Artykuły w czasopismach: „Birdsongs”

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Soeta, Yoshiharu, i Ayaka Ariki. "Subjective Salience of Birdsong and Insect Song with Equal Sound Pressure Level and Loudness". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 23 (28.11.2020): 8858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238858.

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Birdsong is used to communicate the position of stairwells to visually impaired people in train stations in Japan. However, more than 40% of visually impaired people reported that such sounds were difficult to identify. Train companies seek to present the sounds at a sound pressure level that is loud enough to be detected, but not so loud as to be annoying. Therefore, salient birdsongs with relatively low sound pressure levels are required. In the current study, we examined the salience of different types of birdsong and insect song, and determined the dominant physical parameters related to salience. We considered insect songs because both birdsongs and insect songs have been found to have positive effects on soundscapes. We evaluated subjective saliences of birdsongs and insect songs using paired comparison methods, and examined the relationships between subjective salience and physical parameters. In total, 62 participants evaluated 18 types of bird songs and 16 types of insect sounds. The results indicated that the following features significantly influenced subjective salience: the maximum peak amplitude of the autocorrelation function, which signifies pitch strength; the interaural cross-correlation coefficient, which signifies apparent source width; the amplitude fluctuation component; and spectral content, such as flux and skewness.

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Morita, Takashi, Hiroki Koda, Kazuo Okanoya i Ryosuke O. Tachibana. "Measuring context dependency in birdsong using artificial neural networks". PLOS Computational Biology 17, nr 12 (28.12.2021): e1009707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009707.

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Context dependency is a key feature in sequential structures of human language, which requires reference between words far apart in the produced sequence. Assessing how long the past context has an effect on the current status provides crucial information to understand the mechanism for complex sequential behaviors. Birdsongs serve as a representative model for studying the context dependency in sequential signals produced by non-human animals, while previous reports were upper-bounded by methodological limitations. Here, we newly estimated the context dependency in birdsongs in a more scalable way using a modern neural-network-based language model whose accessible context length is sufficiently long. The detected context dependency was beyond the order of traditional Markovian models of birdsong, but was consistent with previous experimental investigations. We also studied the relation between the assumed/auto-detected vocabulary size of birdsong (i.e., fine- vs. coarse-grained syllable classifications) and the context dependency. It turned out that the larger vocabulary (or the more fine-grained classification) is assumed, the shorter context dependency is detected.

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Nwankwo, Mary, Qi Meng, Da Yang i Fangfang Liu. "Effects of Forest on Birdsong and Human Acoustic Perception in Urban Parks: A Case Study in Nigeria". Forests 13, nr 7 (24.06.2022): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13070994.

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The quality of the natural sound environment is important for the well-being of humans and for urban sustainability. Therefore, it is important to study how the soundscape of the natural environment affects humans with respect to the different densities of vegetation, and how this affects the frequency of singing events and the sound pressure levels of common birds that generate natural sounds in a commonly visited urban park in Abuja, Nigeria. This study involves the recording of birdsongs, the measurement of sound pressure levels, and a questionnaire evaluation of sound perception and the degree of acoustic comfort in the park. Acoustic comfort, which affects humans, describes the fundamental feelings of users towards the acoustic environment. The results show that first, there is a significant difference between the frequency of singing events of birds for each category of vegetation density (low, medium, and high density) under cloudy and sunny weather conditions, but there is no significant difference during rainy weather. Secondly, the measured sound pressure levels of the birdsongs are affected by vegetation density. This study shows a significant difference between the sound pressure levels of birdsongs and the vegetation density under cloudy, sunny, and rainy weather conditions. In addition, the frequency of singing events of birds is affected by the sound pressure levels of birdsongs with respect to different vegetation densities under different weather conditions. Thirdly, the results from the respondents (N = 160) in this study indicated that the acoustic perception of the park was described as being pleasant, vibrant, eventful, calming, and not considered to be chaotic or annoying in any sense. It also shows that the human perception of birdsong in the park was moderately to strongly correlated with different densities of vegetation, and that demographics play an important role in how natural sounds are perceived in the environment under different weather conditions.

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Stevenson, Deborah. "Birdsongs (review)". Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 60, nr 9 (2007): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2007.0324.

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Suko, Yasushi, Kaoru Saito, Norimasa Takayama, Shin’ichi Warisawa i Tetsuya Sakuma. "Effect of Faint Road Traffic Noise Mixed in Birdsong on the Perceived Restorativeness and Listeners’ Physiological Response: An Exploratory Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 24 (7.12.2019): 4985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244985.

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Many studies have reported that natural sounds (e.g., birdsong) are more restorative than urban noise. These studies have used physiological and psychological indicators, such as the skin conductance level (SCL) and the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), to evaluate the restorative effect of natural sounds. However, the effect of faint background noise mixed with birdsong on the restorativeness of birdsong has not been described yet. In the current experiment, we examined whether traffic noise affects the perceived restorativeness and the physiological restorativeness of birdsong in a low-stress condition using the SCL and the PRS. The scores of the PRS showed that birdsong significantly increased the perceived restorativeness of the place regardless of the car noise, but no significant difference was found between these two birdsongs. In contrast, physiologically, the birdsong without car noise decreased the participants’ SCL significantly more than the birdsong with car noise did. These results indicate that the SCL would be useful to detect the effect of background noise on natural sound when the noise is too low to affect the perceived restorativeness. This study highlights the importance of measuring the SCL besides assessing perceived restorativeness to describe the characteristics of restorative natural sound in future research.

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Nowicki, Stephen, i Peter Marler. "How Do Birds Sing?" Music Perception 5, nr 4 (1988): 391–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285408.

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Hypotheses are reviewed about how the vocal apparatus of birds operates during singing, focusing especially on the means by which the tonal sounds so typical of birdsong are generated. Evidence for the widely held view that the "two voices" in the songbird syrinx act independently of one another, and independently of acoustic resonances of the vocal tract, is found to be incomplete. Results of several experiments, including effects of placing singing birds in helium air, indicate that coupling of the "two voices" can occur and that changes in vocal tract resonances modify the tonal quality of birdsongs. A new model of songbird phonation is proposed, implying close coordination between the operation of the acoustic sources in the syrinx and dynamic modifications of the vocal tract.

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Mukherjee, Aryesh, Shreyas Mandre i L. Mahadevan. "Controllable biomimetic birdsong". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, nr 133 (sierpień 2017): 20170002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0002.

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Birdsong is the product of the controlled generation of sound embodied in a neuromotor system. From a biophysical perspective, a natural question is that of the difficulty of producing birdsong. To address this, we built a biomimetic syrinx consisting of a stretched simple rubber tube through which air is blown, subject to localized mechanical squeezing with a linear actuator. A large static tension on the tube and small dynamic variations in the localized squeezing allow us to control transitions between three states: a quiescent state, a periodic state and a solitary wave state. The static load brings the system close to threshold for spontaneous oscillations, while small dynamic loads allow for rapid transitions between the states. We use this to mimic a variety of birdsongs via the slow–fast modulated nonlinear dynamics of the physical substrate, the syrinx, regulated by a simple controller. Finally, a minimal mathematical model of the system inspired by our observations allows us to address the problem of song mimicry in an excitable oscillator for tonal songs.

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Mukhopadhyay, Adrita. "The Cacophony of Songbirds: A Potpourri of Voices in the Birdsongs of Kazi Nazrul Islam’s Lyrics and English Romantic Poetry". New Literaria 03, nr 02 (2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.48189/nl.2022.v03i2.001.

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In spite of its conventional reception as an aesthetic catalyst in the romanticization of beauty, the idea of songbirds in verses is occasionally fed with alternate and wider perspectives - in my paper, I have tried to elucidate this, by exploring the multifaceted voices of songbirds found in the lyrics of Kazi Nazrul Islam and in the poems of English Romantic poets. The songs that seem invaluable to the commoners are the food for the bards. The birdsongs add meaning to the multiple atypical abstractions that are harbored in the creative minds. This paper intends to explore the interpretations of the songs by the most vocal agent of nature – the songbirds. Songbirds have offered insights about new methods of rebellion, enlightenment about the states of existence, the eye to seek, an idea about the range of possibilities inherent in nature and life, and many more to the composers. The following passages will also explore an image born in the minds of the composers, that illustrates the superiority of the birdsongs. It will also unfold the impressions of their imagination of the parallel universe that is the abode of the songbirds. The paper argues that the unfathomable birdsongs claim the ultimate voice in life.

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Zhu, Xun, Ming Gao, Wei Zhao i Tianji Ge. "Does the Presence of Birdsongs Improve Perceived Levels of Mental Restoration from Park Use? Experiments on Parkways of Harbin Sun Island in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 7 (27.03.2020): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072271.

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Green spaces in cities and urban parks serve as central areas for mental restoration and relieving pressure, and attention to soundscapes for their mental health benefits has become more prevalent. Birdsongs are perceived to enhance the restorative benefits of urban parks. This study examines Harbin Sun Island Park, the main bird habitat in the city of Harbin with numerous types of landscapes. We used space syntax to select the appropriate path space as a carrier and the pixel grid method to quantify path space shapes. A correlation analysis of field data was also used to explore the perceived restorative effects of birdsongs heard in urban parks using scales detailing the perceived restorative effects of various visual and auditory stimuli. The results show that soundscapes can significantly improve perceived recovery benefits, and that hearing birdsongs can significantly improve the perceived restorative benefits of wetland paths; the sky index of a tour path showed a significantly negative correlation with each feature (i.e., the four featured dimensions of “charm”, “escape”, “ductility” and “compatibility” included in the recovery scale), and the soft/hard ratio showed a significantly negative correlation with each studied feature. When the sky index ranged from 13–36%, tree coverage of the vertical coverage range was 30.28–38.6%, and when the soft/hard ratio ranged from 5–21, the perceived recovery benefit was strongest.

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Franěk, Marek, Lukáš Režný, Denis Šefara i Jiří Cabal. "Effect of birdsongs and traffic noise on pedestrian walking speed during different seasons". PeerJ 7 (1.10.2019): e7711. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7711.

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Many studies have explored the effects of auditory and visual stimuli on the perception of an environment. However, there is a lack of investigations examining direct behavioral responses to noise in specific environments. In this study, a behavioral variable, walking speed, was analyzed, as a response to the sounds and visual features of a specific environment. The study examined the effects of birdsongs compared to traffic noise on walking speed in a real outdoor urban environment. It was supposed that the interaction of audition and vision in the perception of an environment may also be shaped by the perceived congruence of the visual and auditory features of the environment. The participants (N = 87 and N = 65), young university students, walked along a 1.8-km urban route. They listened to a soundtrack of crowded city noise or birdsongs, or they walked in the real outdoor environment without listening to any acoustic stimuli. To investigate the effect of the congruence between acoustic and visual stimuli, the experiment was conducted in two different seasons (fall and spring). The results did not show significant differences between the crowded city noise condition and the real outdoor condition. Listening to the soundtrack with birdsongs decreased walking speed, but this effect was significant only in the experiment conducted in spring. These findings can be explained in terms of the congruence between the sounds and the visual environment. The findings raise questions regarding the restorative function of urban greenery during different seasons.

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Chartrand, Jean-Pierre, Sarah Filion-Bilodeau i Pascal Belin. "Brain response to birdsongs in bird experts". NeuroReport 18, nr 4 (marzec 2007): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e328013cea9.

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Bolles, Edmund Blair. "Speech and Birdsongs Reflect Convergent Evolutionary History". BioScience 61, nr 3 (marzec 2011): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.15.

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Lazarus, Micha. "Birdsongs and Sonnets: Acoustic Imitation in Renaissance Lyric". Huntington Library Quarterly 84, nr 4 (grudzień 2021): 681–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hlq.2021.0041.

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Große Ruse, Mareile, Dennis Hasselquist, Bengt Hansson, Maja Tarka i Maria Sandsten. "Automated analysis of song structure in complex birdsongs". Animal Behaviour 112 (luty 2016): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.11.013.

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Andreescu, Florentina C. "Chora and the resurgence of the sensuous". Short Film Studies 6, nr 1 (1.04.2016): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/sfs.6.1.75_1.

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This article reads Kid as Little Man’s connection to chora, the primordial maternal space where language is experienced as a phenomenon akin to birdsongs and animals’ howls, through which Little Man is inscribed into the world’s wild rhythms of movement and sound, and explores how this connection distorts the cinematic space.

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Fornari, José. "An evolutionary algorithm to create artificial soundscapes of birdsongs". International Journal of Arts and Technology 9, nr 1 (2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijart.2016.075409.

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Lu, Jing, Yan Zhang, Danjv Lv, Shanshan Xie, Yixing Fu, Dan Lv, Youjie Zhao i Zhun Li. "Improved Broad Learning System for Birdsong Recognition". Applied Sciences 13, nr 19 (6.10.2023): 11009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131911009.

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Birds play a vital and indispensable role in biodiversity and environmental conservation. Protecting bird diversity is crucial for maintaining the balance of nature, promoting ecosystem health, and ensuring sustainable development. The Broad Learning System (BLS) exhibits an excellent ability to extract highly discriminative features from raw inputs and construct complex feature representations by combining feature nodes and enhancement nodes, thereby enabling effective recognition and classification of various birdsongs. However, within the BLS, the selection of feature nodes and enhancement nodes assumes critical significance, yet the model lacks the capability to identify high quality network nodes. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel method that introduces residual blocks and Mutual Similarity Criterion (MSC) layers into BLS to form an improved BLS (RMSC-BLS), which makes it easier for BLS to automatically select optimal features related to output. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the RMSC-BLS model for the three construction features of MFCC, dMFCC, and dsquence is 78.85%, 79.29%, and 92.37%, respectively, which is 4.08%, 4.50%, and 2.38% higher than that of original BLS model. In addition, compared with other models, our RMSC-BLS model shows superior recognition performance, has higher stability and better generalization ability, and provides an effective solution for birdsong recognition.

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Isomura, Takuya, Thomas Parr i Karl Friston. "Bayesian Filtering with Multiple Internal Models: Toward a Theory of Social Intelligence". Neural Computation 31, nr 12 (grudzień 2019): 2390–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01239.

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To exhibit social intelligence, animals have to recognize whom they are communicating with. One way to make this inference is to select among internal generative models of each conspecific who may be encountered. However, these models also have to be learned via some form of Bayesian belief updating. This induces an interesting problem: When receiving sensory input generated by a particular conspecific, how does an animal know which internal model to update? We consider a theoretical and neurobiologically plausible solution that enables inference and learning of the processes that generate sensory inputs (e.g., listening and understanding) and reproduction of those inputs (e.g., talking or singing), under multiple generative models. This is based on recent advances in theoretical neurobiology—namely, active inference and post hoc (online) Bayesian model selection. In brief, this scheme fits sensory inputs under each generative model. Model parameters are then updated in proportion to the probability that each model could have generated the input (i.e., model evidence). The proposed scheme is demonstrated using a series of (real zebra finch) birdsongs, where each song is generated by several different birds. The scheme is implemented using physiologically plausible models of birdsong production. We show that generalized Bayesian filtering, combined with model selection, leads to successful learning across generative models, each possessing different parameters. These results highlight the utility of having multiple internal models when making inferences in social environments with multiple sources of sensory information.

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Yildiz, Izzet B., i Stefan J. Kiebel. "A Hierarchical Neuronal Model for Generation and Online Recognition of Birdsongs". PLoS Computational Biology 7, nr 12 (15.12.2011): e1002303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002303.

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Freudenstein, John V., Kurt M. Pickett, Mark P. Simmons i John W. Wenzel. "From basepairs to birdsongs: phylogenetic data in the age of genomics". Cladistics 19, nr 4 (sierpień 2003): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00377.x.

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Molina Martínez, Yair Guillermo. "PREDATION OF PALE-BREASTED THRUSH EGGS BY THE ARIEL TOUCAN IN BRAZIL: FAILURE OF THE ANTI-PREDATORY STRATEGY". Acta Biológica Colombiana 26, nr 2 (26.01.2021): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v26n2.86700.

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The Channel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos vitellinus ariel) is an omnivorous bird that eventually is nest-robbers. Several birdsongs display anti-predatory strategies such as attacks and mobbing calls to face this kind of predators. This note reports a predatory event of one Channel-billed Toucan upon eggs of Pale-breasted Thrush (Turdus leucomelas), and describe the anti-predatory behavior, principally alert and mobbing calls of the thrush. Even though the Pale-breasted Thrush displayed the anti-predatory behaviors to harass the toucan, the egg predation was not avoided. Although the predation upon eggs by Ramphastos vitellinus has been reported several times, the majority of reports lacks of identity of the bird species affected, this being the first confirmed record in Turdus leucomelas.

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Tan, Johann Kay Ann, Siu-Kit Lau i Yoshimi Hasegawa. "The effects of aural and visual factors on appropriateness ratings of residential spaces in an urban city." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, nr 1 (1.08.2021): 5314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3048.

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This study investigates the aural and visual factors that influence appropriateness perception in soundscape evaluations in residential spaces, where people may spend most of their time in. Appropriateness in soundscape is derived from the expectation of sound sources in a specific environment, place or function heard by a listener. Appropriateness of soundscapes in 30 locations in an urban residential environment is investigated with varying landscape, visual and aural elements through a questionnaire. Participants experienced the soundscape in-situ and were asked to evaluate the appropriateness of soundscape as well as the dominance of specific sound sources such as traffic, human activities and birdsongs in the residential space. The effect of type of traffic on appropriateness is also investigated. A strong relationship is found between appropriateness and affective soundscape qualities such as pleasantness, highlighting the importance of considering appropriateness in soundscape research. In audio-visual combination of specific elements and the partial correlation with appropriateness, specific aural sound sources are found to correlate uniquely to appropriateness while controlling for relevant visual elements, whereas visual elements became redundant in its partial correlation to appropriateness. Residents' perception of appropriateness is found to likely be more dependent on the individual visual elements rather than the overall landscape. This study investigates the factors that influences appropriateness perceptual in soundscape evaluations in residential spaces, where people may spend most of their time in. Appropriateness in soundscape is derived from the expectation of sound sources in a specific environment, place or function and heard by a listener. The appropriateness of soundscapes of 30 locations in an urban residential environment is investigated with varying visual (greenery, building, waterbody) and aural elements through a questionnaire approach. Participants experienced the soundscape in-situ and were asked to evaluate the appropriateness of soundscape as well as the dominance of specific sound sources such as traffic, human activities and birdsongs in a residential space. The type of traffic is also investigated to explore the effect of traffic load on appropriateness.

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Shimokura, Ryota, i Yoshiharu Soeta. "Estimation of reaction time for birdsongs and effects of background noise and listener’s age". Applied Acoustics 194 (czerwiec 2022): 108785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.108785.

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Nowicki, Stephen, i Jared Strote. "Responses To Songs With Altered Tonal Quality By Adult Song Sparrows (Melospiza Melodia)". Behaviour 133, nr 3-4 (1996): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00099.

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AbstractPure-tone sounds are a common and distinctive feature of many birdsongs. We used field playback experiments to test whether this tonal quality is perceptually salient to adult male song sparrows in the context of song recognition, by comparing responses to playback of normal songs with responses elicited by songs that had harmonics added. This species was chosen for study based on the recent finding that young song sparrows do not show a preference for songs with pure tones over songs with harmonics when choosing model songs to copy during their sensitive phase for learning. We found adult song sparrows to be significantly more responsive to normal song than to harmonic song, consistent with results from adult birds of other species. We conclude that the perceptual salience of the tonal quality of song changes during ontogeny or is context-dependent.

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Nowicki, Stephen. "Vocal tract resonances in oscine bird sound production: evidence from birdsongs in a helium atmosphere". Nature 325, nr 6099 (styczeń 1987): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325053a0.

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Soeta, Yoshiharu, i Ayaka Ariki. "Subjective salience and the effects of familiarity with birdsongs and insect songs in noise environments". Applied Acoustics 213 (październik 2023): 109666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2023.109666.

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Helekar, Santosh A., Sarah Marsh, Nagalapura S. Viswanath i David B. Rosenfield. "Acoustic pattern variations in the female-directed birdsongs of a colony of laboratory-bred zebra finches". Behavioural Processes 49, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00081-4.

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Reichard, Dustin G., Jonathan W. Atwell, Meelyn M. Pandit, Gonçalo C. Cardoso, Trevor D. Price i Ellen D. Ketterson. "Urban birdsongs: higher minimum song frequency of an urban colonist persists in a common garden experiment". Animal Behaviour 170 (grudzień 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.10.007.

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Luther, David A., i Elizabeth P. Derryberry. "Birdsongs keep pace with city life: changes in song over time in an urban songbird affects communication". Animal Behaviour 83, nr 4 (kwiecień 2012): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.034.

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Friston, Karl, i Stefan Kiebel. "Predictive coding under the free-energy principle". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, nr 1521 (12.05.2009): 1211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0300.

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This paper considers prediction and perceptual categorization as an inference problem that is solved by the brain. We assume that the brain models the world as a hierarchy or cascade of dynamical systems that encode causal structure in the sensorium. Perception is equated with the optimization or inversion of these internal models, to explain sensory data. Given a model of how sensory data are generated, we can invoke a generic approach to model inversion, based on a free energy bound on the model's evidence. The ensuing free-energy formulation furnishes equations that prescribe the process of recognition, i.e. the dynamics of neuronal activity that represent the causes of sensory input. Here, we focus on a very general model, whose hierarchical and dynamical structure enables simulated brains to recognize and predict trajectories or sequences of sensory states. We first review hierarchical dynamical models and their inversion. We then show that the brain has the necessary infrastructure to implement this inversion and illustrate this point using synthetic birds that can recognize and categorize birdsongs.

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Lee, Songmi, Chunwon Eom, Jeonghun Kim, Suhong Kim, Eunsung Song, Dokyeong Kim i Jongkwan Ryu. "Sound masking of residential noise by a birdsong depending on spectral and temporal characteristics". INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, nr 2 (1.02.2023): 5709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0841.

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This study aimed to investigate the sound masking according to spectral and temporal characteristics of residential noise and natural sound through auditory experiment. Since there are various types of residential noise sources (maskee) and natural sounds (masker), stimuli to be used for experiment were selected by dividing the sound source groups through the k-means cluster method. The stimuli consisted of a total of 7 maskee including a brown noise, and 7 masker (birdsongs and water sounds). In the auditory experiment, the preference of masker and the annoyance and unpleasantness of single maskee and masker and mixed sources (maskee+masker) were investigated. Result showed that Phoenicurus auroreus and stream-Fast were the highest preference among masker, and masker preference were significantly correlated with masker annoyance. In addition, it was found that impact sound (children jumping and running and piledriver) show relatively higher annoyance than other sound sources. Relative annoyance of mixed sources (maskee+masker) to single maskee was analyzed and masking effect was discussed based on spectral and temporal and the Zwicker's parameters of each sound source.

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Sanders, Diane. "Jackson Hole Wildlife Park: An Experiment to Bridge Tourism and Conservation". UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 36 (1.01.2013): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2013.3985.

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From a vantage point on a rise above the Snake River, the valley below is shrouded in darkness. A faint glow on the eastern horizon heralds the dawn. The only sound comes from the river as water gurgles over rocks and other impediments. As the sky grows brighter, the shadows in the valley begin to take form, revealing numerous small streams that braid through dense thickets of willows and other shrubbery before returning to the main river channel. Small dark shapes dart among the trees and shrubs, filling the air with a variety of birdsongs. As the rising sun gradually illuminates the valley a herd of elk rise, one-by-one, in a distant meadow and begin grazing on the spring grasses. Moments later a cow moose and her calf emerge from behind the willows at the waterâs edge, scattering the birds. This area, with its mosaic of habitats, teems with wildlife. It is not surprising, then, that this upper part of Jackson Hole became the chosen site for the Jackson Hole Wildlife Park (JHWP) and became the Parkâs main animal viewing area for tourists and scientists alike.

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FRISTON, KARL, i STEFAN KIEBEL. "ATTRACTORS IN SONG". New Mathematics and Natural Computation 05, nr 01 (marzec 2009): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005709001209.

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This paper summarizes our recent attempts to integrate action and perception within a single optimization framework. We start with a statistical formulation of Helmholtz's ideas about neural energy to furnish a model of perceptual inference and learning that can explain a remarkable range of neurobiological facts. Using constructs from statistical physics it can be shown that the problems of inferring the causes of our sensory inputs and learning regularities in the sensorium can be resolved using exactly the same principles. Furthermore, inference and learning can proceed in a biologically plausible fashion. The ensuing scheme rests on Empirical Bayes and hierarchical models of how sensory information is generated. The use of hierarchical models enables the brain to construct prior expectations in a dynamic and context-sensitive fashion. This scheme provides a principled way to understand many aspects of the brain's organization and responses. We will demonstrate the brain-like dynamics that this scheme entails by using models of birdsongs that are based on chaotic attractors with autonomous dynamics. This provides a nice example of how non-linear dynamics can be exploited by the brain to represent and predict dynamics in the environment.

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Wang, Yaping, Xin Deng, Yanqiu Cui i Xin Zhao. "A Study of Soundscape Restoration in Office-Type Pocket Parks". Buildings 14, nr 4 (9.04.2024): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041047.

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High-density building environments and fast-paced working conditions in cities pose health challenges for office workers. Office-type pocket parks assume the social responsibility of providing restorative environments for office workers, and the soundscape is an essential element of such environments. However, there is limited research on soundscape restoration in office-type pocket parks. Therefore, this study focused on soundscape restoration in office-type pocket parks. First, on-site investigations explored the spatial characteristics of 55 office-type pocket parks while analysing the soundscape features of 12 representative parks. Notably, significant correlations emerged among the perceptual parameters of the soundscape. Subsequently, three dimensions were extracted through an experimental study on the restoration levels of soundscape elements in office-based pocket parks: attractiveness, coordination, and disengagement. Finally, this study explored the impact of spatial enclosures and interface characteristics on soundscape restoration levels. This revealed that the restorative effect of negative sounds, such as traffic, air-conditioning, and speech, is significantly negatively correlated with spatial enclosure. Therefore, the greater the enclosure, the lower the restorative effect of the soundscape. Birdsongs significantly enhance the attractiveness of grey spaces, whereas small fountain sounds are most coordinated in blue spaces. This study provides a reference for the design of soundscapes in pocket parks to build healthy, restorative urban environments.

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Cui, Peng, Tingting Li, Zhengwei Xia i Chunyu Dai. "Research on the Effects of Soundscapes on Human Psychological Health in an Old Community of a Cold Region". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 12 (12.06.2022): 7212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127212.

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The acoustic environment of residential areas is critical to the health of the residents. To reveal the impact of the acoustic environment on people’s mental health and create a satisfactory acoustic setting, this study took a typical old residential area in Harbin as an example, conducted a field measurement and questionnaire survey on it, and took typical acoustic sources as the research object for human body index measurement. The relationship between heart rate (HR), skin conductivity level (SCL), physiological indicators, semantic differences (SD), and psychological indicators was studied. The sound distribution in the old community was obtained, determining that gender, age, and education level are significant factors producing different sound source evaluations. Music can alleviate residents’ psychological depression, while traffic sounds and residents’ psychological state can affect the satisfaction evaluation of the sound environment. There is a significant correlation between the physiological and psychological changes produced by different sounds. Pleasant sounds increase a person’s HR and decrease skin conductivity. The subjects’ HR increased 3.24 times per minute on average, and SCL decreased 1.65 times per minute on average in relation to hearing various sound sources. The SD evaluation showed that lively, pleasant, and attractive birdsongs and music produced the greatest HR and SCL changes, and that the sound barrier works best when placed 8 m and 18 m from the road.

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Couchoux, Charline, i Torben Dabelsteen. "Acoustic cues to individual identity in the rattle calls of common blackbirds: a potential for individual recognition through multi-syllabic vocalisations emitted in both territorial and alarm contexts". Behaviour 152, nr 1 (12.11.2014): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003232.

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Vocal signals convey many types of information, and individually recognizable cues can benefit signallers and receivers, as shown in birdsongs that are used in the contexts of mating and territoriality. Bird calls are typically less complex than songs and thus are likely to convey less information. However, the rattle calls of some species serve a dual function, being emitted as an anti-predator and deterrence signal, and thus may encode information on individual identity. We investigated these questions in the common blackbird (Turdus merula), which emits complex rattle calls in both territorial and alarm contexts. The vocalisations of free-living males were elicited and recorded by playing back songs of unknown males in birds’ territories (territorial context) and also while approaching individuals (predator context). These song-like highly-structured multi-syllabic calls typically had three types of elements. Acoustic and statistical analyses revealed, through elevated repeatability indexes, that most of the acoustic measurements used to describe the complexity of the calls (structural, temporal and frequency parameters) were highly variable, due to inter-individual differences. The size of the call and the characteristics of the starting element only were able to discriminate a high portion of the individual calls. Beyond the very well studied songs of oscines, calls therefore deserve more attention as they also carry a potential for conveying information on individual identity.

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Narayan, Rajiv, Ayla Ergün i Kamal Sen. "Delayed Inhibition in Cortical Receptive Fields and the Discrimination of Complex Stimuli". Journal of Neurophysiology 94, nr 4 (październik 2005): 2970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00144.2005.

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Although auditory cortex is thought to play an important role in processing complex natural sounds such as speech and animal vocalizations, the specific functional roles of cortical receptive fields (RFs) remain unclear. Here, we study the relationship between a behaviorally important function: the discrimination of natural sounds and the structure of cortical RFs. We examine this problem in the model system of songbirds, using a computational approach. First, we constructed model neurons based on the spectral temporal RF (STRF), a widely used description of auditory cortical RFs. We focused on delayed inhibitory STRFs, a class of STRFs experimentally observed in primary auditory cortex (ACx) and its analog in songbirds (field L), which consist of an excitatory subregion and a delayed inhibitory subregion cotuned to a characteristic frequency. We quantified the discrimination of birdsongs by model neurons, examining both the dynamics and temporal resolution of discrimination, using a recently proposed spike distance metric (SDM). We found that single model neurons with delayed inhibitory STRFs can discriminate accurately between songs. Discrimination improves dramatically when the temporal structure of the neural response at fine timescales is considered. When we compared discrimination by model neurons with and without the inhibitory subregion, we found that the presence of the inhibitory subregion can improve discrimination. Finally, we modeled a cortical microcircuit with delayed synaptic inhibition, a candidate mechanism underlying delayed inhibitory STRFs, and showed that blocking inhibition in this model circuit degrades discrimination.

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Verzijden, Machteld N., Eric Etman, Caroline van Heijningen, Marianne van der Linden i Carel ten Cate. "Song discrimination learning in zebra finches induces highly divergent responses to novel songs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, nr 1607 (7.11.2006): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3728.

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Perceptual biases can shape the evolution of signal form. Understanding the origin and direction of such biases is therefore crucial for understanding signal evolution. Many animals learn about species-specific signals. Discrimination learning using simple stimuli varying in one dimension (e.g. amplitude, wavelength) can result in perceptual biases with preferences for specific novel stimuli, depending on the stimulus dimensions. We examine how this translates to discrimination learning involving complex communication signals; birdsongs. Zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) were trained to discriminate between two artificial songs, using a Go/No-Go procedure. The training songs in experiment 1 differed in the number of repeats of a particular element. The songs in experiment 2 differed in the position of an odd element in a series of repeated elements. We examined generalization patterns by presenting novel songs with more or fewer repeated elements (experiment 1), or with the odd element earlier or later in the repeated element sequence (experiment 2). Control birds were trained with only one song. The generalization curves obtained from (i) control birds, (ii) experimental birds in experiment 1, and (iii) experimental birds in experiment 2 showed large and systematic differences from each other. Birds in experiment 1, but not 2, responded more strongly to specific novel songs than to training songs, showing ‘peak shift’. The outcome indicates that learning about communication signals may give rise to perceptual biases that may drive signal evolution.

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Lee, Mi-suk. "Women’s Literature in the Japanese Heian Period and Male-Female Relationship Dynamics Represented in Scenes from Everyday Life -Focusing on vehicles and birdsongs". Society of Korean Literary Therapy 44 (30.07.2017): 241–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20907/kslt.2017.44.241.

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Paolillo, John C. "ASYMMETRIES IN UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR The Role of Method and Statistics". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22, nr 2 (czerwiec 2000): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100002035.

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Felix (1988) claimed to demonstrate that UG-based knowledge of grammaticality causes nonnative speakers (NNSs) to have more accurate grammaticality judgments on sentences that are ungrammatical according to UG than on those that are grammatical. Birdsong (1994) criticized the methodology employed, noting that it ignores “response bias” (a propensity to judge sentences as ungrammatical) as a potential explanation. Felix and Zobl (1994) dismissed this criticism as merely methodological. In this paper, Birdsong's criticism is upheld by considering a statistical model of the data. At the same time, a more complete logistic regression model allows a fuller statistical analysis, revealing tentative support for the asymmetry claim, as well as differential learning states for different constructions and a tendency toward transfer avoidance. These theoretically significant effects were unnoticed in the earlier discussion of this research. For SLA research on grammaticality judgments to proceed fruitfully, appropriate statistical models need to be considered in designing the research.

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Lau, Chi-Chuen, Francis Kuk, Denise Keenan i Jennifer Schumacher. "Amplification for Listeners with a Moderately Severe High-Frequency Hearing Loss". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, nr 06 (czerwiec 2014): 562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.6.6.

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Background: Some evidence exists to support the use of an extended bandwidth (EBW) for those with a relatively mild to moderate degree of hearing loss. The use of frequency lowering is suggested for those with a severe/profound degree of hearing loss. The amplification option for those with a moderately severe hearing loss in the high frequencies is less clear. This study compared three amplification options for listeners with a moderately severe hearing loss in the high frequencies. Purpose: The efficacy of three amplification options—limited bandwidth to 4000 Hz, EBW, and frequency transposition—were evaluated for listeners with a moderately severe, high-frequency hearing loss. Research Design: The experiment used a factorial repeated-measures design. Study Sample: A total of 13 adults with bilateral hearing loss of 50–70 dB HL at 4000 Hz served as test participants. Data Collection and Analysis: The participants rated the sound quality of birdsongs and music when aided with the amplification options. Speech perception in quiet was measured at 50 dB SPL and 68 dB SPL input levels. The participants also completed a questionnaire on the best amplification option to use in different real-life environments during a 2 wk, take-home trial. The data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The findings showed that more listeners preferred the EBW for home use but that the frequency transposition was the least preferred. In addition, the performance of the EBW was better than that of the limited bandwidth in speech recognition but similar to that of the frequency transposition. Conclusions: The results supported the fitting of an EBW as the better choice for this group of listeners.

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DiPietro, Domenic John, i Maria Gabriela Bidart. "Nature and City Sounds Influence Physiological and Psychological Markers in College Students". OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine 08, nr 03 (28.09.2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.2303039.

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Worldwide, human population growth has led to a higher demand for urbanization. While this development is in accordance with our gregarious lifestyles, our availability and contact with nature has consequentially been minimized. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether sounds from nature versus urban environments affect vital signs (i.e., heart rate and respiration rate) and mood states of female college students. Emotional states were assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) questionnaire. While nature sounds included a mixture of birdsongs and water sounds, urban sounds included traffic, construction, and sirens. Following a within-subject design, each participant listened to a 7-minute segment of nature sounds and a 7-minute segment of city sounds in a randomized order. Sounds were played through each participant’s own headphones and devices at a conversational volume of approximately 70 decibels. All dependent variables were recorded before and after listening to each type of sound. This study was performed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (April-August 2020). To comply with health and safety guidelines, each participant met with the experimenter through a WebEx virtual conference, and variables were self-recorded by each of the participants. Exposure to 7-minutes of sounds from a natural environment resulted in statistically significant decreases in both respiration rate and negative affect schedule score when compared to the same time exposure to urban sounds. Furthermore, participants had a significantly higher preference for natural over urban environments according to a survey performed prior to listening to both types of sounds. Future research could help to better understand causes for variability in human responses to sound stimuli.

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Ball, Gregory F., i Stewart H. Hulse. "Birdsong." American Psychologist 53, nr 1 (1998): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.53.1.37.

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GOODWIN, DONALD W. "Birdsong". American Journal of Psychiatry 153, nr 12 (grudzień 1996): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.12.1640.

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Soeta, Yoshiharu, i Hiroko Kagawa. "Subjective Preferences for Birdsong and Insect Song in Equal Sound Pressure Level". Applied Sciences 10, nr 3 (25.01.2020): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030849.

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Birdsong is used as a sound signal for visually impaired people in train stations in Japan. However, such sound signals were reportedly difficult to be localized by over 40% of visually impaired people. More than 40% of visually impaired people reported that such sound signals were difficult to identify. The sound pressure level of birdsong is typically low because higher levels of birdsong can cause annoyance to users or residents. Therefore, preferences for birdsong should be investigated. Importantly, birdsong and insect song have been shown to have a positive effect on soundscapes. However, preferences for different types of birdsong and insect song have not been investigated. The current study sought to clarify which types of birdsong and insect song are preferred, and to determine the dominant physical parameters that relate to the preference. We evaluated subjective preferences for various types of birdsong and insect song using paired comparison tests. The relationships between subjective preference and physical parameters were examined. The results indicated that Horornis diphone and Teleogryllus emma were the most preferred types of birdsong and insect song, both of which are common in Japan. The maximum peak amplitude of the autocorrelation function, determinants of which are pitch salience, loudness, and spectral content, such as centroid, flux, and rolloff, are significant parameters influencing subjective preference.

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Nottebohm, Fernando. "Birdsong's clockwork". Nature Neuroscience 5, nr 10 (październik 2002): 925–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1002-925.

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Beckers, Gabriël J. L., Johan J. Bolhuis, Kazuo Okanoya i Robert C. Berwick. "Birdsong neurolinguistics". NeuroReport 23, nr 3 (luty 2012): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834f1765.

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Guida, Michael. "Seeing birdsong". Senses and Society 14, nr 1 (2.01.2019): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17458927.2019.1569332.

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Langmore, Naomi E. "Female birdsong". Current Biology 30, nr 14 (lipiec 2020): R789—R790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.042.

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Prasetiadi, Agi, i Julian Saputra. "Automatic Birdsong Splitting and Syllabic Analysis of Jalak Suren". Journal of Informatics Information System Software Engineering and Applications (INISTA) 5, nr 2 (10.07.2023): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/inista.v5i2.1091.

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The study of birdsong has received relatively limited attention in the field of artificial intelligence, despite its long-standing intrigue and the question of whether birds possess a form of language. Previous research has provided evidence suggesting the presence of structurally organized words recognized by birds, such as the strong reactions observed in Japanese tits and Pied babblers when exposed to specific sequences of artificially played calls. Altering the speed of a sequence also influences the birds' responses, further supporting the existence of organized linguistic units in avian vocalizations. In this study, we propose a novel approach for analyzing birdsong by employing automatic syllable segmentation and syllabic similarity analysis. Our focus is on the Jalak Suren species (Sturnus contra), renowned for its melodious song. Through the identification and categorization of distinct syllabic units in birdsong recordings, we investigate the statistical occurrence of these syllables within the sequence of birdsong. Our findings reveal remarkable similarities between the statistical occurrence of syllables in birdsong and those found in human language passages

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