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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Black women prisoners"

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Gatewood, Britany J., i Adele N. Norris. "Silencing Prisoner Protests: Criminology, Black Women and State-sanctioned Violence". Decolonization of Criminology and Justice 1, nr 1 (22.10.2019): 52–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/dcj.v1i1.8.

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Protests and resistance from those locked away in jails, prisons and detention centers occur but receive limited, if any, mainstream attention. In the United States and Canada, 61 instances of prisoner unrest occurred in 2018 alone. In August of the same year, incarcerated men and women in the United States planned nineteen days of peaceful protest to improve prison conditions. Complex links of institutionalized power, white supremacy and Black resistance is receiving renewed attention; however, state-condoned violence against women in correctional institutions (e.g., physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and medical neglect by prison staff) is understudied. This qualitative case study examines 10 top-tier Criminology journals from 2008-2018 for the presence of prisoner unrest/protest. Findings reveal a paucity of attention devoted to prisoner unrest or state-sanctioned violence. This paper argues that the invisibility of prisoner unrest conceals the breadth and depth of state-inflicted violence against prisoners, especially marginalized peoples. This paper concludes with a discussion of the historical legacy and contemporary invisibility of Black women’s resistance against state-inflicted violence. This paper argues that in order to make sense of and tackle state-condoned violence we must turn to incarcerated individuals, activists, and Black and Indigenous thinkers and grassroots actors.
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Coid, Jeremy, Ann Petruckevitch, Paul Bebbington, Traolach Brugha, Dinesh Bhugra, Rachel Jenkins, Mike Farrell, Glyn Lewis i Nicola Singleton. "Ethnic differences in prisoners". British Journal of Psychiatry 181, nr 6 (grudzień 2002): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.6.481.

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BackgroundThe high rates of psychiatric morbidity in prisoners vary between ethnic groups.AimsTo compare early environmental risks, stressful daily living experiences and reported use of psychiatric services in prisoners from different ethnic groups.MethodCross-sectional survey of 3142 prisoners in all penal establishments in England and Wales in 1997.ResultsFewer Black and South Asian male prisoners reported childhood traumas and conduct disorder, and fewer Black prisoners experienced stressful prison experiences, than White prisoners. Fewer Black women had received previous psychiatric treatment, and fewer Black men had their psychiatric problems identified in prison. Black prisoners were less likely to have received psychiatric treatment than Whites.ConclusionsThe lower prevalence of psychiatric morbidity observed in Black prisoners corresponds with reduced exposure to risk factors. Higher rates of imprisonment might be explained by higher rates of conduct disorder, adolescent-onset criminality and disadvantage within the criminal justice system.
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Folch, Marcus. "IS RED FIGURE THE NEW BLACK? THE IMPRISONMENT OF WOMEN IN CLASSICAL ATHENS". Ramus 50, nr 1-2 (grudzień 2021): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rmu.2021.6.

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Were women imprisoned in classical Athens? To search for an answer to this question in the secondary literature is to be met with deafening silence. Few scholars have examined evidence for the incarceration of women in the ancient Mediterranean, and the little work that has been done remains focused in such marginal (from the vantage of traditional classics departments) areas as Late Antique studies and early Christianity. When classicists speak of prisoners and prisons, we mean men and the ways men control men.
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WEND GRACIOTE GONÇALVES, KAREN, DALIA DA SILVA i LETICIA VIVIANNE MIRANDA CURY. "SISTEMA PRISIONAL FEMININO BRASILEIRO". Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica 10, nr 227 (10.11.2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35265/2236-6717-227-12310.

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The objective of this article is to analyze the fundamental rights and guarantees guaranteed to women prisoners in the Brazilian prison system, highlighting the treatment that are applied to incarcerated women and highlighting the rights guaranteed to these inmates defined by gender. As well as bringing a brief comparison and criticism of the Brazilian female prison system in the face of the reality experienced daily by inmates, focusing on the gender division and the difficulties faced by this prison population that is almost invisible to the eyes of the Brazilian prison system and the criminal and procedural system. criminal prosecution of crimes. There is also a racial marking among this population, where the majority is black, generating the “mass incarceration of black women”, lacking state support and having social deficiencies, such as low education and lack of employment. Bringing a humanitarian reflection about the woman inside the prison and after it, emphasizing the biological and sanitary needs, since they are "prisoners" who menstruate, give birth and breastfeed.
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Scheck, Raffael. "Les prémices de Thiaroye: L’influence de la captivité allemande sur les soldats noirs français à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale". French Colonial History 13 (1.05.2012): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41938223.

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Abstract After repressing the mutiny of West African ex-prisoners in Thiaroye near Dakar on 1 December 1944, the French military authorities concluded that the German treatment of these prisoners had made them prone to revolting. Allegedly, the Germans had planned to destabilize French colonialism by treating the prisoners well (despite the German army massacres of black French soldiers in June 1940) and by allowing black prisoners to enter into intimate relationships with white French women. The article critically analyzes the explanations of the French authorities for the revolt of Thiaroye, tracing the motivations of the ex-prisoners to the way they interpreted Free French policies after liberation in the context of their captivity experience. It argues that the relatively correct German treatment of the African POWs after the summer of 1940 and the contacts of prisoners with French civilians were circumstantial and not part of a deliberate German policy to incite revolts in the French colonies. Ultimately, the unruliness of African ex-prisoners resulted much less from German measures than from the disillusioning experience of the soldiers with the Vichy and Free French authorities during and after captivity, which formed a powerful contrast to the mostly friendly and respectful treatment of the Africans by the French civilian population.
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Lee, Hedwig, Tyler McCormick, Margaret T. Hicken i Christopher Wildeman. "RACIAL INEQUALITIES IN CONNECTEDNESS TO IMPRISONED INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, nr 2 (2015): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000065.

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AbstractIn just the last forty years, imprisonment has been transformed from an event experienced by only the most marginalized to a common stage in the life course of American men—especially Black men with low levels of educational attainment. Although much research considers the causes of the prison boom and how the massive uptick in imprisonment has shaped crime rates and the life course of the men who experience imprisonment, in recent years, researchers have gained a keen interest in the spillover effects of mass imprisonment on families, children, and neighborhoods. Unfortunately, although this new wave of research documents the generally harmful effects of having a family member or loved one incarcerated, it remains unclear how much the prison boom shapes social inequality through these spillover effects because we lack precise estimates of the racial inequality in connectedness—through friends, family, and neighbors—to prisoners. Using the 2006 General Social Survey, we fill this pressing research gap by providing national estimates of connectedness to prisoners—defined in this article as knowing someone who is currently imprisoned, having a family member who is currently imprisoned, having someone you trust who is currently imprisoned, or having someone you know from your neighborhood who is currently imprisoned—for Black and White men and women. Most provocatively, we show that 44% of Black women (and 32% of Black men) but only 12% of White women (and 6% of White men) have a family member imprisoned. This means that about one in four women in the United States currently has a family member in prison. Given these high rates of connectedness to prisoners and the vast racial inequality in them, it is likely that mass imprisonment has fundamentally reshaped inequality not only for the adult men for whom imprisonment has become common, but also for their friends and families.
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Sudbury, Julia. "Celling Black Bodies: Black Women in the Global Prison Industrial Complex". Feminist Review 80, nr 1 (lipiec 2005): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400215.

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The past two decades have witnessed an explosion in the population of women prisoners in Europe, North America and Australasia, accompanied by a boom in prison construction. This article argues that this new pattern of women's incarceration has been forged by three overlapping phenomena. The first is the fundamental shift in the role of the state that has occurred as a result of the neo-liberal globalization. The second and related phenomenon is the emergence and subsequent global expansion of what has been labeled a ‘prison industrial complex’ made up of a intricate web of relations between state penal institutions, politicians and profit-driven prison corporations. The third is the emergence of a US-led global war on drugs which is symbiotically related and mutually constituted by the transnational trade in criminalized drugs. These new regimes of accumulation and discipline, I argue, build on older systems of racist and patriarchal exploitation to ensure the super-exploitation of black women within the global prison industrial complex. The article calls for a new anti-racist feminist analysis that explores how the complex matrix of race, class, gender and nationality meshes with contemporary globalized geo-political and economic realities. The prison industrial complex plays a critical role in sustaining the viability of the new global economy and black women are increasingly becoming the raw material that fuels its expansion and profitability. The article seeks to reveal the profitable synergies between drug enforcement, the prison industry, international financial institutions, media and politicians that are sending women to prison in ever increasing numbers.
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Farrell, Michael, Annabel Boys, Nicola Singleton, Howard Meltzer, Traolach Brugha, Paul Bebbington, Rachel Jenkins, Jeremy Coid, Glyn Lewis i John Marsden. "Predictors of Mental Health Service Utilization in the 12 Months before Imprisonment: Analysis of Results from a National Prisons Survey". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, nr 6-7 (czerwiec 2006): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01836.x.

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Objective: To describe the self-reported history of health service utilization and helpseeking to those who are drug-dependent in the period of time prior to imprisonment. Method: A cross-section survey of 3142 sentenced or remand prisoners in English prisons completed private, face-to-face interviews with trained Office for National Statistics staff covering a full structured psychiatric assessment interview. Specific questions about service utilization prior to imprisonment were included, as were questions on patterns of drug use and dependence prior to imprisonment. Results: Receipt of any form of help was demographically most strongly associated with being older, white and female. Women were about twice as likely as men to report having received help for mental or emotional problems. Older age was also consistently associated with greater levels of reporting having received help, for both genders but only for use of general practitioners. Being black was strongly associated with reduced likelihood of receiving help and this was maintained after adjusting for other sociodemographic variables. Opioid dependence alone or opioid dependence with stimulant dependence, psychiatric disorder alone and probable psychosis were all most predictive of service use in the 12 months prior to imprisonment. Conclusions: In the year prior to imprisonment, the majority of mental health needs of these individual prisoners were not able to access help prior to imprisonment. Future strategies should aim for better health access beofre, during and after imprisonment.
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Massaro, Vanessa A. "Relocating the “inmate”: Tracing the geographies of social reproduction in correctional supervision". Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, nr 7-8 (2.05.2019): 1216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419845911.

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Neoliberal governance spurs the contradictory drives of securitization and austerity in the US carceral system. Correctional and parole offices cut costs by relocating care, relying upon the work of Black women, their families, and communities to provide myriad services to their incarcerated and paroled loved ones. Yet while their labor is vital to the reproduction and growth of this system, these same neoliberal processes work systematically to erase it. In doing so, they allow new kinds of unwarranted state surveillance through the private space of the home. In this article, I critically analyze the austerity measures implemented by Pennsylvania’s Department of Corrections, an institution that has undergone extensive reforms since 2012. To do so, I bridge feminist political and economic geographies, examining state processes via an analysis of unpaid reproductive labor, everyday practices, and emotion. Through a three-year ethnographic study with the loved ones of incarcerated people, I show how the state externalizes the cost of supervision onto prisoners’ support networks, relying in varied ways on families for the care and surveillance of prisoners. I show that this covert strategy enables the state to claim reductions in prison populations while, in fact, maintaining containment of formerly incarcerated people. These findings urge increased attention to the state’s dependence on incarcerated people’s support networks, demonstrating the vital insights a feminist geographic perspective offers in this age of austerity.
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Butler, Anne M. "Still in Chains: Black Women in Western Prisons, 1865-1910". Western Historical Quarterly 20, nr 1 (luty 1989): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968473.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Black women prisoners"

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Viglione, Jill. "Exploring the effect of objectively assessed skin tone on prison sentences among black female offenders". Click here for download, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com.ps2.villanova.edu/pqdweb?did=2013968861&sid=1&Fmt=7&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Skiffer, La Tanya. "Views and perceptions of what causes crime the case of black women offenders /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6025.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 24, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Kremer, Tres-Ann Alicia. "The experiences of black foreign national women prisoners in England : A qualitative study". Thesis, University of Kent, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527595.

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The thesis explores the experiences of the disproportionately high percentage of black foreign national women in prisons in England by paying special attention to their narratives. It provides a case study of the way in which the voice of the black foreign national prisoner can and should be located, in order to increase awareness of the high rates of imprisonment of foreign national women in England and to influence how the Prison Service develops and alters its policies towards this group. Through in-depth interview schedules and focus groups, the harrowing circumstances of these women prisoners before they entered prison, during their sentences and after deportation, have been collected and analysed in this thesis. The lengthy and uninhibited narratives of the women illuminate their unenviable experiences: in their own countries before their imprisonment, within the English prison estate, and upon returning home after deportation. Various factors are examined, including: the socio-economic as well as the political conditions in the home countries of the women, the matrifocal system in their countries of origin and its impact on driving them towards crime, the various reasons for committing the offence, the presence and rationalisation of guilt or shame in the minds of the women prisoners, the probable instances of discrimination and racism within the UK prison system, the rupture in family relationships, the viability of the rehabilitation schemes designed by the prison system, and the predicament of the women deported after their prison terms. The thesis also considers the role that non-governmental organisations can play in lobbying home governments to create awareness of the conditions and circumstances of imprisonment in England. The thesis concludes that policies for foreign national women prisoners in England should take into greater consideration the voice of the black foreign national female prisoner and its histo-racial nuances, particularly as the women account for a sizable portion of the foreign national prison population in England.
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Briney, Carol E. "My Journey with Prisoners: Perceptions, Observations and Opinions". Kent State University Liberal Studies Essays / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1373151648.

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Cole, Haile Eshe. "Motherhood, blackness, and the Carceral regime". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3388.

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In light of the phenomenon of mass incarceration in the United States, black women have become the fastest growing incarcerated population in the U.S. Given the fact that more than 75% of incarcerated woman are the primary caregiver for at least one child under the age of 18 the growing incarceration of black women results in the separation of many black mothers from their children. This assault on black motherhood is part of a historically persistent practice of subjugation, control, and maintenance over black women’s reproduction and bodies starting from slavery. This report will not only map this repressive trajectory into the present, but it will also focus on examining black motherhood through the lens of mass incarceration. Furthermore, this report will not only attempt to situate the enduring practice of black women’s subjugation within larger discourses around racism, sexism, oppression, state control, domination, and power but also within an understanding of manifestations of embodied blackness.
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Turner, Amber Denean 1982. "Resignifying resistance : transnational black feminism and performativity in the U.S. prison industrial complex". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1499.

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The circumstance of mass incarceration in the U.S. has reached the point of social crisis. When the statistics on imprisonment are demographically disaggregated, they point to the overrepresentation of imprisoned men and women of color. Paying special attention to Black men and women, critical race, prison advocacy, and Black feminist research has been vital in theorizing the structural and ideological implications of this racial inequity. The insight that the U.S. prison system constitutes a prison industrial complex arose from such scholarship. More recently, transnational feminism has offered insight into the specific experience and socio-historical contextualization of raced women within a transnational prison industrial complex. Based on transnational and Black feminist precepts, this thesis will argue the need to reframe the discursive position of imprisoned Black women in liberatory discourse. Using the work of Homi K. Bhabha, I contend that Black women’s discursive positions should be understood as “culturally undecidable.” Dominant paradigms of mainstream feminism have assigned Black women the task of fulfilling the ideal of “true womanhood.” Black feminist scholars have argued that this model erases and marginalizes Black women’s resistance. I suggest the imposition of this ideal rhetorically fixes Black women as victims, pathologizes them, and ultimately pathologizes the Black community. In contrast, renaming Black women’s discursive position as “culturally undecidable” creates the possibility to decenter the transnational networks that underpin the transnational prison industrial complex. To proffer this argument, I will analyze performative resistances and reifications of criminalization within narratives of imprisoned Black women and suggest performance practices to encourage Black women’s sense of agency.
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Książki na temat "Black women prisoners"

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White, Hylton. In the shadow of the Island: Women's experience of their kinsmen's political imprisonment in Cape Town, 1987-91. Pretoria: Co-operative Research Programme on Marriage and Family Life, HSRC, 1994.

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Makhoere, Caesarina Kona. No child's play: In prison under apartheid. London: Women's Press, 1988.

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Girshick, Lori B. No safe haven: Stories of women in prison. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999.

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Qi, Jiazhen. The black wall: The true story of father and daughter : two generations of prisoners. [Sunnybank Hills, Qld.]: Bookpal, 2010.

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Qi, Jiazhen. The black wall: The true story of father and daughter : two generations of prisoners. [Sunnybank Hills, Qld.]: Bookpal, 2010.

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Kerman, Piper. Orange is the new black: My year in a woman's prison. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.

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Kerman, Piper. Orange is the new black: My year in a woman's prison. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.

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How black female offenders explain their crime and describe their hopes: A case study of inmates in a California prison. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.

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translator, Herrera Ana, red. Orange is the new black: Crónica de mi año en una prisión federal de mujeres. Barcelona: Ariel, 2014.

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Chigwada-Bailey, Ruth. Black women's experiences of criminal justice: A discourse on disadvantage. Winchester: Waterside Press, 1997.

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Części książek na temat "Black women prisoners"

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Grant, Nicholas. "Political Prisoners". W Winning Our Freedoms Together. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635286.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the gendered language political prisoners used to frame their experiences and the moral legitimacy of their struggles. In South Africa, prison was where this heroic vision of black masculinity could be forged. Black political prisoners used their carceral experiences to construct specific gender identities that affirmed their status as political leaders in the public sphere. In this configuration, the prison experiences of African women were often neglected. This led to black women often being cast as vulnerable figures in need of protection and denied their agency as political actors. Finally, the chapter traces how groups such as the Federation of South African Women (FSAW) and the ANC Women’s League engaged with and challenged this masculinist vison of black protest.
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Flamand, Lee A. "Is Entertainment the New Activism? Orange Is the New Black, Women’s Imprisonment, and the Taste for Prisons". W American Mass Incarceration and Post-Network Quality Television. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463725057_ch04.

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Orange Is the New Black’s showrunner Jenji Kohan has indicated that she aspires towards activism through the vehicle of entertainment. And indeed, her series centers the intersectional vulnerabilities of women prisoners, providing a much-needed cultural resource for formerly incarcerated and at-risk women. However, it also generates the unfortunate tendency to commodify their experiences. This is further complicated by Netflix’s commercial practices, which tend to repackage identity positions and political commitments as taste preferences and entertainment experiences. Paired with Netflix’s global ambitions and its continuing investment in the acquisition and production of prison shows, Orange Is the New Black may therefore be working at cross-purposes with its own aspirations by cultivating an increasingly transnational taste for prisons.
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Hadait, Zobia, Somia R. Bibi i Razia Tariq Hadait. "Silent victims: uncovering the realities of the criminal justice system for families of prisoners". W Experiences of Punishment, Abuse and Justice by Women and Families, 48–68. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447363903.003.0004.

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Prisoners’ families remain silent victims due to their association with the person criminalised and imprisoned. Many families are likely Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) individuals, given that BAME prisoners are disproportionately represented in prison, despite representing only 14 per cent of the general UK population (Farmer, 2017). Frontline support in the community is essential; it should be included and considered within policy and governmental initiatives. Drawing on our frontline practitioner roles at Himaya Haven CIC, this chapter outlines culturally specific and gendered challenges facing BAME women and children supporting male imprisoned relatives. This is achieved through three themes: 1) Blame and stigma, 2) Financial difficulties, and 3) Children and young people’s experiences. Recommendations for inter-agency interaction and multi-agency partnerships/working are proposed.
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Thuma, Emily L. "Intersecting Indictments". W All Our Trials, 123–58. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042331.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 examines black feminist–led antiviolence organizing in Boston and Washington, D.C. In these highly segregated cities, black feminist organizations led coalitions that crossed lines of race, class, gender, sexuality, and neighborhood. In Boston, the Combahee River Collective, composed of black lesbian socialist feminists, helped to forge a multiracial, multigendered Coalition for Women’s Safety. In Washington, black women at the D.C. Rape Crisis Center organized the first national gathering of U.S. Third World feminist antiviolence activists, built an alliance with Prisoners Against Rape, and shaped the antiracist principles of D.C.’s first “Take Back the Night” marches. These intersectional coalitions reoriented discourses of violence against women toward a critique of state harm and alternatives to criminal justice.
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"Pre-Cellular Jail Period". W Across the Black Water, redaktor Akshaya K. Rath, 25–140. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190130558.003.0002.

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In this section of the book, readers will encounter key documents pertaining to the genesis and the development of the penal settlement. Port Blair gets its name. Captain Henry Man, the first superintendent of the settlement, hoists the Union Jack. Many convicts escape from the settlement; captured run-away convicts are hanged; most die in the hands of aborigines; survivors, however, record their encounter with aborigines. Friendly signs with aborigines are initiated, and they are put to capture run-away convicts. Convict labour is channelized to control the sea passage. Lord Mayo visits the settlement in 1872 and succumbs to Shere Ali’s knife. The subjects of the texts include, but are not limited to, controlling penal libido, provision for public women, the question of ‘unnatural crime’ and sodomy, rules pertaining to the physical fitness of transported convicts, controlling malaria, convict marriage, and important individual cases on the question of repatriation of prisoners after their term of imprisonment.
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"Testimony on the New York Arson Conspiracy, 1741". W The Earliest African American Literatures, redaktorzy Zachary McLeod Hutchins i Cassander L. Smith, 72–87. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469665603.003.0013.

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Testimony of Black African witnesses examined in the New York City arson trials of 1741 has largely been ignored by literary scholars. But the testimony of Sandy, Jack, Bastian, and others emphasizes both their awareness of global politics and the sense of community that sustained Black Africans enduring lives in bondage. The court’s proceedings were published by Daniel Horsmanden, a justice who participated in the interrogation, sentencing, and execution of alleged conspirators. Black prisoners described a plan to burn the city, kill its white inhabitants, and wait for the arrival of French and Spanish forces. Both the conspirators and city’s officials thought of these fires as a new front in the War of Jenkins’ Ear between England and Spain. Although two white women were at the conspiracy’s heart, the relative paucity of involved Black African women suggests that they were intentionally excluded from the plot, and Quack’s confession acknowledges that he regarded his wife as untrustworthy. Addressing issues of sexism, translation, and diplomacy, this chapter provides insight into the difficult choices made by Black African men and women in colonial North America.
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Gerard, Philip. "Abraham Galloway". W The Last Battleground, 112–18. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649566.003.0017.

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By April 1863, the United States Army is actively recruiting black soldiers. In New Bern, near the Freedman’s Colony of Roanoke Island, one man holds the key to 10,000 potential recruits: Abraham Galloway. He escaped slavery, worked with the Underground Railroad as far north as Canada, and made himself indispensable as a scout and spy. He negotiates the terms under which those black recruits are willing to serve-proper pay, subsistence for the women they leave behind, education for their children, and a guarantee that they will be treated honorably as prisoners of war if captured. The last demand cannot be met-the CSA never varies from its policy of treating captured black soldiers as runaway slaves to be punished and put into bondage. White officers of black troops are executed for fomenting a slave uprising. All told, some 5,000 black North Carolinians, most former slaves, join the fight.
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Hudson, Berkley. "Touched with Pity". W O. N. Pruitt's Possum Town, 56–61. University of North Carolina Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469662701.003.0007.

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Columbus was a booming plantation town along the Tombigbee, surrounded by rich soil ideal for cotton. Steamboats plied the river, taking bales downriver to Mobile and the Gulf of Mexico. During the “Flush Times” of the antebellum era, enslaved people from Africa built mansions of brick and wood for white planters. By the 1840s and 1850s, Blacks outnumbered the Anglo-Americans in Columbus and surrounding area. Throughout the Civil War, Columbus found itself in the hurricane’s eye of fighting. The closest major battle, Shiloh, was 100 miles north in 1862; thousands of sick and wounded, including Union prisoners, were brought to Columbus to makeshift hospitals. In the end, 2,100 Confederate and 40 Union soldiers were buried in Friendship Cemetery by the banks of the Tombigbee. Another 10 Union soldiers, 9 Black and 1 white, were buried in Sandfield, a Black cemetery. Four local white women, “touched with pity for these dead exiled from home,” in 1866 went to Friendship Cemetery to care for both the Confederate and Union graves. This act of commemoration resulted in the creation of one of the nation’s earliest versions of Memorial Day. After reading about the Columbus women, New York judge Francis Miles Finch wrote a poem, published in Atlantic Monthly, “The Blue and the Gray.”
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LeFlouria, Talitha L. "Sewing and Spinning for the State". W Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South, 130–46. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042409.003.0006.

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details the experiences of African American women prisoners in Tennessee and Alabama in contract labor systems. They were put to work making garments for the apparel industry, an industry they were excluded from outside prison walls. This chapter demonstrates that the state could tolerate the crossing of racial and gender boundaries as long as such transgressions were managed within penitentiaries and served the economic demands of penal institutions. It also shows that black female convicts’ labor was essential to the economic prosperity of the Jim Crow penal system, and that it contributed to the economic modernization of the New South.
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Foote, Lorien. "Conclusion". W Rites of Retaliation, 207–12. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469665276.003.0008.

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Retaliation, the method provided by the customs of war to negotiate the conduct of civilized war, was in the spotlight from 1861-1865. Properly conducting the retaliation ritual preserved honor before a watching civilized world and demonstrated a commitment to a set of rules that guaranteed one’s place in civilization. Confederates used retaliation to express their outrage when the Union armed Black men, bombarded residential areas of cities, and unleashed pillagers who entered the homes of civilized women. Officers of the United States used retaliation to protect the freeborn Black men who wore the Federal uniform and the Union prisoners mistreated by their Confederate captors. The rhetoric of civilization and savagery continued to shape political and social debates during the period of Reconstruction. Americans experienced the Civil War as a crisis of civilization. Eventually retaliation rituals faded away as the laws of war were formalized and codified through international treaties.
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