Artykuły w czasopismach: „Bio-oil energy”

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Chen, Lihao, i Kunio Yoshikawa. "Bio-oil upgrading by cracking in two-stage heated reactors". AIMS Energy 6, nr 1 (2018): 203–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2018.1.203.

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N. Tande, Lifita, i Valerie Dupont. "Autothermal reforming of palm empty fruit bunch bio-oil: thermodynamic modelling". AIMS Energy 4, nr 1 (2016): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2016.1.68.

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Amin, Rafiqi Rajauddin, Rimbi Rodiyana Sova, Dewinta Intan Laily i Dina Kartika Maharani. "STUDI POTENSI LIMBAH TEMBAKAU MENJADI BIO-OIL MENGGUNAKAN METODE FAST-PYROLYSIS SEBAGAI ENERGI TERBARUKAN". Jurnal Kimia Riset 5, nr 2 (7.12.2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v5i2.22513.

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The rapid development of industry causes the need for fuel and energy to increase, especially fossil fuels (petroleum). This has the effect of an energy crisis. Biomass is of particular concern as one of the renewable energy sources to address the current energy crisis. Biomass consists of hemiselulose, cellulose, and lignin that can be converted into liquids (bio-oils) of pyrolysis. One of the wastes that can be converted into bio-oil is tobacco waste. Tobacco waste is produced by more than 2 million tons eachs. The waste has the potential to be further processed into bio oil using fast pyrolysis method with efficient and quality bio-oil manufacturing measures. The bio-oil results from tobacco waste using the fast pyrolysis method have values of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other organic compounds and the H/C ratio is greater than the yield of tobacco waste bio-oil using the low pyrolysis method. Where the bio-oil of tobacco waste using the fast pyrolysis method has a high heating value equivalent to the distribution of hydrocarbons from biodiesel, which means it has the potential as an alternative energy to replace petroleum. The potential as a substitute fuel for petroleum must also be balanced with fast and efficient production, maximizing bio-oil production by selecting the reactor and the optimum temperature usedKeywords: Waste, Tobacco, Bio-Oil, Renewable Energy, Fast-pyrolisis

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Rahmatullah, Rizka Wulandari Putri i Enggal Nurisman. "Produksi bio-oil dari limbah kulit durian dengan proses pirolisis lambat". Jurnal Teknik Kimia 25, nr 2 (1.07.2019): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jtk.v25i2.425.

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Permintaan bahan bakar fosil semakin meningkat sementara pasokannya kian berkurang dari waktu ke waktu. Hal ini mendorong untuk mengembangkan sumber energy alternative seperti biomassa sebagai energy baru terbarukan. Biomassa dapat dikonversi menjadi energy alternative dalam bentuk bio-oil melalui proses pirolisis. Komposisi biomassa seperti lignoselulosa (lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa) didekomposisi dengan proses pirolisis menjadi komponen organic seperti fenol, alkohol, keton, aldehid dan ester. Bio-oil merupakan bahan bakar terbarukan dan lebih ramah lingkungan dari pada bahan bakar fosil (minyak bumi). Bio-oil dapat disebut sebagai "green energy" dalam banyak aplikasi untuk menggantikan minyak bumi dan juga dapat digunakan sebagai "green chemical". Dalam aplikasinya, bio-oil dapat digunakan sebagai energy ramah lingkungan karena memiliki emisi lebih rendah dari pada bahan bakar fosil. Senyawa fenolik memiliki komposisi paling dominan dalam bio-oil di mana fenol memiliki banyak kegunaan untuk resin, antiseptik, pengawet dan desinfektan. Produksi bio-oil dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan proses pirolisis lambat pada reactor dengan kisaran suhu 250-400oC selama 30 menit. Eksperimen ini dilakukan denganbahan baku kulit durian pada ukuran10 mesh dan 20 mesh. Analisia GC-MS digunakan untuk mengetahui komponen bio-oil. Produk bio-oil memiliki viskositas 1,189 cP, dan densitas 1,031 g/cm3 dan pH 6. Bio-oil mengandung beberapak omponen seperti senyawa fenolik (66,37%), metil ester (2,71%), siklridridana (3,66%), benzocycloheptariene (3,39), indole (5,19%), glisin (3,01%), pentadekana (4,07%), 5-tert-butylpyrogallol (3,07%), asam bromoacetic (3,40%) dan asamtetradecanoic (5,16%).

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Seo, Hyoung-Ju, Ha-na Kim i Eui-Chan Jeon. "Economic effects of the liquid biofuel industry in South Korea using input–output analysis". Energy & Environment 31, nr 3 (10.09.2019): 424–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19874317.

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Bio-energy is a research field that is of worldwide interest. South Korea, which imports all of its heavy fuel oil for consumption, passed a new law allowing bio-heavy oil made from animal fat, by-product of biodiesel processes, palm oil, and other leftover oil to be used to generate electricity in place of heavy fuel oil. As there is lack of policy research with respect to liquid biofuels, the purpose of this study is to define the bio-heavy oil industry in South Korea and to investigate the economic effects of bio-heavy oil. An input–output analysis model was used and demonstrated that the production-, value-added-, import-, and employment-induced effects of the bio-heavy oil industry were larger than those induced by the heavy fuel oil industry. As the import of fuel by the heavy fuel oil industry was greater than the bio-heavy oil industry, the import substitution effect of the bio-heavy oil industry was found to be greater. This resulted in a positive value for the net-induced effect of the bio-heavy oil industry. When considering the global concern with respect to the development and expansion of biofuel feedstock, this study shows the possibility of transforming heavy fuel oil plants distributed around the world into renewable energy sources.

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Feng, Ping, Jie Li, Jinyu Wang, Huan Wang i Zhiqiang Xu. "Effect of Bio-Oil Species on Rheological Behaviors and Gasification Characteristics of Coal Bio-Oil Slurry Fuels". Processes 8, nr 9 (26.08.2020): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091045.

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Bio-oil is a promising fuel as one of the main products from biomass fast pyrolysis for improving energy density and reducing transportation cost, but high acidity and low calorific value limit its direct application. It can be used to prepare coal bio-oil slurry as partial green fuels for potential feeds for synthesis gas production via gasification with the advantages over traditional coal-water slurries of calorific values and being additives-free. In the present work, three bio-oils were blended with lignite to prepare slurry fuels for the investigation of the effect of bio-oil species on rheological behaviors and gasification characteristics of coal bio-oil slurry fuels. Results show that slurry prepared with bio-oil from fruit tree pyrolysis is highly viscous and has higher activation energy in gasification. Slurries prepared with bio-oils from straw pyrolysis and pyroligneous acid from wood pyrolysis exhibited an acceptably lower viscosity, and the gasification temperatures were lower than for coal. The activation energy decreased by 15.98 KJ/mol and 2.77 KJ/mol, respectively, which indicates these bio-oils are more suitable with lignite for slurries preparation.

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Chen, Jie, Ye Xi Zhong i Cai Ying Ni. "Energy Supply by Energy Forest in Enköping Sweden". Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (październik 2011): 1354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1354.

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Green structure can not only be used for energy saving system, but also can be an energy production source called bio-energy, to support the use of renewable energy sources for generating electricity and heat. The district heating system in Enköping has connected all mayor buildings in the town and also most of the single-family houses. In 1994 a CHP plant was commissioned on bio-energy and in 1997 an oil-fired boiler was converted to wood powder. Since then all electricity and all heat produced are based on bio-energy.

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Abnisa, Faisal, Arash Arami-Niya, W. M. A. Wan Daud i J. N. Sahu. "Characterization of Bio-oil and Bio-char from Pyrolysis of Palm Oil Wastes". BioEnergy Research 6, nr 2 (19.02.2013): 830–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-013-9313-8.

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Yanti, Rina Novia. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Sumber Energi Terbarukan". Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 10, nr 1 (31.01.2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.10.1.p.7-11.

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Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producer with a land area of 14.3 million as of 2019. With this area, it will produce biomass in the form of replanted stems, midribs, empty palm oil bunches (TKKS), shells and fruit fibers. Biomass waste, including palm oil solid waste, has the potential to be used as raw material for renewable energy or bioenergy. This study aims to utilize palm oil plantation waste into bio oil and bio briquettes. The raw materials used in this study were empty oil palm fruit bunches (TKKS) and palm oil shell waste. Bio oil is made by the pyrolysis process. This research produces pyrolysis products, namely bio oil as a substitute for diesel fuel from EFB waste and from shells to produce bio briquettes. Found in pyrolysis products, namely bio-oil, aromatic compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds, acid compounds and hydrocarbon compounds. Hydrocarbon compounds are compounds that exist in fuel oil. In OPEFB bio oil, 19 types of hydrocarbon compounds were found. Meanwhile, bio briquettes from oil palm shells produce a calorific value of > 5000 which has met the Indonesian national standard (SNI) 01-6235 in 2000. Meanwhile, the water content value meets the Indonesian National Standard, which is a maximum of 15%.

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Hasanudin, Hasanudin, Wan Ryan Asri, Utari Permatahati, Widia Purwaningrum, Fitri Hadiah, Roni Maryana, Muhammad Al Muttaqii i Muhammad Hendri. "Conversion of crude palm oil to biofuels via catalytic hydrocracking over NiN-supported natural bentonite". AIMS Energy 11, nr 2 (2023): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2023011.

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<abstract> <p>Nickel nitride supported on natural bentonite was prepared and tested for hydrocracking Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The catalyst was prepared using the wet impregnation method and various nickel nitride loading. Subsequently, the nickel nitrate-bentonite was calcined and nitrided under H<sub>2</sub> steam. The surface acidity of as-synthesized NiN-bentonite was evaluated using the gravimetric pyridine gas. Meanwhile, the physiochemical features of the catalyst were assessed using XRD, FT-IR and SEM-EDX. The results showed that the NiN species was finely dispersed without affecting the bentonite's structure. Furthermore, the co-existence of Ni and N species on EDX analysis suggested the NiN was successfully supported onto the bentonite, while the surface acidity features of raw bentonite were increased to 1.713 mmol pyridine/g at 8 mEq/g of nickel nitride loading. The catalytic activity towards the CPO hydrocracking demonstrated that the surface acidity features affect the CPO conversion, with the highest conversion achieved (84.21%) using NiN-bentonite 8 mEq/g loading. At all nickel nitride loading, the NiN-bentonite could generate up to 81.98–83.47% of bio-kerosene fraction, followed by the bio-gasoline ranging from 13.12–13.9%, and fuel oil ranging from 2.89–4.57%.</p> </abstract>

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Kareem, Kashif, Maheen Rasheed, Aliha Liaquat, Abu Md Mehdi Hassan, Muhammad Imran Javed i Muhammad Asif. "Clean Energy Production from Jatropha Plant as Renewable Energy Source of Biodiesel". ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 2, nr 2 (19.08.2021): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v2i2.39163.

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Population of the world is increasing very rapidly, due to which energy demand is also is increasing unfortunately Pakistan has deficiency of petroleum of reservoir. Pakistan is producing about 64% of its primary energy from fossil fuel which has serious burden on its economy. At the same Pakistan has been blessed by bio-energy production from different types of biomass waste, jatropha is a wild plant which can at any type of land like in Thar, Thal, Cholistan, and other barren land zones. Sample of jatropha raw oil was collected from local market and it was converted into bio-diesel by transesterification process. Purified jatropha oil was used to produced bio-diesel by Transesterification method, Due to transesterification being reversible, excess alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium towards the product. This project can be started in bellow 10 million capital cost and operating cost is about 0.6 million per month. According to our calculation the bio-diesel production cost will be approximately less than Rs. 30 per liter. If the government and concern department focused on the production of jatropha plant and bio-diesel production by jatropha, it will great contribution in saving import expenditures.

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Hongcong, Liu. "Bio Diesel Oil of Mustard". International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/japuc.2013010105.

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This paper represents the mustard oil is a kind of renewable energy and alternative fuel of the future. In order to cope with the current situation of load shedding, and reduce dependence on imported fuels, the Bangladesh government to encourage the use of renewable energy. Because the diesel engine with multiple functions, including small pumping irrigation system and backup generators, diesel fuel is much higher than that of any other gasoline fuel. In Bangladesh, mustard oil used as edible oil has been all over the country. Mustard is a widely grown plants, more than demand in Bangladesh and the mustard seed is produced annually. Therefore, to use the remaining mustard oil diesel fuel as a substitute. Fuel properties determine the standard procedure in fuel testing laboratory. An experimental device, and then a small diesel engine made in a laboratory using different conversion from the properties of biodiesel blend of mustard oil. The study found, biodiesel diesel fuel has a slightly different than the property. Also observed, and bio diesel, engine is able to without difficulty, but deviates from its optimal performance. Biodiesel was different (B20, B30, B50) of the blends have been used in engine or a fuel supply system, in order to avoid the complex deformation. Finally, it has been carried out to compare the performance of different operating conditions with different blends of Biodiesel Engine, in order to determine the optimal blends.

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Ames, Robert M., Anthony Corridore i Paul W. MacAvoy. "NATIONAL DEFENSE, OIL IMPORTS, AND BIO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY". Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 16, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2004.tb00594.x.

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Sa'diyah, Khalimatus, Fatchur Rohman, Winda Harsanti, Ivan Nugraha i Nur Ahmad Febrianto. "Pyrolysis of Coconut Coir and Shell as Alternative Energy Source". Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 7, nr 2 (2.10.2018): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11393.

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Biomass waste can be used as raw material for bio-oil manufacture. One of the biomass is coconut coir and shell waste, commonly used as a substitute for firewood and handicraft materials. Therefore it takes effort to use coconut coir and shell to increase its economic value. One of the waste processing efforts is through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the heating process of a substance in the absence of oxygen and produces products of solids, liquids and gases. The product of pyrolysis liquid is called bio-oil which can be used as alternative energy source. In this study, coconut coir and shell was pyrolysed as bio-oil. It also studied pyrolysis operating temperature and the amount of yield of bio-oil produced. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor with a pressure of 1 atm and a varying operating temperature of 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 60 minutes. The reactor was equipped with a condenser as a cooling column. The mass of raw materials used was 500 grams with a size of 0.63 mm. The results of the research show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced. For coconut coir pyrolysis it was obtained the highest yield of 34.2%, with density of 1.001 g/ml and viscosity of 1.351 cSt. As for coconut shell pyrolysis it was obtained highest yield of 45,2% with density of 1,212 g/ml and viscosity of 1.457 cSt. From the result of analysis using FTIR, the functional group of bio-oil was the most compound of phenol and alkene.

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Zubenko, V. I., O. V. Epik, V. O. Antonenko i E. M. Oliynyk. "ENERGY AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF FAST ABLATIVE PYROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY WITH CONE SCREW REACTOR". Industrial Heat Engineering 40, nr 3 (7.09.2018): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.3.2018.10.

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The article contains the aggregated results of the development and optimization of laboratory installation for ablative fast pyrolysis performance with productivity 1-4 kg/hour on final products. The experimental data on the series of experiments (>60) with analysis of the influence of certain range of input parameters on the bio-oil yield and qualitative parameters of output products is presented. The optimization of installation regimes and input parameters for bio-oil yield maximization for different biomass types is performed. It was found that the ratio of three output products is not always optimal maximizing bio-oil yield with respect to energy yield in the products. The maximum achieved bio-oil yield is 51% by mass rated to the input products. It is revealed, that the essential parameters which influence on the final bio-oil yield are temperature in the reactor, time of biomass particles existence in the reactor, fraction of biomass particles. The mass distribution for pyrolysis by-products (pyrogas and biochar) is dependent on the initial moisture content of biomass and organization of condensation process of bio-oil. The energy balance of installation demonstrates the average efficiency of the pyrolysis process on the level of 65% (with maximum 98%) and could be increased to 75% average with simple reconstruction of installation. On the basis of obtained laboratory data the scaling of the installation was performed with development of commercial prototype with productivity of 50 kg/hour. On the basis of obtained technical data, the assessment of economic indicators of bio-oil and biochar production with large sized mobile installation has been performed demonstrating the good commercial feasibility of the installation performance.

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Xiao, Mei, Biao Liu, Hua Qiu i Chun Xiang Wang. "Overview about Bio-Energy and Food Security". Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (maj 2012): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.540.

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Abstract. Introducing the development background of bio-energy in our country,the present situation and trends of international bio-energy research,the bio-energy development path under the constraint of food security,telling the study meaning of bio-energy and food security problem,and doing some study and prospect on this issue to our country. Bio-energy is divided into three generations according to the extractive technology and the use of material.The first generation is based on the sugar and starch to produce alcohol or oil crops to produce bio-diesel.And it is also the bio-energy that has been realized industrialization development.The two generation is based on the cellulose or lignin to produce alcohol,but it is still on the way[1].The third generation start the study of diesel technology using the aquatic micro-algae organisms. At present the main form of the bio-energy is biogas,Boyden production,bio-diesel and fuel alcohol[2]. Because of the huge number of organisms on earth, according to biologists estimate, earth annual growth biological energy volume of about 1400 - 1800 tons ( dry weight ), ten times to the current world total energy consumption, so Bio-energy has wide use value and has great historical significance to take place exhaustible resources such as coal oil and so on.

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Jamilatun, Siti, Yeni Elisthatiana, Siti Nurhalizatul Aini, Ilham Mufandi i Arief Budiman. "Effect of Temperature on Yield Product and Characteristics of Bio-oil From Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue". Elkawnie 6, nr 1 (30.06.2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v6i1.6323.

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Abstract : Dependence on the use of fossil fuels in Indonesia is still quite high, especially crude oil; if no new energy reserves found, it will disrupt long-term energy availability. Biofuel is a renewable energy source derived from biomass, such as the type of microalgae spirulina platensis (SP). Solid residues from SP extraction still contained high levels of protein and carbohydrates. This solid residue can be processed by pyrolysis to produce bio-oil, water phase, charcoal, and gas. Bio-oil and gas products can use as fuel, charcoal can use for pharmaceutical needs, and the water phase as a chemical can use in food and health. The pyrolysis process carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with temperature ranging from 300-600°C. Heating was carried out by electricity through a nickel wire wrapped outside the reactor. Pyrolysis product in the form of gas condensed in the condenser, the condensate formed measured by weight. Char weight measured after the pyrolysis process completed. At the same time, non-condensable gas calculated by gravity from the initial weight difference of SPR minus liquid weight (bio-oil and water phase) and char. SPR samples were analyzed proximate and ultimate, while bio-oil products examined by the GC-MS method. The experimental results showed that the optimum pyrolysis temperature at 500ºC produced by 18.45% of bio-oil, 20% of the water phase, 32.02 of charcoal, and 29.54% of gas by weight. GC-MS results from bio-oil consisted of ketones, aliphatics, nitrogen, alcohol, acids, while PAHs, phenols, and aromatics not found.Abstrak : Ketergantungan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi terutama minyak mentah, jika tidak ditemukan cadangan energi baru maka akan mengganggu ketersediaan energi jangka panjang. Biofuel adalah salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang berasal dari biomassa seperti jenis mikroalga spirulina platensis (SP). Residu padat dari ekstraksi SP masih mengandung protein dan karbohidrat yang cukup tinggi. Residu padat ini dapat diproses dengan pirolisis untuk menghasilkan bio-minyak, fase air, arang, dan gas. Produk bio-minyak dan gas dapat digunakan untuk bahan bakar, arang dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan farmasi, dan fase air sebagai bahan kimia dapat digunakan di bidang makanan dan kesehatan. Proses pirolisis dilakukan dalam reaktor fixed-bed dengan suhu 300-600°C. Pemanasan dilakukan dengan listrik melalui kawat nikel yang dibungkus di luar reaktor. Produk pirolisis berupa gas dikondensasi dalam kondensor, kondensat yang terbentuk diukur beratnya. Berat char diukur setelah proses pirolisis selesai, sementara gas yang tidak dapat dikondensasi dihitung beratnya dari perbedaan bobot awal SPR dikurangi bobot cair (bio-oil dan fase air) dan char. Sampel SPR dianalisis proksimat dan ultimat, sedangkan produk bio-minyak dianalisis dengan metode GC-MS. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa suhu optimum pirolisis adalah 500ºC yang menghasilkan bio-oil, water phase, arang, dan gas berturut-turut adalah 18,45; 20; 32,02 dan 29,54 % berat. Hasil GC-MS dari bio-oil terdiri dari keton, alifatik, nitrogen, alkohol dan asam, sedangkan PAH, fenol dan tidak ditemukan.

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Hasanuzzaman, Md, Md Farhad Hossain i N. A. Rahim. "Palm Oil EFB: Green Energy Source in Malaysia". Applied Mechanics and Materials 619 (sierpień 2014): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.619.376.

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Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is a good lingo-cellulosic biomass to produce bio-ethanol, to generate electricity by using chemical or thermo-chemical conversion processes respectively. It is one of the potential renewable energy sources to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and environment pollution. It is found that about 6% of diesel fuel can be saved by using palm oil EFB based converted bio-ethanol. By using thermo-chemical conversion of palm oil EFB, about 5% electrical energy demands can be fulfilled.

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Chukwuneke, Jeremiah Lekwuwa, Jude Ebieladoh Sinebe, Henry Oghenero Orugba i Chinagorom Ajike. "Process Optimization for Enhancing Yield and Quality of Bio-Oil from the Pyrolysis of Cow Hooves". International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, nr 3 (30.06.2022): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170317.

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To reduce the environmental footprints of fossil fuels, there is a need to source more biomasses to increase the renewable energy supply. However, a critical study of the energy-conversion process of biomass must be carried out to make the process economical. In this research, the optimization of the bio-oil production from the thermal conversion of novel biomass- cow hoof was carried out. Three independent variables- temperature of pyrolysis, heating rate and CaO catalyst mass were studied at 3 levels based on the rotatable central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) to ascertain their influence on two responses- bio-oil yield and its HHV. The quadratic model was more suitable to fit the experimental data. At optimum values of the process variables, bio-oil yield of 50.64% and HHV of 23.86 MJ/kg were obtained. From the analysis of variance carried out, the model R2 values were 0.9949 and 0.9802 respectively for the bio-oil yield and HHV models which showed the models’ ability to predict the bio-oil yield and its HHV in the pyrolysis process is high. The characterization of the bio-oil revealed it has better fuel properties compared with most bio-oils from some biomasses hence it is a viable renewable energy source.

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Urooj, Shabana, Athar Hussain i Narayani Srivastava. "Biodiesel Production from Algal Blooms". International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, nr 3 (lipiec 2012): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012070106.

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Usage of Bio-energy is becoming more and more prominent due to the peak oil crisis. Bio-energy is the energy which can be synthesized using methods and raw material which are available in nature and are derived from the biological sources. They are referred as bio-mass energy, bio-diesel, and bio-power. In this paper the study has been carried out on bio-energy generation in form of bio-diesel and the bio-diesel is produced in the laboratory conditions by using base catalyzed trans-esterification process. The nomenclature bio-diesel is given to the oil which can be generated by using the raw materials which are renewable and are waste materials. It doesn’t contain any percentage of petroleum products in it. It is called bio-diesel because it can be further used to run the diesel engine. In this paper biodiesel is generated using local pond algae by the process of base catalyzed trans-esterification.

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Vlaskin, M. S., A. V. Grigorenko, N. I. Chernova, S. V. Kiseleva i V. Kumar. "BIO-OIL PRODUCTION BY HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF MICROALGAE BIOMASS". Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), nr 22-24 (5.11.2018): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.22-24.068-079.

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This article presents a new energy efficient installation created for the process of hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with heat recovery. The studying results of the microalgae biomass (Arthrospira platensis) hydrothermal liquefaction at a temperature of 280 °C (holding time is 1 h) are shown. By hydrothermal liquefaction, bio-oil was obtained with much higher content of carbon and lower content of oxygen and nitrogen than the original biomass. Bio-oil was obtained without the use of organic solvents. The output of bio-oil is 29.5%, the heat of combustion is 34.2 MJ / kg. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to evaluate the fractional composition of bio-oil. The fraction of bio-oil with evaporation temperature up to 400 °C is about 80 %. The output of the petrol fraction of bio-oil is 26%. The study first held the comparative thermodynamic estimates of energy consumption during hydrothermal liquefaction and drying microalgae biomass, as well as the contribution of thermal energy recovery to increasing the efficiency of hydro-thermal liquefaction. The article presents the results of calculations showing that due to heat recovery, hydrothermal liquefaction has high thermodynamic efficiency and is therefore a very promising way of processing the microalgae biomass for obtaining biofuel. According to the estimates, recuperation can save up to 35% of the thermal energy spent on hydrothermal liquefaction.

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Pandey, Daya Shankar, Giannis Katsaros, Christian Lindfors, James J. Leahy i Savvas A. Tassou. "Fast Pyrolysis of Poultry Litter in a Bubbling Fluidised Bed Reactor: Energy and Nutrient Recovery". Sustainability 11, nr 9 (1.05.2019): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092533.

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Livestock production is among the most rapidly growing sectors of the agricultural economy driven primarily by growing demand for animal protein, but also posing significant waste disposal issues and environmental impacts. Moreover, opportunities exist for utilising animal waste at the farm level for heat and power generation (thermal conversion) which can contribute to economic sustainability and also provide a bio-fertiliser for soil amendment. The present study is focused on energy and nutrient recovery from poultry litter using a thermochemical conversion technology (fast pyrolysis). The formation of products (gases, biochar and bio-oil) during the fast pyrolysis of poultry litter was experimentally investigated in a laboratory-scale bubbling fluidised bed reactor. Pyrolytic gases accounted for 15–22 wt.% of the product. The carbon content in biochar increased from 47 to 48.5 wt.% with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. Phosphorous and potassium recovery in the biochar were over 75%, suggesting that it could be used as an organic soil amendment. The high ash content in poultry litter (14.3 wt.%) resulted in low bio-oil and high biochar yield. The bio-oil yield was over 27 wt.% with a higher heating value of 32.17 MJ/kg (dry basis). The total acid number of the bio-oil decreased from 46.30 to 38.50 with an increase in temperature. The nitrogen content in the bio-oil produced from the poultry litter (>7 wt.%) was significantly higher compared to bio-oil produced from the wood (0.1 wt.%).

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Baloyi, H., i S. Marx. "Preparation of bio-oil from Scenedesmus acutus using thermochemical liquefaction in a 1 L reactor". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, nr 2 (13.05.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i2a8903.

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Biomass from microalgae is a potential feedstock for biofuels production. It poses no threat to food security as it does not compete with agricultural crops for arable land. Scenedesmus acutus was used as feedstock to produce bio-oil in a large liquefaction reactor. The influence of reaction temperature (280–360ºC), reaction atmosphere (N2 or CO2) and solvent on bio-oil yield, C-16 fatty acid yield and oil properties were investigated. Oils were characterised using gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultimate analysis. Higher bio-oil yields were obtained in a CO2 atmosphere (250 g.kg-1 dry microalgae) than in a N2 atmosphere (210 g.kg-1 dry microalgae) whilst higher C16 fatty acid concentrations (600 g.kg-1 bio-oil) were recorded in N2 atmosphere compared to oil prepared in a CO2 atmosphere (500 g.kg-1 bio-oil). The oil yield increased to a maximum at 320°C, after which there were no significant changes. Highest bio-oil yields (425 g.kg-1 dry microalgae) were obtained in ethanol as solvent. FTIR spectroscopy and ultimate analysis showed that proteins present in the feedstock were degraded by breakage of peptide linkages, and nitrogen present in the oils is peptide fragments from protein degradation. The carbon content of all produced oils was high, but the hydrogen content was low, leading to low hydrogen/carbon ratios. Energy consumption and energy efficiency calculations showed that liquefaction in both reaction atmospheres results in a net energy gain, and a CO2 atmosphere is best for high energy efficiency.

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Jacobson, Kathlene, Kalpana C. Maheria i Ajay Kumar Dalai. "Bio-oil valorization: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 23 (lipiec 2013): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.036.

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Yanti, Rina Novia, Ambar Tri Ratnaningsih i Hanifah Ikhsani. "Pembuatan bio-briket dari produk pirolisis biochar cangkang kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi alternatif". Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 19, nr 1 (31.03.2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jip.v19i1.7815.

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Fossil fuel sources are non-renewable energy sources and someday will experience scarcity due to the increasing population; it is necessary to look for alternative fuels. Several renewable energies that can replace fossil fuels are water, solar energy, wind, thermal energy, and biomass energy. One biomass energy from plantations is biomass from oil palm plantation waste. Riau Province is Indonesia's largest palm oil producer, with a total land area of 2.89 million until 2021. The results of harvesting coconuts will produce waste, i.e., oil palm shells. Oil palm shells can be treated with pyrolysis technology. In the pyrolysis process, three products are produced: liquid, solid (biochar), and oil products (bio-oil). In this study, the pyrolysis product of oil palm shell waste in the form of biochar was used as raw material to produce bio-briquettes. Producing bio-briquettes resulted from pulverized biochar pyrolysis, mixed with tapioca flour adhesive with a percentage of 4% and 8%. Then, the biochar mixture with adhesive was put in a mold and compressed. The results of the bio-briquettes were tested for water content, ash content, volatile matter content, and calorific value. The test results were compared with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8021 2014. The research results on bio briquettes from the pyrolysis of palm oil shell waste showed the best results at 4% reactant content with 4.45% water content, 5.1% ash content, volatile matter content 40.40%, and the calorific value was 5,999.93 cal/gram.

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Abnisa, Faisal, Arash Arami-Niya, W. M. A. Wan Daud, J. N. Sahu i I. M. Noor. "Utilization of oil palm tree residues to produce bio-oil and bio-char via pyrolysis". Energy Conversion and Management 76 (grudzień 2013): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.038.

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Fitriyah, Fitriyah, Syarif Hidayat, Muhammad S. Abu Bakar i Neeranuch Phusunti. "PYROLYSIS OF ALANG – ALANG (IMPERATA CILINDRICA) AS BIOENERGY SOURCE IN BANTEN PROVINCE INDONESIA". Jurnal Kebijakan Pembangunan Daerah 3, nr 1 (28.08.2019): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37950/jkpd.v3i1.62.

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Bahan bakar fosil sumber energi memiliki keterbatasan dan tidak terbarukan, penggunaan bahan bakar fosil secara terus menerus mengakibatkan krisis energy dan lingkungan. Rumput liar pada saat ini memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai generasi kedua biomasa. Hal ini memiliki keuntungan seperti tumbuh dengan cepat, mudah tumbuh, perawatan yang minimal, dapat tumbuh pada lahan kritis dan tersedia dalam jumlah yang banyak. Dalam upaya mengembangkan generasi kedua biomasa, penelitian ini secara sistematis memberikan perspektif ekologi dan teknologi proses dalam mengembangkan bioenergi dari alang – alang di Provinsi Banten. Pada penelitian ini karakterisasi alang – alang dilakukan untuk menentukan sifat – sifat dan potensi bioenergy. Sedangkan fixed bed pirolisis dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi potensi produksi bio-oil dari proses pirolisis. Sementara analisis karakterisasi bio-oil dilakukan untuk melihat potensi chemical building block sebagai sumber energi. Analisis sifat kimia dan fisika alang – alang dilakukan melalui thermogravimetric analysis, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, compositional analysis, calorific value. Sedangkan analisis potensi bio-oil di lakukan melalui Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Dari hasil karakterisasi mengindikasikan bahwa alang – alang memiliki nilai kalori 18,05 MJ/kg, dengan ash konten yang rendah, dan tinggi kandungan volatile. Analisis dengan GC/MS menunjukan komponen utama dalam bio-oil dikelompokan ke dalam furan, ketone, phenol dan anhydrosugar yang merupakan platform yang dapat dikonversi menjadi sumber energi. Fixed bed pyrolysis atau fixed bed pirolisis alang – alang menunjukan, bahwa yield bio-oil meningkat sebagaimana peningkatan temperatur dan puncaknya pada suhu 500 0C dengan persentase 37,91%. Kata Kunci: Alang - alang, Pirolisis, GC/MS, Thermogravimetric analysis, Bioenergi ABSTRACT Fossil fuel as a source of energy have limitation and are non-renewable. Continuous utilisation of fossil fuels as energy source can lead to energy crisis and environmental impact. Perennials grasses (alang – alang) are currently being developed as a suitable second-generation biofuel feedstock. It has advantages such as rapid growth rate, easy to grow, minimal maintenance and utilise marginal land without competing with food supply. Taking into account of the various challenges attributed to the transformation of second-generation biomass for energy production, this work systematically looks at the ecological perspective and the availability for bioenergy production from alang – alang in Banten Province. Biomass characterisation is carried out to determine the properties and bioenergy potential. Fixed bed pyrolysis study was conducted to predict the potential production of bio-oil from the pyrolysis process. GC/MS study is conducted to identify the potential building blocks of value-added chemicals from alang – alang. The physicochemical properties of feedstock was thoroughly evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, compositional analysis, calorific value. The analysis of the potential of bio-oil was carried out through GC / MS. Characterisation results indicate that alang - alang has a calorific value of 18.39 MJ/kg, with low ash content and high percentage of volatile matter. Analysis from Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that majority of the chemical groups in the bio-oil contained furan, ketone, phenol and anhydro-sugars. Phenolic and furanic were found as major compounds in bio oil. Phenolic, furanic, ketonic and anhydrosugars are promising renewable platform compounds derived from pyrolysis of alang – alang. The compounds can be further converted to chemicals or fuels. The fixed-bed pyrolysis of alang - alang showed that the yield of bio-oil increases as the temperature increases and peaks at 500°C with 38.79%. Keywords: Alang - alang, Pyrolysis, GC/MS, Thermogravimetric analysis, Bioenergy

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Rao, Yarrapragada K. S. S., C. Sowmya Dhanalakshmi, Dinesh Kumar Vairavel, Raviteja Surakasi, S. Kaliappan, Pravin P. Patil, S. Socrates i J. Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani. "Investigation on Forestry Wood Wastes: Pyrolysis and Thermal Characteristics of Ficus religiosa for Energy Recovery System". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (14.04.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3314606.

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Pyrolysis is the most important thermochemical process that can be used for the production of biofuel, from wood and wood-based lignocellulosic materials. In this study, bio-oil is produced from the bio-weed named Ficus religiosa by the thermal pyrolysis process by utilizing laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor. This study deals with the production of maximum bio-oil by optimizing process parameters such as process temperature, particle size, and sweep gas flow rate. Further different analytical techniques were used to describe the properties of bio-oil for different applications. Wood and wood barks of Ficus religiosa were chosen as the raw material due to their higher volatile content (72.4%). The maximum yield of 47.5 wt% bio-oil was collected at the optimized operating conditions of 450°C temperature, 1.0 mm particle size, and 2.0 m3/h sweep gas flow rate. Compared with other operating parameters, temperature is observed as the most significant one to determine the product yield. Through chromatographic analysis, it was identified that the bio-oil is found with the variety of chemical compounds including alcohols, alkenes, phenols, saturated fatty acids, and esters.

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Abdulkhani, Ali, Zahra Echresh Zadeh, Solomon Gajere Bawa, Fubao Sun, Meysam Madadi, Xueming Zhang i Basudeb Saha. "Comparative Production of Bio-Oil from In Situ Catalytic Upgrading of Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass". Energies 16, nr 6 (14.03.2023): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062715.

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Catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil from two different types of lignocellulosic biomass was conducted using an H-ZSM-5 catalyst at different temperatures. A fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor has been used to perform in situ catalytic pyrolysis experiments at temperatures of 673, 773, and 873 K, where the catalyst (H-ZSM-5) has been mixed with wood chips or lignin, and the pyrolysis and upgrading processes have been performed simultaneously. The fractionation method has been employed to determine the chemical composition of bio-oil samples after catalytic pyrolysis experiments by gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (GCMS). Other characterization techniques, e.g., water content, viscosity, elemental analysis, pH, and bomb calorimetry have been used, and the obtained results have been compared with the non-catalytic pyrolysis method. The highest bio-oil yield has been reported for bio-oil obtained from softwood at 873 K for both non-catalytic and catalytic bio-oil samples. The results indicate that the main effect of H-ZSM-5 has been observed on the amount of water and oxygen for all bio-oil samples at three different temperatures, where a significant reduction has been achieved compared to non-catalytic bio-oil samples. In addition, a significant viscosity reduction has been reported compared to non-catalytic bio-oil samples, and less viscous bio-oil samples have been produced by catalytic pyrolysis. Furthermore, the obtained results show that the heating values have been increased for upgraded bio-oil samples compared to non-catalytic bio-oil samples. The GCMS analysis of the catalytic bio-oil samples (H-ZSM-5) indicates that toluene and methanol have shown very similar behavior in extracting bio-oil samples in contrast to non-catalytic experiments. However, methanol performed better for extracting chemicals at a higher temperature.

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El Kourdy, Sara, Souad Aboudaoud, Souad Abderafi i Abdelkhalek Cheddadi. "Potential Assessment of Combustible Municipal Wastes in Morocco and their Ability to Produce Bio-Oil by Pyrolysis". Materials Science Forum 1073 (31.10.2022): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2gg5xu.

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Pyrolysis of combustible municipal solid waste (MSW) is an environmentally friendly waste to energy process that produces an ecological bio-oil with a high-energy value. However, the challenge is to obtain the desired products in considerable quantities, of good quality, and at low cost. The present work objective is to evaluate combustible MSW potential available in Morocco and their recovery in bio-oil produced by pyrolysis. An evaluation was conducted based on the MSW characterization for different Moroccan cities. It shows that Morocco has significant potential in good quality RDF, having a high calorific value and a low environmental impact. The yield of bio-oil that can be produced by pyrolysis of the dry part of municipal waste for different Moroccan cities was estimated using an appropriate model. The average total bio-oil yield estimated for each city is 45 wt%. Besides, the high calorific value fraction of bio-oil derived from Moroccan RDF will cover ~45% of the country's fuel-oil needs.

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Zhuang, Xiaozhuang, Ziyu Gan, Dengyu Chen, Kehui Cen, Yuping Ba i Dongxia Jia. "An approach for upgrading bio-oil by using heavy bio-oil co-pyrolyzed with bamboo leached with light bio-oil". Fuel 331 (styczeń 2023): 125931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125931.

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Fardhyanti, Dewi Selvia, Megawati, Cepi Kurniawan, Retno Ambarwati Sigit Lestari i Bayu Triwibowo. "Producing Bio-Oil from Coconut Shell by Fast Pyrolysis Processing". MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823702001.

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The utilization of biomass as a source of new and renewable energy is being carried out. One of the technologies to convert biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis which is converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio–oil. Bio–oil is a liquid which produced by steam condensation process from the pyrolysis of coconut shell. The composition of biomass such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin will be oxidized to phenol as the main content of the bio–oil. Production of bio–oil from coconut shell was investigated via fast pyrolysis reactor. Fast pyrolysis was carried out at 500 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C and 1 hour holding time at pyrolysis temperature. The Bio-oil chemical composition was investigated using GC–MS. Percentage value of phenol, 2–methoxy phenol, 3–methoxy 1,2–benzenediol, and 2,6–dimethoxy phenol was 45.42%, 13.37%, 10.09%, and 11.72% respectively.

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Koshariya, Ashok Kumar, J. Madhusudhanan, Harishchander Anandaram, J. Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani, L. Natrayan, Praveen Bhai Patel, P. Jayaraman, Ezhakudiyan Ravindran i Palanisamy Rajkumar. "Thermochemical Recycling of Solid Biomass Materials for Achieving Sustainable Goal: A Complete Characterization Study on Liquid Yield Products". Journal of Chemistry 2022 (31.08.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1591703.

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In order to achieve sustainability goals, biomass is a renewable energy source that lowers emissions of greenhouse gases and other hazardous gases. Biochemical and thermochemical methods are both used to produce bioenergy from biomass. Pyrolysis is an effective thermochemical conversion technique used for the conversion of biomass into energy-rich bio-oil. In this study, the pyrolysis characteristics and bio-oil obtained from the residues of Ricinus communis were investigated. The experimental run was designed to analyze the impact of bed temperature on product yield by varying the process temperature from 350°C to 750°C. In this study, a maximum of 46.5 wt% of bio-oil was produced at 500°C. The maximum conversion was recorded at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 550°C. The bio-oil obtained at maximum yield conditions was analyzed using different analytical techniques. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses of the bio-oil revealed that the oil has a significant amount of phenol derivatives, oxygenated chemicals, acids, and esters. The physical properties of the bio-oil showed that it is viscous and has a medium heating value compared with commercial fossil fuel.

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Han, Yinglei, Anamaria Paiva Pinheiro Pires, Melba Denson, Armando G. McDonald i Manuel Garcia-Perez. "Ternary Phase Diagram of Water/Bio-Oil/Organic Solvent for Bio-Oil Fractionation". Energy & Fuels 34, nr 12 (24.11.2020): 16250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03100.

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Ortiz, Edixon Daniel, Arief Budiman i Rochim Bakti Cahyono. "Bio-oil synthesis from Botryococcus braunii by microwave-assisted pyrolysis". Jurnal Rekayasa Proses 16, nr 2 (29.12.2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.74241.

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Microalgae have proven to be a promising resource in renewable energy search; Products such as bio-oils could contribute to the replacement of petroleum. The objective of this investigation is to determine the decomposition mechanism, obtain the kinetic reaction, as well as evaluate the potential to obtain microalgae bio-oil through microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP). MAP is a new thermochemical conversion from biomass to bio-oil that is faster, efficient, controllable, and flexible, compared to conventional pyrolysis, rapid pyrolysis, or instant pyrolysis. As raw material in this experiment, Indonesian microalgae, Botryococcus braunii was used. The investigation focused on the temperature effect (100-300 °C) and the residence time (10-30 min); a modified microwave oven was used with a power of 900 W. Hexane was used for the extraction of bio- oil. The bio-oil composition was measured with chromatography of mass spectrometry gas (GC-MS) and then this data was used to evaluate a kinetic model and calculate the constant kinetic reaction of the pyrolysis process. The results indicated that bio-oil production begins from 100 °C, however, temperatures between 200-250 °C favor the production of bio-oil, while temperatures above 250 °C and the long residence times prioritize the production of bio-gas. Regarding the kinetic evaluated, the reactions seem to show from third to sixth order with an activation energy (E) of around 30 kj/mol and a pre-exponential factor (ln A) of around 9 s-1. Based on GC-MS Analysis, the bio-oil contains short chain alkanes, cycloalkanes, organic acids as well as aromatic, phenol, benzene compounds. On the other hand, although small amounts of oil were achieved, the decomposition of biomass was up to 50% favoring gas production, these results indicate that MAP has potential in the obtaining of biofuels such as bio-gas and bio-oil.

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Ab Rasid, Nurul Suhada, i M. Asadullah. "Recent Development of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Technology and Bio-Oil Upgrading: An Overview". Advanced Materials Research 906 (kwiecień 2014): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.906.142.

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The increasing demand of energy has led to the development of renewable energy in order to mitigate the dependency of fossil fuels. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the most anticipated renewable energy technologies since it has a huge potential to become the efficient, environmentally sustainable, and cost effective technology for energy. Fast pyrolysis process produces liquid bio-oil as a main product, along with solid char and combustible gas. Bio-oil can be utilized for heat and power generation as well as it can be used as a feedstock for pure chemicals production. Over the last decades, numerous researches have been conducted in order to develop the process in terms of reactor design and process optimization in order to achieve the high yield of liquid with high organics and less water content. The aim of this review is to provide the state of the art on fast pyrolysis of biomass with some suggestions presented on upgrading the bio-oil. Based on the recent reactor configurations, current status of biomass fast pyrolysis in commercial scale around the world, the fuel and chemical characteristic of bio-oil compared to the conventional fossil fuels, and the potential application of bio-oil in the future, some recommendations are proposed.

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Yahaya, Haryanti, Rozzeta Dollah, Norsahika Mohd Basir, Rohit Karnik i Halimaton Hamdan. "Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Biomass to Bio-Oil and Jet Bio-Fuel by Catalytic Fast-Pyrolysis Process". ASM Science Journal 14 (1.04.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2020.508.

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Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass is a potential source of renewable energy. Catalytic fast-pyrolysis batch process was initially performed to convert oil palm EFB into bio-oil, followed by its refinement to jet bio-fuel. Crystalline zeolites A and Y; synthesised from rice husk ash (RHA), were applied as heterogeneous catalysts. The catalytic conversion of oil palm EFB to bio-oil was conducted at a temperature range of 320-400°C with zeolite A catalyst loadings of 0.6 - 3.0 wt%. The zeolite catalysts were characterised by XRD, FTIR and FESEM. The bio-oil and jet bio-fuel products were analysed using GC-MS and FTIR. The batch fast-pyrolysis reaction was optimised at 400°C with a catalyst loading of 1.0 wt%, produced 42.7 wt% yields of liquid bio-oil, 35.4 wt% char and 21.9 wt% gaseous products. Analysis by GCMS indicates the compound distribution of the liquid bio-oil are as follows: hydrocarbons (23%), phenols (61%), carboxylic acids (0.7%), ketones (2.7%), FAME (7.7%) and alcohols (0.8%). Further refinement of the liquid bio-oil by catalytic hydrocracking over zeolite Y produced jet bio-fuel, which contains 63% hydrocarbon compounds (C8-C18) and 16% of phenolic compounds.

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Saleh, Abu, Hasanuzzaman M., Cassidy H., Dayang S. H. i Shahril M. "An Exploration of Modified Microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process for Conversion of Palm Kernel Shells to Bio-oil". International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 8, nr 2 (1.04.2023): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.07.02.2023.02.

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Bio-oil is one of the potential resources to address the sustainable energy development and environmental issues. Microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process is one of the popular techniques that is used to extract bio-oil from biomass. In this paper, the bio-oil has been extracted from Palm Kernel Shells by using microwave-assisted and conventional heating pyrolysis processes. A modified heating mantle apparatus are used to conduct the experiment for extracting the bio-oil. The experiments are conducted by varying the hydrothermal temperature and time for both techniques to achieve the conversion of the bio-oil from the raw material. It is found that the yield of bio-oil for microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process at 350°C and 400°C are from 10.70 wt% to 25.60 wt% within hydrothermal time 6, 9 and 12 minutes. The pH value of the bio-oil is acidic with the range from 3 to 4. The calorific value of the bio-oil is varied from 24 to 26 MJ/kg for both conversion methods. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) result reveals that multiple functional groups (alcohol, aldehydes, carboxylic acid and ketones) are present in the PKS bio-oil.

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Kong, Deliang, Changbin Yuan, Maojiong Cao, Zihan Wang, Yuanhui Zhang i Zhidan Liu. "An Ecological Toilet System Incorporated with a Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process". Sustainability 15, nr 8 (7.04.2023): 6373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086373.

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The harmless disposal and resource utilization of human feces is important to the sanitation process. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) can convert toilet feces into bio-crude oil and reduce waste. In this study, an integrated eco-toilet system was developed by combining vacuum micro-flush toilets with a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction reactor. The system operated stably for over 10 h. This system can serve 300 households and save 2759 m3 of water per year compared to traditional flush toilets. The energy recovery from the feces was 2.87 times the energy consumed for the HTL process. The HTL bio-crude oil yield was 28 wt%, and the higher heat value (HHV) of the bio-crude was 36.1 MJ/kg. The biochemical compounds of the bio-crude oil consisted of acid ester, hydrocarbons, phenols, and a nitrogenous heterocyclic compound. The carbon in the human feces was mainly transferred to the bio-crude oil, while nitrogen was mainly transferred to the aqueous phase product. The post-HTL aqueous stream could be treated and used as fertilizer. This system achieves energy self-sufficiency, along with water and energy savings. This integrated eco-toilet effectively converts feces into bio-crude to realize waste reduction and resource utilization of human feces.

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Hu, Zhiquan, Yang Zheng, Feng Yan, Bo Xiao i Shiming Liu. "Bio-oil production through pyrolysis of blue-green algae blooms (BGAB): Product distribution and bio-oil characterization". Energy 52 (kwiecień 2013): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.059.

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Pitoyo, Joko, Totok Eka Suharto i Siti Jamilatun. "Bio-oil from Oil Palm Shell Pyrolysis as Renewable Energy: A Review". CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia 9, nr 2 (26.09.2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/chemica.v9i2.22355.

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Zhao, Xianhui, Lin Wei i James Julson. "First stage of bio-jet fuel production: non-food sunflower oil extraction using cold press method". AIMS Energy 2, nr 2 (2014): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2014.02.193.

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Kadarwati, Sri, Evalisa Apriliani, Riska Nurfirda Annisa, Jumaeri Jumaeri, Edy Cahyono i Sri Wahyuni. "Esterification of Bio-Oil Produced from Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) Wood Using Indonesian Natural Zeolites". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, nr 4 (30.04.2021): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.35970.

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The bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of woody biomass typically shows unfavourable characteristics such as high acidity, hence it becomes highly corrosive. An upgrading process, e.g., esterification, is necessary to improve the bio-oil quality prior to its use as a transportation fuel. In this work, the bio-oil was produced through a fast pyrolysis of Sengon wood in a fixed-bed pyrolyser at various temperatures. The characteristics (density, viscosity, total acid number, relative concentration of acetic acid, etc.) of the bio-oil were evaluated. The bio-oil with the highest acidity underwent an esterification catalysed by Indonesian natural zeolites at 70 oC for 0-180 min with a ratio of bio-oil to methanol of 1:3. The catalytic performance of the Indonesian natural zeolites during the esterification was investigated. A significant decrease in the total acid number in the bio-oil was observed, indicating the zeolite catalyst’s good performance. No significant coke formation (0.002-3.704 wt.%) was obtained during the esterification. An interesting phenomenon was observed; a significant decrease in the total acid number was found in the heating up of the bio-oil in the presence of the catalyst but in the absence of methanol. Possibly, other reactions catalysed by the Brønsted and Lewis acids at the zeolite catalyst surface also occurred during the esterification.

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Deng, Wei, Syed Shatir A. Syed-Hassan, Chun Ho Lam, Xun Hu, Xuepeng Wang, Zhe Xiong, Hengda Han i in. "Polymerization during low-temperature electrochemical upgrading of bio-oil: Multi-technique characterization of bio-oil evolution". Energy Conversion and Management 253 (luty 2022): 115165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.115165.

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Wulandari, Daya, Rusdianasari Rusdianasari i Muhammad Yerizam. "Life Cycle Assessment of Production Bio-oil from Thermal Cracking Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)". AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment) 6, nr 3 (28.06.2022): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v6i3.118.

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Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the abundant biomass waste from oil palm and it is an issue that it can be used as renewable energy in the form of Bio-oil. Bio-oil is produced by a thermal cracking process. This research aims to identify the potential environmental impact of Bio-oil production from EFB as fuel. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with gate to gate approach is used in data processing applications for networks in Simapro V.9 and the database used is similar to the characteristics of the eco invent database. Functional units are used to show environmental references in impact categories, such as energy used and global warming potency. The results show that the stage of the bio-oil production cycle in the pretreatment process has a greater global warming impact than the others, amounting to 131.10013 kg CO2 eq. The results of the analysis using the networking graph on the Simapri, show that the environmental hotspot of the thermal cracking process for Bio-oil production is caused by the use of electricity from the State Electricity Company (PLN) and the release of chemical substances from the process. From the results of the LCA, environmental performance improvement or continuous improvement can be done is by managing energy use and installing equipment.

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Zhao, Chun Hai. "Inulin in the Application of Bio-Energy". Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (wrzesień 2011): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.556.

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This article summarizes the development of current condition of bio-energy development simply, including the most bio-ethanol and biodiesel are potential, but the material is the biggest obstacle. Inulin is present as a reserve carbohydrate in the roots and tubers of plants,which will maybe use to ethanol fermentation, single cell oil production and inulooligosaccharide(IOS) production.

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Haniif Prasetiawan, Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti, Widya Fatrisari i Hadiyanto Hadiyanto. "Preliminary Study on The Bio-Oil Production from Multi Feed-Stock Biomass Waste via Fast Pyrolysis Process". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 103, nr 2 (23.03.2023): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.103.2.216227.

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Biomass is a good resource for renewable energy. Biomass can be converted into bio-fuel (bio-oil) through a catalytic fast pyrolysis process. Previous studies only used single feedstock biomass as raw material for bio-oil production. In this study, bio-oil production is based on a multi-feedstock biomass waste consisting of rice husk, sugar cane bagasse, and palm oil empty fruit bunch. The mixture of biomass waste as a raw material is expected to enhance the yield and quality of the bio-oil produced. This study aimed to investigate the bio-oil products obtained from catalytic pyrolysis of the biomass waste mixture. Mixture Design from Design Expert was used to study the effect of biomass composition on the bio-oil products. Each biomass, i.e., rice husk, sugar cane bagasse, and palm oil empty fruit bunch, was previously chopped and sieved into a uniform 60 mesh. The pyrolysis process was conducted at 500°C with an N2 flow rate of 3 L min-1. The mixture of biomass waste husks contains more phenolic compounds than single-feedstock. The chemical characterization also showed that the multi-feedstock bio-oil compound was dominated by aldehydes, esters, and phenolic compounds.

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Li, Xiao Hua, Yong Sheng Fan, Yi Xi Cai, Wei Dong Zhao i Hai Yun Yin. "Optimization of Biomass Vacuum Pyrolysis Process Based on GRNN". Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (wrzesień 2013): 3016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.3016.

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Biomass pyrolysis for preparing bio-oil was studied on the vacuum pyrolysis system, where rape straw was chosen as the raw material. The experiment was designed by orthogonal method. And pyrolysis temperature, system pressure, heating rate and holding time were chosen as input variables to establish the prediction models about bio-oil yields and energy transformation ratio based on Generalized Regression Neural Network. The parameters of vacuum pyrolysis system were optimized for maximizing bio-oil yields and energy transformation ratio, and the optimization result was verified by experiment. The results of research show that the predicted values are fit well with the experimental values, which verifies the effectiveness of the prediction models. When pyrolysis temperature is 486.8°C, system pressure is 5.0kPa, heating rate is 18.1°C/min and holding time is 55.0min, bio-oil yield is 43.6% and energy transformation ratio is 35.5%. Both are close to the maximum, and the result is accurate by experimental verification.

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Oh, Shinyoung, Hang Seok Choi, In-Gyu Choi i Joon Weon Choi. "Evaluation of hydrodeoxygenation reactivity of pyrolysis bio-oil with various Ni-based catalysts for improvement of fuel properties". RSC Advances 7, nr 25 (2017): 15116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra01166k.

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To improve bio-oil quality, deoxygenation degree and energy efficiency of the process, Ni/C, Ni/SBA-15 and Ni/Al-SBA-15 were synthesized and subjected to hydrodeoxgygenative upgrading process of bio-oil.

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Shrirame, Hemant Y., N. L. Panwar i B. R. Bamniya. "Bio Diesel from Castor Oil – A Green Energy Option". Low Carbon Economy 02, nr 01 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/lce.2011.21001.

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