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Roldan, A., N. Hollingsworth, A. Roffey, et al. "Bio-inspired CO2conversion by iron sulfide catalysts under sustainable conditions." Chemical Communications 51, no. 35 (2015): 7501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02078f.
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Mougel, Victor. "Bio-inspired Molecules and Materials: CO2 Reduction as a Case Study." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 9 (2020): 710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.710.
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This account reviews our recent research activities in the field of CO2 reduction. We discuss here the potential of the bio-inspired approach for the design of electrocatalytic systems for small molecule transformation. Exploiting the billion years of evolution of natural systems, we illustrate the potential of bio-inspired strategies across multiple scales to design catalytic systems. We demonstrate in particular how the shape of biological systems as well as enzymatic active sites and their environment can constitute effective sources of inspiration for the design of electrocatalysts with improved performances.
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Almeida, Joana R., Andreia Palmeira, Alexandre Campos, et al. "Structure-Antifouling Activity Relationship and Molecular Targets of Bio-Inspired(thio)xanthones." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (2020): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081126.
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The development of alternative ecological and effective antifouling technologies is still challenging. Synthesis of nature-inspired compounds has been exploited, given the potential to assure commercial supplies of potential ecofriendly antifouling agents. In this direction, the antifouling activity of a series of nineteen synthetic small molecules, with chemical similarities with natural products, were exploited in this work. Six (4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 17) of the tested xanthones showed in vivo activity toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae (EC50: 3.53–28.60 µM) and low toxicity to this macrofouling species (LC50 > 500 µM and LC50/EC50: 17.42–141.64), and two of them (7 and 10) showed no general marine ecotoxicity (<10% of Artemia salina mortality) after 48 h of exposure. Regarding the mechanism of action in mussel larvae, the best performance compounds 4 and 5 might be acting by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity (in vitro and in silico studies), while 7 and 10 showed specific targets (proteomic studies) directly related with the mussel adhesive structure (byssal threads), given by the alterations in the expression of Mytilus collagen proteins (PreCols) and proximal thread proteins (TMPs). A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was built with predictive capacity to enable speeding the design of new potential active compounds.
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Rondelli, Cola, Koutsioubas, et al. "Mucin Thin Layers: A Model for Mucus-Covered Tissues." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (2019): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153712.
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The fate of macromolecules of biological or pharmacological interest that enter the mucus barrier is a current field of investigation. Studies of the interaction between the main constituent of mucus, mucins, and molecules involved in topical transmucoidal drug or gene delivery is a prerequisite for nanomedicine design. We studied the interaction of mucin with the bio-inspired arginine-derived amphoteric polymer d,l-ARGO7 by applying complementary techniques. Small angle X-ray scattering in bulk unveiled the formation of hundreds of nanometer-sized clusters, phase separated from the mucin mesh. Quartz microbalance with dissipation and neutron reflectometry measurements on thin mucin layers deposited on silica supports highlighted the occurrence of polymer interaction with mucin on the molecular scale. Rinsing procedures on both experimental set ups showed that interaction induces alteration of the deposited hydrogel. We succeeded in building up a new significant model for epithelial tissues covered by mucus, obtaining the deposition of a mucin layer 20 Å thick on the top of a glycolipid enriched phospholipid single membrane, suitable to be investigated by neutron reflectometry. The model is applicable to unveil the cross structural details of mucus-covered epithelia in interaction with macromolecules within the Å discreteness.
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Romera, David, Pierre Couleaud, Sara H. Mejias, Antonio Aires, and Aitziber L. Cortajarena. "Biomolecular templating of functional hybrid nanostructures using repeat protein scaffolds." Biochemical Society Transactions 43, no. 5 (2015): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20150077.
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The precise synthesis of materials and devices with tailored complex structures and properties is a requisite for the development of the next generation of products based on nanotechnology. Nowadays, the technology for the generation of this type of devices lacks the precision to determine their properties and is accomplished mostly by ‘trial and error’ experimental approaches. The use of bottom-up approaches that rely on highly specific biomolecular interactions of small and simple components is an attractive approach for the templating of nanoscale elements. In nature, protein assemblies define complex structures and functions. Engineering novel bio-inspired assemblies by exploiting the same rules and interactions that encode the natural diversity is an emerging field that opens the door to create nanostructures with numerous potential applications in synthetic biology and nanotechnology. Self-assembly of biological molecules into defined functional structures has a tremendous potential in nano-patterning and the design of novel materials and functional devices. Molecular self-assembly is a process by which complex 3D structures with specified functions are constructed from simple molecular building blocks. Here we discuss the basis of biomolecular templating, the great potential of repeat proteins as building blocks for biomolecular templating and nano-patterning. In particular, we focus on the designed consensus tetratricopeptide repeats (CTPRs), the control on the assembly of these proteins into higher order structures and their potential as building blocks in order to generate functional nanostructures and materials.
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Mao, Jing-Yu, Li Zhou, Yi Ren, et al. "A bio-inspired electronic synapse using solution processable organic small molecule." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 6 (2019): 1491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05489d.
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A trap-mediated solution-processed small molecule based artificial synaptic device is presented. This work reveals great potential for a small molecule based artificial synapse to serve in neuromorphic computing.
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Reed, Douglas A., Dianne J. Xiao, Henry Z. H. Jiang, Khetpakorn Chakarawet, Julia Oktawiec, and Jeffrey R. Long. "Biomimetic O2 adsorption in an iron metal–organic framework for air separation." Chemical Science 11, no. 6 (2020): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc06047b.
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Ghosh, Ashta C., Carole Duboc, and Marcello Gennari. "Synergy between metals for small molecule activation: Enzymes and bio-inspired complexes." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 428 (February 2021): 213606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213606.
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Wang, Wei, Jindong Liu, Guangming Xie, Li Wen, and Jianwei Zhang. "A bio-inspired electrocommunication system for small underwater robots." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 12, no. 3 (2017): 036002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/aa61c3.
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Li, Yin‐Xiang, Xue‐Mei Dong, Meng‐Na Yu, et al. "A Bio‐Inspired Molecular Design Strategy toward 2D Organic Semiconductor Crystals with Superior Integrated Optoelectronic Properties." Small 17, no. 34 (2021): 2102060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202102060.
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Tripathi, Divya, Kasturee Hajra, and Dipak Maity. "Recent Advancement of Bio-Inspired Nanoparticles in Cancer Theragnostic." Journal of Nanotheranostics 4, no. 3 (2023): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jnt4030014.
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The introduction of cancer therapeutics and nanotechnology has resulted in a paradigm shift from conventional therapy to precision medicine. Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary field with a focus on biomedical applications, holds immense promise in bringing about novel approaches for cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy. The past decade has witnessed significant research and material applications related to nanoparticles (NPs). NPs differ from small-molecule drugs as they possess unique physicochemical characteristics, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, enabling them to penetrate live cells efficiently. Traditional cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, have limitations, such as cytotoxicity, lack of specificity, and multiple drug resistance, which pose significant challenges for effective cancer treatment. However, nanomaterials have unique properties that enable new therapeutic modalities beyond conventional drug delivery in the fight against cancer. Moreover, nanoparticles (1–100 nm) have numerous benefits, such as biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, excellent stability, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting, making them ideal for cancer treatment. The purpose of this article is to provide consolidated information on various bio-inspired nanoparticles that aid in cancer theranostics.
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Ren, Zijun, Wenxing Fu, Supeng Zhu, Binbin Yan, and Jie Yan. "Bio-Inspired Neural Adaptive Control of a Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based on Airflow Sensors." Sensors 18, no. 10 (2018): 3233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103233.
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Inspired by the exceptional flight ability of birds and insects, a bio-inspired neural adaptive flight control structure of a small unmanned aerial vehicle was presented. Eight pressure sensors were elaborately installed in the leading-edge area of the forward wing. A back propagation neural network was trained to predict the aerodynamic moment based on pressure measurements. The network model was trained, validated, and tested. An adaptive controller was designed based on a radial basis function neural network. The new adaptive laws guaranteed the boundedness of the adaptive parameters. The closed-loop stability was analyzed via Lyapunov theory. The simulation results demonstrated the robustness of the bio-inspired flight control system when subjected to measurement noise, parametric uncertainties, and external disturbance.
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Gennari, Marcello, and Carole Duboc. "Bio-inspired, Multifunctional Metal–Thiolate Motif: From Electron Transfer to Sulfur Reactivity and Small-Molecule Activation." Accounts of Chemical Research 53, no. 11 (2020): 2753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00555.
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Masir, Amin Nouroozi, Abolfazl Darvizeh, and Asghar Zajkani. "Nanoindentation on the bio-inspired high-performance nature composite by molecular dynamics method." Advanced Composites Letters 28 (January 1, 2019): 096369351986016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963693519860162.
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The determination of mechanical properties at the nanoscale is of such importance today that researchers pay special attention to it. Discovering the mechanical properties of biological composite structures in the nanoscale is much interesting today. Top neck mollusk shells are among biomaterial nanocomposites that their layered structures are composed of organic and inorganic materials. Since the nanoindentation process is known as an efficient method to determine mechanical properties like elastic modulus and hardness in small scale, therefore, due to some limitations of considering all peripheral parameters, particular simulations of temperature effect in the atomic scale are considerable. The present article provides a molecular dynamics approach for modeling the nanoindentation mechanism with three types of pyramidal, cubic, and spherical indenters at different temperatures of 173, 273, 300, and 373°K. Based on load-indentation depth diagrams and Oliver–Pharr equations, research findings indicate that the temperature has weakened the power between the biological atoms; this leads to reduced mechanical properties. An increase in temperature causes a reduction in elastic modulus and hardness. There was correspondence between the results obtained from the spherical indenter and experimental data. This study can be regarded as a novel benchmark study for further research studies which tend to consider structural responses of the various bio-inspired nanocomposites.
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Fuentes de Arriba, Ángel L., Luis Simón, Omayra H. Rubio та ін. "A bio-inspired enantioselective small-molecule artificial receptor for β adrenergic agonists and antagonists and its application for enantioselective extraction". Chemical Communications 52, № 85 (2016): 12582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc06281d.
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Rausch, Benjamin, Mark D. Symes, and Leroy Cronin. "A Bio-Inspired, Small Molecule Electron-Coupled-Proton Buffer for Decoupling the Half-Reactions of Electrolytic Water Splitting." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 37 (2013): 13656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja4071893.
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Wang, Li-Chun, Tseng-Hsiung Su, Cheng-Long Ho, et al. "A Bio-Inspired Two-Layer Sensing Structure of Polypeptide and Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotube to Sense Small Molecular Gases." Sensors 15, no. 3 (2015): 5390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150305390.
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Hund, Amanda K., Elizabeth Stretch, Dimitri Smirnoff, Gillian H. Roehrig, and Emilie C. Snell-Rood. "Broadening the Taxonomic Breadth of Organisms in the Bio-Inspired Design Process." Biomimetics 8, no. 1 (2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010048.
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(1) Generating a range of biological analogies is a key part of the bio-inspired design process. In this research, we drew on the creativity literature to test methods for increasing the diversity of these ideas. We considered the role of the problem type, the role of individual expertise (versus learning from others), and the effect of two interventions designed to increase creativity—going outside and exploring different evolutionary and ecological “idea spaces” using online tools. (2) We tested these ideas with problem-based brainstorming assignments from a 180-person online course in animal behavior. (3) Student brainstorming was generally drawn to mammals, and the breadth of ideas was affected more by the assigned problem than by practice over time. Individual biological expertise had a small but significant effect on the taxonomic breadth of ideas, but interactions with team members did not. When students were directed to consider other ecosystems and branches of the tree of life, they increased the taxonomic diversity of biological models. In contrast, going outside resulted in a significant decrease in the diversity of ideas. (4) We offer a range of recommendations to increase the breadth of biological models generated in the bio-inspired design process.
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Jadczyk, Tomasz, Guido Caluori, Wojciech Wojakowski, and Zdenek Starek. "Nanotechnology and stem cells in vascular biology." Vascular Biology 1, no. 1 (2019): H103—H109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/vb-19-0021.
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Nanotechnology and stem cells are one of the most promising strategies for clinical medicine applications. The article provides an up-to-date view on advances in the field of regenerative and targeted vascular therapies describing a molecular design (propulsion mechanism, composition, target identification) and applications of nanorobots. Stem cell paragraph presents current clinical application of various cell types involved in vascular biology including mesenchymal stem cells, very small embryonic-like stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mononuclear stem cells, amniotic fluid-derived stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. A possible bridging between the two fields is also envisioned, where bio-inspired, safe, long-lasting nanorobots can fully target the cellular specific cues and even drive vascular process in a timely manner.
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Ortega-Jimenez, Victor M., Ardian Jusufi, Christian E. Brown, et al. "Air-to-land transitions: from wingless animals and plant seeds to shuttlecocks and bio-inspired robots." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 18, no. 5 (2023): 051001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/acdb1c.
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Abstract Recent observations of wingless animals, including jumping nematodes, springtails, insects, and wingless vertebrates like geckos, snakes, and salamanders, have shown that their adaptations and body morphing are essential for rapid self-righting and controlled landing. These skills can reduce the risk of physical damage during collision, minimize recoil during landing, and allow for a quick escape response to minimize predation risk. The size, mass distribution, and speed of an animal determine its self-righting method, with larger animals depending on the conservation of angular momentum and smaller animals primarily using aerodynamic forces. Many animals falling through the air, from nematodes to salamanders, adopt a skydiving posture while descending. Similarly, plant seeds such as dandelions and samaras are able to turn upright in mid-air using aerodynamic forces and produce high decelerations. These aerial capabilities allow for a wide dispersal range, low-impact collisions, and effective landing and settling. Recently, small robots that can right themselves for controlled landings have been designed based on principles of aerial maneuvering in animals. Further research into the effects of unsteady flows on self-righting and landing in small arthropods, particularly those exhibiting explosive catapulting, could reveal how morphological features, flow dynamics, and physical mechanisms contribute to effective mid-air control. More broadly, studying apterygote (wingless insects) landing could also provide insight into the origin of insect flight. These research efforts have the potential to lead to the bio-inspired design of aerial micro-vehicles, sports projectiles, parachutes, and impulsive robots that can land upright in unsteady flow conditions.
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Zahn, Olivia, Jorge Bustamante, Callin Switzer, Thomas L. Daniel, and J. Nathan Kutz. "Pruning deep neural networks generates a sparse, bio-inspired nonlinear controller for insect flight." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 9 (2022): e1010512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010512.
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Insect flight is a strongly nonlinear and actuated dynamical system. As such, strategies for understanding its control have typically relied on either model-based methods or linearizations thereof. Here we develop a framework that combines model predictive control on an established flight dynamics model and deep neural networks (DNN) to create an efficient method for solving the inverse problem of flight control. We turn to natural systems for inspiration since they inherently demonstrate network pruning with the consequence of yielding more efficient networks for a specific set of tasks. This bio-inspired approach allows us to leverage network pruning to optimally sparsify a DNN architecture in order to perform flight tasks with as few neural connections as possible, however, there are limits to sparsification. Specifically, as the number of connections falls below a critical threshold, flight performance drops considerably. We develop sparsification paradigms and explore their limits for control tasks. Monte Carlo simulations also quantify the statistical distribution of network weights during pruning given initial random weights of the DNNs. We demonstrate that on average, the network can be pruned to retain a small amount of original network weights and still perform comparably to its fully-connected counterpart. The relative number of remaining weights, however, is highly dependent on the initial architecture and size of the network. Overall, this work shows that sparsely connected DNNs are capable of predicting the forces required to follow flight trajectories. Additionally, sparsification has sharp performance limits.
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Zhang, Lansheng, Yingchen Yang, Georgios A. Bertos, Chang Liu, and Huan Hu. "Bio-Inspired Micromachined Volumetric Flow Sensor with a Big Dynamic Range for Intravenous Systems." Sensors 23, no. 1 (2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010234.
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Real-time monitoring of drug delivery in an intravenous infusion system can prevent injury caused by improper drug doses. As the medicine must be administered into the vein at different rates and doses in different people, an ideal intravenous infusion system requires both a low flow rate and large dynamic range monitoring. In this study, a bio-inspired and micromachined volumetric flow sensor is presented for the biomedical application of an intravenous system. This was realized by integrating two sensing units with different sensitivities on one silicon die to achieve a large dynamic range of the volumetric flow rate. The sensor was coated with a parylene layer for waterproofing and biocompatibility purposes. A new packaging scheme incorporating a silicon die into a flow channel was employed to demonstrate the working prototype. The test results indicate that the sensor can detect a volumetric flow rate as low as 2 mL/h, and its dynamic range is from 2 mL/h to 200 mL/h. The sensor performed better than the other two commercial sensors for low-flow detection. The high sensitivity, low cost, and small size of this flow sensor make it promising for intravenous applications.
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Mafrica, Stefano, Stéphanie Godiot, Mohsine Menouni, et al. "A bio-inspired analog silicon retina with Michaelis-Menten auto-adaptive pixels sensitive to small and large changes in light." Optics Express 23, no. 5 (2015): 5614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.005614.
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Shen, Xiang, Liye Zhao, Jiawen Xu, and Xuwei Yao. "Mathematical Analysis and Micro-Spacing Implementation of Acoustic Sensor Based on Bio-Inspired Intermembrane Bridge Structure." Sensors 21, no. 9 (2021): 3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093168.
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A biomimetic study on the auditory localization mechanism of Ormia ochracea was performed to improve the localization ability of small acoustic systems. We also present a microscale implementation of an acoustic localization device inspired by the auditory organ of the parasitic O. ochracea. The device consists of a pair of circular membranes coupled together with an elastic beam. The coupling serves to amplify the difference in magnitude and phase between the two membranes’ responses as the incident angle of the sound changes, allowing directional information to be deduced from the coupled device response. The research results show that the intermembrane bridge structure improves the sound source localization and directional weak acoustic signal acquisition of sound detectors. The recognition rate of the phase difference and amplitude ratio was greatly improved. The theoretical resolution of the incident angle of the sound source can reach 2° at a phase difference recognition rate of 5°. The sound source’s optimal identification frequency range for the coupling device based on the intermembrane bridge bionic structure is 300 Hz to 1500 Hz.
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Milazzo, Mario, Grace I. Anderson, and Markus J. Buehler. "Bioinspired translation of classical music into de novo protein structures using deep learning and molecular modeling." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 17, no. 1 (2021): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac338a.
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Abstract Architected biomaterials, as well as sound and music, are constructed from small building blocks that are assembled across time- and length-scales. Here we present a novel deep learning-enabled integrated algorithmic workflow to merge the two concepts for radical discovery of de novo protein materials, exploiting musical creativity as the foundation, and extrapolating through a recursive method to increase protein complexity by successively injecting protein chemistry into the process. Indeed, music is one of the few universal expressions that can create bridges between cultures, find associations between seemingly unrelated concepts, and can be used as a novel way to generate bio-inspired designs that derive functions from the imaginations of the creative mind. Earlier work has offered a pathway to convert proteins into sound, and sound into proteins. Here we build on this paradigm and translate a piece of classical music into matter. Based on Bach’s Goldberg variations, we offer a series of case studies to convert the musical data imagined by the composer into protein design, and folded into a 3D structure using deep learning. The quest we seek to address is to identify semblances, or memories, or information content in such musical creation, that offers new insights into pattern relationships between distinct manifestations of information. Using basic local alignment search tool analysis, we find that several fragments of the new proteins display similarities to existing protein sequences found in proteobacteria among other organisms, especially in regions of low complexity and repetitive motifs. The resulting protein forms the basis for iterative musical composition, and an evolutionary paradigm that defines a variational pathway for melodic development, complementing conventional creative or mathematical methods. This paper broadens the concept of what is understood as bio-inspiration to include a broad array of systems created by humans, animals, or other natural mechanisms.
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Gibbons, Melissa M., and Diana A. Chen. "Bio-Inspired Sutures: Using Finite Element Analysis to Parameterize the Mechanical Response of Dovetail Sutures in Simulated Bending of a Curved Structure." Biomimetics 7, no. 2 (2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7020082.
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Many animals have protective anatomical structures that allow for growth and flexibility; these structures contain thin seams called sutures that help the structure to absorb impacts. In this study, we parameterized the stiffness and toughness of a curved archway structure based on three geometric properties of a suture through finite element, quasi-static, three-point bending simulations. Each archway consisted of two symmetric pieces linked by a dovetail suture tab design. The three parameters included suture tab radii (1–5 mm), tangent lengths (0–20 mm), and contact angles (0–40°). In the simulations, a steel indenter was displaced 6.5 mm to induce progressive tab disengagement. Sutures with large contact angles and large tangent lengths generally led to stiffer and tougher structures. Sutures with a small tab radius exhibited the most sensitivity to the input parameters, and the smallest tab radius led to the stiffest and toughest archways. Results suggested that it was a combination of the largest number of tab repeats with the largest possible contact surface area that improved the mechanical response of the archway. The study revealed several suture geometries that hold significant promise, which can aid in the development of hemispherical 3D structures for dynamic impact applications.
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Zhang, Yue, Xiping Xu, Ning Zhang, Kailin Zhang, Weida Dong, and Xiaoyan Li. "Adaptive Aquila Optimizer Combining Niche Thought with Dispersed Chaotic Swarm." Sensors 23, no. 2 (2023): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020755.
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The Aquila Optimizer (AO) is a new bio-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm inspired by Aquila’s hunting behavior. Adaptive Aquila Optimizer Combining Niche Thought with Dispersed Chaotic Swarm (NCAAO) is proposed to address the problem that although the Aquila Optimizer (AO) has a strong global exploration capability, it has an insufficient local exploitation capability and a slow convergence rate. First, to improve the diversity of populations in the algorithm and the uniformity of distribution in the search space, DLCS chaotic mapping is used to generate the initial populations so that the algorithm is in a better exploration state. Then, to improve the search accuracy of the algorithm, an adaptive adjustment strategy of de-searching preferences is proposed. The exploration and development phases of the NCAAO algorithm are effectively balanced by changing the search threshold and introducing the position weight parameter to adaptively adjust the search process. Finally, the idea of small habitats is effectively used to promote the exchange of information between groups and accelerate the rapid convergence of groups to the optimal solution. To verify the optimization performance of the NCAAO algorithm, the improved algorithm was tested on 15 standard benchmark functions, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and engineering optimization problems to test the optimization-seeking ability of the improved algorithm. The experimental results show that the NCAAO algorithm has better search performance and faster convergence speed compared with other intelligent algorithms.
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Fu, Qinbing, Hongxin Wang, Cheng Hu, and Shigang Yue. "Towards Computational Models and Applications of Insect Visual Systems for Motion Perception: A Review." Artificial Life 25, no. 3 (2019): 263–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00297.
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Motion perception is a critical capability determining a variety of aspects of insects' life, including avoiding predators, foraging, and so forth. A good number of motion detectors have been identified in the insects' visual pathways. Computational modeling of these motion detectors has not only been providing effective solutions to artificial intelligence, but also benefiting the understanding of complicated biological visual systems. These biological mechanisms through millions of years of evolutionary development will have formed solid modules for constructing dynamic vision systems for future intelligent machines. This article reviews the computational motion perception models originating from biological research on insects' visual systems in the literature. These motion perception models or neural networks consist of the looming-sensitive neuronal models of lobula giant movement detectors (LGMDs) in locusts, the translation-sensitive neural systems of direction-selective neurons (DSNs) in fruit flies, bees, and locusts, and the small-target motion detectors (STMDs) in dragonflies and hoverflies. We also review the applications of these models to robots and vehicles. Through these modeling studies, we summarize the methodologies that generate different direction and size selectivity in motion perception. Finally, we discuss multiple systems integration and hardware realization of these bio-inspired motion perception models.
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Sotiropoulos, Dionisios N., and George A. Tsihrintzis. "Artificial Immune System-Based Classification in Extremely Imbalanced Classification Problems." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 26, no. 03 (2017): 1750009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213017500099.
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This paper focuses on a special category of machine learning problems arising in cases where the set of available training instances is significantly biased towards a particular class of patterns. Our work addresses the so-called Class Imbalance Problem through the utilization of an Artificial Immune System-(AIS)based classification algorithm which encodes the inherent ability of the Adaptive Immune System to mediate the exceptionally imbalanced “self” / “non-self” discrimination process. From a computational point of view, this process constitutes an extremely imbalanced pattern classification task since the vast majority of molecular patterns pertain to the “non-self” space. Our work focuses on investigating the effect of the class imbalance problem on the AIS-based classification algorithm by assessing its relative ability to deal with extremely skewed datasets when compared against two state-of-the-art machine learning paradigms such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs). To this end, we conducted a series of experiments on a music-related dataset where a small fraction of positive samples was to be recognized against the vast volume of negative samples. The results obtained indicate that the utilized bio-inspired classifier outperforms SVMs in detecting patterns from the minority class while its performance on the same task is competently close to the one exhibited by MLPs. Our findings suggest that the AIS-based classifier relies on its intrinsic resampling and class-balancing functionality in order to address the class imbalance problem.
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Wang, Xiaoqing, Wenbo Wang, and Zhendong Dai. "The Neural Control Mechanisms of Gekkonid Adhesion Locomotion: The Effect of Spinal Cord Lesions." Biomimetics 7, no. 3 (2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030098.
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Objective: the role of the supraspinal system in the neural control mechanisms of adhesion locomotor pattern formation was studied in lizard Gekko gecko. Methods: the locomotor performance and adaptation of the chronically lesioned Gekko gecko was documented before and after either partial or complete spinal lesions. They were filmed moving on a flat and smooth platform that was inclined at 0°, ±45°, and ±90°, as well as the horizontal mats and the vertical oak background board in the terraria, to evaluate locomotor functional recovery. The geckos were also tested on the platform by two half and nose-up or -down rotations in steps of 15° throughout 180° to investigate the recovery of the ability to respond dynamically to external perturbations. Results: after relatively small lesions of a hemisection, the locomotor performance was largely indistinguishable from that before and after a sham operation. During the initial period of recovery after the largest lesions of a dorsal or a ventral hemisection within 1 wk, the geckos behaved essentially as the complete spinal geckos, while permanent deficits in locomotor performance remained and did not decrease afterwards for ≥6 mth. Conclusions: by analyzing the correlation among locomotor performances, and between locomotor performances and spinal cord lesions, we suggest that the dorsal spinal pathways and ventral spinal pathways participate, respectively, in the control of the limb coupling, and in the deployment and the detachment of the adhesive apparatus. The present study will provide certain neurobiological guidance for the design of bio-robots, as well as sprawling robots inspired by the geckos.
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Han, Tianjun, Amin Mivehchi, Melike Kurt, and Keith W. Moored. "Tailoring the bending pattern of non-uniformly flexible pitching hydrofoils enhances propulsive efficiency." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 17, no. 6 (2022): 065003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac7f70.
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Abstract We present new measurements of non-uniformly flexible pitching foils fabricated with a rigid leading section joined to a flexible trailing section. This construction enables us to vary the bending pattern and resonance condition of the foils independently. A novel effective flexibility, defined as the ratio of added mass forces to elastic forces, is proposed and shown to provide a scaling for the natural frequencies of the fluid-structural system. Foils with very flexible trailing sections of EI < 1.81 × 10−5 N m2 do not show a detectable resonance and are classified as ‘non-resonating’ as opposed to ‘resonating’ foils. Moreover, the non-resonating foils exhibit a novel bending pattern where the foil has a discontinuous hinge-like deflection instead of the smooth beam-like deflection of the resonating foils. Performance measurements reveal that both resonating and non-resonating foils can achieve high propulsive efficiencies of around 50% or more. It is discovered that non-uniformly flexible foils outperform their rigid and uniformly flexible counterparts, and that there is an optimal flexion ratio from 0.4 ⩽ λ ⩽ 0.7 that maximizes the efficiency. Furthermore, this optimal range coincides with the flexion ratios observed in nature. Performance is also compared under the same dimensionless flexural rigidity, R*, which highlights that at the same flexion ratio more flexible foils achieve higher peak efficiencies. Overall, to achieve high propulsive efficiency non-uniformly flexible hydrofoils should (1) oscillate above their first natural frequency, (2) have a flexion ratio in the range of 0.4 ⩽ λ ⩽ 0.7 and (3) have a small dimensionless rigidity at their optimal flexion ratio. Scaling laws for rigid pitching foils are found to be valid for non-uniformly flexible foils as long as the measured amplitude response is used and the deflection angle of the trailing section β is < 45°. This work provides guidance for the development of high-performance underwater vehicles using simple purely pitching bio-inspired propulsive drives.
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Rink, Jonathan Scott, Sol Misener, Osman Cen, Shuo Yang, Leo I. Gordon, and Colby Shad Thaxton. "High Density Lipoprotein-like Nanoparticles Synergize with Akt and Btk Inhibitors to Induce Cell Death in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3022.3022.
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Abstract Introduction: We previously reported that our bio-inspired, synthetic high-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles (HDL NP) induced apoptosis in B cell lymphoma cells expressing scavenger receptor type B1 (SCARB1), the high-affinity receptor for cholesterol-rich HDLs. HDL NPs consist of a 5nm gold nanoparticle core surface functionalized with the HDL-defining apolipoprotein A1 and a phospholipid bilayer, and bind specifically to SCARB1, inducing the efflux of free cholesterol and inhibiting cholesteryl ester influx. SCARB1 is overexpressed in a subset of follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL), and resides in cholesterol-rich plasma membrane microdomains called lipid rafts, similar to the B cell receptor (BCR) and its associated signaling kinases. Upon binding to natural HDL, SCARB1 activates a number of pro-survival signaling kinases, including Akt and PI3K. Both Akt and PI3K are also involved in B cell receptor-mediated signaling in germinal center-derived (GC) DLBCL, through tonic BCR signaling, and activated B cell (ABC) DLBCL, through chronic active BCR signaling. Additionally, PI3K was recently shown to play a role in recruitment and activation of Btk, a crucial survival kinase downstream of the BCR. We hypothesized that small molecule inhibitors against pro-survival kinases, specifically Akt and Btk, will synergize with HDL NPs against B cell lymphomas. Methods: Burkitt's lymphoma (Ramos), GC DLBCL (SUDHL4) and ABC DLBCL (TMD8 and HBL-1) cell lines were treated with the Akt inhibitor GDC-0068 or the Btk inhibitor Ibrutinib, in the absence or presence of HDL NPs, and synergy was calculated using the Calcusyn software. Phos-flow was used to assay for changes in the phosphorylation status of Akt and Btk. Results: The Burkitt's lymphoma and GC DLBCL cell lines were more sensitive to HDL NP induced cell death compared to the ABC DLBCL cell lines (Ramos HDL NP IC50 = 1.5nM; SUDHL4 HDL NP IC50 = 2.1nM; TMD8 HDL NP IC50 = 31.4nM; HBL-1 HDL NP IC50 = 89nM). HDL NPs synergized with GDC-0068 in the Ramos, SUDHL4 and TMD8 cell lines (all combination indexes < 1). Correspondingly, HDL NPs dose-dependently decreased phosphorylation of Akt in Ramos and TMD8 cells. Ibrutinib synergized with the HDL NPs in all cell lines tested (all combination indexes < 1). In TMD8 cells, HDL NPs decreased p-Btk levels comparable to treatment with 10nM Ibrutinib. Addition of the PI3K inhibitor Pilaralisib (XL147) demonstrated mild synergy in the Ramos cell line, but not the SUDHL4, TMD8 or HBL-1 cell lines (all combination index values >1). Treatment of Ramos and SUDHL4 cells with an inhibitor of PTEN, a phosphatase responsible for acting in opposition to PI3K leading to inactivation of Akt, rescued the cells from HDL NP-induced cell death. TMD8 cells treated with the PTEN inhibitor demonstrated a smaller increase in survival when HDL NPs were applied, suggesting that PI3K may not play a major role in HDL NP-induced cell death in activated B cell DLBCLs. PTEN activity is influenced by the level of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters present in the cell, with increasing levels correlating with decreased PTEN activity. Cholesterol levels were higher in the ABC DLBCL cell lines compared to the other B cell lymphoma cell lines. HDL NPs significantly reduced the cholesterol content of Ramos cells, but not the TMD8 or HBL-1 cells, suggesting that the ability of the HDL NPs to alter cellular cholesterol homeostasis correlates with their ability to induce lymphoma cell death. Conclusion: HDL NPs demonstrated synergy with inhibitors to the pro-survival kinases Akt and Btk, suggesting that HDL NPs act to disrupt second messenger signaling pathways in lymphoma cells by directly altering signaling through SCARB1, modulating cellular cholesterol homeostasis, and/or through disruption of membrane raft organization. HDL NPs represent an innovative, targeted therapeutic, with great potential, to add to existing combination chemotherapy regimens. Disclosures Thaxton: Aurasense: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties: The patent for the HDL NPs has been licensed to Aurasense, a biotech company co-founded by C. Shad Thaxton..
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Bill, Joachim, Peter Gerstel, Rudolf C. Hoffmann, et al. "Bio-Inspired Evolution of Zinc Oxide-Based Materials Directed by Amino Acids and Peptides." MRS Proceedings 873 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-873-k5.3.
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AbstractWithin this paper the suitability of amino acids and dipeptides as structure-directing agents is discussed. According to that bio-inspired approach these biomolecules were investigated with respect to the evolution of zinc oxide-based architectures. Those small molecules are able to trigger the morphology of these materials ranging from grain-like via two up to three dimensional features. Besides morphological aspects the structural characterization of these solids by means of electron and atomic force microscopy as well as by photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction are discussed in order to extract the function of the biomolecules with regard to the formation of the inorganic phases.
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Salawu, Emmanuel Oluwatobi. "DESP: Deep Enhanced Sampling of Proteins’ Conformation Spaces Using AI-Inspired Biasing Forces." Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 8 (May 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.587151.
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The molecular structures (i.e., conformation spaces, CS) of bio-macromolecules and the dynamics that molecules exhibit are crucial to the understanding of the basis of many diseases and in the continuous attempts to retarget known drugs/medications, improve the efficacy of existing drugs, or develop novel drugs. These make a better understanding and the exploration of the CS of molecules a research hotspot. While it is generally easy to computationally explore the CS of small molecules (such as peptides and ligands), the exploration of the CS of a larger biomolecule beyond the local energy well and beyond the initial equilibrium structure of the molecule is generally nontrivial and can often be computationally prohibitive for molecules of considerable size. Therefore, research efforts in this area focus on the development of ways that systematically favor the sampling of new conformations while penalizing the resampling of previously sampled conformations. In this work, we present Deep Enhanced Sampling of Proteins’ Conformation Spaces Using AI-Inspired Biasing Forces (DESP), a technique for enhanced sampling that combines molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and deep neural networks (DNNs), in which biasing potentials for guiding the MD simulations are derived from the KL divergence between the DNN-learned latent space vectors of [a] the most recently sampled conformation and those of [b] the previously sampled conformations. Overall, DESP efficiently samples wide CS and outperforms conventional MD simulations as well as accelerated MD simulations. We acknowledge that this is an actively evolving research area, and we continue to further develop the techniques presented here and their derivatives tailored at achieving DNN-enhanced steered MD simulations and DNN-enhanced targeted MD simulations.
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Murphy, Mark A. "Exploring the Vastness of design space for greener solutions using a quality approach." Physical Sciences Reviews 5, no. 11 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0001.
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AbstractChemistry and biology constitute Vast and/or infinite design spaces which can be used by scientists and engineers to generate new and ever more complex chemical molecules and other structures having new emergent properties. A Vanishingly small proportion of those new molecules can generate even more complexity and new emergent properties by interacting with other molecules, bio-molecules, or complex collections of biomolecules. Large degrees of unpredictability reign throughout that Vastness, as well as in the Environment, and human society and behavior. Yet Life, the Earth’s ecosystem, consciousness, and civilized human societies evolved from simpler systems, despite the Vastness and unpredictability. Green Chemistry and Engineering emerged over the last few decades from an evolutionary search for new processes and products for the benefit of humans and the planet that are both economically viable and do less harm to the Environment. The author, who originally conceived, in 1984, the BHC Ibuprofen Process that won one of the very first Presidential Green Chemistry Awards, was inspired and guided in significant part by the “Quality” philosophy, teachings and methods of W. Edwards Deming. Deming’s Quality philosophy and methods adapt the empirical/reductionist perspectives and approaches of the Scientific Method, to readily integrate holistic, human, and ethical goals, ideas, and perspectives, in order to identify and solve Real-World problems. Deming’s methods include his “PDCA” circles, which, when continuously iterated, can guide scientists, engineers, and their interdisciplinary team-mates as to what to do toward the development and evolution of Real-World processes and products that create little waste, and therefore are both economically and ecologically beneficial, via a process of human guided and human accelerated evolution.
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Cai, Mao, Runze Zhang, Chunming Yang, and Sanzhong Luo. "Bio‐inspired Small Molecular Catalysis." Chinese Journal of Chemistry, November 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.202200628.
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Hosseini, Mohammad Javad Mirshojaeian, Yi Yang, Aidan J. Prendergast, et al. "An organic synaptic circuit: towards flexible and biocompatible organic neuromorphic processing." Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, July 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ac830c.
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Abstract In the nervous system synapses play a critical role in computation. In neuromorphic systems, biologically inspired hardware implementations of spiking neural networks, electronic synaptic circuits pass signals between silicon neurons by integrating pre-synaptic voltage pulses and converting them into post-synaptic currents, which are scaled by the synaptic weight parameter. The overwhelming majority of neuromorphic systems are implemented using inorganic, mainly silicon, technology. As such, they are physically rigid, require expensive fabrication equipment and high fabrication temperatures, are limited to small-area fabrication, and are difficult to interface with biological tissue. Organic electronics are based on electronic properties of carbon-based molecules and polymers and offer benefits including physical flexibility, low cost, low temperature, and large-area fabrication, as well as biocompatibility, all unavailable to inorganic electronics. Here, we demonstrate an organic differential-pair integrator synaptic circuit, a biologically realistic synapse model, implemented using physically flexible complementary organic electronics. The synapse is shown to convert input voltage spikes into output current traces with biologically realistic time scales. We characterize circuit's responses based on various synaptic parameters, including gain and weighting voltages, time-constant, synaptic capacitance, and circuit response due to inputs of different frequencies. Time constants comparable to those of biological synapses and the neurons are critical in processing real-world sensory signals such as speech, or bio-signals measured from the body. For processing even slower signals, e.g., on behavioral time scales, we demonstrate time constants in excess of two seconds, while biologically plausible time constants are achieved by deploying smaller synaptic capacitors. We measure the circuit synaptic response to input voltage spikes and present the circuit response properties using custom-made circuit simulations, which are in good agreement with the measured behavior.
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Amanullah, Sk, Paramita Saha, and Abhishek Dey. "Recent Developments in Synthesis of Bio-Inspired Iron Porphyrins for Small Molecule Activation." Chemical Communications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cc00430e.
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Nature utilizes a diverse set of tetrapyrrole-based macrocycles (referred to as porphyrinoids) for catalyzing various biological processes. Investigation of the electronic structure have revealed striking differences that lead to the...
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Awasthi, Mahendra K., Abhishek Saini, Chandan Das, et al. "Bio‐inspired Design of Bidirectional Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Molecular Electrocatalysts." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, August 2, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202300204.
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The proper utilization of renewable energy sources has emerged as a major challenge in our pursuit of a sustainable and carbon‐neutral energy landscape. Small molecule activation is a key component for proper utilization of renewable energy resources, where O2/H2O redox couple is reckoned a potential game changer. In this regard, electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have become the prime interest of catalyst designers. Typically, these ORR and OER electrocatalysts are developed distinctly; however, very soon, the requirement of a bidirectional ORR/OER electrocatalyst becomes obvious for practical applicability and rapid energy transduction purposes. A bidirectional catalyst is defined as a catalyst capable of driving a redox reaction in opposing directions. In this review, we have portrayed the development of enzyme structure‐inspired design of molecular bidirectional ORR/OER catalysts. The strategic incorporation of secondary and outer coordination sphere features has significantly enhanced the performance of these catalysts, which can be monitored via the key catalytic parameters. These bifunctional OER/ORR catalysts are vital for metal‐air battery and fuel cell applications and appropriately poised to lay the foundation for an efficient, economical, and eco‐friendly pathway for sustainable energy usage with the rational assembly of energy converting and storage devices.
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Chen, Tansheng, Hongjie He, and Guangming Xie. "BECS-II: an updated bio-inspired electrocommunication system for small underwater robots." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, August 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/acf5b8.
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Abstract Some weakly electric fish can use electric signals to interact and communicate with each other in dark and complex underwater environments where traditional underwater communication fails. In our previous work, we developed a bio-inspired electrocommunication system (BECS) that serves as an effective alternative to traditional methods in this challenging underwater scenario performing communication at a speed of approximately 1200 bps (bits per second) within approximately 3 m. In this study, a novel underwater wireless communication system (BECS-II) is proposed to upgrade the BECS with much better performance. We first propose theoretical and simulation models for electrocommunication, including the effects of the angular frequency and electrode impedance. A custom-made digital communication system is employed in BECS-II to improve the anti-interference ability and channel capacity of the BECS. In addition, a novel circuit optimization strategy was used to develop a customized circuit to enhance the transmitting and receiving capabilities of the BECS-II. Dual-frequency communication is proposed to meet the communication demands of different tasks by taking inspiration from the task allocation and evolution mechanisms of weakly electric fish. The experimental results showed that BECS-II outperformed BECS in high-frequency mode at both the communication speed (approximately 20 kbps) and distance (approximately 10 m), whereas in low-frequency mode, it extended the communication range by transmitting data up to a distance of approximately 20 m at a speed of approximately 200 bps. A substantial increase in the communication distance can expand the robot motion space in a group and improve group flexibility.&#xD;
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"A Review of Recent Research on Bio-inspired Structures and Materials." Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence 1, no. 2 (2021): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/daai/1/2/26.
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As result of advancements in DNA technology, nearly any two- or three-dimensional architecture may now be precisely built. The selection of DNA sequences creates new opportunities to predictably generate the structure and size of anodized monomolecular assemblies, which is crucial for successful self-assembly. Designer nucleoside analogues can be added to DNA nonmaterial’s to further functionalize them with accessible groups that affect their activity. This article highlights the latest developments young discipline a rundown of potential future directions and uses. The ability to create nearly any three dimensional geometry using a DNA-based scaffolding approach is a significant benefit; the only real restriction is the researcher's creativity. Examples of building blocks include engineered Holliday junctions, DNA scissoring, ion-triggered switches, DNA tube regulation DNA linkers, and Small-molecule-mediated DNA junction induction. A self-assembled crystalline DNA structure developed by Seaman, others is undoubtedly a recent key structure in three-dimensional design. [3] Tensor triangles, which are composed of three connected non-coplanar double helices of DNA, are essentially hard 3D triangular units. They come together with the addition of sticky vertices, eventually forming a symmetric 3D lattice. Surprisingly, at temperatures when genomic DNA is entirely reduced, the DNA will be unusually branched, with small sticky ends combining into a highly ordered substance if branch geometry and connector stiffness promote crystallization. Can be long (usually viral) DNA strands joined main strands to produce well-defined anodized as illustrated by Rothmans' pioneering work on DNA origami tiles. The successful fabrication of smiling faces on well-known maps and surfaces is proof that DNA origami only needs a few hundred basic strands to form. [12] Because rectangular origami tiles may be connected together by hanging DNA around the edges, they are now beginning to play a significant assembly line. Grasp the crucial elements DNA is involved in the construction of origami superstructures requires an understanding of origami tile design.
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An, Huazhen, Ning Jia, Shuai Wang, Zhilong Peng, and Shaohua Chen. "Enhanced self-cleaning performance of bio-inspired micropillar arrayed surface by shear." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, August 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac877b.
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Abstract Inspired by the sliding behavior of gecko feet during climbing, the contribution of shear effect to the self-cleaning performance of a bio-inspired micropillar arrayed surface is studied through a load-shear-pull contact process. It is found that the self-cleaning efficiency can be enhanced significantly by shear, which also depends on the microparticle sizes. For the case of relatively large and small microparticles, the self-cleaning efficiency increases first and then almost keeps a constant with the increase of the shear distance at different preload. For medium microparticles, shear can effectively improve self-cleaning efficiency only when the preload is small. The mechanical mechanism under such the enhancement is mainly due to the varying contact states between microparticles and micropillars with the shear distance. When the shear distance is large enough, the final self-cleaning efficiency is not sensitive to shear distance anymore because the contact state reaches dynamic equilibrium. Based on such the self-cleaning mechanism of large microparticles, a simple and effective manipulator which can efficiently transfer solid particles is further proposed.
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Liu, Jianying, Ran Zhang, Yahong Li, et al. "Bio-inspired polarization navigation sensor based on artificial compound eyes." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, May 16, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac7021.
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Abstract Insect compound eyes are optical systems with small volume and compact structure. The ommatidium in the dorsal rim area of some insects have polarized vision, which can perceive the polarization pattern of the sky and provide navigation information for themselves. In this paper, inspired by the polarization-sensitive compound eyes of insects, a bio-inspired polarization navigation sensor based on artificial compound eyes is designed. The sensor consists of an artificial compound eye, an integrated polarization detector and an integrated circuit. The optical path of the sensor uses the lens defocus method, which can ensure that the sensor obtains redundant polarization information. The integrated polarization detector is used to obtain the polarization information of the incident light, and the integrated circuit is responsible for the calculation. In order to extract effective information from images, we propose a multi-threshold segmentation method to filter and classify effective pixels. Use the least square method to fit the inherent error of the sensor and then compensate it. The indoor calibration accuracy of the sensor is ±0.3°, and the outdoor calibration accuracy is ±0.5° The. sensor can provide accurate direction information for general smart mobile devices. The size of the sensor is 4×4×2cm, and the weight is only 15g. The key components of the sensor can be mass-produced, and it is a miniaturized and low-cost polarization navigation sensor.
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Mao, Guoyong, David Schiller, Doris Danninger, et al. "Ultrafast small-scale soft electromagnetic robots." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32123-4.
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AbstractHigh-speed locomotion is an essential survival strategy for animals, allowing populating harsh and unpredictable environments. Bio-inspired soft robots equally benefit from versatile and ultrafast motion but require appropriate driving mechanisms and device designs. Here, we present a class of small-scale soft electromagnetic robots made of curved elastomeric bilayers, driven by Lorentz forces acting on embedded printed liquid metal channels carrying alternating currents with driving voltages of several volts in a static magnetic field. Their dynamic resonant performance is investigated experimentally and theoretically. These robust and versatile robots can walk, run, swim, jump, steer and transport cargo. Their tethered versions reach ultra-high running speeds of 70 BL/s (body lengths per second) on 3D-corrugated substrates and 35 BL/s on arbitrary planar substrates while their maximum swimming speed is 4.8 BL/s in water. Moreover, prototype untethered versions run and swim at a maximum speed of 2.1 BL/s and 1.8 BL/s, respectively.
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Li, Wenlong, Fusheng Li, Hao Yang, et al. "A bio-inspired coordination polymer as outstanding water oxidation catalyst via second coordination sphere engineering." Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13052-1.
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Abstract First-row transition metal-based catalysts have been developed for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during the past years, however, such catalysts typically operate at overpotentials (η) significantly above thermodynamic requirements. Here, we report an iron/nickel terephthalate coordination polymer on nickel form (NiFeCP/NF) as catalyst for OER, in which both coordinated and uncoordinated carboxylates were maintained after electrolysis. NiFeCP/NF exhibits outstanding electro-catalytic OER activity with a low overpotential of 188 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 KOH, with a small Tafel slope and excellent stability. The pH-independent OER activity of NiFeCP/NF on the reversible hydrogen electrode scale suggests that a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (c-PET) process is the rate-determining step (RDS) during water oxidation. Deuterium kinetic isotope effects, proton inventory studies and atom-proton-transfer measurements indicate that the uncoordinated carboxylates are serving as the proton transfer relays, with a similar function as amino acid residues in photosystem II (PSII), accelerating the proton-transfer rate.
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Kortman, Vera Gesina, Aimee Sakes, Gen Endo, and Paul Breedveld. "A bio-inspired expandable soft suction gripper for Minimal Invasive Surgery - an explorative design study." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, April 14, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/accd35.
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Abstract Gripping slippery and flexible tissues during Minimal Invasive Surgery is often challenging using a conventional tissue gripper. A force grip has to compensate for the low friction coefficient between the gripper's jaws and the tissue surface. This study focuses on the development of a suction gripper. This device applies a pressure difference to grip the target tissue without the need to enclose it. Inspiration is taken from biological suction discs, as these are able to attach to a wide variety of substrates, varying from soft and slimy surfaces to rigid and rough rocks. Our bio-inspired suction gripper is divided into two main parts: 1) the suction chamber inside the handle where vacuum pressure is generated, and 2) the suction tip that attaches to the target tissue. The suction gripper fits through a trocar with 10 mm diameter and unfolds in a larger suction surface when being extracted. The suction tip is structured in a layered manner. The tip integrates five functions in separate layers to allow for safe and effective tissue handling: 1) Foldability, 2) Air-tightness, 3) Slideability, 4) Friction magnification and 5) Seal generation. The contact surface of the tip creates an air-tight seal with the tissue and enhances frictional support. The suction tip's shape grip allows for the gripping of small tissue pieces and enhances its resistance against shear forces. The experiments illustrated that our suction gripper outperforms man-made suction discs, as well as currently described suction grippers in literature in terms of attachment force (5.95 ± 0.52 N on muscle tissue) and substrate versatility. Our bio-inspired suction gripper offers the opportunity for a safer alternative to the conventional tissue gripper in Minimal Invasive Surgery.
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Ojo, Oluwafemi, Eetu Kohtanen, Aojia Jiang, Jacob Brody, Alper Erturk, and Kourosh Shoele. "Flapping dynamics of an inverted flag behind a cylinder." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, September 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac96b9.
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Abstract The inverted flag configuration is inspired by biological structures (e.g., leaves on a tree branch), showing rich dynamics associated with instabilities at lower flow speeds than the regular flag configuration. In the biological counterpart, the arrangement of leaves and twigs on foliage creates a complex interacting environment that promotes certain dynamic fluttering modes. While enabling a large amplitude response for reduced flow speeds is advantageous in emerging fields such as energy harvesting; still, little is known about the consequence of such interactions. In this work, we numerically study the canonical bio-inspired problem of the flow-structural interaction of a 2D inverted flag behind a cylindrical bluff body, mimicking a leaf behind a tree branch, to investigate its distinct fluttering regimes. The separation distance between the cylinder and flag is gradually modified to determine the effective distance beyond which small-amplitude or large-amplitude flapping occurs for different flow velocities. It is shown that the flag exhibits a periodic large amplitude$-$low frequency response mode when the cylinder is placed at a sufficiently large distance in front of the flag. At smaller distances, when the flag is within the immediate wake of the cylinder, the flag undergoes a high frequency$-$small amplitude response. Finally, the flag's piezoelectric power harvesting capability is investigated numerically and experimentally for varying geometrical and electrical parameters associated with these two conditions. Two separate optimal response modes with the highest energy output have also been identified.
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Park, See-On, Hakcheon Jeong, Jongyong Park, Jongmin Bae, and Shinhyun Choi. "Experimental demonstration of highly reliable dynamic memristor for artificial neuron and neuromorphic computing." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30539-6.
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AbstractNeuromorphic computing, a computing paradigm inspired by the human brain, enables energy-efficient and fast artificial neural networks. To process information, neuromorphic computing directly mimics the operation of biological neurons in a human brain. To effectively imitate biological neurons with electrical devices, memristor-based artificial neurons attract attention because of their simple structure, energy efficiency, and excellent scalability. However, memristor’s non-reliability issues have been one of the main obstacles for the development of memristor-based artificial neurons and neuromorphic computings. Here, we show a memristor 1R cross-bar array without transistor devices for individual memristor access with low variation, 100% yield, large dynamic range, and fast speed for artificial neuron and neuromorphic computing. Based on the developed memristor, we experimentally demonstrate a memristor-based neuron with leaky-integrate and fire property with excellent reliability. Furthermore, we develop a neuro-memristive computing system based on the short-term memory effect of the developed memristor for efficient processing of sequential data. Our neuro-memristive computing system successfully trains and generates bio-medical sequential data (antimicrobial peptides) while using a small number of training parameters. Our results open up the possibility of memristor-based artificial neurons and neuromorphic computing systems, which are essential for energy-efficient edge computing devices.
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Maraba, Oguzhan, Shayon Bhattacharya, Martin Conda-Sheridan, and Damien Thompson. "Modelling peptide self-assembly within a partially disordered tau filament." Nano Express, February 2, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2632-959x/acb839.
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Abstract Peptide self-assemblies are a natural template for designing bio-inspired functional materials given the extensive characterisation of neurodegenerative and non-disease biological amyloid protein assemblies and advances in rational, modelling-led materials design. These bioinspired materials employ design rules obtained from known aggregation-prone peptides or de novo screening for sequences most amenable to self-assemble functional nanostructures. Here, we exploit the hybrid nature of a complex peptide with both ordered crystalline and intrinsically disordered regions, namely, the microtubule-binding domain (MBD) of tau protein, to probe the physical driving forces for self-assembly at the molecular level. We model the peptide in its native and mutated states to identify the supramolecular packing driving stabilisation at the prefibrillar level. We use extensive atomic-resolution molecular dynamics computer simulations, contact maps, hydrogen-bond networks and free energy calculations to model the tau MBD and its two known familial mutants, the P301L and K280Δ, along with a control double mutant, P301L+ K280Δ as a first step towards understanding their effects on oligomer stability in fibrillar fold. Our results indicate that the mutations destabilise supramolecular packing in the pro-fibrillar hexamer by breaking contacts in the ordered domain of tau MBD, which helps explain mutation-induced toxicity levels as the more stable wild-type peptide assemblies may be less prone to crumbling, producing fewer toxic small oligomeric seeds. Our most important finding is that tau familial mutations causing frontotemporal dementia may show distinct morphologies delineating different stages of self-assembly. The models show that the P301L mutant is more pro-nucleating with low tendency for assembly polymerisation, whereas K280 is more pro-elongating with potential for protofibrillar growth. Our data provides a predictive mechanistic model for distinct peptide self-assembly features depending on the location and nature of single missense mutations on the partially disordered pathogenic MBD, which may explain the prevalence of polymorphic filamentous tau strains observed experimentally.
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Noamani, Alireza, Albert H. Vette, and Hossein Rouhani. "Nonlinear neural control using feedback linearization explains task goals of central nervous system for trunk stability in sitting posture." Journal of Neural Engineering, March 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/acc54f.
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Abstract Objective: Characterizing the task goals of the neural control system for achieving seated stability has been a fundamental challenge in human motor control research. This study aimed to experimentally identify the task goals of the neural control system for seated stability.&#xD;Approach: Ten able-bodied young individuals participated in our experiments, which allowed us to measure their body motion and muscle activity during perturbed sitting. We used a nonlinear neuromechanical model of the seated human, along with a full-state feedback linearization approach and optimal control theory for identifying the neural control system and characterizing its task goals.&#xD;Main results: We demonstrated that the neural feedback for trunk stability during seated posture uses angular position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk in a linearized space. The mean squared error between the predicted and measured motor commands was less than 0.6% among all trials and participants, with a median correlation coefficient (r) of more than 0.9. Our identified optimal neural control primarily used trunk angular acceleration and near-minimum muscle activation to achieve seated stability while keeping the deviations of the trunk angular position and acceleration sufficiently small. &#xD;Significance: Our proposed approach to neural control system identification relied on a performance criterion (e.g., cost function) explaining what the functional goal is and subsequently, finds the control law that leads to the best performance. Therefore, instead of assuming what control schemes the neural control might utilize (e.g., proportional-integral-derivative control), optimal control allows the motor task and the neuromechanical model to dictate a control law that best describes the physiological process. This approach allows for a mechanistic understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms involved in seated stability and for inferring the task goals used by the neural control system to achieve the targeted motor behaviour. Such neural control characterization can contribute to the development of objective balance evaluation tools and of bio-inspired assistive neuromodulation technologies.&#xD;