs had detectable THC (the psychoactive component of cannabis), compared to 60% of the cannabinoid positive control cases. It was demonstrated that it is feasible to indicate possible impairment due to cannabis use in fatal RTCs when the concentration of THC detected is higher than those usually observed in other routine HM Coroners’ cases. A method was developed for analysis of THC, CBD, CBN and THC-COOH from hair. The method involved LLE combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) from hair followed by analysis by 2D GC-MS and standard GC-MS. The developed method was applied to 31 authentic hair specimens from regular cannabis users. The method was suitable for detecting exposure (by detection of THC, CBD and CBN) in weekly users but may only prove ingestion in daily users (by detection of THC-COOH).
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Owen, Morgan. ""But I'm not a blond chick with short hair" : the mobilisation of advertising images in young people's representations of themselves /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpso971.pdf.
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Ingaroca, Quispe Jorge Luis. "Mechanical bearings with tunable compliance after biological role model of blood sinus hairs". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6988.
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In follicle sinus complex of sinus hairs, two blood vessels seem to have a prominent
function. Up to date, their biological role is unknown, however, hypothesis suggest
that they are used as hydraulical bearing for the hair which is used to change the
stiffness and compliance of the fixation depending on the application. Because of
the size of the structures of interest experiments at the living object to clarify the
biological role are not possible so far. Therefore, mechatronic approaches can help to
investigate advantages and possibilities of a bearing with tunable compliance. Thus, in
the current thesis, it is develop a mathematical modeling, multi-body simulation and
a mechatronic demonstrator of a swinging rod in a bearing with tunable compliance.
The tunable compliance of the system was inspired of Jack Spring principle of work,
which change the compliance by decreasing the number of active coils.Tesis
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Nsheiwat, Zein. "Blood and hair lead levels in highly exposed populations in Israel and Jordan : lead smelter and battery factory as hot spots /". [Sede-Boker] : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2007. http://aranne5.lib.ad.bgu.ac.il/others/NsheiwatZein.pdf.
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Lucas, Natasha. "The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry". The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2471.
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In the last few years, the prevalence of legal party pills in New Zealand has risen dramatically. These pills contain new piperazine designer drugs, two of the more common being 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP). This thesis describes an optimised LC-MS/MS method for the detection of BZP and TFMPP in whole blood, using an automated solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample clean-up. The method was validated on three different days using five replicate samples each day. The standard curve was linear from 7 - 7000 ng/mL for BZP and 10 - 10,000 ng/mL for TFMPP, with coefficients of variation (CV) below 10%, and accuracy greater than 90% for both drugs. The method was used to quantitate samples provided by the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand. Blood levels were used to show concentrations in the blood over time, and relate these to performance of subjects on a driving simulator. The study was stopped after 41% of the participants who received BZP and TFMPP had adverse reactions to the pills, including vomiting and migraines. The LC-MS/MS method was also used to detect and quantitate methamphetamine, amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, morphine, codeine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in hair. The drugs were extracted from 20 mg of hair using hydrochloric acid in a water bath overnight, then purified using SPE. Validation on three days with five replicate samples gave coefficients of variation (CV) below 12% and acceptable accuracy for all drugs. The method was tested on three samples, previously reported by Environmental Science and Research (ESR) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) giving results in good agreement. This thesis describes a sensitive, accurate, reproducible LC-MS/MS method easily adapted to analyse drugs of abuse in different biological matrices. It demonstrates the versatility of LC-MS/MS and its applications in forensic work.
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YU, Hai [Verfasser], i Dominique [Akademischer Betreuer] Thevenin. "Flow design optimization of blood pumps considering hemolysis / Hai Yu. Betreuer: Dominique Thévenin". Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072685698/34.
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YU, Hai Verfasser], i Dominique [Akademischer Betreuer] [Thévenin. "Flow design optimization of blood pumps considering hemolysis / Hai Yu. Betreuer: Dominique Thévenin". Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ma9:1-6390.
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Adorni, Cássio Avelino. "Metodologia para automação de inspeção visual de bolsas para coleta de sangue". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18152/tde-12022009-091751/.
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As bolsas para coleta de sangue necessitam cuidados técnicos que assegurem sua esterilidade biológica durante o processo de fabricação até a entrega do produto final. As bolsas para coleta de sangue não devem conter qualquer tipo de resíduo, para que o seu uso ou conteúdo não seja comprometido causando diversos transtornos. É preciso eliminar o risco de contaminação; no entanto muitas empresas fazem a inspeção de bolsas para coleta de sangue visualmente, a olho nu, por funcionários treinados no uso de equipamento simples, o qual não pode garantir que todas as bolsas estejam livres de resíduos, por depender do fator humano. Para assegurar a esterilização das bolsas comercializadas, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para automação de um sistema de visão computacional baseado em conjunto de técnica de extração de características de imagens e reconhecimento de padrões para detectar resíduos em imagens de bolsas para coleta de sangue durante o processo de fabricação, e assim, melhorar a qualidade das bolsas comercializadas. Os resíduos encontrados nas imagens capturadas se apresentam como componentes de alta freqüência. A metodologia proposta utiliza a Transformada Wavelet (Wavelet de Haar) em dois níveis de decomposição, como filtro passa - alta para destacar as altas freqüências, e assim detectar a existência de resíduos nas imagens capturadas. Os resultados obtidos com a inspeção visual manual realizada em bolsas para coleta de sangue, mostram que existem resultados divergentes na análise de uma mesma bolsa, o que reforça a necessidade de automatização dessa tarefa para que sejam obtidos resultados mais uniformes com padrões definidos, e dessa maneira melhorar a qualidade das bolsas comercializadas para coleta de sangue.The blood bags require technician attention to assure its biological sterility in the process of manufacture and in the final product. The blood bags must not contain any type of waste, so that its use or content is not compromised causing various disorders; it is necessary to eliminate any contamination risk; however many companies perform a visually inspection of the blood bags, by naked eye, by trained employees in the use of a simple equipment, which cannot guarantee that all the bags are residue-free because depending on the human factor. The residues showed on the pictures were characterized as high frequency components. So the proposed methodology applies two levels decomposition of Haar´s Wavelet as high pass filter to evidence high frequencies, and to evidence the residues at the pictures and to evidence the existence of residues on the captured pictures. To assure the sterilization of the commercialized blood bags, this work propose a methodology of an automated computational system based in a group of techniques of image characteristics extraction and recognition patterns to detect residues in blood bag images in the process of manufacture, in order to improve the quality of the commercialized blood bags.This technique is used as high-pass filter, to detach the high frequencies, using a Haar-wavelet in two decomposition levels. The results obtained with the manual visual inspection indicate that were found divergent results in the analysis of the same blood bag, which reinforces the necessity of the automation of this task in order to obtain more uniform results with defined standards.
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Takeda, Simone Harue Kimura. "Exposição da população adulta da RMSP a contaminantes ambientais: associação entre o conteúdo corpóreo de metais e fatores de risco". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-06082015-142625/.
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A exposição humana a contaminantes ambientais é uma preocupação mundial. Nesse contexto, nas últimas décadas, avanços metodológicos têm proporcionado fortes bases quantitativas para a estimativa dos riscos à saúde humana associada a exposições a contaminantes ambientais. A biomonitorização humana é de grande utilidade para estabelecer a distribuição da exposição na população geral, identificar grupos vulneráveis e populações com exposição mais elevada. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os níveis de exposição da população adulta da região metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) aos metais As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu e Mn e verificar os possíveis fatores relacionados à exposição. Amostras de sangue e cabelo de doadores de sangue residentes na RMSP há pelo menos um ano foram coletadas em 2009. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que, no geral, a população estudada não está exposta a níveis preocupantes desses metais. As médias geométricas para As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu e Mn em sangue foram 3,6 ug/L, 0,12 ug/L, 23,9 ug/L, 1,4 ug/L, 999,4 ug/L e 12,5 ug/L, respectivamente. Em cabelo, as médias geométricas foram 0,02 ug/g, 0,03 ug/g, 0,54 ug/g, 0,13 ug/g, 12,44 ug/g e 0,32 ug/g para As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu e Mn, respectivamente. Em sangue, a concentração de As foi associada a nível de educação e o consumo de frango; o nível de Cd foi influenciado pelo hábito de fumar, ramo de atividade e ter residido em área agrícola; a concentração de Pb foi influenciado pelo gênero, idade, nível de educação, uso de medicamentos, consumo de frutos do mar e trabalho pregresso com agrotóxicos; os determinantes de Hg foram consumo de peixe, nível de educação e idade; os níveis de Cu foram influenciados pelo gênero, uso de medicamentos e reforma recente da casa; e a concentração de Mn foi influenciada pela reforma recente da casa, ter residido em área agrícola e trabalho pregresso com agrotóxicos. Em cabelo, os níveis de As foram influenciados pelo gênero, tratamento capilar, frequência de consumo de peixe e raça; o determinante de Cd em cabelo foi o gênero; para o Pb, os determinantes foram gênero e renda familiar; os níveis de Hg foram influenciados pelo gênero, idade, frequência de consumo de peixe, frutos do mar e produtos de origem animal, consumo de bebida alcoólica além de trabalho e raça; os níveis de Cu foram influenciados pelo gênero e o consumo de bebida alcoólica; os fatores associados aos níveis de Mn foram gênero, raça, rua pavimentada e origem da água de beber. Os níveis de Hg, Cd, Cu e Pb em sangue apresentam fraca correlação com os níveis em cabeloHuman exposure to environmental contaminants is a global concern. In this context, in recent decades, methodological advances have provided strong quantitative basis for estimating the risks to human health associated with exposure to environmental contaminants. Human biomonitoring is useful to establish the distribution of exposure in the general population, identify vulnerable groups and populations with higher exposure. The aims of this study were to evaluate the exposure levels of adult population from metropolitan area of São Paulo (MRSP) to metals As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu and Mn and verify the related factors to exposure. Blood and hair samples from blood donors living in MASP for at least one year were collected in 2009. The results of this study indicate that, overall, the study population is not exposed to HIGH levels of these metals. Geometric means to As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu and Mn in the blood were 3.6 ug/L, 0.12 ug/L, 23.9 ug/L, 1.4 ug/L, 999.4 ug/L and 12.5 ug/L, respectively. Regarding in hair, geometric means were 0.02 ug/g, 0.03 ug/g, 0.54 ug/g, 0.13 ug/g, 12.44 ug/g, 0.32 ug/g for, As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu and Mn respectively. In blood, As concentration was affected by education level and poultry consumption; Cd level was affected by smoking status, occupation and lived in rural area in the past; Pb concentration was affected by gender, age, education level, medicine intake, seafood consumption and work with pesticides in the past; Hg determinants were fish consumption, education level and age; Cu levels were affected by gender, medicine intake and refurbished house; and the concentration of Mn was affected by refurbished house, lived in rural area and work with pesticides in the past. Regarding in hair, As levels are affected by gender, hair treatment, frequency of fish consumption and race. The determinant of Cd in hair was gender; for Pb, the determinants were gender and family income; Hg levels were affected by gender, age, frequency of fish consumption, seafood and animal products, alcohol consumption in addition to current work and race; Cu levels were affected by gender and alcohol consumption; related factors to Mn levels were gender, race, paved street and source of drinking water. Hg levels, Cd, Cu and Pb in blood are weakly correlated with levels in hair
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Hesslow, Thomas. "Blodets biopolitik : Heterosexuell hygien och män som har sex med män". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Genusvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54877.
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Following the wake of the AIDS-catastrophe in the beginning of the eighties, homosexual men or 'men who have sex with men' (MSM) have been barred from donating blood throughout the planet. In this thesis I look into the different discourses at play in the context of creating the legal framework for blood donation in Sweden. Genealogically tracing the emergence of the category of MSM and mapping how the category is brought to use in contemporary negotiations on blood safety, I scrutinize how scientific truth is established within blood transfusion practice. I argue that the rationality of risk group exclusion is contingent on economical grounds, and that the foucauldian concept of biopolitics could productively be used to understand this rationality. In particular, the concept of the 'biopolitics of blood' can be employed in order to understand the reluctance from the involved actors to acknowledge the heteronormative consequences of the legal framework of contemporary blood donation.Sedan HIV-virusets uppkomst i början av åttiotalet har homosexuella män eller 'män som har sex med män' (MSM) uteslutits från blodgivning. I den här uppsatsen tittar jag på de sexualitetsdiskurser som cirkulerar i de sammanhang där dessa regler utvecklas. Genom att genealogiskt spåra uppkomsten av kategorin MSM och sedan följa hur den används i samtida förhandlingar om blodsäkerhet undersöker jag hur vetenskaplig sanning etableras inom svensk blodtransfusion. Jag menar att riskgruppslogiken till viss del vilar på ekonomiska grunder, samt att begreppet 'blodets biopolitik' produktivt kan användas för att förstå den motvilja som de inblandade aktörerna visar mot att erkänna de heteronormativa konsekvenser som dagens lagstiftning kring blodgivning har.
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Björlemyr, Sara. "”Jag har hört att man inte behöver ha talangutan att det räcker med blod, svett och tårar och det har jag.” : En studie av sångpedagogers erfarenheter och uppfattningar av tonträffningssvårigheter". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Musikhögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-69150.
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Haij, Therese. "Barns kunskaper om kroppen : Vad har barn i förskola och förskoleklass för kunskaper om hjärta, blod och blodomlopp i vår kropp?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-30983.
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Rust, Kristina Yasmin Verfasser], i Hans H. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Maurer. "Identification and validated quantification of drugs of abuse, medicaments and their metabolites in blood and hair using liquid chromatographic : tandem mass spectrometric techniques in forensic toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring / Kristina Yasmin Rust. Betreuer: Hans H. Maurer". Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1052551173/34.
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Paul, Richard. "New developments in analytical toxicology for the investigation of drug facilitated crime". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2007. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/new-developments-in-analytical-toxicology-for-the-investigation-of-drug-facilitated-crime(c2b2b4e3-b8c5-471f-bf3b-daca545d4afa).html.
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Drug facilitated assault (DFA) is an increasing problem in the UK. The crime often occurs through the surreptitious administration of a drug into a victims drink, rendering the victim unable to resist the assault. The detection of these drugs in a biological specimen from the victim is one of the most challenging facets of forensic chemistry. Drug concentrations can be very low, as often only a single dose is administered, and the pharmacodynamics of commonly employed drugs further hinders the testing process. The research presented in this work shows the development of several new assays for the detection of flunitrazepam, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in a variety of biological matrices. New methods of drug testing in blood and urine are demonstrated, as well as interesting developments in the field of hair testing. Using hair to detect drug exposure allows a much wider window of detection than the more traditional matrices of blood and urine. New methods are presented in this work using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GCMS/MS) to detect drugs in hair. Validation data is presented along with the results of authentic DFA testing. All aspects of the drug testing procedure have been evaluated, from new extraction techniques utilising water instead of solvents, to novel clean up stages involving the unique combination of SFE and SPME. Several confirmation techniques are explored including single quadrupole, triple quadrupole and ion trap mass spectrometry. In addition to developing assays for DFA cases, the versatility of this type of analytical chemistry is explored in two population studies. The first study evaluates alcohol consumption between two groups; drugs users and non drug users in medico-legal cases. There is an anecdotal belief amongst drug clinic staff that alcohol use is lower in drugs users than it is in non drug users. This study presents the first scientific confirmation of this belief through EtG (an alcohol metabolite) testing in hair of the two groups. The second study investigates whether there is a correlation between EtG and cocaethylene (a metabolite of cocaine only produced in the presence of alcohol) in cocaine users. Results f this study suggest that there is no positive correlation between the two compounds. The research presented in this thesis aims to further the analytical science surrounding FA investigation and provide accurate, sensitive and reliable methodology for drug esting in blood, urine and hair.
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Larabi, Islam Amine. "Nouveaux produits de synthèse : analyse, consommation et métabolisme ; Applications cliniques et médicolégales Rapid and simultaneous screening of new psychoactive substances and conventional drugs of abuse. A comparative study of Biochip Array Technology versus LC-MS/MS in whole blood and urine Development of a sensitive untargeted liquid chromatography– high resolution mass spectrometry screening devoted to hair analysis through a shared MS2 spectra database: A step toward early detection of new psychoactive substances Validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of sixteen synthetic cannabinoids in human hair. Application to document chronic use of JWH-122 following a non-fatal overdose Development and validation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry targeted screening of 16 fentanyl analogs and U-47700 in hair: Application to 137 authentic samples Prevalence and Surveillance of Synthetic Cathinones Use by Hair Analysis: An Update Review Prevalence of New Psychoactive Substances(NPS) and conventional drugs of abuse (DOA) in high risk populations from Paris(France) and its suburbs A cross sectional study by hair testing(2012–2017) Evaluation of drug abuse by hair analysis and self-reported use among MSM under PrEP: Results from a sub-study of the ANRS-IPERGAY trial. Hair testing for 3‑fluorofentanyl, furanylfentanyl, methoxyacetylfentanyl, carfentanil, acetylfentanyl and fentanyl by LC–MS/MS after unintentional overdose Drug‐facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) involving 4‐methylethcathinone (4‐MEC),3,4‐Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), and doxylamine highlighted by hair analysis Metabolic Profiling of Deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine (O-PCE) and identification of new target metabolites in urine and hair using human liver microsomes and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL029.
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L’objectif de ce travail a été de développer deux approches analytiques dédiées à l’analyse toxicologique des nouveaux produits de synthèse (NPS) dans différentes matrices biologiques (sang, urine et cheveux). La première est basée sur le criblage non ciblé par chimiluminescence sur biopuces et chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (LC-HRMS) et la deuxième correspond à un criblage ciblé par spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS). Ces deux approches ont ensuite été appliquées dans des études observationnelles pour évaluer la consommation de NPS dans des populations à risques de surdosage, de pharmacodépendance ou de soumission chimique dans un contexte clinique ou médico-judiciaire.La dernière partie a été consacrée au développement d’un nouvel outil analytique de traitement des données issues de la LC-HRMS qui a permis d’étudier le métabolisme de 9 NPS in vitro sur des cultures de microsomes du foie humain (HLM) et in vivo sur des échantillons biologiques d’usagers de ces drogues. Cette dernière approche a permis la création d’une bibliothèque de spectres de haute résolution composée de 228 métabolites dont certains ont été proposés comme marqueurs pertinents d’exposition aux NPS dont ils sont issus.Ce travail a été concrétisé par la rédaction de 10 publications scientifiques et a permis d’initier plusieurs collaborations pluridisciplinairesThe aim of the present work was to develop two analytical approaches dedicated to the analysis of new psychoactive substances in different biological matrices (blood, urine and hair). The first approach is based on untargeted screening by both biochip array technology chemiluminescence assay and liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and the second corresponds to a targeted screening by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These two approaches were then applied in observational studies to assess the consumption of NPS in high risk populations (overdose, drug abuse, drug facilitated crimes) in clinical and forensic settings. The last part of the work was devoted to the development of a new analytical tool for LC-HRMS data processing which made it possible to study the metabolism of 9 NPS In vitro on human liver microsomes (HLM) and In vivo in biological samples from drug users. This approach has enabled the creation of HRMS spectral library containing 228 metabolites, some of which have been proposed as relevant markers of NPS exposure.This work has resulted on 10 scientific publications and allowed to initiate many multidisciplinary collaborations
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Sanderoth, Elin. "”Om hjärtat inte pumpar blod kan man dö!” : En studie om hur barn i åldern 4-5 år uttrycker sig, uppfattar och vilket intresse de har för människokroppen". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-43350.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur barn i förskolan uppfattar människokroppen, hur de uttrycker sig, hur intresserade de är av lärandet och om det är möjligt att jobba med ämnet människokroppen i förskolan. Jag hoppas att denna studie kan öppna upp för ett ökat intresse kring att jobba med människokroppen i förskolan.Metoden som använts är kvalitativa intervjuer i kombination med bildmaterial i form av konturerna av en människokropp och sju olika kroppsdelar barnen fick placera ut och beskriva funktionen av. Denna metod användes för att ge barnen möjlighet att uttrycka sig fritt kring de olika kroppsdelarna. Intervjuerna genomfördes på 14 barn i åldern 4-5 år. Barnen fick med egna ord förklara hur de olika kroppsdelarna fungerade och hur de tyckte det är att jobba med ämnet människokroppen.Resultatet visar att flertalet av barnen kunde placera ut de flesta kroppsdelarna och beskriva flertalet av kroppsdelarnas funktioner. Majoriteten av barnen i undersökningen tyckte det var roligt att jobba med människokroppen.The purpose of this study is to examine how preschool children perceive, express and how interested they are about the learning of the human body and if it is possible to work with the topic the human body in preschool. I hope this study could lay as ground for an increased interest in working with the human body in preschool.The method used is qualitative interviews combined with graphic images in form of a texture of a human body and seven different body parts, which the children were to place out and to describe the function of the body part. This method was used to give the children the opportunity to express themselves freely about the different body parts. The interviews were conducted on 14 children ages 4-5. The children got, with her/his own words, explain how the specific body part worked and what her/his thoughts were about working with the subject the human body.The result shows that most of the children could place and explain most of the functions of the body parts used. The majority of the children in this study thought it was fun to work with the human body.
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Broecker, Sebastian. "Aufbau und Anwendung einer Methode zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Giften und deren Metaboliten in Blut und Haaren in der Systematischen Toxikologischen Analyse mittels Flüssigchromatographie-Quadrupol-Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie-Kopplung (LC-QTOF-MS)". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16461.
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Die Systematische Toxikologische Analyse (STA) stellt auf Grund der großen Vielfalt und der ständigen Zunahme an toxikologisch relevanten Substanzen eine der größten Herausforderungen in der chemischen Analyse dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher die Eignung der Flüssigchromatographie in Kombination mit der Hybrid-Quadrupol-Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie (LC-QTOF-MS) für diesen Zweck untersucht. Dazu wurden eine Datenbank mit über 7360 und eine CID-Spektrenbibliothek mit mehr als 2720 toxikologisch relevanten Substanzen erstellt und geeignete Probenvorbereitungsmethoden entwickelt. Die Erprobung der Methoden erfolgte an dotierten Blut- und Haarproben. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Analyse im Auto-MS/MS-Modus (Messzyklen von MS- und MS/MS-Spektren) eine Identifizierung basischer Substanzen mittels CID-Spektren zwischen 0,5 und 2 ng/ml im Blut ermöglichte. Die Nachweisgrenzen der für 24 Wirkstoffe validierten Methode in Haaren lagen bei 3 bis 15 pg/mg. Die Eignung der LC-QTOF-MS zur STA von Haarproben wurde an 30 Drogentodesfällen und 60 Todesfällen mit bekannter chronischer Medikamenteneinnahme zu Lebzeiten sowie an 77 Blutproben nachgewiesen. Für die Suche nach Metaboliten wurde ein Metaboliten-Tool entwickelt. In der praktischen Anwendung auf Datenfiles von Blut- und Haarproben erwies sich das Tool als wertvolles Hilfsmittel zur Identifizierung unbekannter Peaks und zur Bestätigung von Suchergebnissen in der Datenbank. Zur automatischen Konzentrationsabschätzung identifizierter Substanzen wurde ein Tool „Estimate Concentration“ geschaffen. Die Überprüfung des Verfahrens an realen Blut- und Haarproben durch Vergleich mit HPLC-DAD- und GC-MS-Ergebnissen wies eine gute Übereinstimmung der Konzentrationen auf. Insgesamt zeigten die Untersuchungen, dass die LC-QTOF-MS zurzeit die am besten geeignete Methode für die STA darstellt. Auch bei einem erst später aufkommenden Verdacht kann eine gezielte Suche in dem bereits gemessenen Datenfile durchgeführt werden.Due to the large variety and the steady increase of toxicologically relevant substances, systematic toxicological analysis (STA) is one of the most difficult tasks in analytical chemistry and, therefore, a steady topic of research and methodical improvement. For this reason, the suitability of liquid chromatography in combination with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) for STA was investigated. For this purpose, a database of more than 7360 and a CID spectra library of more than 2720 toxicologically relevant substances and suitable methods for sample preparation were developed. The application was evaluated at spiked blood and hair samples. It was found that the analysis in Auto-MS/MS mode (alternating measurement cycles of MS and MS/MS spectra) allowed substance identification in blood using CID spectra between 0.5 and 2 ng/ml for basic substances. The detection limits of the validated method in hair ranged from 3 to 15 pg/mg for 24 drugs. The suitability of LC-QTOF-MS for STA was tested for hair samples from 30 drug-related death cases and from 60 death cases with known chronic medication as well as for 77 blood samples. For the search of metabolites, a metabolite tool was developed. In the practical application to data files from blood and hair samples, the tool proved to be very helpful for identification of unknown peaks and for confirmation of results obtained only from the database without CID spectra. A tool "Estimate Concentration" was created for automatic estimation of concentrations of identified substances. The application to real blood and hair samples and the comparison of the concentrations with results from HPLC-DAD and GC-MS showed good agreement. Overall, these investigations showed that LC-QTOF-MS is currently the most favorable method for STA. Because of the comprehensive registration of all substances in a sample, the data files can be checked for the presence of certain poisons even later without new measurements.
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Vaughn, Michelle. "Blonde hair colour: classification, characterisation and genetic associations for use in forensic science". Thesis, 2010. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15540/.
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The vast variety of normal pigmentation variation is a huge genetic puzzle and hair colour is one part of this puzzle. It is hypothesised that there are genetic variants
specifically associated with an objectively defined Blonde phenotype. The first objective of this study was to examine the natural, adult hair colour variation among a population of European ancestry and to evaluate methods for both the measurement and classification of hair colours. The second objective was to characterise the microscopic and chemical features of hair colour in this sample and to determine how they relate to the macroscopic colour. The final objective was to compare genetic results with objectively measured and defined hair colour phenotypes in the search for genetic
associations with "blonde‟ hair colour. Having this information will assist in developing forensic predictive tests for physical features.
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Liu, Chin-San, i 劉青山. "Aging- and smoking-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations in hair follicles and alteration of antioxidants in blood". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28765275683965928578.
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Wang, C. T., i 王健行. "The trace elements level in hair and blood samples at different clinical stages of blackfoot disease patients". Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06491497989333671659.
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Mecklenburg, Lars [Verfasser]. "A new model of blood vessel remodeling : hair follicles modulate the perifollicular vasculature by synthesizing key regulators of blood vessel homeostasis / by Lars Mecklenburg". 2002. http://d-nb.info/965594793/34.
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陳鴻賢. "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Alterations Observed Between Hair Shaft、Blood and Buccal Cells within the Same Individuals Having Betel Quid (BQ)-Chewing and Smoking Habits". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f3699c.
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Leung, Man Ching, Chris W. Sutton, D. A. Fenton i Desmond J. Tobin. "Trichohyalin is a potential major autoantigen in human alopecia areata". 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6066.
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Several lines of evidence support an autoimmune basis for alopecia areata (AA), a common putative autoimmune hair loss disorder. However, definitive support is lacking largely because the identity of hair follicle (HF) autoantigen(s) involved in its pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we isolated AA-reactive HF-specific antigens from normal human scalp anagen HF extracts by immunoprecipitation using serum antibodies from 10 AA patients. Samples were analyzed by LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, which indicated strong reactivity to the hair growth phase-specific structural protein trichohyalin in all AA sera. Keratin 16 (K16) was also identified as another potential AA-relevant target HF antigen. Double immunofluorescence studies using AA (and control sera) together with a monoclonal antibody to trichohyalin revealed that AA sera contained immunoreactivity that colocalized with trichohyalin in the growth phase-specific inner root sheath of HF. Furthermore, a partial colocalization of AA serum reactivity with anti-K16 antibody was observed in the outer root sheath of the HF. In summary, this study supports the involvement of an immune response to anagen-specific HFs antigens in AA and specifically suggests that an immune response to trichohyalin and K16 may have a role in the pathogenesis of the enigmatic disorder.
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Noisel, Nolwenn. "Développement d’outils utilisant la surveillance biologique pour évaluer l’exposition et les risques pour la santé : application au méthylmercure et au sélénium". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11254.
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Dans une perspective d’analyse des risques pour la santé publique, l’estimation de l’exposition revêt une importance capitale. Parmi les approches existantes d’estimation de l’exposition, l’utilisation d’outils, tels que des questionnaires alimentaires, la modélisation toxicocinétique ou les reconstructions de doses, en complément de la surveillance biologique, permet de raffiner les estimations, et ainsi, de mieux caractériser les risques pour la santé.
Ces différents outils et approches ont été développés et appliqués à deux substances d’intérêt, le méthylmercure et le sélénium en raison des effets toxiques bien connus du méthylmercure, de l’interaction entre le méthylmercure et le sélénium réduisant potentiellement ces effets toxiques, et de l’existence de sources communes via la consommation de poisson. Ainsi, l’objectif général de cette thèse consistait à produire des données cinétiques et comparatives manquantes pour la validation et l’interprétation d’approches et d’outils d’évaluation de l’exposition au méthylmercure et au sélénium.
Pour ce faire, l’influence du choix de la méthode d’évaluation de l’exposition au méthylmercure a été déterminée en comparant les apports quotidiens et les risques pour la santé estimés par différentes approches (évaluation directe de l’exposition par la surveillance biologique combinée à la modélisation toxicocinétique ou évaluation indirecte par questionnaire alimentaire). D’importantes différences entre ces deux approches ont été observées : les apports quotidiens de méthylmercure estimés par questionnaires sont en moyenne six fois plus élevés que ceux estimés à l’aide de surveillance biologique et modélisation. Ces deux méthodes conduisent à une appréciation des risques pour la santé divergente puisqu’avec l’approche indirecte, les doses quotidiennes estimées de méthylmercure dépassent les normes de Santé Canada pour 21 des 23 volontaires, alors qu’avec l’approche directe, seulement 2 des 23 volontaires sont susceptibles de dépasser les normes. Ces différences pourraient être dues, entre autres, à des biais de mémoire et de désirabilité lors de la complétion des questionnaires.
En outre, l’étude de la distribution du sélénium dans différentes matrices biologiques suite à une exposition non alimentaire (shampoing à forte teneur en sélénium) visait, d’une part, à étudier la cinétique du sélénium provenant de cette source d’exposition et, d’autre part, à évaluer la contribution de cette source à la charge corporelle totale. Un suivi des concentrations biologiques (sang, urine, cheveux et ongles) pendant une période de 18 mois chez des volontaires exposés à une source non alimentaire de sélénium a contribué à mieux expliciter les mécanismes de transfert du sélénium du site d’absorption vers le sang (concomitance des voies régulées et non régulées). Ceci a permis de montrer que, contrairement au méthylmercure, l’utilisation des cheveux comme biomarqueur peut mener à une surestimation importante de la charge corporelle réelle en sélénium en cas de non contrôle de facteurs confondants tels que l’utilisation de shampoing contenant du sélénium.
Finalement, une analyse exhaustive des données de surveillance biologique du sélénium issues de 75 études publiées dans la littérature a permis de mieux comprendre la cinétique globale du sélénium dans l’organisme humain. En particulier, elle a permis le développement d’un outil reliant les apports quotidiens et les concentrations biologiques de sélénium dans les différentes matrices à l’aide d’algorithmes mathématiques. Conséquemment, à l’aide de ces données cinétiques exprimées par un système d’équations logarithmiques et de leur représentation graphique, il est possible d’estimer les apports quotidiens chez un individu à partir de divers prélèvements biologiques, et ainsi, de faciliter la comparaison d’études de surveillance biologique du sélénium utilisant des biomarqueurs différents.
L’ensemble de ces résultats de recherche montre que la méthode choisie pour évaluer l’exposition a un impact important sur les estimations des risques associés. De plus, les recherches menées ont permis de mettre en évidence que le sélénium non alimentaire ne contribue pas de façon significative à la charge corporelle totale, mais constitue un facteur de confusion pour l’estimation de la charge corporelle réelle en sélénium. Finalement, la détermination des équations et des coefficients reliant les concentrations de sélénium entre différentes matrices biologiques, à l’aide d’une vaste base de données cinétiques, concourt à mieux interpréter les résultats de surveillance biologique.In the context of public health risk analysis, exposure assessments are of primary importance. Among the approaches used to assess exposure, tools such as food questionnaires, toxicokinetic modelling or reverse dosimetry, combined with biomonitoring allow to refine exposure estimates as well as toxicological health risk estimates. Such approaches and tools have been developed and applied to two contaminants of interest - methylmercury and selenium - due to the known toxic effect of methylmercury, the interaction between methylmercury and selenium which reduces its toxicity, and common sources of exposure through fish consumption. Hence, the main objective of this thesis consists in producing kinetic and comparative data for the validation and the interpretation of approaches and tools used for exposure assessment to methylmercury and selenium. These data are currently lacking. To achieve this goal, the influence of the method used to assess methylmercury exposure was determined by comparing daily intakes and health risk estimated with different approaches (direct exposure assessment using biomonitoring and toxicokinetic modelling or indirect exposure assessment using food questionnaires). Important discrepancies between these two methods have been observed: the questionnaire-based intakes are higher than modeled intakes higher by a six-fold factor. These two approaches lead to divergent health risk estimates considering that, with the direct exposure assessment, methylmercury daily intakes are above Health Canada guidelines in most cases (21 of 23 volunteers) while only 2 volunteers have intakes above guidelines when using the direct approach. Among possible reasons, discrepancies could be due to recall and desirability bias related to the completion of food questionnaire. Subsequently, the study of selenium distribution in different biological matrices following a non-dietary exposure (selenium-containing shampoo) aimed to study the kinetic of the selenium originating from this exposure as well as assess the contribution of this source to the total Se body burden. The time courses of selenium biological concentration in blood, urine, hair and nails over 18 months for volunteers exposed to a non-dietary source of selenium contributed to better elucidate the mechanisms of selenium transfer to blood (concurrency of regulated and non-regulated pathways). This study also confirms that, unlike methylmercury, the use of hair as a biomarker can lead to a significant overestimate of the actual selenium body burden if confounding factors such as the use of selenium-containing shampoo are not controlled. In addition, a detailed analysis of selenium biomonitoring data from 75 published studies in the literature was conducted in order to better understand the kinetic of selenium in the human body. In particular, this analysis led to the development of a tool that relates daily intakes and selenium concentrations in biological matrices using mathematical algorithms. Consequently, by using these kinetic data expressed as a system of logarithmic equations and graphical representations, it enables the assessment of daily intakes in an individual from various biological sampling. Moreover, it facilitates the comparison of selenium biomonitoring data from studies using different biomarkers. Overall, these results show that the approach used to assess exposure has a sound impact on health risk estimates. Research showed that selenium from a non-dietary source does not contribute significantly to total body burden, however it constitutes a confounding factor. Finally, the determination of equations and coefficients using an extensive kinetic database relating selenium concentrations from different biological matrices helps to better interpret biomonitoring data.
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Seidenberg, Verena. "Ein bronzezeitlicher Familienclan als genetisches Archiv – Morphologisch-paläogenetische Bearbeitung des Skelettkollektivs aus der Lichtensteinhöhle". Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002B-7D55-C.
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Die Lichtensteinhöhle ist eine Klufthöhle im Berg Lichtenstein in den Harzausläufern. Im anthropogenen Teil der Höhle wurden größere Mengen disoloziert vorliegender Menschenknochen gefunden. Über assoziierte archäologische Artefakte und 14C-Datierungen erfolgte eine Einordnung ins 10.–9. Jh. v. Chr.. Aufgrund eines Überzuges mit Gipssinter und konstant niedriger Temperaturen war ein herausragend guter Erhaltungszustand der Knochen und der enthaltenen aDNA gegeben. Dies ermöglichte umfangreiche anthropologische Forschungsarbeiten an den menschlichen Überresten aus der Lichtensteinhöhle.
Eine zentrale Fragestellung zu Beginn der Forschungsarbeiten war, ob es sich um eine Opferstätte oder einen Bestattungsplatz handelt. Es konnte für die zunächst identifizierten 40 Individuen ein ausgewogenes Geschlechterverhältnis und eine Altersverteilung über alle Altersklassen hinweg nachgewiesen werden. Zudem konnten mittels molekulargenetischer Methoden verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen zwischen den Individuen aufgedeckt werden. Die Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion ergab den Stammbaum eines Familienclans. Damit lagen eindeutige Hinweise für eine Nutzung als Bestattungsplatz vor.
Während molekulargenetischer Reihenuntersuchungen verschiedener Skelettelemente und morphologischer Zuordnungen von Skelettelementen zu Individuen wurde deutlich, dass Knochen von mehr Individuen als den 40 bislang identifizierten vorhanden waren. Zudem deutete sich an, dass für nahezu alle Individuen nicht alle Knochen in der Höhle aufgefunden worden waren. Das Fehlen von Skelettelementen warf die Frage auf, ob es sich bei der Lichtensteinhöhle nicht um einen Primär- sondern um einen Sekundärbestattungsplatz handeln könnte.
Im aktuell durchgeführten Forschungsprojekt wurden, unter Verwendung morphologischer und molekulargenetischer Methoden, die Zuordnungen der dislozierten Knochen zu Individuen zu Ende geführt. Die rekonstruierten Individuen wurden umfassend morphologisch und molekulargenetisch untersucht, mit dem Ziel, die demografische Struktur der Population zu erschließen und die Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion auszuweiten. Zudem wurde den Fragen der Nutzungsdauer und der genauen Nutzungsart der Höhle nachgegangen.
Es konnten 60 Individuen identifiziert werden. Nur für zwei der Individuen wurden alle bei den Zuordnungen berücksichtigten Skelettelemente vorgefunden. An den Knochen zeigten sich nur wenige Fälle degenerativer Veränderungen. Dies ließ darauf schließen, dass die in der Lichtensteinhöhle bestatteten Menschen nicht übermäßig harter körperlicher Belastung ausgesetzt waren. Spuren massiver Gewalteinwirkung fehlten vollständig. Dies macht es unwahrscheinlich, dass die bestattete Population in kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen involviert war. Einige wenige verheilte Frakturen an Rippen oder Schlüsselbein lassen sich problemlos auf Alltagsunfälle zurückführen. Spuren von Mangel- oder Stressphasen waren nur in Einzelfällen nachweisbar. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Bestatteten zu Lebzeiten kontinuierlichen Zugang zu ausreichenden Nahrungsressourcen hatten. Das Geschlechterverhältnis war ausgewogen und die Altersverteilung entsprach in den Grundzügen der für eine historische Population zu erwartenden. Eine fesgestellte Unterrepräsentanz von Individuen der Altersklasse Infans I könnte als Hinweis darauf interpretiert werden, dass tatsächlich Sekundärbestattungen praktiziert wurden und die sehr kleinen, fragilen Knochen der Infans I Individuen zum Zeitpunkt der Umbettungen bereits vergangen waren. In begleitenden Arbeiten durchgeführte statistischen Analysen verschiedener Merkmale, wie z.B. Unterschiede im Grad der DNA-Degradierung, lieferten weitere Hinweise in die Richtung, dass es sich bei der Lichtensteinhöhle um einen Sekundärbestattungsplatz handeln dürfte.
Für alle neu identifizierten Inividuen wurden mittels molekulargenetischer Analysen die genetischen Fingerabdrücke sowie die mitochondraialen und Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen bestimmt. Die anschließende Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion ergab einen erweiterten Stammbaum, in dem für 47 der 60 Individuen entweder direkte Verwandtschaft oder aber Verwandtschaft in mütterlicher oder väterlicher Familienlinie belegt ist. Der Stammbaum umfasst insgesamt sechs Generationen. Dies entspricht – bei einer angenommenen Generationendauer von 20 Jahren – einer Nutzungsdauer von 120 Jahren und passt somit gut zum archäologisch ermittelten Nutzungszeitraum. Die Auswertung der Diversität der mitochondrialen und Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen ergab Hinweise auf eine patrilokale Gesellschaftsform.
In begleitenden Arbeiten wurden weitere genetische Marker – z.B. für die Augen- und Haarpigmentierung, die immungenetische Ausstattung oder auch für den Laktosetoleranzstatus – analysiert. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass sich in vielerlei Hinsicht die genetische Ausstattung heutiger Populationen im Vergleich zu der vor 3.000 Jahren nicht grundlegend unterscheidet. Lediglich für die Frequenz des Laktosetoleranz verursachenden Allels war eine deutliche Zunahme seit der Bronzezeit zu verzeichnen.