Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Biological heterogeneities

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Biological heterogeneities”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Biological heterogeneities"

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Brace, Christopher L., and Sevde Etoz. "An Analysis of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensitivity to Heterogeneous Media." Sensors 20, no. 18 (2020): 5372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185372.

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Open-ended coaxial probe spectroscopy is commonly used to determine the dielectric permittivity of biological tissues. However, heterogeneities in the probe sensing region can limit measurement precision and reproducibility. This study presents an analysis of the coaxial probe sensing region to elucidate the effects of heterogeneities on measured permittivity. Coaxial probe spectroscopy at 0.5–20 GHz was numerically simulated while a homogenous background was perturbed with a small inclusion of contrasting permittivity. Shifts in the measured effective permittivity provided a three-dimensional assessment of the probe sensitivity field. Sensitivity was well-approximated by the square of the electric field for each analyzed probe. Smaller probes were more sensitive to heterogeneities throughout their sensing region, but were less sensitive to spectral effects compared to larger probes. The probe sensing diameter was less than 0.5 mm in all directions by multiple metrics. Therefore, small heterogeneities may substantially impact permittivity measurement in biological tissues if located near the probe-tissue interface.
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Rabanel, Jean-Michel, Vahid Adibnia, Soudeh F. Tehrani, et al. "Nanoparticle heterogeneity: an emerging structural parameter influencing particle fate in biological media?" Nanoscale 11, no. 2 (2019): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr04916e.

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Mittal, Divyansh, and Rishikesh Narayanan. "Degeneracy in the robust expression of spectral selectivity, subthreshold oscillations, and intrinsic excitability of entorhinal stellate cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 2 (2018): 576–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00136.2018.

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Biological heterogeneities are ubiquitous and play critical roles in the emergence of physiology at multiple scales. Although neurons in layer II (LII) of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) express heterogeneities in channel properties, the impact of such heterogeneities on the robustness of their cellular-scale physiology has not been assessed. Here, we performed a 55-parameter stochastic search spanning nine voltage- or calcium-activated channels to assess the impact of channel heterogeneities on the concomitant emergence of 10 in vitro electrophysiological characteristics of LII stellate cells (SCs). We generated 150,000 models and found a heterogeneous subpopulation of 449 valid models to robustly match all electrophysiological signatures. We employed this heterogeneous population to demonstrate the emergence of cellular-scale degeneracy in SCs, whereby disparate parametric combinations expressing weak pairwise correlations resulted in similar models. We then assessed the impact of virtually knocking out each channel from all valid models and demonstrate that the mapping between channels and measurements was many-to-many, a critical requirement for the expression of degeneracy. Finally, we quantitatively predict that the spike-triggered average of SCs should be endowed with theta-frequency spectral selectivity and coincidence detection capabilities in the fast gamma-band. We postulate this fast gamma-band coincidence detection as an instance of cellular-scale-efficient coding, whereby SC response characteristics match the dominant oscillatory signals in LII MEC. The heterogeneous population of valid SC models built here unveils the robust emergence of cellular-scale physiology despite significant channel heterogeneities, and forms an efficacious substrate for evaluating the impact of biological heterogeneities on entorhinal network function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed the impact of heterogeneities in channel properties on the robustness of cellular-scale physiology of medial entorhinal cortical stellate neurons. We demonstrate that neuronal models with disparate channel combinations were endowed with similar physiological characteristics, as a consequence of the many-to-many mapping between channel properties and the physiological characteristics that they modulate. We predict that the spike-triggered average of stellate cells should be endowed with theta-frequency spectral selectivity and fast gamma-band coincidence detection capabilities.
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JACOBSEN, C., T. BEETZ, M. FESER, A. OSANNA, A. STEIN, and S. WIRICK. "SPECTROMICROSCOPY OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AT STONY BROOK: INSTRUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (2002): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0200177x.

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Soft X-ray microscopy allows one to study nanoscale heterogeneities in dry and wet environmental science, biological, polymer, and geochemical specimens. Recent advances in instrumentation at the X-1A beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory are described. Spectromicroscopy data analysis methods including component mapping and principal component analysis (PCA) are then discussed.
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Sindyaeva, A. R., and V. P. Zakharov. "Multi-parametric function of differential backscattering in 3D biological media with heterogeneities." Laser Physics 19, no. 6 (2009): 1361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054660x09060292.

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Mohamed, M., K. Hatfield, A. Hassan, and H. Klammler. "Stochastic evaluation of subsurface contaminant discharges under physical, chemical, and biological heterogeneities." Advances in Water Resources 33, no. 7 (2010): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.04.010.

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Babychenko, O., and A. Pashchenko. "Kinetics of photoconductivity of c-Si with amorphous heterogeneities." Radiotekhnika, no. 190 (October 16, 2017): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2017.3.190.05.

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The influence of amorphous inclusions of a cylindrical shape on the photoconductivity of crystalline silicon under the action of radiation from the photosensitivity region of the structure under study was theoretically investigated. The photoconductivity of the structure is analyzed depending on the geometric dimensions of the inclusions, their location in the structure, and the rate of surface recombination of nonequilibrium charge carriers. It is established that when the fraction of inclusions in the structure increases, the processes of generation of nonequilibrium charge carriers are determined mainly by an amorphous matrix. The appearance of the effect of negative photoconductivity under certain conditions has been revealed.
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Liu, Zengqian, Marc A. Meyers, Zhefeng Zhang, and Robert O. Ritchie. "Functional gradients and heterogeneities in biological materials: Design principles, functions, and bioinspired applications." Progress in Materials Science 88 (July 2017): 467–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.013.

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Pardini, P. A. "STUDY OF DIFFUSIVE MEDIA WITH LOW SCATTERING HETEROGENEITIES." Anales AFA 32, no. 4 (2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2021.32.4.99.

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Biological tissues have the particularity of allowing light between 600 and 900 nm, within a range called optical window, to penetrate them a few centimeters. This characteristic arouses interest in the near-infrared light for its use as a diagnosis tool, with the characteristic of being non-invasive, its application in breast diagnosis is of particular interest for this study. These tissues do not allow the propagation of light in this spectral range in a rectilinear manner, but rather appear as diffusive, thus deteriorating the spatial resolution of the images that can be obtained from them. In this way, it is necessary to develop experimental techniques and specific data analysis strategies in order to obtain optical information from them. Breast tissue can suffer different types of lesions, such as tumors or cysts. This work presents the study of phantoms, which reproduce their optical properties with inclusions that represent tumors and/or cysts, analyzing the influence of the latter, which optical characteristics are non-diffusive, on optical images and the transport of light in these media. The main objective of this work is focused on the 3D localization and optical characterization of translucent heterogeneities in turbid media.
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Poelzing, Steven, and David S. Rosenbaum. "Nature, significance, and mechanisms of electrical heterogeneities in ventricle." Anatomical Record 280A, no. 2 (2004): 1010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20103.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Biological heterogeneities"

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Kjerrgren, Anders, and Max Larsson. "Introducing heterogeneities in biological neuronal network models with distance-dependent connectivity." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230745.

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Computational studies of biological neuronal network dynamics are often conducted on isotropic and homogeneous network models where all neurons are assumed to be identical. Here, we look at three different spatially extended networks and introduce heterogeneities in the connectivity. The first resembles the classical isotropic approach and connections are equally probable to be made in every direction. In the other two networks we impose preferred directions in recurrent excitatory connections. All excitatory neurons in the second network has a higher probability to connect in one direction. In the third network nearby neurons prefer similar directions, but distant neurons remain uncorrelated. We further analyze the irregularity of spike-timings of individual neurons, the synchrony of the network, network oscillations, as well as the flow of activity. Finally, we show that meaningful behavior can be generated if nearby neurons prefer to connect in similar directions.<br>Vid analys av dynamiken hos biologiska neuronala nätverk används ofta isotropa och homo- gena nätverksmodeller där alla neuroner antas vara identiska. Här tittar vi på tre nätverk med rumslig utbredning och introducerar heterogeniteter i kopplingarna. Det första påminner om det klassiska isotropa fallet och kopplingar görs med samma sannolikhet i alla riktningar. I de andra två nätverken inför vi kopplingsriktningar som är mer sannolika i de återkom- mande excitatoriska kopplingarna. Alla excitatoriska neuroner i det andra nätverket har en större sannolikhet att koppla i en riktning. I det tredje nätverket föredrar närliggande neu- roner att koppla i samma riktning, medan neuroner på större avstånd är oberoende. Vidare analyserar vi irreguljäriteten av tiderna då enstaka neuroner aktiveras, nätverkets synkroni- tet, nätverksoscillationer, samt flödet av aktiviten. Slutligen så visar vi att ett meningsfullt nätverksbeteende kan genereras om närliggande neuroner föredrar liknande kopplingsrikt- ningar.
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Nagle, Aditee P. "A Computational Study of the Effects of Heterogeneities on the Estimation of Mechanical Properties of Biological Samples." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1123704560.

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Potier, Marie-Claude. "Heterogeneite des recepteurs des benzodiazepines : etudes biochimiques et pharmacologiques." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066488.

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Etude de molecules "hybrides" benzodiazepine-beta-carboline concues d'apres les modeles theoriques postulant l'existence de sites de liaison differents pour les benzodiazepines et les beta-carbolines sur un meme recepteur. Seules les molecules hybrides ayant a la fois les elements finis structuraux necessaires a la liaison des benzodiazepines et de beta-carbolines se lient aux recepteurs des benzodiazepines avec une forte affinite
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Bailleul, Serge. "Heterogeneite des recepteurs aux oestrogenes et a la progesterone dans les tumeurs mammaires humaines : relation avec l'hormonodependance." Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN2026.

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Blank, Ulrich. "Caracterisation biochimique et purification des immunoglobulin-g-binding factors (igg-bf) murins." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077005.

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Les lymphocytes t, porteurs de recepteurs fc, produisent des facteurs de liaison d'immunoglobuline g (igg-bf) qui se lient a la fraction fc des igg et suppriment leur production par les lymphocytes b. L'igg-bf apparait heterogene en poids moleculaire et en charge. Il est n- et o-glycosyli. A l'aide de l'anticorps monoclonal anti-rf::(c)gamma , 2-4g2, il a ete etabli que l'igg-bf porte des sites antigeniques commun avec le rfcgamma , un dosage radioimmunologique a ete developpe sur nitrocellulose. Apres differentes etapes de purification par chromatographie, l'heterogeneite a ete confirmee
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Roy, Rituparna. "Neuronal complex bursts and network information transfer in the hippocampus are robust to biophysical heterogeneities." Thesis, 2023. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6184.

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Biological entities must adopt mechanisms to override the impact of external perturbations to achieve stability and robustness. A crucial feature of biological systems is that they exhibit several forms of heterogeneities spanning all scales of functional analysis. A central question on biological robustness is therefore its relationship to heterogeneities, specifically addressing details pertaining to whether biological heterogeneities promote or impede robustness. In this thesis, we chose the mammalian CA3 sub-region of the hippocampus to be the system of interest towards understanding the impact of the biophysical heterogeneities on the functional robustness across the cellular and network scales. Heterogeneities at the cellular scale are associated with the intrinsic properties of the CA3 pyramidal neurons as well as with synaptic inputs. The overall goal here was to assess the robust emergence of neuronal intrinsic properties (input resistance, back-propagating action potential amplitude, bursting and spiking profiles) along with complex spike bursting (CSB) in the CA3 pyramidal neurons with respect to heterogeneities in their parametric and measurement spaces. We generated a heterogeneous population of 12,000 random morphologically and biophysically realistic CA3 pyramidal neurons spanning a broad spectrum of parameters. We found two functional sub-classes of intrinsic bursting and regular spiking neurons, with significant differences in the expression profiles of N-type calcium and calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels. By triggering CSBs in all valid models using a variety of protocols, we observed substantial heterogeneities in the CSB propensities across models and protocols. Employing the virtual knockout approach for 7 different ion channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors individually, we noted that synergistic interactions between several intrinsic and synaptic components regulated the robust emergence of CSB in these neurons. Together, we demonstrate the expression of ion-channel degeneracy in the robust emergence of physiological properties of CA3 pyramidal neurons including CSB, despite pronounced heterogeneities in their intrinsic and synaptic components. Heterogeneities at the network scale are associated with intrinsic and synaptic components, with synaptic heterogeneities spanning local connections as well as afferent inputs from other brain regions. In this part of the thesis, we assessed the impact of neural-circuit heterogeneities, balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strengths, and trial-to-trial variability on the spatial tuning profiles and spatial information transfer in the CA3 recurrent network. We employed homogeneous and heterogenous networks and stimulated them with spatially modulated inputs and employed the stimulus-specific information (SSI) metric to quantify the spatial information transfer by the place cells in these networks. We observed notable heterogeneities in spatial information transfer across both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks, with information transfer also dependent on synaptic inhibition strengths and trial-to-trial variabilities. Strikingly, spatial information transfer was robust to relatively higher noise levels in the heterogeneous networks compared to their homogeneous counterparts, thereby highlighting a crucial role for neural heterogeneities in enhancing the robustness of spatial information transfer in a recurrent place-cell network. We also found that a precise balance between recurrent and afferent connectivity was essential to maintain optimal spatial information transfer in neurons of such networks. Our analyses postulate a critical role for intrinsic heterogeneities in enhancing the robustness of spatial information transfer in a recurrent network of spatially tuned neurons. Together, these analyzes point to a beneficial role for neural heterogeneities in the robustness of single-neuron and network physiology in the CA3 sub-region of the hippocampus.
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Części książek na temat "Biological heterogeneities"

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Pomar, Luis, Juan Ignacio Baceta, and G. Mateu-Vicens. "The upper Miocene reef-rimmed platform of Mallorca (Spain): factory structure, growth dynamics and diagenesis." In Field guides to exceptionally exposed carbonate outcrops. International Association of Sedimentologists, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54780/iasfg3/13.

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The Llucmajor platform on southern Mallorca Island (Spain) is one of the best-exposed Miocene shallow-water carbonate platforms known in the world. Up to 90 m vertical sea cliffs provide a clean, continuous and detailed 3D view of the facies architecture and continuous cores from fifty-two water wells, affording information to interpret the 3D architecture of this 20 km-wide and only slightly deformed carbonate platform. Forty years of research on the Llucmajor platform provided insights into how the mutual interaction of biological and physical processes control the type of carbonate production and sediment dynamics which, along with changes in sea-level, determine the facies stacking patterns and the distribution of internal heterogeneities. Moreover, the ‘modern character’ of the carbonate-producing biota permits to capture the response of the carbonate system to changing ecological and oceanographic conditions. Although learnings from the Llucmajor platform do not apply to older platforms, it is this process-product type of analysis that can be applied to carbonate systems of all ages. Thus through this field guide, two carbonate factories working out of phase and with a non-linear response to sea-level changes are identified. A shallow-water euphotic (well lit) production (corals, red and green calcareous algae and associated heterozoan biota) predominated during rising sea-level when linear reefal rims grading to broad lagoons expanded and increased production and the sediment shed-off from these reef-lagoon systems built-out thick slopes. A deeper oligophotic (low light) factory expanded during the lowstands of sea-level when the light reached the basin floor; red algae, larger benthic foraminifers and molluscs were the prime producers. The Llucmajor platform grew up during the late Miocene, through the transition from greenhouse to icehouse climate that characterised the late Cenozoic. Its building blocks occur hierarchically stacked in response to the sea-level cyclicity. At the bed scale, the sigmoids consist of a lagoonal bed passing successively into sigmoidal reef core and then into slope clinobed and basinal deposits and bounded by an erosion surface onto the lagoon and reef and its correlative conformity basinward. Sigmoids stack in sets of sigmoids, these in cosets of sigmoids and these last in megasets, all of them fitting the characteristics of a depositional sequence when the genetic processes are analysed. Departures from the sequence model rely on the inter-dependence between depth gradient, the type of carbonate-producing biota and the ranges of sea-level cyclicity. Through the visit to a series of selected outcrops, this field guide offers a comprehensive assessment of the Llucmajor reef-rimmed shelf from the basin to the coral-dominated reefal margin and across the open-lagoon to restricted lagoon that defined the shelf top. The itinerary focusses on numerous topics and at different scales, from the study of discrete rock bodies to km-wide outcrop windows resembling high-resolution seismic profiles. The field guide integrates facies analysis, stratal architecture and distinct diagenetic features such as extensive secondary porosity after the dissolution of aragonitic components and pervasive dolomitization. Impressive sub-vertical collapse structures were produced by karstic dissolution during lowstands of sea-level and gravitational collapse of the roof complete the suite of diagenetic overprint. Altogether, the depositional and diagenetic attributes of the Llucmajor platform reveal a complex and highly heterogeneous carbonate system that is used as outcrop analogue for numerous Miocene carbonate reservoirs across the world.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Biological heterogeneities"

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Porter, Emily, Alessandra La Gioia, Muhammad A. Elahi, and Martin O'Halloran. "Significance of heterogeneities in accurate dielectric measurements of biological tissues." In 2017 XXXIInd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursigass.2017.8104989.

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La Gioia, A., E. Porter, S. Salahuddin, and M. O'Halloran. "Impact of Radial Heterogeneities of Biological Tissues on Dielectric Measurements." In 2017 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa.2017.8065267.

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Winkler, Pamina, Felix Campelo, Marina I. Giannotti, and María F. García-Parajo. "Planar plasmonic antenna arrays resolve transient nanoscopic heterogeneities in biological membranes." In Single Molecule Spectroscopy and Superresolution Imaging XIII, edited by Ingo Gregor, Rainer Erdmann, and Felix Koberling. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2543726.

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Garvin, J. W., L. Mao, and H. S. Udaykumar. "Interaction of Solidification Fronts With Embedded Particles and Biological Cells." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32857.

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The interaction of solidification fronts with embedded heterogeneities, such as particles and living cells, is an important physical ingredient underlying the successful solidification processing of some materials. An example in the first category is the processing of metal-matrix composites (MMCs) where solidifying metal dendrites interact with ceramic reinforcements [1–3]. Processing of biological material, such as cells and tissue for cryopreservation [4], falls into the second category. In each case, the evolving solidification microstructure interacts in complex ways with the embedded particle.
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Kolpakov, A. V., Yu V. Ivanova, and N. N. Kuznetsov. "Physical modeling of the infrared visualization process of optical heterogeneities of the soft biological tissues structure." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING 2021 (InCITE 2021): Leveraging Smart Engineering. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0074557.

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Reyman, A. M., and P. V. Subochev. "On the applicability of passive acoustic brightness method for localization of optical heterogeneities in laser-heated biological tissue." In Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2007, edited by Alexander A. Oraevsky and Lihong V. Wang. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.700140.

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Helmig, Rainer, Melanie Darcis, and Holger Class. "Transfer of Modelling Concepts for Flow and Transport Processes in Porous Media From Subsurface Systems to Biological Tissues." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66412.

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Flow and transport phenomena in porous media are the governing processes in many natural and industrial systems. For the numerical description of these systems their multiscale behavior plays an important role. In one part of the system highly complex flow and transport processes may necessitate an examination of the processes on a fine spatial and temporal scale, while in other parts of the system, physically simpler processes may be examined on coarser scales. The heterogeneous structure of the porous medium itself also shows a high dependence on the spatial scale. Whereas different kinds of heterogeneities predominate on different scales. For these multiscale problems, many modeling concepts have been developed over the last decades. In this presentation, we aim to develop and to discuss the transfer of available modeling concepts for geological and industrial systems to biological tissues. In a comparison study, the similarities of both systems will be presented. First simulation results will show the opportunities of the described model transfer. In this context, we will also point out the required assumptions and the difficulties resulting from such a modeling concept transfer.
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Herve, L., A. Koenig, A. Silva, et al. "ALGORITHM FOR IN VIVO CW FLUORESCENCE DIFFUSE OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OPTICAL HETEROGENEITIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES AND THE SHAPE OF THE ANIMAL." In 2007 4th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2007.356976.

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Azeloglu, Evren U., Gaurav Kaushik, and Kevin D. Costa. "Hybrid Computational Methods for Analysis of AFM Indentation on Mechanically Heterogeneous Samples." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206433.

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Micro-heterogeneity of biological tissue arises from the multiplicity of components that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the constituent cells. Components that have distinct mechanical properties will fundamentally impact the distribution of mechanical stress in the local cellular environment, ultimately determining how physical forces are transferred between macro and micro scales [1]. Atomic force microscope (AFM) indentation is well suited for probing heterogeneities in cell and tissue micromechanics [2], though subsequent data analysis assumes a mechanically homogeneous substrate. While some constituents can be experimentally isolated before testing, reconstructing the equivalent properties of the composite material remains a challenge. When experimental deconstruction is not possible, computational methods can provide an alternative solution. Herein, we introduce a hybrid method of indentation analysis that utilizes Eshelby’s homogenization theory [3] in conjunction with finite element modeling, to computationally deconstruct the material properties of the underlying components within a mechanically heterogeneous sample.
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Galluccio, Laura, Catherine Breislin, and Anthony J. B. Tendil. "Capturing Reservoir Quality Heterogeneities at the Stage of Sedimentological Coding: an Innovative Depositional Environment Scheme." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211662-ms.

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Abstract The interpretation of depositional environments following sedimentological description is one of the most fundamental steps for the understanding of the vertical and lateral lithofacies groups’ distribution. This is directly linked to sequence stratigraphy and reservoir quality heterogeneity. Despite its importance, many interpretative lithofacies association schemes fail to capture, in a clear, systematic and flexible way, the key environmental features affecting the depositional fabrics’ distribution and their associated reservoir quality. This is especially true in carbonate systems, where the reservoir quality evaluation is complicated by the deep interrelation between physical (i.e. hydrodynamism) and biological processes. Our innovative depositional environment scheme (DE) comprises a variety of codes relating to key depositional and environmental characteristics in a way that captures their hierarchical organisation. These codes comprise groups of lithofacies interpreted to be genetically related, which provide metre-scale information commonly correlatable with wireline logs, that constitute ‘building blocks’ for static depositional architecture. The carbonate DE scheme is designed to be generic and flexible and therefore can be applied to any carbonate ramp, shelf or platform setting. The DE nomenclature uses an ‘initials-type’, letter-based abbreviation coding, which provides a straightforward and accessible understanding of the interpreted depositional environments. This comprises a suite of codes organised from a large to a small(er) scale using the formula: ‘1.2’. The first uppercase abbreviation code (1) defines the environmental belt and the energy level (i.e. hydrodynamism) from the continental to the deep offshore realm. Hydrodynamism abbreviations are typically appropriate for inner/proximal settings where a wide range of energy levels may occur.The second lowercase abbreviation code (2) corresponds to qualifiers that are used to highlight subtle variations in environmental conditions favouring the development of specific faunal assemblages (e.g. Lithocodium/Bacinella or rudists) or sedimentological features (e.g. clay content, lamination). These qualifiers allow a direct link to reservoir quality variations at the stage of sedimentological coding. Where specific geobodies can be interpreted within an environmental belt (e.g. an oolitic shoal in a dominantly high-energy inner/proximal setting) a code referring to the geobody can be added as a suffix in uppercase. The hierarchical organisation of this scheme is proven to be of great value for reservoir quality analysis. This is because it allows a simple and direct visualisation of the gross environmental settings on a carbonate platform, alongside its hydrodynamism (i.e. high-energy oolitic grainstones vs low-energy argillaceous-rich mudstones). Furthermore, the qualifiers capturing argillaceous content, allochem composition and/or depositional features are extremely effective to record reservoir quality heterogeneity and enhance sweet-spot prediction.
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