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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Biodiesel production from algae"
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Jian, Hou, Yang Jing i Zhang Peidong. "Life Cycle Analysis on Fossil Energy Ratio of Algal Biodiesel: Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency and Oil Extraction Technology". Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/920968.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely used to analyze various pathways of biofuel preparation from “cradle to grave.” Effects of nitrogen supply for algae cultivation and technology of algal oil extraction on life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel are assessed in this study. Life cycle fossil energy ratio ofChlorella vulgarisbased biodiesel is improved by growing algae under nitrogen-limited conditions, while the life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel production fromPhaeodactylum tricornutumgrown with nitrogen deprivation decreases. Compared to extraction of oil from dried algae, extraction of lipid from wet algae with subcritical cosolvents achieves a 43.83% improvement in fossil energy ratio of algal biodiesel when oilcake drying is not considered. The outcome for sensitivity analysis indicates that the algal oil conversion rate and energy content of algae are found to have the greatest effects on the LCA results of algal biodiesel production, followed by utilization ratio of algal residue, energy demand for algae drying, capacity of water mixing, and productivity of algae.
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Bošnjaković, Mladen, i Nazaruddin Sinaga. "The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel". Applied Sciences 10, nr 22 (18.11.2020): 8181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228181.
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We have had high expectations for using algae biodiesel for many years, but the quantities of biodiesel currently produced from algae are tiny compared to the quantities of conventional diesel oil. Furthermore, no comprehensive analysis of the impact of all factors on the market production of algal biodiesel has been made so far. This paper aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with algal biodiesel, to evaluate its production prospects for the biofuels market. The results of the analysis show that it is possible to increase the efficiency of algae biomass production further. However, because the production of this biodiesel is an energy-intensive process, the price of biodiesel is high. Opportunities for more economical production of algal biodiesel are seen in integration with other processes, such as wastewater treatment, but this does not ensure large-scale production. The impact of state policies and laws is significant in the future of algal biodiesel production. With increasingly stringent environmental requirements, electric cars are a significant threat to biodiesel production. By considering all the influencing factors, it is not expected that algal biodiesel will gain an essential place in the fuel market.
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Shalaby, Emad A., Abd El-Moneim M. R. Afify i Sanaa M. M. Shanab. "Enhancement of biodiesel production from different species of algae". Grasas y Aceites 61, nr 4 (25.06.2010): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.021610.
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Vijayaraghavan, Krishnan, i K. Hemanathan. "Biodiesel Production from Freshwater Algae". Energy & Fuels 23, nr 11 (19.11.2009): 5448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9006033.
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Sudip Shah i Prakash Lokesh. "Evaluation of biodiesel production from microalgae collected from fresh water habitat". International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS) 4, nr 3 (30.09.2015): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59415/ijfas.v4i3.79.
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Background: Algae are the fastest growing in the world. About 50% of their weight is oil. This lipid can be used to makebiodiesel for cars, trucks and airplanes. Algae will someday be competitive as a source of biofuel. Continuous use of petroleumsourced fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and the contribution of these fuels to theaccumulation of carbondioxide. Methodology: In this study, we tried to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of algal oil. Anaturally occurring algal sample was collected from Kommaghatta lake, Bangalore. Algae were identified as Spirogyra sps. Oilwas extracted from the dried algal samples using chloroform: methanol as a solvent system. Fatty acid analysis was done in IndianInstitute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. Physico-chemical properties of algal oil such as density, lipid content, pH wereestimated. Results: Gas chromatographic analysis revealed higher percentage of methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate.The physico-chemical properties of algal oil meet the properties of the standard fuel. Conclusion: It is concluded that the algal oilcan be used as a potential biofuel.
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Mahfouz, Abdullah Bin, Abulhassan Ali, Mark Crocker, Anas Ahmed, Rizwan Nasir i Pau Loke Show. "Neural-Network-Inspired Correlation (N2IC) Model for Estimating Biodiesel Conversion in Algal Biodiesel Units". Fermentation 9, nr 1 (6.01.2023): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010047.
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Algal biodiesel is of growing interest in reducing carbon emissions to the atmosphere. The production of biodiesel is affected by many process parameters. Although many research works have been conducted, the influence of each parameter on biodiesel production is not well understood when considering a complete system. Therefore, the experimental data from literature sources related to types of algae, methanol-to-algal-oil ratio, temperature, and time on the biodiesel production rate were reviewed and introduced into a neural-network-inspired correlation (N2IC) model to study the rate of transesterification. The developed N2IC model optimized for biodiesel production is based on the studied variables, specifically reaction time, temperature, methanol-to-algal-oil ratio, and type of algae. It was found from ANN analysis that the reaction time is the most significant parameter with 87% importance, followed by temperature (85%), alcohol-to-oil-molar ratio (75%), and type of algae (62%). Using error analysis, the results from the proposed N2IC model show excellent agreement with the experimentally obtained values with an overall 5% error. The results show that the N2IC model can be utilized effectively to solve the problem of industrial biodiesel production when various operating data are readily available.
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Reis, Marcello, Maria Elisa Marciano Martinez i Alexandre Guimarães Vasconcellos. "PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ALGAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION". Journal of Mechatronics Engineering 4, nr 2 (21.09.2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21439/jme.v4i2.97.
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This article aims to carry out an initial patent mapping of algal biodiesel. The production of algal biodiesel is one of the forms of third generation biodiesel; it is an environmentally friendly alternative energy whose main advantage is that it does not compete with food, as the algal biodiesel is produced from synthesized lipids by algae in growth using sunlight. The methodology used was the patent mapping by activity having as search criteria: the Espacenet database (“worldwide”); and, the keyword: biodiesel and algae and algal biodiesel. It was observed that about 80% of the family of patent documents referring to this technology were applied between 2007 and 2016 and that these documents were published mainly in China (34% of patent documents), followed by the United States (25% of patent documents) and thirdly, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WO), that is, the PCT's international patent application, which indicates an interest in protection in several countries (15% of patent documents). Concluding that China and the United States are the countries that invest the most in the development and protection of technologies related to the production of algal biodiesel, however, the interest in protection goes beyond these countries, since the interest in alternative energies is worldwide.
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Demirbaş, A. "Production of Biodiesel from Algae Oils". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 31, nr 2 (2.12.2008): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030701521775.
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Silva, Cory, Eiman Soliman, Greg Cameron, Leonard A. Fabiano, Warren D. Seider, Eric H. Dunlop i A. Kimi Coaldrake. "Commercial-Scale Biodiesel Production from Algae". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, nr 13 (24.12.2013): 5311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie403273b.
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Bharadwaj, Niranjan Dev, Govind Vajpayee, Rajesh Jain i Arvind Kumar Sharma. "Production of Biodiesel (Biofuel) from Algae". International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 39, nr 3 (25.09.2016): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v39p221.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Biodiesel production from algae"
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Godfrey, Valerie. "Production of Biodiesel from Oleaginous Organisms Using Underutilized Wastewaters". DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1337.
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Driven by the rising costs, decreasing convenience, and increased demand of fossil fuels, the need for alternative, sustainable energy sources has caused a spark in interest in biomass-based fuels. Oleaginous organisms such as yeast, algae, and bacteria have been considered as microscopic biofactories for oils that can be converted into biodiesel. The process of growing such organisms using current technology requires an alarming amount of freshwater, which is another resource of growing concern. The research detailed within explains how several sources of underutilized wastewater can serve as growth medium in the biodiesel production process. Using only nitrogen and in one case phosphorus as external supplements, algae were shown to grow on produced water from oil and gas industry waste, local municipal wastewater, environmental brackish water from the Great Salt Lake, and wastewater from the potato processing industry. In each case, growth and biodiesel production in wastewaters was as good as or better than laboratory media. The bacterial organism Rhodococcus opacus PD630 and the yeast organism Cryptococcus curvatus were also used to grow on the dairy manufacturing wastewater whey permeate, a large source of underutilized fixed carbon, with successful lipid production. C. curvatus was also used to successfully grow and form large amounts of biodiesel from ice cream factory wastewater and from wheat straw hydrolysate. In each case, the need for freshwater and outside nutrients was nearly entirely replaced, with the exception of some nitrogen supplementation, with a wastewater nutrient source, thus adding to the sustainability of biomass-based fuels.
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Jarméus, Christoffer. "Emergy analysis of biodiesel and biogas production from Baltic Sea macro algae". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122627.
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The aim of this study was to compare the production of biodiesel or biogas from macro algae harvested from the Baltic Sea from an energy perspective. The macro algae were considered to be harvested from an area along the southern coast of Sweden, between Malmö and Simrishamn. The gathering of algae is an attempt to reduce the current eutrophication in the Baltic Sea by removing nutrients that the algae have assimilated. The algae also contain some amounts of heavy metals, so the amounts of heavy metals in the marine environment are also reduced. The evaluation included all processes from harvesting of the algae, transport of the algae to the processing plants, processing of the algae to biodiesel or biogas. An evaluation of the algae residues from the processes can be used as fertilizer in agriculture was also conducted. The inputs of materials and energy into the systems were calculated from values found in literature and estimated from similar studies. The evaluation method used was an emergy analysis where all the energy and material inflows into the processes were converted to solar emergy joules so the inflows can be compared on a common basis. The energy and material inflows into the system, including the harvesting, the transport and the biodiesel or biogas production processes, were converted with the use of transformities, which describes the amount of solar emergy joules per joule of energy, gram of material or cost in euro. The transformities for biodiesel and biogas were calculated and compared to give an indication of which product that is most efficient to produce. The processes were also evaluated using emergy indices, such as environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy yield ratio (EYR), emergy sustainability index (ESI), emergy investment ratio (EIR) and percent renewability in the systems. The results of the study show that biogas has the lower transformity of the two, which means that the biogas production have utilized less solar emergy joules to produce 1 joule of energy than the biodiesel production. The total amount of solar emergy joules used per year for the biodiesel and biogas systems were calculated to 2.18·1019 seJ/year for biodiesel and 2.75·1019 seJ/year for biogas. The transformities calculated for biodiesel and biogas were 5.04·105 seJ/J and 9.12·104 seJ/J, respectively. The emergy indices, however, showed support for the biodiesel process by indicating lower environmental impacts, a higher economic competitiveness and a higher percent renewability.Målet med studien var att utvärdera och jämföra processerna att tillverka biodiesel och biogas från alger skördade i Östersjön. Mängden av alger som kan skördas varje år har uppskattats till ungefär 215 000 ton våt vikt, på en yta mellan Malmö och Simrishamn längs med Sveriges sydkust. Algerna kan skördas mellan april och september. Insamlingen av alger har syftet att reducera den rådande övergödningen i Östersjön genom att ta upp näringsämnen som algerna har tillgodogjort sig. Algerna innehåller även tungmetaller som, när algerna samlas in, kan omhändertas och därmed minska mängderna tungmetaller i Östersjön. Utvärderingen inkluderade skörd av alger, transport av alger till biodiesel eller biogas anläggningen, tillverkning av biodiesel eller biogas och en utvärdering av algresterna efter processerna. Mängderna av energi och material som processerna konsumerar beräknades från litteraturvärden och uppskattades från liknande studier. Den utvärderingsmetod som användes var emergianalys, där all energi och material som har använts i systemen konverterades till ”solemergijoule” så att de kunde utvärderas utifrån en gemensam grund. De energier och material som används vid skörd och transport av alger och produktion av biodiesel eller biogas konverterades med hjälp av omräkningsfaktorer (Eng: ”transformities”) som beskriver förbrukningen av solemergijoule per energi i joule, material i gram eller kostnader i euro. De beräknade omräkningsfaktorerna/transformities för biodiesel och biogas användes i sin tur för att utvärdera vilken av processerna som kan anses mest effektiv. Utöver omräkningsfaktorerna/transformities användes även emergiindex som indikerar processernas påverkan på miljön, emergiutbyte, hållbarhet, ekonomisk konkurrenskraft och procent användning av förnyelsebara material- och energikällor. Resultatet av studien visade att biogas har en lägre omräkningsfaktor/transformity än biodiesel, vilket innebär att det har använts mindre solemergijoule för att tillverka 1 joule energi från biogas än för 1 joule biodiesel. Mängden solemergijoule som förbrukats per år uppskattades till 2.18·1019 seJ/år för biodiesel och 2.75·1019 seJ/år för biogas. Omräkningsfaktorerna/transformities beräknades för biodiesel och biogas till 5.04·105 seJ/J respektive 9.12·104 seJ/J. Emergiindex gynnade biodieselprocessen, då den visades ha en lägre påverkan på miljön, högre ekonomisk konkurrenskraft och en högre procentuell användning av förnyelsebara källor till material och energi som använts i processen.
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Sathish, Ashik. "Biodiesel Production from Mixed Culture Algae Via a Wet Lipid Extraction Procedure". DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1372.
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With world crude oil reserves decreasing and energy prices continually increasing, interest in developing renewable alternatives to petroleum-based liquid fuels has increased. An alternative that has received consideration is the growth and harvest of microalgae for the production of biodiesel via extraction of the microalgal oil or lipids. However, costs related to the growth, harvesting and dewatering, and processing of algal biomass have limited commercial scale production of algal biodiesel. Coupling wastewater remediation to microalgal growth can lower costs associated with large scale growth of microalgae. Microalgae are capable of assimilating inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater into the biomass. By harvesting the microalgal biomass these nutrients can be removed, thus remediating the wastewater. Standard methods of oil extraction require drying the harvested biomass, adding significant energetic cost to processing the algal biomass. Extracting algal lipids from wet microalgal biomass using traditional methods leads to drastic reductions in extraction efficiency, driving up processing costs. A wet lipid extraction procedure was developed that was capable of extracting 79% of the transesterifiable lipids from wet algal biomass (16% solids) without the use of organic solvents while using relatively mild conditions (90 °C and ambient pressures). Ultimately 77% of the extracted lipids were collected for biodiesel production. Furthermore, the procedure was capable of precipitating chlorophyll, allowing for the collection of algal lipids independently of chlorophyll. The capability of this procedure to extract lipids from wet algal biomass, to reduce chlorophyll contamination of the algal oil, and to generate feedstock material for the production of additional bio-products provides the basis for reducing scale-up costs associated with the production of algal biofuels and bioproducts.
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Monari, Chiara. "Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from micro-algae: a case study in Denmark". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6106/.
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Le sperimentazioni riguardanti la produzione di biodiesel da alghe sono state condotte solo in laboratorio o in impianti pilota e il processo produttivo non è ancora stato sviluppato su scala industriale.
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di valutare la potenziale sostenibilità ambientale ed energetica della produzione industriale di biodiesel da microalghe nella realtà danese ipotizzando la coltivazione in fotobioreattori. La tesi ha analizzato le diverse tecnologie attualmente in sperimentazione cercando di metterne in evidenza punti di forza e punti di debolezza. La metodologia applicata in questa tesi per valutare la sostenibilità ambientale ed energetica dei processi analizzati è LCA strumento che permette di effettuare la valutazione sull’intero ciclo di vita di un prodotto o di un processo. L’unità funzionale scelta è 1 MJ di biodiesel. I confini del sistema analizzato comprendono: coltivazione, raccolta, essicazione, estrazione dell’olio, transesterificazione, digestione anaerobica della biomassa residuale e uso del glicerolo ottenuto come sottoprodotto della transesterificazione. Diverse categorie d’impatto sono state analizzate. In questo caso studio, sono stati ipotizzati 24 diversi scenari differenziati in base alle modalità di coltivazione, di raccolta della biomassa, di estrazione dell’olio algale.
1. la produzione di biodiesel da microalghe coltivate in fotobioreattori non appare ancora conveniente né dal punto di vista energetico né da quello ambientale.
2. l’uso di CO2 di scarto e di acque reflue per la coltivazione, fra l’altro non ancora tecnicamente realizzabili, migliorerebbero le prestazioni energetiche ed ambientali del biodiesel da microalghe
3. la valorizzazione di prodotti secondari svolge un ruolo importante nel processo e nel suo sviluppo su larga scala
Si conclude ricordando che il progetto di tesi è stato svolto in collaborazione con la Danish Technical University of Denmark (DTU) svolgendo presso tale università un periodo di tirocinio per tesi di sei mesi
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Liu, Zhouyang. "Nitrogen Removal and Lipid Production from Secondary Wastewater Using Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1329935203.
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Osundeko, Olumayowa. "Sustainable production of biofuel from microalgae grown in wastewater". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sustainable-production-of-biofuel-from-microalgae-grown-in-wastewater(e23b193b-3552-476d-be66-dbf69878dd47).html.
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Algae have been the centre of recent research as a sustainable feedstock for fuel because of their higher oil yield in comparison to other plant sources. However, algae biofuel still performs poorly from an economic and environmental perspective due to the high reliance on freshwater and nutrients for cultivation, among other challenges. The use of wastewater has been suggested as a sustainable way of overcoming these challenges because wastewater can provide a source of water and nutrients for the algae. Moreover, the ability of the algae to remove contaminants from wastewater also enhances the total economic output from the cultivation. However, the success of this strategy still depends greatly on efficient strain selection, cultivation and harvesting. Therefore, this PhD thesis has focussed on strain isolation, characterisation, optimisation and cultivation in open pond systems. Five algae strains were isolated from wastewater treatment tanks at a municipal water treatment plant in North West England. The isolated strains were morphologically and genetically characterised as green single-celled microalgae: Chlamydomonas debaryana, Hindakia tetrachotoma, Chlorella luteoviridis, Parachlorella hussii and Desmodesmus subspicatus. An initial screening of these strains concluded that C. luteoviridis and P. hussii were outstanding in all comparisons and better than some of the strains previously reported in the literature. Further tests carried out to elucidate the underlying tolerance mechanisms possessed by these strains were based on stress tolerance and acclimation hypotheses. In the following experiments, C. luteoviridis and P. hussii were found to have higher anti-oxidant enzyme activity that helps in scavenging reactive oxygen species produced as a result of exposure to wastewater. This result provides a new argument for screening microalgae strains for wastewater cultivation on the basis of anti-oxidant activity. In addition, the two strains could grow heterotrophically and are better adapted to nutrient deficiency stress than the other three isolates. In order to understand the role of microalgae acclimation in wastewater cultivation, strains identical or equivalent to the wastewater treatment tank isolates were obtained from an algae culture collection. These strains had not been previously exposed to wastewater secondary effluent. The initial growth of these strains in wastewater secondary effluent was very poor. However, after two months of acclimation to increasing concentrations of secondary wastewater effluent, it was observed that growth, biomass and lipid productivities of most of the strains were significantly improved, although still not as high as the indigenous strains. Therefore, it was concluded that continuous acclimation is an additional factor to the successful growth of algae in wastewater. Furthermore, addition of 25% activated sludge centrate liquor to the secondary effluent was found to increase algal growth and biomass productivity significantly. Futher tests to examine the continous cultivation of C. luteoviridis and P. hussii in wastewater showed that a biomas productivity of 1.78 and 1.83 g L-1 d-1 can be achieved on a continual basis. Finally, the capability of C. luteoviridis and P. hussii for full seasonal cultivation in a 150 L open pond in a temperate climate was studied, using the optimised secondary wastewater +25% liquor medium. Each strain was capable of growth all year including in autumn and winter but with strongest growth, productivity and remediation characteristics in the summer and spring. They could maintain monoculture growth with no significant contamination or culture crash, demonstrating the robustness of these strains for wastewater cultivation in a northern European climate.
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Brink, Jacobus Petrus. "The cultivation and harvesting of micro-algal biomass from the Hartbeespoort Dam for the production of biodiesel / Jacobus Petrus Brink". Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6278.
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Renewable energy sources such as biomass are becoming more and more important as alternative to fossil fuels. One of the most exciting new sources of biomass is microalgae. The Hartbeespoort Dam, located 37 km west of South Africa’s capital Pretoria, has one of the dense populations of microalgae in the world, and is one of the largest reservoirs of micro-algal biomass in South Africa. The dam has great potential for micro-algal biomass production and beneficiation due to its high nutrient loading, stable climatic conditions, size and close proximity to major urban and industrial centres.
There are five major steps in the production of biodiesel from micro-algal biomass-derived oil: the first two steps involve the cultivation and harvesting of micro-algal biomass; which is followed by the extraction of oils from the micro-algal biomass; then the conversion of these oils via the chemical reaction transesterification into biodiesel; and the last step is the separation and purification of the produced biodiesel. The first two steps are the most inefficient and costly steps in the whole biomass-to-liquids (BTL) value chain. Cultivation costs may contribute between 20–40% of the total cost of micro-algal BTL production (Comprehensive Oilgae Report, 2010), while harvesting costs may contribute between 20–30% of the total cost of BTL production (Verma et al., 2010). Any process that could optimize these two steps would bring a biomass-to-liquids process closer to successful commercialization.
The aim of this work was to study the cultivation and harvesting of micro-algal biomass from the Hartbeespoort Dam for the production of biodiesel. In order to do this a literature study was done and screening experiments were performed to determine the technical and economical feasibility of cultivation and harvesting methods in the context of a new integrated biomass-to-liquids biodiesel process, whose feasibility was also studied. The literature study revealed that the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is the dominant micro-organism species in the Hartbeespoort Dam. The study also revealed factors that promote the growth of this species for possible incorporation into existing and new cultivation methods. These factors include stable climatic conditions, with high water temperatures around 25oC for optimal Microcystis growth; high nutrient loadings, with high phosphorus (e.g. PO43-) and nitrogen concentrations (e.g. NO3-); stagnant hydrodynamic conditions, with low wind velocities and enclosed bays, which promote the proliferation of Microcystis populations; and substrates like sediment, rocks and debris which provide safe protective environments for Microcystis inoculums.
The seven screening studies consisted of three cultivation experiments, three harvesting experiments and one experiment to determine the combustion properties of micro-algal biomass. The three cultivation experiments were conducted in three consecutively scaled-up laboratory systems, which consisted of one, five and 135-litre bioreactors. The highest productivity achieved was over a period of six weeks in the 5-litre Erlenmeyer bioreactors with 0.0862 g/L/d at an average bioreactor day-time temperature of 26.0oC and an aeration rate of 1.5 L/min. The three cultivation experiments revealed that closed-cultivation systems would not be feasible as the highest biomass concentrations achieved under laboratory conditions were too low. Open-cultivation systems are only feasible if the infrastructure already exists, like in the case of the Hartbeespoort Dam. It is recommended that designers of new micro-algal BTL biodiesel processes first try to capitalize on existing cultivation infrastructure, like dams, by connecting their processes to them. This will reduce the capital and operating costs of a BTL process significantly.
Three harvesting experiments studied the technical feasibility and determined design parameters for three promising, unconventional harvesting methods. The first experiment studied the separation of Hartbeespoort Dam micro-algal biomass from its aqueous phase, due to its natural buoyancy. Results obtained suggest that an optimum residence time of 3.5 hours in separation vessels would be sufficient to concentrate micro-algal biomass from 1.5 to 3% TSS. The second experiment studied the aerial harvesting yield of drying micro-algal biomass (3% TSS) on a patch of building sand in the sun for 24 hours. An average aerial harvesting yield of 157.6 g/m2/d of dry weight micro-algal biomass from the Hartbeespoort Dam was achieved. The third experiment studied the gravity settling harvesting yield of cultivated Hartbeespoort Dam-sourced microalgae as it settles to the bottom of the bioreactor after air agitation is suspended. Over 90% of the micro-algal biomass settled to the bottom quarter of the bioreactor after one day. Cultivated micro-algal biomass sourced from the Hartbeespoort Dam, can easily be harvested by allowing it to settle with gravity when aeration is stopped. Results showed that gravity settling equipment, with residence times of 24 hours, should be sufficient to accumulate over 90% of cultivated micro-algal biomass in the bottom quarter of a separation vessel. Using this method for primary separation could reduce the total cost of harvesting equipment dramatically, with minimal energy input.
All three harvesting methods, which utilize the natural buoyancy of Hartbeespoort Dam microalgae, gravity settling, and a combination of sand filtration and solar drying, to concentrate, dewater and dry the micro-algal biomass, were found to be feasible and were incorporated into new integrated BTL biodiesel process. The harvesting processes were incorporated and designed to deliver the most micro-algal biomass feedstock, with the least amount of equipment and energy use.
All the available renewable power sources from the Hartbeespoort Dam system, which included wind, hydro, solar and biomass power, were utilized and optimized to deliver minimum power loss, and increase power output. Wind power is utilized indirectly, as prevailing south-easterly winds concentrate micro-algal biomass feedstock against the dam wall of the Hartbeespoort Dam. The hydraulic head of 583 kPa of the 59.4 meter high dam wall is utilized to filter and transport biomass to the new integrated BTL facility, which is located down-stream of the dam. Solar power is used to dry the microalgae, which in turn is combusted in a furnace to release its 18,715 kW of biochemical power, which is used for heating in the power-intensive extraction unit of the processing facility. Most of the processes in literature that cover the production of biodiesel from micro-algal biomass are not thermodynamically viable, because they consume more power than what they produce. The new process sets a benchmark for other related ones with regards to its net power efficiency. The new process is thermodynamically efficient, exporting 20 times more power than it imports, with a net power output of 5,483 kilowatts.
The design of a new integrated BTL process consisted of screening the most suitable methods for harvesting micro-algal biomass from the Hartbeespoort Dam and combining the obtained design parameters from these harvesting experiments with current knowledge on extraction of oils from microalgae and production of biodiesel from these oils into an overall conceptual process. Three promising, unconventional harvesting methods from Brink and Marx (2011), a micro-algal oil extraction process from Barnard (2009), and a process from Miao and Wu (2005) to produce biodiesel through the acid-catalyzed transesterification of micro-algal oil, were combined into an integrated BTL process. The new integrated biomass-to-liquids (BTL) process was developed to produce 2.6 million litres of biodiesel per year from harvested micro-algal biomass from the Hartbeespoort Dam. This is enough to supply 51,817 medium-sized automobiles per year or 142 automobiles per day of environmentally friendly fuel.
The new BTL facility consists of three sections: a cultivation section where microalgae grow in the 20 km2 Hartbeespoort Dam to a concentration of 160 g/m2 during the six warmest months of the year; a harvesting section where excess water is removed from the micro-algal biomass; a reaction section where fatty acid oils are extracted from the microalgae and converted to biodiesel, and dry biomass rests are combusted to supply heat for the extraction and biodiesel units of the reaction section. The cultivation section consist of the existing Hartbeespoort Dam, which make up the cultivation unit; the harvesting section is divided into a collection unit (dam wall part of the Hartbeespoort Dam), a concentration unit, a filtration unit, and a drying unit; the reaction section consists of an oil extraction unit, a combustion unit, and a biodiesel unit.
At a capital cost of R71.62 million (R1.11/L) (±30%), the new proposed BTL facility will turn 933,525 tons of raw biomass (1.5% TSS) into 2,590,856 litres of high quality biodiesel per year, at an annual operating cost of R11.09 million (R4.28/L at 0% producer inflation), to generate R25.91 million (R10.00/L) per year of revenue. At the current diesel price of R10.00/L, the new integrated BTL process is economically feasible with net present values (NPV) of R368 million (R5.68/L) and R29.30 million (R0.45/L) at discount rates of 0% and 10%, respectively. The break-even biodiesel prices are R5.34/L and R7.92/L, for a zero NPV at 0% and 10% discount rates, respectively.
The cultivation of micro-algal biomass from the Hartbeespoort Dam is only economical if the growth is allowed to occur naturally in the dam without any additional cultivation equipment. The cultivation of micro-algal biomass in either an open or a closed-cultivation system will not be feasible as the high cost of cultivation will negate the value of biodiesel derived from the cultivated biomass. The utilization of the three promising harvesting methods described in this work is one of the main drivers for making this process economically feasible. At a capital cost of R13.49 million (R37.77/ton of dry weight micro-algal biomass) and a operating cost of R2.00 million per year (R210.63/ton of dry weight micro-algal biomass) for harvesting micro-algal biomass from the Hartbeespoort Dam, harvesting costs account for only 19% and 18% of the overall capital and operating costs of the new process, respectively. This is less than harvesting costs for other comparative processes world-wide, which contribute between 20 and 30% of the overall cost of biomass-to-liquids production.
At current fuel prices, the cultivation of micro-algal biomass from and next to the Hartbeespoort Dam is not economical, but the unconventional harvesting methods presented in this thesis are feasible, if incorporated into the new integrated biomass-to-liquids biodiesel process set out in this work.Thesis (Ph.D. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Overbeck, Tom J. "Strategies for Increased Lactic Acid Production from Algal Cake Fermentations at Low pH by Lactobacillus casei". DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6481.
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We explored using de-oiled algal biomass (algal cake) as a low-value substrate for production of lactic acid in fermentations with Lactobacillus casei, and strategies for increasing lactic acid production at low pH. L. casei 12A algal cake (AC) fermentations showed carbohydrate and amino acid availability limit growth and lactic acid production. These nutritional requirements were effectively addressed with enzymatic hydrolysis of the AC using α-amylase, cellulase, and pepsin. Producing 0.075 g lactic acid per g AC from AC digested with all three enzymes. We explored heterologous expression of the cellulase gene (celE) from Clostridium thermocellum and the α-amylase gene (amyA) from Streptococcus bovis in L. casei 12A. Functional activity of CelE was not detected, but low-level activity of AmyA was achieved, and increased > 1.5-fold using a previously designed synthetic promoter. Nonetheless, the improvement was insufficient to significantly increase lactic acid production. Thus, substantial optimization of amyA and celE expression in L. casei 12A would be needed to achieve activities needed to increase lactic acid production from AC.
We explored transient inactivation of MutS as a method for inducing hypermutability and increasing adaptability of L. casei 12A and ATCC 334 to lactic acid at low pH. The wild type cells and their ΔmutS derivatives were subject to a 100-day adaptive evolution experiment, followed by repair of the ΔmutS lesion in representative isolates. Growth studies at pH 4.0 revealed that all four adapted strains grew more rapidly, to higher cell densities, and produced significantly more lactic acid than untreated wild-type cells. The greatest increases were observed from the adapted ΔmutS derivatives. Further examination of the 12A adapted ΔmutS derivative identified morphological changes, and increased survival at pH 2.5. Genome sequence analysis confirmed transient MutS inactivation decreased DNA replication fidelity, and identified potential genotypic changes in 12A that might contribute to increased acid lactic acid resistance. Targeted inactivation of three genes identified in the adapted 12A ΔmutS derivative revealed that a NADH dehydrogenase (ndh), phosphate transport ATP-binding protein PstB (pstB), and two-component signal transduction system (TCS) quorum-sensing histidine kinase (hpk) contribute to increased acid resistance in 12A.
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GUETTI, DUILIO. "Biodiesel production from microalgae". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242930.
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Le microalghe rappresentano una risorsa naturale per la produzione di biocombustibili i quali si rendono oggigiorno necessari per garantire sostenibilità energetica al pianeta dato il diminuire delle risorse fossili. Tuttavia il costo alla pompa di 1 litro di “algaediesel” oggi sarebbe di oltre 2,5$. Pertanto la diminuzione del suo costo è primario per poter affermare una delle tecnologie rinnovabili più promettenti del secolo attuale: di fatti le microalghe sintetizzano CO2 tramite fotosintesi ed hanno tassi di crescita spaventosamente veloci se confrontati con le tradizionali colture terrestri.
Lo sforzo scientifico è quello di poter intervenire efficientemente in tutte le fasi coinvolte nel processo: dalla selezione di nuovi ed interessanti ceppi microalgali fino alla ottimizzazione del profilo lipidico ottenibile con la loro crescita. In questo lavoro si è cercato di evidenziare questi aspetti cruciali quali l’importanza della produttività lipidica, la sua stabilità e la possibilità di integrazione tecnologica tramite l’uso di un mezzo di crescita costituito da un refluo zootecnico proprio perché il mezzo di crescita è una delle voci di costo più elevate. Gli esperimenti hanno mostrato che: nuovi ceppi oleaginosi di microalghe con %lipidi per DW (>20%) possono ancora essere scoperti ed ottimizzati nella crescita; che un processo di produzione di biodiesel non può prescindere da biomassa con produttività e profilo lipidico stabile durante la fase di raccolta e che un refluo zootecnico, può essere un ottimo substrato di crescita per un ceppo “dominante” di microalghe soprattutto se vengono aggiustate le sue condizioni di crescita. Infine si è proposto un metodo per efficiente l’attuale processo industriale di biodiesel tramite con un approccio multiobiettivo, il quale ha permesso un risparmio termico del 13%.Microalgae represent a natural resource to produce third generation biodiesel which is going to be necessary due to the shortening of the fossil resources. However, the actual cost of one litre of "algaediesel" would be higher than 2.5$. Therefore, the reduction of the costs connected with its production is primary to be make feasible one of the most promising renewable technologies of the century. Microalgae synthesize CO2 through photosynthesis growing much faster than traditional crop. The research is nowadays focused on efficiently improve of all the steps involved in the process: from the selection of new and interesting algal strains to the optimization of lipid profile obtainable from their cultivation. In this work, we tried to highlight and analyse important threads such as lipid productivity, lipids stability and productivity during continuous culture and the opportunity of integrate the wastewater treatment with the needing of lower the price of the growing substrate. The experiments show that new oleaginous strains with % of lipids in DW higher than 20% are easily discoverable and they will need a complete investigation on the optimization of the growth. They also show that the biodiesel production process cannot be separated from biomass productivity and lipid profile stability during the harvest of the biomass. Moreover, we show how a wastewater can be an excellent growth substrate "dominant" microalgae strain which can grow with good performances in a waste lowering the money necessary for the cultivation. Finally, we proposed a method for efficiently optimize the thermal needing of a real biodiesel plant by a multi-objective approach which allow saving of 13% of the thermal requirement.
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Smith-Baedorf, Holly D. "Microalgae for the biochemical conversion of CO2 and production of biodiesel". Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.564010.
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As the global population rises to an estimated 9.4bn by 2050, the pressure for food, fuel and freshwater will continue to increase. Current renewable energy technologies are not widely applicable to the transport sector, which requires energy dense liquid fuels that drop into our existing infrastructure. Algal biofuels promise significantly higher yields than plants, without the displacement of valuable agricultural resources and have the potential to meet the global demand for transport fuel. Fossil fuel energy is largely ‘a legacy of algal photosynthesis’, with algae accounting for ~50% of global CO2 fixation today. In addition, these curious organisms show remarkable diversity in form, behaviour and composition. Recently there has been a global resurgence of interest in microalgae as a resource of biomass and novel products. With the present level of technology, knowledge and experience in commercial scale aquaculture, the capital cost and energy investment for algal biomass production is high. Culturing, harvesting and disrupting microalgal cells account for the largest energy inputs with more positive energy balances requiring low energy designs for culture, dewatering and extraction, efficient water and nutrient recycling with minimal waste. Little is known about the variable cell wall of microalgae, which presents a formidable barrier to the extraction of microalgal products. Staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and enzymatic digestion were all utilised in an attempt to visualise, digest and characterise the cell wall of stock strains of Chlorella spp. and Pseudochoricystis ellipsoidea. The presence of algaenan, a highly resistant biopolymer, rendered staining and enzymatic digestion techniques ineffective. TEM revealed that algaenan is present in the outer walls of microalgae in a variety of conformations which appeared to impart strength to cells. A preliminary investigation utilising Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis as a novel source of enzymes for the digestion of algaenan has also been described. Methods were developed for the mutagenesis of Chlorella emersonii and P. ellipsoidea using EMS and UV with the intent of generating cell-wall mutants. Although no viable cell wall mutants were produced, a viable pale mutant of C. emersonii was recovered 5 from UV mutagenesis. Growth rates of the pale mutant were significantly slower than the wild type, yet FAME profile was largely unaffected. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was also investigated as a means for the rapid screening of mutagenized cells for cell wall mutants. In an attempt to reduce cooling costs of closed-culture systems, temperature tolerant species of microalgae were sought by bioprospecting the thermal waters of the Roman Baths. Numerous methods for isolation and purification of microalgae from the Baths were employed, ultimately yielding seven diverse isolates including cyanobacterial, eukaryotic, filamentous and single celled species. Despite some species possessing an increased tolerance to higher temperatures, none showed marked temperature tolerance coupled with high productivity. Further improvements to the culture conditions may have improved the productivity at higher temperatures. All seven isolates were deposited to the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP). A variety of extraction methods including soxhlet, beadbeating, sonication and microwaving was investigated for efficacy of extracting fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from C. emersonii. Beadbeating proved most effective in the extraction of FAMEs from C. emersonii. Microwaving showed potential as a rapid method of extraction yet was coupled with degradation of FAMEs, requiring further method development to resolve this issue. Method development has been a significant component of the work described in this thesis.
Książki na temat "Biodiesel production from algae"
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J, McHugh Dennis, red. Production and utilization of products from commercial seaweeds. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987.
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Coppen, J. J. W. Agar and alginate production from seaweed in India. Madras: Bay of Bengal Programme, 1991.
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1959-, Dalai Ajay Kumar, Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund i University of Saskatchewan, red. Production of diesel fuel lubricity additives from various vegetable oils. [Regina]: Agriculture Development Fund, 2001.
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Babcock, Bruce A. An exploration of certain aspects of CARB's approach to modeling indirect land use from expanded biodiesel production. Ames, Iowa: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, 2010.
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Babcock, Bruce A. An exploration of certain aspects of CARB's approach to modeling indirect land use from expanded biodiesel production. Ames, Iowa: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, 2010.
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Baig, Aijaz. Optimization of a two-step process for the production of ASTM-standard biodiesel from refurbished oils and fats. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.
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National Workshop on Institutional, Environmental, Economical, Technological, and Legal Issues Related to Production Possibilities of Bio-Diesel from Jatropha curcas (Ratanjot) & Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) (2006 Amity Jaipur Campus). National Workshop on Institutional, Environmental, Economical, Technological, and Legal Issues Related to Production Possibilities of Bio-Diesel from Jatropha curcas (Ratanjot) & Pongamia pinnata (Karanja), on 2nd-4th May, 2006 at Amity Jaipur Campus, Rajasthan: Proceedings. Noida: Amity School of Natural Resources & Sustainable Development, 2006.
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Alstyne, Kathryn Lyn Van. Differences in herbivore preferences, phlorotannin production, and nutritional quality between juvenile and adult tissues from marine brown algae. [Berlin ; New York]: Springer-Verlag, 2001.
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Karaca, Hüseyin, i Cemil Koyunoğlu, red. Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150510011220601.
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Intensive use of fossil-based energy sources causes significant environmental problems on a global scale. Researchers have been working for several decades to find alternative energy solutions to fossil fuels. Algae are a renewable energy source, with high potential for increasing scarce resources and reducing environmental problems caused by fossil fuel use. Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications gives the reader a comprehensive picture of the industrial use of algae for generating power. This book informs readers about the existence of alternative species to the currently used algae species for biofuel production, while also explaining the methods and current concepts in sustainable biofuel production. Key Features - Fifteen chapters covering topics on commercial algae species and algal biofuel production. - Covers anaerobic biotechnology and basic biofuel production from thermal liquefaction - Covers biodiesel production and algal biofuel characterization - Introduces the reader to applied microbial fuel cell technology and algae cultivation methods - Provides concepts about ecological engineering - Covers microalgae culture and biofuel production techniques - Explains the importance of catalysts - Explains the economic evaluation of algae fuel production technology This reference is essential reading for students and academics involved in environmental science, biotechnology, chemical engineering and sustainability education programs. It also serves as a reference for general readers who want to understand the ins and outs of algal biofuel technology.
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Suganya, Tamilarasan, i Sahadevan Renganthan. Biodiesel Production Using Algal Technology. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2020.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Biodiesel production from algae"
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Ali, Athar, Abdul Qadir, Mohammed Kuddus, Parul Saxena i Malik Zainul Abdin. "Production of Biodiesel from Algae: An Update". W Handbook of Ecomaterials, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_7-1.
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Ali, Athar, Abdul Qadir, Mohammed Kuddus, Parul Saxena i Malik Zainul Abdin. "Production of Biodiesel from Algae: An Update". W Handbook of Ecomaterials, 1953–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_7.
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Saxena, Abhishek, i Archana Tiwari. "Biodiesel Production and Advancement from Diatom Algae". W Bioenergy Research, 261–77. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119772125.ch12.
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Knothe, Gerhard. "Production and Properties of Biodiesel from Algal Oils". W Algae for Biofuels and Energy, 207–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5479-9_12.
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Karmakar, R., A. Rajor i K. Kundu. "Biodiesel Production from Unused Mixed Culture of Algae". W Waste Valorisation and Recycling, 273–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2784-1_26.
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Jana, Somen, i Ravikant R. Gupta. "Biodiesel Production from Algal Biomass". W Clean Energy Production Technologies, 171–95. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3784-2_9.
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Dhanya, M. S. "Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oilseeds". W Algal Biofuel, 149–81. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003363231-8.
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Sen, Ramkrishna, i Shantonu Roy. "Algal Cultivation and Biodiesel Production from Its Biomass". W Biofuel Production, 97–114. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003224587-6.
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Bhunia, Puspendu, Rojan P. John, S. Yan, R. D. Tyagi i R. Y. Surampalli. "Algal Biodiesel Production: Challenges and Opportunities". W Bioenergy and Biofuel from Biowastes and Biomass, 313–45. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784410899.ch14.
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Bakhtawar, Javaria, Muhammad Irfan, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir, Muhammad Khan, Shaukat Ali, Shagufta Saeed, Tahir Mehmood i Marcelo Franco. "Trends in Biodiesel Production from Algae and Animal Fat Wastes: Challenges and Prospects". W Clean Energy Production Technologies, 255–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0813-2_10.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Biodiesel production from algae"
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Beal, Colin M., Colin H. Smith, Michael E. Webber i Rodney S. Ruoff. "A Framework to Report the Production of Biodiesel From Algae". W ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90075.
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Recently, algae have received a significant amount of attention as a potential feedstock for alternative fuels. Although multiple fuels have been proposed that would use algae as a feedstock, the most commonly explored algae-based alternative fuel is biodiesel. There are several coarse estimates that quantify the potential of algae as a feedstock for biodiesel. Some of these analyses have not incorporated specific values of algal lipid content and did not include processing inefficiencies. For example, in some analyses, specificity to the algal species and growth conditions is not provided, thereby introducing the opportunity for error. In addition, all necessary processing steps required for biodiesel production and their associated energy, materials, and costs might not be included. The accuracy associated with these estimates can be improved by using data that are more specific, including all relevant information for biodiesel production, and by presenting information with more relevant metrics. In order to determine whether algae are a viable source for biodiesel, two questions must be answered: 1) how much biodiesel can be produced from algae, and 2) what is the cost of production? To accurately answer these questions, we propose a framework for characterizing biodiesel production from algae. The framework focuses on three main principles. The first principle is the need for results to be presented in strong metrics. The strength of a metric is dependent upon the amount of information that it represents. The second principle in the proposed framework is that we suggest that researchers leave unknown information in symbolic form in order to present results in strong metrics. Presenting results in this manner ensures that results are not taken out of context; enables primary research results to be incorporated in systems-level analyses; and specifically identifies the areas where additional research is needed. The third principle is that results should be specific (to algal species, growth conditions, and product composition) and include as much information relevant to the entire biodiesel production pathway as possible, particularly including information for the energy, materials, and cost balances. To illustrate the application of the proposed framework, several examples of strong reporting metrics are presented. In addition, the presentation of unknowns in symbolic notation, and the associated benefit, is demonstrated. Finally, the limitations of several non-specific and non-inclusive reporting metrics are presented to highlight the necessity for consistent results regarding the potential for algae as a biodiesel feedstock.
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Ajilo, V. I., i O. A. Falode. "Design of a Microreactor for Biodiesel Production From Algae". W SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/167544-ms.
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Harb, Elias, i Adel Mourtada. "Biodiesel production from freshwater algae in Qaraoun Lake in Lebanon". W 2014 International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/redec.2014.7038545.
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Yadav, Mahesh S., i Pradeep T. Kale. "Production technique of biodiesel from algae plants to control the energy crisis". W 9TH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING [RDME 2021]. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080249.
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Sharma, Rohan, Scott Shirley, Tahir Farrukh, Mohammadhassan Kavosi i Myeongsub Kim. "Microalgae Harvesting in a Microfluidic Centrifugal Separator for Enhanced Biofuel Production". W ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2020-1078.
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Abstract Biofuel is one of the renewable energy resources alternatives to fossil fuels [1]. Among various sources for biofuels, microalgae provide at least three-orders-of-magnitude higher production rate of biodiesel at a given land area than conventional crop-based methods. However, microalgal biodiesel still suffers from significantly lower harvesting performance, making such a fuel less competitive. To increase the separation performance of microalgae from cultivation solution, we used a spiral microchannel that enables the isolation of biofuel-algae particles from water and contaminants contained in the culturing solution. Our preliminary data show that separation performance in the microfluidic centrifugal separator is as high as 88% within a quick separation time of 30 seconds. To optimize separation performance, multiple parameters of algae behaviors and separation techniques were studied and were manipulated to achieve better performance. We found that changing these factors altered the separation performance by increasing or decreasing flocculation, or “clumping” of the microalgae within the microchannels. The important characteristics of the separator geometry, fluid properties, and environmental conditions on algae separation was found and will be further studied in the forthcoming tests. This introductory study reveals that there is an opportunity to improve the currently low performance of algae separation in centrifugal systems using much smaller designs in size, ensuring a much more efficient algae harvesting.
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Curtiss, Peter S., i Jan F. Kreider. "Algaculture as a Feedstock Source for Biodiesel Fuel: A Life Cycle Analysis". W ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90324.
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This research investigates algae as a feedstock for producing liquid fuels for the light vehicle sector. It is in the interest of national economic security to investigate alternative sources of transportation energy before the extraction of existing supplies becomes prohibitively expensive. Biofuels are one such alternative liquid fuel supply. The research used the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) approach for evaluating the production of biodiesel fuel from algae as a feedstock, including processes for growing algae in conventional and accelerated processes in bioreactors. An energy return on investment and comparison with conventional fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel) on an LCA basis and on a resource consumption basis (e.g., land, water, feedstock) is also presented. The results are reported for required land use, water use, input-to-output energy ratio, and carbon emissions for algacultural biodiesel fuel. From the present study it appears that algae-derived biodiesel fuel requires significantly less land, water and energy than do all other biodiesel fuels. It would appear prudent for the US to vigorously pursue this option since a significant fraction of US light vehicle fuel needs can be addressed.
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Datta, Ambarish, i Bijan Kumar Mandal. "Production, Performance and Emissions of Biodiesel as Compression Ignition Engine Fuel". W ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62748.
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The enhanced use of diesel fuel and the strict emission norms for the protection of environment have necessitated finding sustainable alternative and relatively green fuels for compression ignition engines. This paper presents a brief review on the current status of biodiesel production and its performance and emission characteristics as compression ignition engine fuel. This study is based on the reports on biodiesel fuels published in the current literature by different researchers. Biodiesel can be produced from crude vegetable oil, non-edible oil, waste frying oil, animal tallow and also from algae by a chemical process called transesterification. Biodiesel is also called methyl or ethyl ester of the corresponding feed stocks from which it has been produced. Biodiesel is completely miscible with diesel oil, thus allowing the use of blends of mineral diesel and biodiesel in any percentage. Presently, biodiesel is blended with mineral diesel and used commercially as fuel in many countries. Biodiesel fueled CI engines perform more or less in the same way as that fueled with the mineral diesel. Exhaust emissions are significantly improved due the use of biodiesel or blends of biodiesel and mineral diesel. The oxides of nitrogen are found to be greater in exhaust in case of biodiesel compared to mineral diesel. But the higher viscosity of biodiesel also enhances the lubricating property. Biodiesel being an oxygenated fuel improves combustion.
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Jabbar, Nabil Abdel, Ahmad Aidan, Heba Razouk, Nasser Chihadih, Shabnam Faraghat i Youssef El-Tal. "Biodiesel production from algal oil — A simulation study". W 2014 5th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2014.6827022.
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Habib, Salman, Ariful Haque i Jubeyer Rahman. "Production of MHD power from municipal waste & algal biodiesel". W 2012 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciev.2012.6317342.
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Habib, S., A. Haque i J. Rahman. "Production of MHD power from municipal waste & Algal biodiesel". W 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6343960.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Biodiesel production from algae"
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Schoenung, Susan, i Rebecca Ann Efroymson. Algae Production from Wastewater Resources: An Engineering and Cost Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1435264.
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Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. Benemann i P. Roessler. Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae; Close-Out Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15003040.
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Kalu, E. Eric, i Ken Shuang Chen. Final report on LDRD project : biodiesel production from vegetable oils using slit-channel reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/928823.
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Hussain, Nazim, Ghazala Yasmeen Butt i Hassan Younas. Sustainable Production of Highquality Biodiesel Using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technique from a Novel Unicellular Freshwater Microalga: Euglena gracilis. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.12.08.
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Kinast, J. A. Production of Biodiesels from Multiple Feedstocks and Properties of Biodiesels and Biodiesel/Diesel Blends: Final Report; Report 1 in a Series of 6. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15003582.
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Birur, Dileep, Thomas Hertel i Wally Tyner. Impact of Biofuel Production on World Agricultural Markets: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. GTAP Working Paper, kwiecień 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp53.
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This paper introduces biofuels sectors as energy inputs into the GTAP data base and to the production and consumption structures of the GTAP-Energy model developed by Burniaux and Truong (2002), and further modified by McDougall and Golub (2008). We also incorporate Agro-ecological Zones (AEZs) for each of the land using sectors in line with Lee et al. (2005). The GTAP-E model with biofuels and AEZs offers a useful framework for analyzing the growing importance of biofuels for global changes in crop production, utilization, commodity prices, factor use, trade, land use change etc. We begin by validating the model over the 2001-2006 period. We focus on six main drivers of the biofuel boom: the hike in crude oil prices, replacement of MTBE by ethanol as a gasoline additive in the US, and subsidies for ethanol and biodiesel in the US and EU. Using this historical simulation, we calibrate the key elasticities of energy substitution between biofuels and petroleum products in each region. With these parameter settings in place, the model does a reasonably good job of predicting the share of feedstock in biofuels and related sectors in accordance with the historical evidence between 2001 and 2006 in the three major biofuel producing regions: US, EU, and Brazil. The results from the historical simulation reveal an increased production of feedstock with the replacement of acreage under other agricultural crops. As expected, the trade balance in oil sector improves for all the oil exporting regions, but it deteriorates at the aggregate for the agricultural sectors.
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Taheripour, Farzad, Luis Pena-Levano i Wally Tyner. Introducing first and second generation biofuels into GTAP 9 Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, styczeń 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm29.
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The standard GTAP data bases do not explicitly represent production, consumption, and trade of biofuels. In response to the growing demand for biofuels research, biofuels (including ethanol produced from grains, ethanol produced from sugarcane, and biodiesel produced from vegetable oils) were introduced in to the GTAP data base version 6 which represents the global economy in 2001 [1]. In 2001 the global production of biofuels (including ethanol and biodiesel) was about 5 billion gallons. Then the first and second generation of biofuels were introduced into the GTAP data base version 7 for 2004 [2]. In 2004 the global production of all types of first generation of biofuels was about 7.8 billion gallons. In 2004, there was no commercial production of second generation of biofuels (biofuels produced from cellulosic materials). However, several second generation biofuel technologies were introduced into this data base. Several studies have used the first and second versions of the GTAP-BIO data bases to project the economic and land use impacts of biofuel production and policy at the global scale
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Sukenik, Assaf, Paul Roessler i John Ohlrogge. Biochemical and Physiological Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Unicellular Algae with Special Emphasis on W-3 Very Long Chain Lipids. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604932.bard.
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Various unicellular algae produce omega-3 (w3) very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), which are rarely found in higher plants. In this research and other studies from our laboratories, it has been demonstrated that the marine unicellular alga Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) can be used as a reliable and high quality source for the w3 VLC-PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This alga is widely used in mariculture systems as the primary component of the artificial food chain in fish larvae production, mainly due to its high EPA content. Furthermore, w3 fatty acids are essential for humans as dietary supplements and may have therapeutic benefits. The goal of this research proposal was to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms which regulate the synthesis and accumulation of glycerolipids enriched with w3 VLC-PUFA in Nannochloropsis. The results of our studies demonstrate various aspects of lipid synthesis and its regulation in the alga: 1. Variations in lipid class composition imposed by various environmental conditions were determined with special emphasis on the relative abundance of the molecular species of triacylglycerol (TAG) and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG). 2. The relationships between the cellular content of major glycerolipids (TAG and MGDG) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis were studied. The results suggested the importance of UDP-galactose diacylglycerol galactosyl (UDGT) in regulation of the cellular level of MGDG. In a current effort we have purified UDGT several hundredfold from Nannochloropsis. It is our aim to purify this enzyme to near homogeneity and to produce antibodies against this enzyme in order to provide the tools for elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate this enzyme and carbon allocation into galactolipids. 3. Our in vitro and in vivo labeling studies indicated the possibility that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are associated with desaturation of the structural lipids, whereas shorter chain saturated fatty acids are more likely to be incorporated into TAG. 4. Isolation of several putative mutants of Nannochloropsis which appear to have different lipid and fatty acid compositions than the wild type; a mutant of a special importance that is devoid of EPA was fully characterized. In addition, we could demonstrate the feasibility of Nannochloropsis biomass production for aquaculture and human health: 1) We demonstrated in semi-industrial scale the feasibility of mass production of Nannochloropsis biomass in collaboration with the algae plant NBT in Eilat; 2) Nutritional studies verified the importance algal w3 fatty acids for the development of rats and demonstrated that Nannochloropsis biomass fed to pregnant and lactating rats can benefit their offspring.
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Taheripour, Farzad, i Wally Tyner. Introducing First and Second Generation Biofuels into GTAP Data Base version 7*. GTAP Research Memoranda, luty 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm21.
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The first version of GTAP-BIO Data Base was built based on the GTAP standard data base version 6 which represents the world economy in 2001 (Taheripour et al., 2007). That data base covers global production, consumption, and trade of the first generation of biofuels including ethanol from grains (eth1), ethanol from sugarcane (eth2), and biodiesel (biod) from oilseeds in 2001. Version 7 of GTAP Data Base, which depicts the world economy in 2004, is now published (Narayanan, B.G. and T.L. Walmsley, 2008). However, this standard data base does not include biofuel industries explicitly. The first objective of this research memorandum is to introduce the first generation of biofuels into this new data base. To accomplish this task we will follow Taheripour et al. (2007). The rapid expansion of the first generation of biofuels in the past decades has raised important concerns related to food-fuel competition, land use change, and other economic and environmental issues. These issues have increased interest in the second generation of biofuels which can be produced from cellulosic materials such as dedicated crops, agricultural and forest residues, and waste materials. To examine the economic and environmental consequences of the second generation of biofuels, a CGE model is an appropriate and essential instrument. A data base which presents the first and second generation of biofuels will facilitate research in this field. Hence the second objective of this research memorandum is to expand the space of biofuel alternatives to the second generation. Given that advanced cellulosic biofuels are not yet commercially viable, we used the most up to date information in this area to define the production technologies for these industries.
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Hertel, Thomas, Wally Tyner i Dileep Birur. Biofuels for all? Understanding the Global Impacts of Multinational Mandates. GTAP Working Paper, kwiecień 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp51.
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The recent rise in world oil prices, coupled with heightened interest in the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions, has led to a sharp increase in domestic biofuels production around the world. Previous authors have devoted considerable attention to the impacts of these policies on a country-by-country basis. However, there are also strong interactions among these programs, as they compete in world markets for feedstocks and ultimately for a limited supply of global land. In this paper, we evaluate the interplay between two of the largest biofuels programs, namely the renewable fuel mandates in the US and the EU. We examine how the presence of each of these programs influences the other, and also how their combined impact influences global markets and land use around the world. We begin with an analysis of the origins of the recent bio-fuel boom, using the historical period from 2001-2006 for purposes of model validation. This was a period of rapidly rising oil prices, increased subsidies in the EU, and, in the US, there was a ban on the major competitor to ethanol for gasoline additives. Our analysis of this historical period permits us to evaluate the relative contribution of each of these factors to the global biofuel boom. We also use this historical simulation to establish a 2006 benchmark biofuel economy from which we conduct our analysis of future mandates. Our prospective analysis of the impacts of the biofuels boom on commodity markets focuses on the 2006-2015 time period, during which existing investments and new mandates in the US and EU are expected to substantially increase the share of agricultural products (e.g., corn in the US, oilseeds in the EU, and sugar in Brazil) utilized by the biofuels sector. In the US, this share could more than double from 2006 levels, while the share of oilseeds going to biodiesel in the EU could triple.