Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Biomineralization/calcification”
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Kazama, Junichiro James, Norio Amizuka i Masafumi Fukagawa. "Ectopic Calcification as Abnormal Biomineralization". Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 10 (grudzień 2006): S34—S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00438.x.
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Pawlikowski, Maciej. "Centers of Human Tissue Biomineralization (Calcification)". Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine 01, nr 06 (2017): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26502/fccm.92920030.
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Yoshida, Naoto. "Simple Assessing of Calcification Catalyzed by Thermophilic Bacteria". European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, nr 5 (1.09.2023): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(5).65.
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Several bacterial species have been found to involve the biomineralization phenomenon promoted by them. The formation of calcium carbonate mineral (calcification) is most abundant phenomena as biomineralization by bacteria. Here we introduce the simple assessing method of calcification catalyzed by thermophilic bacteria. To obtain the fresh biomass of thermophilic bacterium, the thermophilic bacteria was cultured on conventional nutrient agar medium at 60˚C. Fresh biomass of bacteria is simply placed on calcite promoting hydrogel surface, and incubated at 60˚C. After incubation for 24 to 72 h, a number of single crystals can be found in the biomass. This method provides simple assessing for screening of calcification upon thermophilic bacteria.
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Yarra, Tejaswi, Mark Blaxter i Melody S. Clark. "A Bivalve Biomineralization Toolbox". Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, nr 9 (20.05.2021): 4043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab153.
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Abstract Mollusc shells are a result of the deposition of crystalline and amorphous calcite catalyzed by enzymes and shell matrix proteins (SMP). Developing a detailed understanding of bivalve mollusc biomineralization pathways is complicated not only by the multiplicity of shell forms and microstructures in this class, but also by the evolution of associated proteins by domain co-option and domain shuffling. In spite of this, a minimal biomineralization toolbox comprising proteins and protein domains critical for shell production across species has been identified. Using a matched pair design to reduce experimental noise from inter-individual variation, combined with damage-repair experiments and a database of biomineralization SMPs derived from published works, proteins were identified that are likely to be involved in shell calcification. Eighteen new, shared proteins likely to be involved in the processes related to the calcification of shells were identified by the analysis of genes expressed during repair in Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, and Pecten maximus. Genes involved in ion transport were also identified as potentially involved in calcification either via the maintenance of cell acid–base balance or transport of critical ions to the extrapallial space, the site of shell assembly. These data expand the number of candidate biomineralization proteins in bivalve molluscs for future functional studies and define a minimal functional protein domain set required to produce solid microstructures from soluble calcium carbonate. This is important for understanding molluscan shell evolution, the likely impacts of environmental change on biomineralization processes, materials science, and biomimicry research.
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Xu, Chen Yang, Qi Wang, Hong Yu Ban i Wei Xu. "Rapid Deposition of Hydroxyapatite on Mg-Alloy by Biomineralization Method". Advanced Materials Research 413 (grudzień 2011): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.160.
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Rapid deposition of hydroxyapatite on Mg-alloy in concentrated simulated body fluid (5×SBF) and modified simulated body fluid (m-SBF) was investigated. By biomineralization method, hydroxyapatite coating was deposited on Mg-alloy with pre-calcification treatment. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction instrument (XRD) were applied to analyze the deposition product of biomineralization and the related mechanism. The results showed that pre-calcification treatment on Mg-alloy can lead to a quite rapid deposition of hydroxyapatite. Ionic concentrations in SBF solutions affected the structure of hydroxyapatite greatly. A homogeneous plate-like apatite coating was induced on Mg alloy sample in m-SBF solution which is promising for the future practice.
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Denysenko, Anastasiya P., i Roman A. Moskalenko. "BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON MENINGIOMAS WITH CALCIFICATION". Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 10, nr 1 (2022): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2022;10(1):98-108.
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Meningiomas are the most common non-glial tumours of the central nervous system characterized by pathological biomineralization. The work aimed to conduct bibliometric analysis and systematize data on the prevalence, etiology, morphology and main trends in the study of meningiomas with calcification. The authors searched for information on meningiomas in electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar for the past 25 years by the key terms such as meningiomas, calcifications, and psammoma bodies. For bibliometric analysis, the authors used an online platform to monitor and analyze international research using visualization tools and modern citation metrics SciVal (Scopus) and a tool for building and visualizing bibliometric networks VOSviewer. Pathological biomineralization is manifested through the formation of psammoma bodies, and the main mineral component is calcium hydroxyapatite. Although calcification is likely to play a protective role and be a favourable prognostic feature, it should be considered when choosing surgical tactics. There is also the problem of closing the defects of the dura mater with the help of biological and synthetic transplants. According to the bibliometric analysis of scientific literature on meningiomas and the phenomena of pathological biomineralization in them, we found that the number of publications on this topic had increased significantly over the past five years, the leading countries of origin are the United States, Japan and China. When researching the array of Scopus database publications using SciVal tools, the problem of meningioma calcification was divided into 61 topics and 24 thematic clusters, the vast majority of which belonged to medicine and biology and materials science. According to the results of bibliometric analysis of 678 publications in the Scopus database by keywords "calcification" and "meningioma", they can be divided into seven thematic clusters and four chronological stages. Despite the prevalence of meningioma calcification, there is currently no fundamental idea of the etiology and pathogenesis of this process. Studying the morphological features of meningiomas with calcification can help improve the diagnosis and treatment of the central nervous system tumours.
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Basso, Daniela, Giulia Piazza i Valentina Alice Bracchi. "Calcification traits for cryptic species identification: Insights into coralline biomineralization". PLOS ONE 17, nr 10 (3.10.2022): e0273505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273505.
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Calcareous red algae are foundation species and ecosystem engineers with a global distribution. The principles governing their calcification pathways are still debated and the morphological characters are frequently unreliable for species segregation, as shown by molecular genetics. The recent description of the new species Lithophyllum pseudoracemus, previously undetected and morphologically confused with Lithophyllum racemus, offered a challenging opportunity to test the effectiveness of microanatomy and ultrastructural calcification traits as tools for the identification of these two species, for integrative taxonomy. High resolution SEM images of molecularly identified samples showed that the different size of the perithallial cells and the features of the asexual conceptacle chambers may contribute to the separation of the two species. The two species share the same crystallite morphology in the primary and secondary cell-wall calcification, as previously described in other species belonging to the same clade. However, the perithallial secondary calcification was significantly thicker in L. racemus than in L. pseudoracemus. We described a granular calcified layer in the innermost part of the cell wall, as a putative precursor phase in the biomineralization and formation of the secondary calcification. The hypothesis of different pathways for the formation of the primary and secondary calcification is supported by the observed cell elongation associated with thicker and higher Mg/Ca primary calcification, the inverse correlation of primary and secondary calcification thickness, and the absence of primary calcification in the newly formed wall cutting off an epithallial cell from the meristem.
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Giachelli, CM. "Inducers and inhibitors of biomineralization: lessons from pathological calcification". Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 8, nr 4 (listopad 2005): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2005.00345.x.
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Gutner-Hoch, Eldad, Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher, Ruth Yam, Aldo Shemesh i Oren Levy. "Identifying genes and regulatory pathways associated with the scleractinian coral calcification process". PeerJ 5 (20.07.2017): e3590. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3590.
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Reef building corals precipitate calcium carbonate as an exo-skeleton and provide substratum for prosperous marine life. Biomineralization of the coral’s skeleton is a developmental process that occurs concurrently with other proliferation processes that control the animal extension and growth. The development of the animal body is regulated by large gene regulatory networks, which control the expression of gene sets that progressively generate developmental patterns in the animal body. In this study we have explored the gene expression profile and signaling pathways followed by the calcification process of a basal metazoan, the Red Sea scleractinian (stony) coral,Stylophora pistillata. When treated by seawater with high calcium concentrations (addition of 100 gm/L, added as CaCl2.2H2O), the coral increases its calcification rates and associated genes were up-regulated as a result, which were then identified. Gene expression was compared between corals treated with elevated and normal calcium concentrations. Calcification rate measurements and gene expression analysis by microarray RNA transcriptional profiling at two time-points (midday and night-time) revealed several genes common within mammalian gene regulatory networks. This study indicates that core genes of the Wnt and TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways may also play roles in development, growth, and biomineralization in early-diverging organisms such as corals.
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Nam, Onyou, Iwane Suzuki, Yoshihiro Shiraiwa i EonSeon Jin. "Association of Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C with Calcium-Induced Biomineralization in the Coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi". Microorganisms 8, nr 9 (10.09.2020): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091389.
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Biomineralization by calcifying microalgae is a precisely controlled intracellular calcification process that produces delicate calcite scales (or coccoliths) in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophycea). Despite its importance in biogeochemical cycles and the marine environment globally, the underlying molecular mechanism of intracellular coccolith formation, which requires calcium, bicarbonate, and coccolith-polysaccharides, remains unclear. In E. huxleyi CCMP 371, we demonstrated that reducing the calcium concentration from 10 (ambient seawater) to 0.1 mM strongly restricted coccolith production, which was then recovered by adding 10 mM calcium, irrespective of inorganic phosphate conditions, indicating that coccolith production could be finely controlled by the calcium supply. Using this strain, we investigated the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to observe the cellular events induced by changes in calcium concentrations. Intriguingly, DEG analysis revealed that the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gene was upregulated and coccolith production by cells was blocked by the PI-PLC inhibitor U73122 under conditions closely associated with calcium-induced calcification. These findings imply that PI-PLC plays an important role in the biomineralization process of the coccolithophore E. huxleyi.
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Ramos-Silva, Paula, i Frédéric Marin. "Proteins as Functional Units of Biocalcification – An Overview". Key Engineering Materials 672 (styczeń 2016): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.672.183.
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High-throughput approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics have led to the discovery of a larger set of biomineralization genes than previously foreseen. These gene lists are often difficult to decode in light of the current models of calcification. Here we overview the proteins available in UniProt (Universal Protein Resource), that were identified directly in metazoan calcium carbonate mineralized structures or known to have direct key-functions in calcification processes. Functional annotation of the protein datasets using Gene Ontology reveals that functions like carbohydrate binding, structural and catalytic activities (e.g. hydrolase) are commonly represented across the organic matrices.
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Wood, Rachel, i Amelia Penny. "Substrate growth dynamics and biomineralization of an Ediacaran encrusting poriferan". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, nr 1870 (10.01.2018): 20171938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1938.
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The ability to encrust in order to secure and maintain growth on a substrate is a key competitive innovation in benthic metazoans. Here we describe the substrate growth dynamics, mode of biomineralization and possible affinity of Namapoikia rietoogensis , a large (up to 1 m), robustly skeletal, and modular Ediacaran metazoan which encrusted the walls of synsedimentary fissures within microbial–metazoan reefs. Namapoikia formed laminar or domal morphologies with an internal structure of open tubules and transverse elements, and had a very plastic, non-deterministic growth form which could encrust both fully lithified surfaces as well as living microbial substrates, the latter via modified skeletal holdfasts. Namapoikia shows complex growth interactions and substrate competition with contemporary living microbialites and thrombolites, including the production of plate-like dissepiments in response to microbial overgrowth which served to elevate soft tissue above the microbial surface. Namapoikia could also recover from partial mortality due to microbial fouling. We infer initial skeletal growth to have propagated via the rapid formation of an organic scaffold via a basal pinacoderm prior to calcification. This is likely an ancient mode of biomineralization with similarities to the living calcified demosponge Vaceletia. Namapoikia also shows inferred skeletal growth banding which, combined with its large size, implies notable individual longevity. In sum, Namapoikia was a large, relatively long-lived Ediacaran clonal skeletal metazoan that propagated via an organic scaffold prior to calcification, enabling rapid, effective and dynamic substrate occupation and competition in cryptic reef settings. The open tubular internal structure, highly flexible, non-deterministic skeletal organization, and inferred style of biomineralization of Namapoikia places probable affinity within total-group poriferans.
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Conci, Nicola, Gert Wörheide i Sergio Vargas. "New Non-Bilaterian Transcriptomes Provide Novel Insights into the Evolution of Coral Skeletomes". Genome Biology and Evolution 11, nr 11 (13.09.2019): 3068–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz199.
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Abstract A general trend observed in animal skeletomes—the proteins occluded in animal skeletons—is the copresence of taxonomically widespread and lineage-specific proteins that actively regulate the biomineralization process. Among cnidarians, the skeletomes of scleractinian corals have been shown to follow this trend. However, distributions and phylogenetic analyses of biomineralization-related genes are often based on only a few species, with other anthozoan calcifiers such as octocorals (soft corals), not being fully considered. We de novo assembled the transcriptomes of four soft-coral species characterized by different calcification strategies (aragonite skeleton vs. calcitic sclerites) and data-mined published nonbilaterian transcriptome resources to construct a taxonomically comprehensive sequence database to map the distribution of scleractinian and octocoral skeletome components. Cnidaria shared no skeletome proteins with Placozoa or Ctenophora, but did share some skeletome proteins with Porifera, such as galaxin-related proteins. Within Scleractinia and Octocorallia, we expanded the distribution for several taxonomically restricted genes such as secreted acidic proteins, scleritin, and carbonic anhydrases, and propose an early, single biomineralization-recruitment event for galaxin sensu stricto. Additionally, we show that the enrichment of acidic residues within skeletogenic proteins did not occur at the Corallimorpharia–Scleractinia transition, but appears to be associated with protein secretion into the organic matrix. Finally, the distribution of octocoral calcification-related proteins appears independent of skeleton mineralogy (i.e., aragonite/calcite) with no differences in the proportion of shared skeletogenic proteins between scleractinians and aragonitic or calcitic octocorals. This points to skeletome homogeneity within but not between groups of calcifying cnidarians, although some proteins such as galaxins and SCRiP-3a could represent instances of commonality.
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Falini, Giuseppe, Simona Fermani i Stefano Goffredo. "Coral biomineralization: A focus on intra-skeletal organic matrix and calcification". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 46 (październik 2015): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.005.
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Hu, Zhenyu, Jiahang Han, Muzhi Li, Haoyu Wang, Hao Shou, Jicheng Wu, Ning Tang, Qingyan Zhang i Ben Wang. "Tumor mineralization-based cancer diagnosis and therapy". Visualized Cancer Medicine 5 (2024): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vcm/2024001.
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Biomineralization is a phenomenon that involves the deposition of inorganic ions onto organic substrates, resulting in the formation of hard tissue materials. Tumor mineralization, on the other hand, encompasses two key aspects: tumor calcification and tumor iron mineralization. The occurrence of spontaneous tumor calcification and regional lymph node calcification in colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and glioblastoma has been established as a favorable prognostic factor in clinical settings. Building upon this understanding, we propose the concept and advance the development of a compound that artificially induces bionic mineralization around the surface of cancer cells. This process has demonstrated exceptional efficacy in inhibiting the growth and metastasis of cervical, breast, and lung tumors. Moreover, it has exhibited outstanding performance in the early-stage diagnosis of cancer. Consequently, we anticipate that this concept holds significant potential for cancer-targeted mineralization therapy and diagnosis, offering a novel avenue for the development of anticancer drugs.
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Pinko, Doron, Sigal Abramovich i Danna Titelboim. "Foraminiferal holobiont thermal tolerance under future warming – roommate problems or successful collaboration?" Biogeosciences 17, nr 8 (27.04.2020): 2341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2341-2020.
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Abstract. Understanding the response of marine organisms to expected future warming is essential. Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are symbiont-bearing protists considered to be major carbonate producers and ecosystem engineers. We examined the thermal tolerance of two main types of LBF holobionts characterized by different algal symbionts and shell types (resulting from alternative biomineralization mechanisms): the hyaline diatom-bearing Amphistegina lobifera and the porcellaneous-dinoflagellate-bearing Sorites orbiculus. In order to assess the holobiont thermal tolerance we separately evaluated foraminiferal calcification rates and symbionts' net photosynthesis under present-day and future warming scenarios. Our results show that both holobionts exhibit progressive loss-of-life functions between 32 and 35 ∘C. This sensitivity differs in the magnitude of their response: calcification of A. lobifera was drastically reduced compared with S. orbiculus. Thus, future warming may significantly shift the relative contribution of the two species as carbonate producers. Moreover, A. lobifera exhibited a synchronous response of calcification and net photosynthesis. In contrast, in S. orbiculus the symbionts decreased net photosynthesis prior to calcification. This implies that algal symbionts limit the resilience of the halobiont.
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de Goeyse, Siham, Alice E. Webb, Gert-Jan Reichart i Lennart J. de Nooijer. "Carbonic anhydrase is involved in calcification by the benthic foraminifer <i>Amphistegina lessonii</i>". Biogeosciences 18, nr 2 (18.01.2021): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-393-2021.
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Abstract. Marine calcification is an important component of the global carbon cycle. The mechanism by which some organisms take up inorganic carbon for the production of their shells or skeletons, however, remains only partly known. Although foraminifera are responsible for a large part of the global calcium carbonate production, the process by which they concentrate inorganic carbon is debated. Some evidence suggests that seawater is taken up by vacuolization and participates relatively unaltered in the process of calcification, whereas other results suggest the involvement of transmembrane transport and the activity of enzymes like carbonic anhydrase. Here, we tested whether inorganic-carbon uptake relies on the activity of carbonic anhydrase using incubation experiments with the perforate, large benthic, symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii. Calcification rates, determined by the alkalinity anomaly method, showed that inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by acetazolamide (AZ) stopped most of the calcification process. Inhibition of photosynthesis either by 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or by incubating the foraminifera in the dark also decreased calcification rates but to a lesser degree than with AZ. Results from this study show that carbonic anhydrase plays a key role in biomineralization of Amphistegina lessonii and indicates that calcification of those perforate, large benthic foraminifera might, to a certain extent, benefit from the extra dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which causes ocean acidification.
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Wall-Palmer, Deborah, Lisette Mekkes, Paula Ramos-Silva, Linda K. Dämmer, Erica Goetze, Karel Bakker, Elza Duijm i Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg. "The impacts of past, present and future ocean chemistry on predatory planktonic snails". Royal Society Open Science 8, nr 8 (sierpień 2021): 202265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202265.
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The atlantid heteropods represent the only predatory, aragonite shelled zooplankton. Atlantid shell production is likely to be sensitive to ocean acidification (OA), and yet we know little about their mechanisms of calcification, or their response to changing ocean chemistry. Here, we present the first study into calcification and gene expression effects of short-term OA exposure on juvenile atlantids across three pH scenarios: mid-1960s, ambient and 2050 conditions. Calcification and gene expression indicate a distinct response to each treatment. Shell extension and shell volume were reduced from the mid-1960s to ambient conditions, suggesting that calcification is already limited in today's South Atlantic. However, shell extension increased from ambient to 2050 conditions. Genes involved in protein synthesis were consistently upregulated, whereas genes involved in organismal development were downregulated with decreasing pH. Biomineralization genes were upregulated in the mid-1960s and 2050 conditions, suggesting that any deviation from ambient carbonate chemistry causes stress, resulting in rapid shell growth. We conclude that atlantid calcification is likely to be negatively affected by future OA. However, we also found that plentiful food increased shell extension and shell thickness, and so synergistic factors are likely to impact the resilience of atlantids in an acidifying ocean.
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Bonucci, Ermanno. "Calcification and silicification: a comparative survey of the early stages of biomineralization". Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 27, nr 3 (20.03.2009): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-009-0061-y.
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Rauner, Nicolas, Monika Meuris, Stephan Dech, Julia Godde i Joerg C. Tiller. "Urease-induced calcification of segmented polymer hydrogels – A step towards artificial biomineralization". Acta Biomaterialia 10, nr 9 (wrzesień 2014): 3942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.021.
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Thomsen, J., K. Haynert, K. M. Wegner i F. Melzner. "Impact of seawater carbonate chemistry on the calcification of marine bivalves". Biogeosciences 12, nr 14 (17.07.2015): 4209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4209-2015.
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Abstract. Bivalve calcification, particularly of the early larval stages, is highly sensitive to the change in ocean carbonate chemistry resulting from atmospheric CO2 uptake. Earlier studies suggested that declining seawater [CO32−] and thereby lowered carbonate saturation affect shell production. However, disturbances of physiological processes such as acid-base regulation by adverse seawater pCO2 and pH can affect calcification in a secondary fashion. In order to determine the exact carbonate system component by which growth and calcification are affected it is necessary to utilize more complex carbonate chemistry manipulations. As single factors, pCO2 had no effects and [HCO3-] and pH had only limited effects on shell growth, while lowered [CO32−] strongly impacted calcification. Dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) limiting conditions led to strong reductions in calcification, despite high [CO32−], indicating that [HCO3-] rather than [CO32−] is the inorganic carbon source utilized for calcification by mytilid mussels. However, as the ratio [HCO3-] / [H+] is linearly correlated with [CO32−] it is not possible to differentiate between these under natural seawater conditions. An equivalent of about 80 μmol kg−1 [CO32−] is required to saturate inorganic carbon supply for calcification in bivalves. Below this threshold biomineralization rates rapidly decline. A comparison of literature data available for larvae and juvenile mussels and oysters originating from habitats differing substantially with respect to prevailing carbonate chemistry conditions revealed similar response curves. This suggests that the mechanisms which determine sensitivity of calcification in this group are highly conserved. The higher sensitivity of larval calcification seems to primarily result from the much higher relative calcification rates in early life stages. In order to reveal and understand the mechanisms that limit or facilitate adaptation to future ocean acidification, it is necessary to better understand the physiological processes and their underlying genetics that govern inorganic carbon assimilation for calcification.
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Kostyunin, A. E., T. V. Glushkova, A. N. Stasev i E. A. Ovcharenko. "Modern view on calcification of xenogenic bioprosthetic heart valves and their anti-calcification treatment strategies". Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation 15, nr 4 (20.12.2023): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2023-15-4-515-528.
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Aim. The aim of this review was to analyze publications describing studies focusing on the pathophysiological mechanisms of calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves, and to substantiate new and promising methods of calcification prevention for the implantable medical devices.Material and methods. Databases and electronic libraries such as PubMed, Google Scholar and eLibrary were used for searching relevant articles. Search queries included the following word combinations: “bioprosthetic heart valves”, “structural valve degeneration”, “calcification”, “cyclic loading”, “inflammation”, “proteolysis”, “proteolytic enzymes”, “decellularization”, “anticalcification treatment”. The references in relevant articles were used for the search as well. Preference was given to works published from January 2013 to January 2023.Results. We have considered the key aspects of bioprosthetic heart valves calcification and the main strategies of calcification prevention. Calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves incorporates a complex set of mechanisms that includes, but is not limited to: 1) binding of calcium in chemically stabilized biomaterial by free groups of the preservative; 2) precipitation of calcium on residual donor cells and cell debris; 3) pro-calcifying changes in biological material due to proteolysis, mechanical and oxidative stress; 4) cell-mediated biomineralization. Despite modern advances in biopreservation, such as treatment with chemical agents that prevent the deposition of calcium, the problem of bioprosthetic heart valves calcification still prevails. The cause of it lies in the heterogeneity of the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the mineralization of biomaterial: the currently developed methods of calcification prevention cannot block all ways of bioprosthetic heart valves calcification.Conclusion. Calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves leaflets is a complex process that underlies the main cause of dysfunction of the medical devices. Supposedly, a new innovative approach that involves polymer hydrogel filler in biomaterials can completely prevent its calcification.
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Starchenko, І. І., A. B. Korobchanska, B. M. Fylenko, N. V. Roiko i V. V. Cherniak. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF BREAST CANCER, BIOMINERALIZATION DISORDERS AND BONE METASTASES: A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS". Medical and Ecological Problems 27, nr 3-4 (31.08.2023): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/mep.2023.27.3-4.08.
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Bone metastases are the most common and hard-to-treat complication of BC. About 70% of patients with metastatic BC have distant bone relapses during the disease. BC always leads to the death of patients within 5-10 years, and this statistic has not changed in the last 2-3 decades. The work aims to carry out a bibliometric analysis of the interrelationships of BC, processes of biomineralization (calcification), and metastases of BC to bone tissue. The authors searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for the period 1973-2023 using key terms such as "breast cancer," "calcification," and "bone metastases." For bibliometric analysis, an online platform for monitoring and analyzing international scientific research using visualization tools and current citation metrics SciVal (Scopus), and a tool for building and visualizing bibliometric networks VOSviewer, were used. The authors used Scopus database bibliometric tools to analyze the year, source, type of study, subject area, and country of the publication. The VOSviewer system from the University of Leiden (https://www.vosviewer.com/download) was used to generate and visualize the bibliometric network. We found and examined 103 publications in the Scopus database using the keywords "breast cancer," "calcification," and "bone metastases" for the period 1973-2023. The results of the bibliometric analysis indicate that the number of publications on the specified subject has grown significantly (with small fluctuations) over the past 20 years, indicating scientists' interest in the problem and ways to solve it. The complex relationship between pathological biomineralization, breast cancer, and bone metastases is being actively studied by scientists, mainly from the United States of America, Germany, and Italy. Using the tool for building and visualizing bibliometric networks VOSviewer of publication activity for the period 1973-2023 in the researched topics of BC with calcification, we identified four chronological stages, which include: 1) radiological and biochemical research methods, 2) research on the effectiveness of diagnostics and treatment, including .h pathomorphological assessment of pathology, 3) fundamental studies of bone and mineral metabolism, 4) a practically oriented period of research. We also divided the identified publications into six thematic clusters: 1) application of radiological methods, 2) bone and mineral metabolism in conditions of pathology, 3) clinical diagnosis and prediction of the course of related pathology, 4) biomaterials and nanotechnology, 5) chemotherapy of oncopathology and its consequences, 6) fundamental molecular genetic research.
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Lee, Dong Joon, Patricia Miguez, Jane Kwon, Renie Daniel, Ricardo Padilla, Samuel Min, Rahim Zalal, Ching-Chang Ko i Hae Won Shin. "Decellularized pulp matrix as scaffold for mesenchymal stem cell mediated bone regeneration". Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (styczeń 2020): 204173142098167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420981672.
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Scaffolds that are used for bone repair should provide an adequate environment for biomineralization by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recently, decellularized pulp matrices (DPM) have been utilized in endodontics for their high regenerative potential. Inspired by the dystrophic calcification on the pulp matrix known as pulp stone, we developed acellular pulp bioscaffolds and examined their potential in facilitating MSCs mineralization for bone defect repair. Pulp was decellularized, then retention of its structural integrity was confirmed by histological, mechanical, and biochemical evaluations. MSCs were seeded and proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, and biomineralization were assessed to verify DPM’s osteogenic effects in vitro. MicroCT, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and histological analyses were used to confirm that DPM seeded with MSCs result in greater mineralization on rat critical-sized defects than that without MSCs. Overall, our study proves DPM’s potential to serve as a scaffolding material for MSC-mediated bone regeneration for future craniofacial bone tissue engineering.
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Wieczorek, Elżbieta, i Andrzej Ożyhar. "Transthyretin: From Structural Stability to Osteoarticular and Cardiovascular Diseases". Cells 10, nr 7 (13.07.2021): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071768.
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Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein transporting hormones in the plasma and brain, which has many other activities that have not been fully acknowledged. TTR is a positive indicator of nutrition status and is negatively correlated with inflammation. TTR is a neuroprotective and oxidative-stress-suppressing factor. The TTR structure is destabilized by mutations, oxidative modifications, aging, proteolysis, and metal cations, including Ca2+. Destabilized TTR molecules form amyloid deposits, resulting in senile and familial amyloidopathies. This review links structural stability of TTR with the environmental factors, particularly oxidative stress and Ca2+, and the processes involved in the pathogenesis of TTR-related diseases. The roles of TTR in biomineralization, calcification, and osteoarticular and cardiovascular diseases are broadly discussed. The association of TTR-related diseases and vascular and ligament tissue calcification with TTR levels and TTR structure is presented. It is indicated that unaggregated TTR and TTR amyloid are bound by vicious cycles, and that TTR may have an as yet undetermined role(s) at the crossroads of calcification, blood coagulation, and immune response.
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Leung, Jonathan Y. S., i Napo K. M. Cheung. "Effects of hypoxia and non-lethal shell damage on shell mechanical and geochemical properties of a calcifying polychaete". Biogeosciences 15, nr 10 (1.06.2018): 3267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3267-2018.
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Abstract. Calcification is a vital biomineralization process where calcifying organisms construct their calcareous shells for protection. While this process is expected to deteriorate under hypoxia, which reduces the metabolic energy yielded by aerobic respiration, some calcifying organisms were shown to maintain normal shell growth. The underlying mechanism remains largely unknown, but may be related to changing shell mineralogical properties, whereby shell growth is sustained at the expense of shell quality. Thus, we examined whether such plastic response is exhibited to alleviate the impact of hypoxia on calcification by assessing the shell growth and shell properties of a calcifying polychaete in two contexts (life-threatening and unthreatened conditions). Although hypoxia substantially reduced respiration rate (i.e., less metabolic energy produced), shell growth was only slightly hindered without weakening mechanical strength under unthreatened conditions. Unexpectedly, hypoxia did not undermine defence response (i.e., enhanced shell growth and mechanical strength) under life-threatening conditions, which may be attributed to the changes in mineralogical properties (e.g., increased calcite / aragonite) to reduce the energy demand for calcification. While more soluble shells (e.g., increased Mg ∕ Ca in calcite) were produced under hypoxia as the trade-off, our findings suggest that mineralogical plasticity could be fundamental for calcifying organisms to maintain calcification under metabolic stress conditions.
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Thomsen, J., K. Haynert, K. M. Wegner i F. Melzner. "Impact of seawater carbonate chemistry on the calcification of marine bivalves". Biogeosciences Discussions 12, nr 2 (22.01.2015): 1543–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-1543-2015.
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Abstract. Bivalve calcification, particular of the early larval stages is highly sensitive to the change of ocean carbonate chemistry resulting from atmospheric CO2 uptake. Earlier studies suggested that declining seawater [CO32−] and thereby lowered carbonate saturation affect shell production. However, disturbances of physiological processes such as acid-base regulation by adverse seawater pCO2 and pH can affect calcification in a secondary fashion. In order to determine the exact carbonate system component by which growth and calcification are affected it is necessary to utilize more complex carbonate chemistry manipulations. As single factors, pCO2 had no and [HCO3−] and pH only limited effects on shell growth, while lowered [CO32−] strongly impacted calcification. Dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) limiting conditions led to strong reductions in calcification, despite high [CO32−], indicating that [HCO3−] rather than [CO32−] is the inorganic carbon source utilized for calcification by mytilid mussels. However, as the ratio [HCO3−] / [H&plus;] is linearly correlated with [CO32−] it is not possible to differentiate between these under natural seawater conditions. Therefore, the availability of [HCO3−] combined with favorable environmental pH determines calcification rate and an equivalent of about 80 μmol kg−1 [CO32−] is required to saturate inorganic carbon supply for calcification in bivalves. Below this threshold biomineralization rates rapidly decline. A comparison of literature data available for larvae and juvenile mussels and oysters originating from habitats differing substantially with respect to prevailing carbonate chemistry conditions revealed similar response curves. This suggests that the mechanisms which determine sensitivity of calcification in this group are highly conserved. The higher sensitivity of larval calcification seems to primarily result from the much higher relative calcification rates in early life stages. In order to reveal and understand the mechanisms that limit or facilitate adaptation to future ocean acidification, it is necessary to better understand the physiological processes and their underlying genetics that govern inorganic carbon assimilation for calcification.
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Wood, Rachel, Andrey Yu Ivantsov i Andrey Yu Zhuravlev. "First macrobiota biomineralization was environmentally triggered". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, nr 1851 (29.03.2017): 20170059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0059.
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Why large and diverse skeletons first appeared ca 550 Ma is not well understood. Many Ediacaran skeletal biota show evidence of flexibility, and bear notably thin skeletal walls with simple, non-hierarchical microstructures of either aragonite or high-Mg calcite. We present evidence that the earliest skeletal macrobiota, found only in carbonate rocks, had close soft-bodied counterparts hosted in contemporary clastic rocks. This includes the calcareous discoidal fossil Suvorovella, similar to holdfasts of Ediacaran biota taxa previously known only as casts and moulds, as well as tubular and vase-shaped fossils. In sum, these probably represent taxa of diverse affinity including unicellular eukaryotes, total group cnidarians and problematica. Our findings support the assertion that the calcification was an independent and derived feature that appeared in diverse groups where an organic scaffold was the primitive character, which provided the framework for interactions between the extracellular matrix and mineral ions. We conclude that such skeletons may have been acquired with relative ease in the highly saturated, high alkalinity carbonate settings of the Ediacaran, where carbonate polymorph was further controlled by seawater chemistry. The trigger for Ediacaran biomineralization may have been either changing seawater Mg/Ca and/or increasing oxygen levels. By the Early Cambrian, however, biomineralization styles and the range of biominerals had significantly diversified, perhaps as an escalating defensive response to increasing predation pressure. Indeed skeletal hardparts had appeared in clastic settings by Cambrian Stage 1, suggesting independence from ambient seawater chemistry where genetic and molecular mechanisms controlled biomineralization and mineralogy had become evolutionarily constrained.
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Wood, Rachel. "Exploring the drivers of early biomineralization". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 2, nr 2 (9.08.2018): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20170164.
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The first biomineralized hard parts are known from ∼810 Million years ago (Ma), consisting of phosphatic plates of probable protists formed under active biological control. Large skeletons in diverse taxa, probably including total-group poriferans and total-group cnidarians, first appear in the terminal Ediacaran, ∼550 Ma. This is followed by a substantial increase in abundance, diversity and mineralogy during the early Cambrian. The biological relationship of Ediacaran to early Cambrian skeletal biota is unclear, but tubular skeletal fossils such as Cloudina and Anabarites straddle the transition. Many Ediacaran skeletal biota are found exclusively in carbonate settings, and present skeletons whose form infers an organic scaffold which provided the framework for interactions between extracellular matrix and mineral ions. Several taxa have close soft-bodied counterparts hosted in contemporary clastic rocks. This supports the assertion that the calcification was an independent and derived feature that appeared in diverse groups, which was initially acquired with minimal biological control in the highly saturated, high-alkalinity carbonate settings of the Ediacaran, where the carbonate polymorph was further controlled by seawater chemistry. The trigger for Ediacaran-Cambrian biomineralization is far from clear, but may have been either changing seawater Mg/Ca ratios that facilitated widespread aragonite and high-Mg calcite precipitation, and/or increasing or stabilizing oxygen levels. By the Early Cambrian, the diversity of biomineralization styles may have been an escalating defensive response to increasing predation pressure, with skeletal hard parts first appearing in abundance in clastic settings by the Fortunian. This marks full independence from ambient seawater chemistry and significant biological control of biomineralization.
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Quinn, Patrick, Robert M. Bowers, Xiaoyu Zhang, Thomas M. Wahlund, Michael A. Fanelli, Daniela Olszova i Betsy A. Read. "cDNA Microarrays as a Tool for Identification of Biomineralization Proteins in the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta)". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, nr 8 (sierpień 2006): 5512–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00343-06.
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ABSTRACT Marine unicellular coccolithophore algae produce species-specific calcite scales otherwise known as coccoliths. While the coccoliths and their elaborate architecture have attracted the attention of investigators from various scientific disciplines, our knowledge of the underpinnings of the process of biomineralization in this alga is still in its infancy. The processes of calcification and coccolithogenesis are highly regulated and likely to be complex, requiring coordinated expression of many genes and pathways. In this study, we have employed cDNA microarrays to investigate changes in gene expression associated with biomineralization in the most abundant coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi. Expression profiling of cultures grown under calcifying and noncalcifying conditions has been carried out using cDNA microarrays corresponding to approximately 2,300 expressed sequence tags. A total of 127 significantly up- or down-regulated transcripts were identified using a P value of 0.01 and a change of >2.0-fold. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to test the overall validity of the microarray data, as well as the relevance of many of the proteins predicted to be associated with biomineralization, including a novel gamma-class carbonic anhydrase (A. R. Soto, H. Zheng, D. Shoemaker, J. Rodriguez, B. A. Read, and T. M. Wahlund, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5500-5511, 2006). Differentially regulated genes include those related to cellular metabolism, ion channels, transport proteins, vesicular trafficking, and cell signaling. The putative function of the vast majority of candidate transcripts could not be defined. Nonetheless, the data described herein represent profiles of the transcription changes associated with biomineralization-related pathways in E. huxleyi and have identified novel and potentially useful targets for more detailed analysis.
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Freudenrich, Craig C., Nancy R. Wallace, Karl Wilbur, Pete Ingram i Ann LeFurgey. "Strontium can be used as a tracer to examine calcification in the adult barnacle (Balanus amphititre amphititre)". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100168633.
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Calcification in barnacles occurs at the base of each shell plate; as new CaCO3 is deposited at the base, the shell grows upward. Although barnacle shell growth patterns have been characterized, the cellular calcium transport mechanisms involved in biomineralization are unknown; calcium is thought to be transported through the mineralizing epithelial cells into a limited diffusional space between the cells and the shell where calcification occurs. To follow transport of calcium in the cells and newly mineralized shell, one might consider using 45Ca and autoradiography.Alternatively, electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) imaging has better spatial resolution than autoradiography, but cannot discriminate 45Ca from the stable isotope. However, in studies of mammalian bone formation using EPXMA, strontium was used successfully as a tracer for calcium. To assess whether strontium could serve as a tracer for calcium in barnacles, it was first necessary to determine if strontium could be incorporated into barnacle shells.
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Allemand, D., É. Tambutté, JP Girard i J. Jaubert. "Organic matrix synthesis in the scleractinian coral stylophora pistillata: role in biomineralization and potential target of the organotin tributyltin". Journal of Experimental Biology 201, nr 13 (1.07.1998): 2001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.13.2001.
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The kinetics of organic matrix biosynthesis and incorporation into scleractinian coral skeleton was studied using microcolonies of Stylophora pistillata. [14C]Aspartic acid was used to label the organic matrix since this acidic amino acid can represent up to 50 mol % of organic matrix proteins. External aspartate was rapidly incorporated into tissue protein without any detectable lag phase, suggesting either a small intracellular pool of aspartic acid or a pool with a fast turn-over rate. The incorporation of 14C-labelled macromolecules into the skeleton was linear over time, after an initial delay of 20 min. Rates of calcification, measured by the incorporation of 45Ca into the skeleton, and of organic matrix biosynthesis and incorporation into the skeleton were constant. Inhibition of calcification by the Ca2+ channel inhibitor verapamil reduced the incorporation of organic matrix proteins into the skeleton. Similarly, organic matrix incorporation into the skeleton, but not protein synthesis for incorporation into the tissue compartment, was dependent on the state of polymerization of both actin and tubulin, as shown by the sensitivity of this process to cytochalasin B and colchicin. These drugs may inhibit exocytosis of organic matrix proteins into the subcalicoblastic space. Finally, inhibition of protein synthesis by emetin or cycloheximide and inhibition of N-glycosylation by tunicamycin reduced both the incorporation of macromolecules into the skeleton and the rate of calcification. This suggests that organic matrix biosynthesis and its migration towards the site of calcification may be a prerequisite step in the calcification process. On the basis of these results, we investigated the effects of tributyltin (TBT), a component of antifouling painting known to interfere with biomineralization processes. Our results have shown that this xenobiotic significantly inhibits protein synthesis and the subsequent incorporation of protein into coral skeleton. This effect was correlated with a reduction in the rate of calcification. Protein synthesis was shown to be the parameter most sensitive to TBT (IC50=0.2 micromol l-1), followed by aspartic acid uptake by coral tissue (IC50=0.6 micromol l-1), skeletogenesis (IC50=3 micromol l-1) and Ca2+ uptake by coral tissue (IC50=20 micromol l-1). These results suggest that the mode of action of TBT on calcification may be the inhibition of organic matrix biosynthesis.
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Tyszka, Jarosław, Ulf Bickmeyer, Markus Raitzsch, Jelle Bijma, Karina Kaczmarek, Antje Mewes, Paweł Topa i Max Janse. "Form and function of F-actin during biomineralization revealed from live experiments on foraminifera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 10 (19.02.2019): 4111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810394116.
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Although the emergence of complex biomineralized forms has been investigated for over a century, still little is known on how single cells control morphology of skeletal structures, such as frustules, shells, spicules, or scales. We have run experiments on the shell formation in foraminifera, unicellular, mainly marine organisms that can build shells by successive additions of chambers. We used live imaging to discover that all stages of chamber/shell formation are controlled by dedicated actin-driven pseudopodial structures. Successive reorganization of an F-actin meshwork, associated with microtubular structures, is actively involved in formation of protective envelope, followed by dynamic scaffolding of chamber morphology. Then lamellar dynamic templates create a confined space and control mineralization separated from seawater. These observations exclude extracellular calcification assumed in selected foraminiferal clades, and instead suggest a semiintracellular biomineralization pattern known from other unicellular calcifying and silicifying organisms. These results give a challenging prospect to decipher the vital effect on geochemical proxies applied to paleoceanographic reconstructions. They have further implications for understanding multiscale complexity of biomineralization and show a prospect for material science applications.
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Zhang, Chonghong, Jiejie Lv, Fuchun Li i Xuelin Li. "Nucleation and Growth of Mg-Calcite Spherulites Induced by the Bacterium Curvibacter lanceolatus Strain HJ-1". Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, nr 6 (grudzień 2017): 1189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617012715.
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AbstractCalcite spherulites have been observed in many laboratory experiments with different bacteria, and spherulitic growth has received much interest in mineralogy research. However, the nucleation and growth mechanism, as well as geological significance of calcite spherulites in solution with bacteria is still unclear. Herein, spherulites composed of an amorphous core, a Mg-calcite body and an organic film were precipitated by the Curvibacter lanceolatus HJ-1 bacterial strain in a solution with a molar Mg/Ca ratio of 3. Based on the results, we provide a possible mechanism for the biomineralization of Mg-calcite spherulites. First, amorphous calcium carbonate particles are deposited and aggregated into a stable sphere-like core in combination with organic molecules. The core then acts as the nucleus of spherulitic radial growth. Finally, the organic film grows on the surface of Mg-calcite spherulites as a result of bacterial metabolism and calcification. These findings provide insight into the growth mode and crystallization of biogenic spherulites during biomineralization, and are of significance in the application of novel biological materials.
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Mal’kov, Oleg A., Alena A. Govorukhina, Anna Yu Afineevskaya i Yuriy G. Burykin. "The Role of Calcification in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Reaction in the Arterial Wall (Exemplified by the Vessels of the Neck and Head in Adults)". Journal of Medical and Biological Research, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z081.
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Calcification provoked by inflammation accompanies many comorbid conditions (including atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia). What is more, they mutually aggravate each other. The aim of this study was to reveal the patterns of calcification of the arteries of the neck and head in patients with clinical manifestations of vascular disorders of varying severity in inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases. Materials and methods. A total of 155 patients were examined (mean age 49.1 ± 16.3 years) using computed tomography. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the severity of functional changes in the arterial bed: 1) no vascular obstruction (n = 43); 2) arterial obstruction ≤ 50 % according to NASCET criteria (n = 55); 3) arterial obstruction > 50 % (n = 57). A visual analysis of atherosclerotic lesions of the vessels of the neck and head revealed that the calcification was a dystrophic type of intimal lesion in almost half of the cases (44 %). A visual analysis of stenosis caused by fibromuscular dysplasia showed that calcium deposition is not typical of this process. The absence of calcium phosphate deposition in this case was associated with genetic connective tissue abnormalities. Results. We created a flowchart representing the pathogenesis of artery wall calcification in chronic inflammation. In addition, we revealed previously not described in the literature links between the processes of osteoporosis, progression of biomineralization of atherosclerotic plaques, and decalcification of plaques, which allowed us to indirectly assess their degree of maturation. The results of the study indicate that artery calcification could be considered as a possible marker of the progression of atherosclerosis. For citation: Mal’kov O.A., Govorukhina A.A., Burykin Yu.G., Afineevskaya A.Yu. The Role of Calcification in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Reaction in the Arterial Wall (Exemplified by the Vessels of the Neck and Head in Adults). Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2021, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 435–443. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z081
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Schlieper, G., T. Kruger, A. Heiss i W. Jahnen-Dechent. "A red herring in vascular calcification: 'nanobacteria' are protein-mineral complexes involved in biomineralization". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 26, nr 11 (29.09.2011): 3436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr521.
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Sun, Shiyong, Mingxue Liu, Xiaoqin Nie, Faqin Dong, Wenyuan Hu, Daoyong Tan i Tingting Huo. "A synergetic biomineralization strategy for immobilizing strontium during calcification of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, nr 23 (24.01.2018): 22446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1271-4.
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Nguyen, Binh, Robert M. Bowers, Thomas M. Wahlund i Betsy A. Read. "Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization of and Differences in Gene Expression Content of Calcifying and Noncalcifying Cultures of Emiliania huxleyi Strain 1516". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, nr 5 (maj 2005): 2564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.5.2564-2575.2005.
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ABSTRACT The marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi is a cosmopolitan alga intensely studied in relation to global carbon cycling, biogeochemistry, marine ecology, and biomineralization processes. The biomineralization capabilities of coccolithophorids have attracted the attention of scientists interested in exploiting this ability for the development of materials science and biomedical and biotechnological applications. Although it has been well documented that biomineralization in E. huxleyi is promoted by growth under phosphate-limited conditions, the genes and proteins that govern the processes of calcification and coccolithogenesis remain unknown. Suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were constructed from cultures grown in phosphate-limited and phosphate-replete media as tester and driver populations for reciprocal SSH procedures. Positive clones from each of the two libraries were randomly selected, and dot blotting was performed for the analysis of expression patterns. A total of 513 clones from the phosphate-replete library and 423 clones from the phosphate-limited library were sequenced, assembled, and compared to sequences in GenBank using BLASTX. Of the 103 differentially expressed gene fragments from the phosphate-replete library, 34% showed significant homology to other known proteins, while only 23% of the 65 differentially expressed gene fragments from the phosphate-limited library showed homology to other proteins. To further assess mRNA expression, real-time RT-PCR analysis was employed and expression profiles were generated over a 14-day time course for three clones from the phosphate-replete library and five clones from the phosphate-limited library. The fragments isolated provide the basis for future cloning of full-length genes and functional analysis.
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Guan, Dong Hua, Chun Peng Huang, Ji Liu, Kun Tian, Lin Niu, Ying He Lin, Yi Li Qu, Peng Wang, Yong Mei Ye i Zhi Qing Chen. "Biomineralization of Electrospun Nano-HA/PHB GTR Membrane". Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (luty 2007): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.695.
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Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as a kind of polysaccharides has been proved promising for tissue engineering because of its biocompatibility and biodegradability. But its poor mechanical properties and hydrophilicity limit its application. In order to explore a new useful porch to improve the performance of PHB-based GTR membrane, membrane composed of nano-HA / PHB composite was manufactured through the air/jet electrospinning process which can potentially generate nanometer scale diameter fibers and enlarge surface area of materials while maintaining high porosity. Successively, the biomineralization behavior of the membrane in supersaturated calcification solution (SCS) was studied. The Results of this investigation show that the successfully manufactured porous nano-HA/PHB membrane has high activity in SCS and its ability of inducing the formation of mineral crystal in vitro than that of the unfilled PHB membrane. It can be concluded that the addition of nano-HA and the novel technology could improve the performance of the PHB-based GTR membrane.
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Weinkauf, M. F. G., T. Moller, M. C. Koch i M. Kučera. "Calcification intensity in planktonic Foraminifera reflects ambient conditions irrespective of environmental stress". Biogeosciences 10, nr 10 (23.10.2013): 6639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6639-2013.
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Abstract. Planktonic Foraminifera are important marine calcifiers, and the ongoing change in the oceanic carbon system makes it essential to understand the influence of environmental factors on the biomineralization of their shells. The amount of calcite deposited by planktonic Foraminifera during calcification has been hypothesized to reflect a range of environmental factors. However, it has never been assessed whether their calcification only passively responds to the conditions of the ambient seawater or whether it reflects changes in resource allocation due to physiological stress. To disentangle these two end-member scenarios, an experiment is required where the two processes are separated. A natural analogue to such an experiment occurred during the deposition of the Mediterranean sapropels, where large changes in surface water composition and stratification at the onset of the sapropel deposition were decoupled from local extinctions of planktonic Foraminifera species. We took advantage of this natural experiment and investigated the reaction of calcification intensity, expressed as mean area density (MAD), of four species of planktonic Foraminifera to changing conditions during the onset of Sapropel S5 (126–121 ka) in a sediment core from the Levantine Basin. We observed a significant relationship between MAD and surface water properties, as reflected by stable isotopes in the calcite of Foraminifera shells, but we failed to observe any reaction of calcification intensity on ecological stress during times of decreasing abundance culminating in local extinction. The reaction of calcification intensity to surface water perturbation at the onset of the sapropel was observed only in surface-dwelling species, but all species calcified more strongly prior to the sapropel deposition and less strongly within the sapropel than at similar conditions during the present-day. These results indicate that the high-salinity environment of the glacial Mediterranean Sea prior to sapropel deposition induced a~more intense calcification, whereas the freshwater injection to the surface waters associated with sapropel deposition inhibited calcification. The results are robust to changes in carbonate preservation and collectively imply that changes in normalized shell weight in planktonic Foraminifera should reflect mainly abiotic forcing.
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Nagai, Yukiko, Katsuyuki Uematsu, Chong Chen, Ryoji Wani, Jarosław Tyszka i Takashi Toyofuku. "Weaving of biomineralization framework in rotaliid foraminifera: implications for paleoceanographic proxies". Biogeosciences 15, nr 22 (14.11.2018): 6773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6773-2018.
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Abstract. Elemental and/or isotopic signatures of calcareous tests of foraminifera are commonly used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. A major problem, often referred to as the “vital effect”, is that such geochemical signatures stored in inorganic calcium carbonates differ greatly under the same environmental conditions, as well as between taxa, species, individuals, etc. This effect was previously explained by relative contributions between passive vs. active ion transport patterns, but their details are still under investigation. In this study, the functional role of pseudopodial structures during chamber formation is elucidated by detailed observation of Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus, 1758) using a time-lapse optical imaging system and high-resolution electron microscopy. We document triple organic layers sandwiching carbonate precipitation sites for the first time. The three major organic layers (outer organic layer, primary organic sheet, and inner organic layer) are formed by an initial framework of pseudopodia overlaid with further layer-like pseudopodia. The primary organic sheet seems to facilitate early calcium carbonate nucleation, then entrapped by double precipitation sites. We further show that calcification starts when outer or inner organic layers still exhibit tiny gaps (holes within the framework) that may serve as pathways for passive ion exchange (e.g. Mg2+) between seawater and the confined precipitation space. Nevertheless, the majority of wall thickening occurs when the precipitation site is completely isolated from seawater, which implies active ion exchange. This may explain the differences in Mg ∕ Ca ratios in early and later stages of calcification observed in previous studies. Our study provides insight into resolving a key “missing piece” in understanding foraminiferal calcification through culture experiments and in-depth observations of living animals. Our findings contribute to interpreting and understanding biogeochemical proxies by showing that the “vital effect”, specifically elemental and isotopic ratios along chamber walls, is directly linked to spatio-temporal organization of the “biomineralization sandwich” controlled by the three major organic layers.
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Crick, R. E., B. Burkart, J. A. Chamberlain i K. O. Mann. "Chemistry of Calcified Portions of Nautilus Pompilius". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, nr 2 (maj 1985): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400050517.
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The Sr, Mg, and Ca chemistry and mineralogy of the shell, beaks, and inorganic compounds of the renal appendages of Nautilus pompilius Linné 1758 reveal a complex physiochemical system of biomineralization. The chemistry of the shell and septal aragonite is similar, and establish that N. pompilius discriminates against the concentration of Sr and Mg in sea water by 78% and more than 99% respectively. Beaks consist of high-Mg calcite (4.4% MgCO3). Renal appendages contain either aggregates of crystals (uroliths) of Mg-oxalate dihydrate with nuclei of hydroxyapatite or disassociated particles of hydroxyapatite or both. There is no evidence that uroliths or hydroxyapatite particles serve as temporary reservoirs of Ca during calcification of septa.
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Conci, Nicola, Martin Lehmann, Sergio Vargas i Gert Wörheide. "Comparative Proteomics of Octocoral and Scleractinian Skeletomes and the Evolution of Coral Calcification". Genome Biology and Evolution 12, nr 9 (6.08.2020): 1623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa162.
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Abstract Corals are the ecosystem engineers of coral reefs, one of the most biodiverse marine ecosystems. The ability of corals to form reefs depends on the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) under biological control. However, several mechanisms underlying coral biomineralization remain elusive, for example, whether corals employ different molecular machineries to deposit different CaCO3 polymorphs (i.e., aragonite or calcite). Here, we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to compare the proteins occluded in the skeleton of three octocoral and one scleractinian species: Tubipora musica and Sinularia cf. cruciata (calcite sclerites), the blue coral Heliopora coerulea (aragonitic skeleton), and the scleractinian aragonitic Montipora digitata. Reciprocal Blast analysis revealed extremely low overlap between aragonitic and calcitic species, while a core set of proteins is shared between octocorals producing calcite sclerites. However, the carbonic anhydrase CruCA4 is present in the skeletons of both polymorphs. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted several possible instances of protein co-option in octocorals. These include acidic proteins and scleritin, which appear to have been secondarily recruited for calcification and likely derive from proteins playing different functions. Similarities between octocorals and scleractinians included presence of a galaxin-related protein, carbonic anhydrases, and one hephaestin-like protein. Although the first two appear to have been independently recruited, the third appear to share a common origin. This work represents the first attempt to identify and compare proteins associated with coral skeleton polymorph diversity, providing several new research targets and enabling both future functional and evolutionary studies aimed at elucidating the origin and evolution of coral biomineralization.
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Demer, Linda L., i Yin Tintut. "Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Genetic Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 34, nr 4 (kwiecień 2014): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.113.302070.
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This review centers on updating the active research area of vascular calcification. This pathology underlies substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, through adverse mechanical effects on vascular compliance, vasomotion, and, most likely, plaque stability. Biomineralization is a complex, regulated process occurring widely throughout nature. Decades ago, its presence in the vasculature was considered a mere curiosity and an unregulated, dystrophic process that does not involve biological mechanisms. Although it remains controversial whether the process has any adaptive value or past evolutionary advantage, substantial advances have been made in understanding the biological mechanisms driving the process. Different types of calcific vasculopathy, such as inflammatory versus metabolic, have parallel mechanisms in skeletal bone calcification, such as intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Recent work has identified important regulatory roles for inflammation, oxidized lipids, elastin, alkaline phosphatase, osteoprogenitor cells, matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein, transglutaminase, osteoclastic regulatory factors, phosphate regulatory hormones and receptors, apoptosis, prelamin A, autophagy, and microvesicles or microparticles similar to the matrix vesicles of skeletal bone. Recent work has uncovered fascinating interactions between matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein, vitamin K, warfarin, and transport proteins. And, lastly, recent breakthroughs in inherited forms of calcific vasculopathy have identified the genes responsible as well as an unexpected overlap of phenotypes. Until recently, vascular calcification was considered a purely degenerative, unregulated process. Since then, investigative groups around the world have identified a wide range of causative mechanisms and regulatory pathways, and some of the recent developments are highlighted in this review.
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Eagle, Robert A., Maxence Guillermic, Illian De Corte, Blanca Alvarez Caraveo, Colleen B. Bove, Sambuddha Misra, Louise P. Cameron, Karl D. Castillo i Justin B. Ries. "Physicochemical Control of Caribbean Coral Calcification Linked to Host and Symbiont Responses to Varying pCO2 and Temperature". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, nr 8 (5.08.2022): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081075.
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It is thought that the active physiological regulation of the chemistry of a parent fluid is an important process in the biomineralization of scleractinian corals. Biological regulation of calcification fluid pH (pHCF) and other carbonate chemistry parameters ([CO32−]CF, DICCF, and ΩCF) may be challenged by CO2 driven acidification and temperature. Here, we examine the combined influence of changing temperature and CO2 on calcifying fluid regulation in four common Caribbean coral species—Porites astreoides, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Undaria tenuifolia, and Siderastrea siderea. We utilize skeletal boron geochemistry (B/Ca and δ11B) to probe the pHCF, [CO32−]CF, and DICCF regulation in these corals, and δ13C to track changes in the sources of carbon for calcification. Temperature was found to not influence pHCF regulation across all pCO2 treatments in these corals, in contrast to recent studies on Indo-Pacific pocilloporid corals. We find that [DIC]CF is significantly lower at higher temperatures in all the corals, and that the higher temperature was associated with depletion of host energy reserves, suggesting [DIC]CF reductions may result from reduced input of respired CO2 to the DIC pool for calcification. In addition, δ13C data suggest that under high temperature and CO2 conditions, algal symbiont photosynthesis continues to influence the calcification pool and is associated with low [DIC]CF in P. strigosa and P. astreoides. In P. astreoides this effect is also associated with an increase in chlorophyll a concentration in coral tissues at higher temperatures. These observations collectively support the assertion that physicochemical control over coral calcifying fluid chemistry is coupled to host and symbiont physiological responses to environmental change, and reveals interspecific differences in the extent and nature of this coupling.
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Xu, Hengchao, Xiaotong Peng, Shijie Bai, Kaiwen Ta, Shouye Yang, Shuangquan Liu, Ho Bin Jang i Zixiao Guo. "Precipitation of calcium carbonate mineral induced by viral lysis of cyanobacteria: evidence from laboratory experiments". Biogeosciences 16, nr 4 (28.02.2019): 949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-949-2019.
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Abstract. Viruses have been acknowledged as being important components of the marine system for the past 2 decades, but their role in the functioning of the geochemical cycle has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. Virus-induced rupturing of cyanobacteria is theoretically capable of releasing intracellular bicarbonate and inducing the homogeneous nucleation of calcium carbonate; however, experiment-based support for virus-induced calcification is lacking. In this laboratory study, both water carbonate chemistry and precipitates were monitored during the viral infection and lysis of host cells. Our results show that viral lysis of cyanobacteria can influence the carbonate equilibrium system remarkably and promotes the formation and precipitation of carbonate minerals. Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and aragonite were evident in the lysate, compared with the Mg(OH)2 (brucite in this paper) precipitate in noninfected cultures, implying that a different precipitation process had occurred. Based on the carbonate chemistry change and microstructure of the precipitation, we propose that viral lysis of cyanobacteria can construct a calcification environment where carbonate is the dominant inorganic carbon species. Numerous virus particles available in lysate may coprecipitate with the calcium carbonate. The experimental results presented in this study demonstrate both the pathway and the outcome with respect to how viruses influence the mineralization of carbonate minerals. It is suggested that viral calcification offers new perspectives on mechanisms of CaCO3 biomineralization and may play a crucial role within the Earth system.
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Miglioli, A., R. Dumollard, T. Balbi, L. Besnardeau i L. Canesi. "Characterization of the main steps in first shell formation in Mytilus galloprovincialis : possible role of tyrosinase". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, nr 1916 (27.11.2019): 20192043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2043.
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Bivalve biomineralization is a highly complex and organized process, involving several molecular components identified in adults and larval stages. However, information is still scarce on the ontogeny of the organic matrix before calcification occurs. In this work, first shell formation was investigated in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis . The time course of organic matrix and CaCO 3 deposition were followed at close times post fertilization (24, 26, 29, 32, 48 h) by calcofluor and calcein staining, respectively. Both components showed an exponential trend in growth, with a delay between organic matrix and CaCO 3 deposition. mRNA levels of genes involved in matrix deposition (chitin synthase; tyrosinase- TYR) and calcification (carbonic anhydrase; extrapallial protein) were quantified by qPCR at 24 and 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) with respect to eggs. All transcripts were upregulated across early development, with TYR showing highest mRNA levels from 24 hpf. TYR transcripts were closely associated with matrix deposition as shown by in situ hybridization. The involvement of tyrosinase activity was supported by data obtained with the enzyme inhibitor N-phenylthiourea. Our results underline the pivotal role of shell matrix in driving first CaCO 3 deposition and the importance of tyrosinase in the formation of the first shell in M. galloprovincialis .
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Nehrke, G., N. Keul, G. Langer, L. J. de Nooijer, J. Bijma i A. Meibom. "A new model for biomineralization and trace-element signatures of Foraminifera tests". Biogeosciences 10, nr 10 (29.10.2013): 6759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6759-2013.
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Abstract. The Mg/Ca ratio of Foraminifera calcium carbonate tests is used as proxy for seawater temperature and widely applied to reconstruct global paleo-climatic changes. However, the mechanisms involved in the carbonate biomineralization process are poorly understood. The current paradigm holds that calcium ions for the test are supplied primarily by endocytosis of seawater. Here, we combine confocal-laser scanning-microscopy observations of a membrane-impermeable fluorescent marker in the extant benthic species Ammonia aomoriensis with dynamic 44Ca-labeling and NanoSIMS isotopic imaging of its test. We infer that Ca for the test in A. aomoriensis is supplied primarily via trans-membrane transport, but that a small component of passively transported (e.g., by endocytosis) seawater to the site of calcification plays a key role in defining the trace-element composition of the test. Our model accounts for the full range of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca observed for benthic Foraminifera tests and predicts the effect of changing seawater Mg/Ca ratio. This places foram-based paleoclimatology into a strong conceptual framework.
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Nehrke, G., N. Keul, G. Langer, L. J. de Nooijer, J. Bijma i A. Meibom. "A new model for biomineralization and trace-element signatures of foraminifera tests". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, nr 6 (18.06.2013): 9797–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-9797-2013.
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Abstract. The Mg / Ca ratio of foraminifera calcium-carbonate tests is used as proxy for seawater temperature and widely applied to reconstruct global paleo-climatic changes. However, the mechanisms involved in the carbonate biomineralization process are poorly understood. The current paradigm holds that calcium ions for the test are supplied primarily by endocytosis of seawater. Here, we combine confocal-laser scanning-microscopy observations of a membrane-impermeable fluorescent marker in the extant benthic species Ammonia aomoriensis with dynamic 44Ca-labeling and NanoSIMS isotopic imaging of its test. We infer that Ca for the test in A. aomoriensis is supplied primarily via trans-membrane transport, but that a small component of passively transported (e.g. by endocytosis) seawater to the site of calcification plays a key role in defining the trace-element composition of the test. Our model accounts for the full range of Mg / Ca and Sr / Ca observed for benthic foraminifera tests and predicts the effect of changing seawater Mg / Ca ratio. This places foram-based paleoclimatology into a strong conceptual framework.
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Stapane, Lilian, Nathalie Le Roy, Maxwell T. Hincke i Joël Gautron. "The glycoproteins EDIL3 and MFGE8 regulate vesicle-mediated eggshell calcification in a new model for avian biomineralization". Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, nr 40 (29.07.2019): 14526–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.009799.
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