Artykuły w czasopismach: „Bias manipulation”

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Gardiner, John M., Alan Richardson-Klavehn i Cristina Ramponi. "On Reporting Recollective Experiences and “Direct Access to Memory Systems”". Psychological Science 8, nr 5 (wrzesień 1997): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00431.x.

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Strack and F$oUrster (1995) showed that, unlike remember responses, know responses in recognition memory were influenced by manipulating response bias. We describe an experiment that replicated theirs but additionally allowed subjects to report guesses. Only guess responses were influenced by this manipulation. Response bias had no effects on either know or remember responses. This outcome suggests that manipulating response bias influences know responses only when guessing is encouraged but not reported as such. Moreover, though know responses reflected memory for the study events, guess responses did not.

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Adriaense, J. E. C., V. Šlipogor, S. Hintze, L. Marshall, C. Lamm i T. Bugnyar. "Watching others in a positive state does not induce optimism bias in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), but leads to behaviour indicative of competition". Animal Cognition 24, nr 5 (16.03.2021): 1039–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-021-01497-1.

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AbstractEmotional contagion is suggested to facilitate group life by enhancing synchronized responses to the environment. Cooperative breeders are an example of a social system that requires such intricate coordination between individuals. Therefore, we studied emotional contagion in common marmosets by means of a judgement bias test. Demonstrators were exposed to an emotion manipulation (i.e., positive, negative, control), and observers perceived only the demonstrator’s behaviour. We predicted that the positive or negative states of the demonstrator would induce matching states in the observer, indicating emotional contagion. All subjects’ emotional states were assessed through behaviour and cognition, the latter by means of a judgement bias test. Behavioural results showed a successful emotion manipulation of demonstrators, with manipulation-congruent expressions (i.e., positive calls in the positive condition, and negative calls and pilo-erect tail in the negative condition). Observers showed no manipulation-congruent expressions, but showed more scratching and arousal after the positive manipulation. Concerning the judgement bias test, we predicted that subjects in a positive state should increase their response to ambiguous cues (i.e., optimism bias), and subjects in a negative state should decrease their response (i.e., pessimism bias). This prediction was not supported as neither demonstrators nor observers showed such bias in either manipulation. Yet, demonstrators showed an increased response to the near-positive cue, and additional analyses showed unexpected responses to the reference cues, as well as a researcher identity effect. We discuss all results combined, including recently raised validation concerns of the judgement bias test, and inherent challenges to empirically studying emotional contagion.

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Canter, PH, i E. Ernst. "Bias in reviews of spinal manipulation for back pain". Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 9 (14.06.2010): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.2004.tb04499.x.

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Paul, Amitesh, i Anke Teichert. "Manipulation of uncompensated moments in trained exchange bias system". Applied Physics Letters 97, nr 3 (19.07.2010): 032505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457440.

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Sharpe, Donald, i John G. Adair. "Reversibility of the Hindsight Bias: Manipulation of Experimental Demands". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 56, nr 2 (listopad 1993): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1053.

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Kelm, Mary Katherine, i Charlotte A. Boettiger. "Effects of Acute Dopamine Precusor Depletion on Immediate Reward Selection Bias and Working Memory Depend on Catechol-O-methyltransferase Genotype". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, nr 12 (grudzień 2013): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00464.

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Little agreement exists as to acute dopamine (DA) manipulation effects on intertemporal choice in humans. We previously found that catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype predicts individual differences in immediate reward selection bias among adults. Moreover, we and others have shown that the relationship between COMT genotype and immediate reward bias is inverted in adolescents. No previous pharmacology studies testing DA manipulation effects on intertemporal choice have accounted for COMT genotype, and many have included participants in the adolescent age range (18–21 years) as adults. Moreover, many studies have included female participants without strict cycle phase control, although recent evidence demonstrates that cyclic estradiol elevations interact with COMT genotype to affect DA-dependent cognition. These factors may have interacted with DA manipulations in past studies, potentially occluding detection of effects. Therefore, we predicted that, among healthy male adults (ages 22–40 years), frontal DA tone, as indexed by COMT genotype, would interact with acute changes in DA signaling to affect intertemporal choice. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we decreased central DA via administration of an amino acid beverage deficient in the DA precursors, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and tested effects on immediate reward bias in a delay-discounting (DD) task and working memory (WM) in an n-back task. We found no main effect of beverage on DD or WM performance but did find significant beverage*genotype effects. These results suggest that the effect of DA manipulations on DD depends on individual differences in frontal DA tone, which may have impeded some past efforts to characterize DA's role in immediate reward bias in humans.

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Lee, Caroline, Else Verbeek, Rebecca Doyle i Melissa Bateson. "Attention bias to threat indicates anxiety differences in sheep". Biology Letters 12, nr 6 (czerwiec 2016): 20150977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0977.

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Humans and animals show increased attention towards threatening stimuli when they are in increased states of anxiety. The few animal studies that have examined this phenomenon, known as attention bias, have applied environmental manipulations to induce anxiety but the effects of drug-induced anxiety levels on attention bias have not been demonstrated. Here, we present an attention bias test to identify high and low anxiety states in sheep using pharmacological manipulation. Increased anxiety was induced using 1-methyl-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) and decreased anxiety with diazepam, and then we examined the behaviour of sheep in response to the presence of a dog as a threat. Increased attention towards the threat and increased vigilance were shown in sheep that received the m-CPP and reduced in sheep receiving the diazepam. The modulated attention towards a threat displayed by the m-CPP and diazepam animals suggests that attention bias can assess different levels of anxiety in sheep. Measuring attention bias has the potential to improve animal welfare assessment protocols.

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Ho-wai So, Suzanne, Daniel Freeman i Philippa Garety. "Impact of State Anxiety on the Jumping to Conclusions Delusion Bias". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, nr 10 (1.01.2008): 879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670802345466.

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Objective: This is the first study to investigate the relationship between the level of state anxiety and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) reasoning bias in patients with first-episode psychosis using an experimental manipulation procedure. Method: Thirty patients with psychotic delusions and 30 non-clinical controls, from Hong Kong, were randomized into an anxiety induction or an anxiety reduction imagery condition. Questionnaires were used to measure trait emotions, psychotic symptoms and delusional thinking at baseline. After the anxiety manipulation, participants completed two versions of an assessment of the JTC reasoning bias, the beads task. Results: Both the patients and the non-clinical controls were responsive to the anxiety reduction imagery, but only the non-clinical controls responded to the anxiety induction imagery. The JTC reasoning bias was, as hypothesized, more common in patients than in controls, but was not significantly different between the anxiety manipulation conditions. Both patients and controls had higher rates of JTC than in previous studies. Conclusions: Patients with psychotic delusions have a marked JTC cognitive bias. This is the first JTC study in a Chinese sample, and the results suggest that the bias applies cross-culturally. The results indicate that state anxiety does not influence JTC. Limitations of the study include an inadequate anxiety state manipulation effect in psychotic patients using brief imagery, and unusually high rates of JTC in both patients and controls.

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Bremner, J. Gavin, i Tinu C. Idowu. "Constructing Favourable Conditions for Measuring the Young Child's Understanding of the Terms in, on and under". International Journal of Behavioral Development 10, nr 1 (marzec 1987): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548701000106.

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Recent research has indicated that young children's responses to requests containing the prepositions in, on and under are strongly influenced by the context in which they are made, but that they probably understand the terms in and on before the term under. However, these studies employed contextual manipulations that bias the child towards one particular placement. In this study, the contextual manipulation involved a pre-test activity aimed at equating the likelihood of all three placements. Children from 1 year 6 months to 3 years old showed markedly better comprehension of the terms than children who were not exposed to such pre-test activity. This superiority cannot be put down to contextual bias towards a particular placement, and hence performance under these conditions may give a better measure of actual comprehension. It is suggested that the conditions in real life that force a clear distinction between spatial prepositions are those similar to the present experimental manipulation, in which one object commonly enters into more than one relationship with another.

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Gioia, Dennis A., i Henry P. Sims. "On Avoiding the Influence of Implicit Leadership Theories in Leader Behavior Descriptions". Educational and Psychological Measurement 45, nr 2 (lipiec 1985): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316448504500204.

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Previous research has shown that questionnaire measures of leader behavior can be susceptible to response bias stemming from individual “implicit leadership theories.” The research reported here extended this work by exploring the impact of implicit theories in a managerial context, using both an objective leader behavior manipulation and a leader performance cue manipulation. The findings confirmed that the popular measure initiating structure as measured by the LBDQ, was indeed responsive to the performance cue manipulation in a manner consistent with previous implicit leadership theory research. However, results from more “behaviorally oriented” measures were not significantly responsive to the performance cue manipulation, but were shown to be very good representations of actual leader behaviors. The discussion focused on how researchers might reduce the bias stemming from implicit leadership theories.

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Andersson, Gerhard. "Atheism and how it is perceived: Manipulation of, bias against and ways to reduce the bias". Nordic Psychology 68, nr 3 (13.01.2016): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.1125304.

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Hasselquist, D., i B. Kempenaers. "Parental care and adaptive brood sex ratio manipulation in birds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, nr 1419 (29.03.2002): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0924.

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Under many circumstances, it might be adaptive for parents to bias the investment in offspring in relation to sex. Recently developed molecular techniques that allow sex determination of newly hatched offspring have caused a surge in studies of avian sex allocation. Whether females bias the primary brood sex ratio in relation to factors such as environmental and parental quality is debated. Progress is hampered because the mechanisms for primary sex ratio manipulation are unknown. Moreover, publication bias against non–significant results may distort our view of adaptive sex ratio manipulation. Despite this, there is recent experimental evidence for adaptive brood sex ratio manipulation in birds. Parental care is a particularly likely candidate to affect the brood sex ratio because it can have strong direct effects on the fitness of both parents and their offspring. We investigate and make predictions of factors that can be important for adaptive brood sex ratio manipulation under different patterns of parental care. We encourage correlational studies based on sufficiently large datasets to ensure high statistical power, studies identifying and experimentally altering factors with sex–differential fitness effects that may cause brood sex ratio skew, and studies that experimentally manipulate brood sex ratio and investigate fitness effects.

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Van Tuinen, Henk K. "A Political Economy of Reorientation". Central European Review of Economics and Management 5, nr 2 (21.06.2021): 7–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.915.

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Western subjects are disoriented by systematic commercial manipulation of their preferences. Such manipulation affected the preferences of their forbears and the culture of their societies and its final outcome is that their actual preferences are biased to impulsiveness, materialism, competition and egocentrism. An indication of the disorientation is the distance between actual preferences and what the article defines as potential personal preferences. This distance measures the potential reorientation. A necessary condition for realizing that reorientation is the removal of the commercial bias in the manipulation of preferences. Therefore, the article proposes to institute a Sovereignty Fund, which enables citizens to neutralize the commercial bias in manipulation by promoting their non-commercial values and ambitions in ads which are as sophisticated as contemporary ads promoting consumer goods. Two other arrangements are proposed for securing and accelerating the process of reorientation. All three proposals are radically democratic. They can be implemented without removing or disrupting existing institutions.

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Hupé, Jean-Michel, i Daniel Pressnitzer. "The initial phase of auditory and visual scene analysis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, nr 1591 (5.04.2012): 942–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0368.

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Auditory streaming and visual plaids have been used extensively to study perceptual organization in each modality. Both stimuli can produce bistable alternations between grouped (one object) and split (two objects) interpretations. They also share two peculiar features: (i) at the onset of stimulus presentation, organization starts with a systematic bias towards the grouped interpretation; (ii) this first percept has ‘inertia’; it lasts longer than the subsequent ones. As a result, the probability of forming different objects builds up over time, a landmark of both behavioural and neurophysiological data on auditory streaming. Here we show that first percept bias and inertia are independent. In plaid perception, inertia is due to a depth ordering ambiguity in the transparent (split) interpretation that makes plaid perception tristable rather than bistable: experimental manipulations removing the depth ambiguity suppressed inertia. However, the first percept bias persisted. We attempted a similar manipulation for auditory streaming by introducing level differences between streams, to bias which stream would appear in the perceptual foreground. Here both inertia and first percept bias persisted. We thus argue that the critical common feature of the onset of perceptual organization is the grouping bias, which may be related to the transition from temporally/spatially local to temporally/spatially global computation.

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Zeeshan Saeed, Mirza M., Nabeel Baig i Muhammad Ather Hashmi. "VISCERAL MOBILIZATION AS MANAGEMENT OPTION FOR LOW BACK PAIN - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW". Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 9, nr 2 (1.07.2020): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.9.2/003.

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OBJECTIVE This systematic review is to evaluate the impact of visceral mobilization or manipulation in improving low back pain via standard protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature was searched electronically on various databases such as PEDro, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Science Direct considering duration of 2011 to 2019. Randomized Controlled Trials investigating effectiveness of visceral manipulation or mobilization, either, in the comparison with different modalities or with sham/placebo were included. Data was extracted and studies were reviewed on standardized qualitative assessment criteria. Cochrane guidelines were followed to find out the risk of bias among the included studies. RESULTS All the studies provided moderate to high quality evidence in favor of visceral mobilization or manipulation being effective on low back pain in terms of risk of bias and quality assessment with significant results (p-value <0.05). CONCLUSION The available studies provided the significant and strong effectiveness of visceral manipulation and mobilization. However, scarcity of literature in domain raises an inevitable need for further studies to be conducted in future.

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Santamaría, Carlos, Juan A. García-Madruga i Mario Carretero. "Beyond belief bias: Reasoning from conceptual structures by mental models manipulation". Memory & Cognition 24, nr 2 (marzec 1996): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03200885.

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Gao, Yanmin, Xin Chen, Hongyan Qiao, Yonggang Ke i Hao Qi. "Low-Bias Manipulation of DNA Oligo Pool for Robust Data Storage". ACS Synthetic Biology 9, nr 12 (13.11.2020): 3344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.0c00419.

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Vuković, Siniša. "Soft Power, Bias and Manipulation of International Organizations in International Mediation". International Negotiation 20, nr 3 (26.10.2015): 414–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341315.

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The present study challenges three common assumptions of the international mediation literature. First, it challenges the perception that pure or weak mediators are unable to use manipulative and coercive strategies in the mediation process, but can only resort to facilitating the dialogue and at most formulating a proposal on behalf of the disputants. Secondly, it challenges the perception that only resource-based power can be used to manipulate the process and coerce (and direct) the parties toward mutually acceptable solutions. This misconception is based on the assumption that the expansion of the zone of possible agreement, which is mainly attributed to manipulative strategies, can be achieved only by the employment of carrots and sticks which are often inaccessible to pure or weak mediators. Lastly, it shows how this type of leverage can also indicate a particular bias that an apparent pure mediator might have: bias of outcome.

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Wadlinger, Heather A., i Derek M. Isaacowitz. "Looking happy: The experimental manipulation of a positive visual attention bias." Emotion 8, nr 1 (2008): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.121.

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Field, Matt, i Brian Eastwood. "Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol". Psychopharmacology 183, nr 3 (19.10.2005): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0202-5.

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Canter, Peter H., i Edzard Ernst. "Sources of bias in reviews of spinal manipulation for back pain". Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 117, nr 9-10 (maj 2005): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-005-0355-6.

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FÖRSTER, MANUEL, ANA MAULEON i VINCENT J. VANNETELBOSCH. "Trust and manipulation in social networks". Network Science 4, nr 2 (11.02.2016): 216–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2015.34.

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AbstractWe investigate the role of manipulation in boundedly rational opinion dynamics. Agents are subject to persuasion bias and repeatedly communicate with their neighbors in a social network. They can exert effort to manipulate trust in the opinions of others in their favor and update their opinions about some issue of common interest by taking weighted averages of neighbors' opinions. We show that manipulation can connect a segregated society and thus lead to mutual consensus. Second, we show that manipulation fosters opinion leadership; and surprisingly agents with low trust in their own opinion might get more influential even by being manipulated. Finally, comparative simulations reveal that manipulation is beneficial to information aggregation when preferences and abilities for manipulation are homogeneous, but detrimental in case abilities are concentrated at few powerful agents.

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Liu, Ke, Kin Keung Lai, Jerome Yen i Qing Zhu. "Model of Bias-Driven Trend Followers and Interaction with Manipulators". International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 16, nr 02 (marzec 2017): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622014500485.

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Stock investors are not fully rational in trading and many behavioral biases that affect them. However, most of the literature on behavioral finance has put efforts only to explain empirical phenomena observed in financial markets; little attention has been paid to how individual investors’ trading performance is affected by behavioral biases. As against the common perception that behavioral biases are always detrimental to investment performance, we conjecture that these biases can sometimes yield better trading outcomes. Focusing on representativeness bias, conservatism and disposition effect, we construct a mathematical model in which the representative trend investor follows a Bayesian trading strategy based on an underlying Markov chain, switching beliefs between trending and mean-reversion. By this model, scenario analysis is undertaken to track investor behavior and performance under different patterns of market movements. Simulation results show the effect of biases on investor performance can sometimes be positive. Further, we investigate how manipulators could take advantage of investor biases to profit. The model’s potential for manipulation detection is demonstrated by real data of well-known manipulation cases.

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Gera, Charu, Manoj Malik, Jaspreet kaur i Minaxi Saini. "A systematic review and meta-analysis on effect of spinal mobilization and manipulation on cardiovascular responses". Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 40, nr 02 (6.08.2020): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013702520500122.

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Background: Spinal pain or misalignment is a very common disorder affecting a significant number of populations resulting in substantial disability and economic burden. Various manual therapeutic techniques such as spinal manipulations and mobilizations can be used to treat and manage pain and movement dysfunctions such as spinal mal-alignments and associated complications. These manual therapeutic techniques can affect the cardiovascular parameters. Objective: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the effect of spinal manipulation and mobilization on cardiovascular parameters. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of spinal mobilization and manipulation on cardiovascular responses. Mean changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Heart Rate (HR) were primary outcome measures. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analyses. Quality of the included studies was assessed by PEDro Rating scale. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane collaboration tool of risk of bias. Results: Results of meta-analysis showed that there was statistically significant decrease in SBP ([Formula: see text], 95% [Formula: see text], 0.08; [Formula: see text]) with moderate heterogeneity ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) in experimental group as compared to control group. There was statistically non-significant decrease in DBP ([Formula: see text], 95% [Formula: see text], 0.69; [Formula: see text]) with high heterogeneity ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), Change HR was statistically non-significant ([Formula: see text], 95% [Formula: see text], 3.11; [Formula: see text]) with moderate heterogeneity ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Exclusion of short duration studies in sensitivity analysis revealed a statistically significant change in DBP ([Formula: see text], 95% [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]). However, the result was statistically non-significant for HR after sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: Spinal manipulations and mobilizations may result in significant decrease of systolic as well as diastolic Blood Pressure.

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Bicchieri, Cristina, i Alex K. Chavez. "NORM MANIPULATION, NORM EVASION: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE". Economics and Philosophy 29, nr 2 (lipiec 2013): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267113000187.

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Using an economic bargaining game, we tested for the existence of two phenomena related to social norms, namely norm manipulation – the selection of an interpretation of the norm that best suits an individual – and norm evasion – the deliberate, private violation of a social norm. We found that the manipulation of a norm of fairness was characterized by a self-serving bias in beliefs about what constituted normatively acceptable behaviour, so that an individual who made an uneven bargaining offer not only genuinely believed it was fair, but also believed that recipients found it fair, even though recipients of the offer considered it to be unfair. In contrast, norm evasion operated as a highly explicit process. When they could do so without the recipient's knowledge, individuals made uneven offers despite knowing that their behaviour was unfair.

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Vysotska, O., i S. Vysotska. "Information Evaluation: Teaching Students to Detect Bias, Fake, and Manipulation Ukrainian perspective". Science and Education a New Dimension VIII(236), nr 94 (20.09.2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-pp2020-236viii94-18.

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KATO, Maki, i Toshiro ISHIDA. "Relationship between user's manipulation against the camera and picture bias by photography." Japanese journal of ergonomics 31, nr 6 (1995): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.31.399.

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Rizwan, Syed, S. I. Ali, Q. T. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. G. Zhao, M. Anis-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Tufail i X. F. Han. "Piezoelectric manipulation of Co/CoO exchange-bias bilayer system at low-temperature". Journal of Applied Physics 114, nr 10 (14.09.2013): 104108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4820938.

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Bradley, Brendan P., Karin Mogg, Sara J. Falla i Lucy R. Hamilton. "Attentional Bias for Threatening Facial Expressions in Anxiety: Manipulation of Stimulus Duration". Cognition & Emotion 12, nr 6 (listopad 1998): 737–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999398379411.

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Chen, Haifeng, Duan Xie i Lixin Guo. "Manipulation of Interface Trap-Induced Generation Current by Substrate Bias in MOSFET". IEEE Electron Device Letters 39, nr 8 (sierpień 2018): 1126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2018.2845916.

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Standage, Helen, Chris Ashwin i Elaine Fox. "Is manipulation of mood a critical component of cognitive bias modification procedures?" Behaviour Research and Therapy 48, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.005.

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Wanderley, Débora, Andrea Lemos, Larissa de Andrade Carvalho i Daniella Araújo de Oliveira. "Manual therapies for pain relief in patients with headache". Revista Neurociências 23, nr 1 (31.03.2015): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2015.v23.8053.

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Objective. This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy of manual therapies for headache relief. Method. A systematic search in MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted for randomized and quasi-randomized trials, with no restrictions for language or year of publication. The descriptors were ‘Headache’, ‘Headache disorders’ and ‘Musculoskeletal manipulations’, in addition to the keyword ‘Manual therapy’ and its equivalents in Portuguese. We included studies that compared massage, chiropractic manipulation, osteopathic manipulation and other spinal manipulation to groups with no intervention, other physiotherapeutic modalities or to a sham group. Results. Seven of the 567 articles initially screened were selected, including patients with tension type headache, cervicogenic headache or migraine. It was not possible to assess the magnitude of the treatment effect on the findings of this review. The main limitations were the absence of randomization and adequate allocation concealment, the lack of blinded evaluators and intention-to-treat analysis and inadequate statistical analysis. Conclusions. We were unable to determine the size of the treatment effect due to the selective description of findings. Owing to the high risk of bias in the articles included, the available evidence regarding the efficacy of manual therapies for headache relief is insufficient.

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Strickland, Luke, Shayne Loft i Andrew Heathcote. "Investigating the effects of ongoing-task bias on prospective memory". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, nr 9 (9.04.2020): 1495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820914915.

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Event-based prospective memory (PM) refers to the cognitive processes required to perform a planned action upon encountering a future event. Event-based PM studies engage participants in an ongoing task (e.g., lexical decision-making) with an instruction to make an alternative PM response to certain items (e.g., items containing “tor”). The Prospective Memory Decision Control (PMDC) model, which provides a quantitative process account of ongoing-task and PM decisions, proposes that PM and ongoing-task processes compete in a race to threshold. We use PMDC to test whether, as proposed by the Delay Theory of PM costs, PM can be improved by biasing decision-making against a specific ongoing-task choice, so that the PM process is more likely to win the race. We manipulated bias in a lexical decision task with an accompanying PM intention. In one condition, a bias was induced against deciding items were words, and in another, a bias was induced against deciding items were non-words. The bias manipulation had little effect on PM accuracy but did affect the types of ongoing-task responses made on missed PM trials. PMDC fit the observed data well and verified that the bias manipulation had the intended effect on ongoing-task processes. Furthermore, although simulations from PMDC could produce an improvement in PM accuracy due to ongoing-task bias, this required implausible parameter values. These results illustrate the importance of understanding event-based PM in terms of a comprehensive model of the processes that interact to determine all aspects of task performance.

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KAPPES, ANDREAS, i TALI SHAROT. "The automatic nature of motivated belief updating". Behavioural Public Policy 3, nr 1 (1.03.2018): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2017.11.

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AbstractPeople's risk estimates often do not align with the evidence available to them. In particular, people tend to discount bad news (such as evidence suggesting their risk of being involved in a car accident is higher than they thought) as compared to good news (evidence suggesting it is lower) – this is known as the belief update bias. It has been assumed that individuals use motivated reasoning to rationalise away unwanted evidence (e.g., “I am a safe driver, thus these statistics do not apply to me”). However, whether reasoning is required to discount bad news has not been tested directly. Here, we restrict cognitive resources using a cognitive load (Experiment 1) and a time restriction manipulation (Experiment 3) and find that while these manipulations diminish learning in general, they do not diminish the bias. Furthermore, we also show that the relative neglect of bad news happens the moment new evidence is presented, not when participants are subsequently prompted to state their belief (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest that reasoning is not required for bad news to be discounted as compared to good news.

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Ehresmann, Arno, Iris Koch i Dennis Holzinger. "Manipulation of Superparamagnetic Beads on Patterned Exchange-Bias Layer Systems for Biosensing Applications". Sensors 15, nr 11 (13.11.2015): 28854–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s151128854.

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Ononaiye, Margarita S. P., Graham Turpin i John G. Reidy. "Attentional Bias in Social Anxiety: Manipulation of Stimulus Duration and Social-evaluative Anxiety". Cognitive Therapy and Research 31, nr 6 (28.03.2007): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9096-8.

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Stebliy, Maksim E., Alexander G. Kolesnikov, Michail A. Bazrov, Michail E. Letushev, Alexey V. Ognev, Aleksandr V. Davydenko, Ekaterina V. Stebliy i in. "Current-Induced Manipulation of the Exchange Bias in a Pt/Co/NiO Structure". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, nr 35 (24.08.2021): 42258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c12683.

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Bánhegyi, Mátyás. "Identifying political and ideological bias in translated newspaper articles". FORUM / Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 15, nr 1 (19.08.2017): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/forum.15.1.01ban.

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Abstract Translation can serve the purposes of gaining, maintaining and even abusing political power in the interests of certain political groups. In order to identify political manipulation in translated texts, a text linguistics based tool called Political Bias Screener has been developed, which includes superstructure and macrostructure analysis, critical discourse analysis and political mass communication related theories. This article describes the most relevant theoretical foundations and the component models of the Screener, investigates its validity and reliability and introduces the most important research findings obtained with its help. The findings show possible tendencies of translator behaviour and are transferable to other research fields in Translation Studies.

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Fogarty, Gerard J. "Response Bias in Computerised Tests". South Pacific Journal of Psychology 10, nr 2 (1998): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000882.

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AbstractChoosing a response format is a problem when designing computerised tests. Programmers often solve this problem by highlighting a response option and allowing the user to select this option or choose another by using the cursor keys. It is possible that such well-meaning attempts to make computers more user-friendly may heighten response style tendencies. The two experiments to be reported in this study were designed to test the effect of cursor positioning in personality and ability tests. In the first experiment, sixty two Participants were randomly assigned to two groups and asked to complete computerised versions of Forms A and B of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The position of the highlight was manipulated to produce a two-by-two factorial design with repeated measures on one factor. Results showed that there was evidence of a cursor effect but that it was confined to one of the conditions in the design. Experiment two employed the same sort of manipulation in a computerised version of the ACER Word Knowledge Test with another sample of 36 Participants. Here, no evidence was found for any effect of cursor positioning. Overall, it was concluded that the highlighting technique itself is unlikely to have any effect on measures of cognitive ability but that it may have some effect in the more subjective personality testing domain.

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Bendor, Jonathan, Serge Taylor i Roland Van Gaalen. "Stacking the Deck: Bureaucratic Missions and Policy Design". American Political Science Review 81, nr 3 (wrzesień 1987): 873–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962681.

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Empirical studies suggest that mission-oriented bureaucrats bias their design of program alternatives to increase the odds that a superior will choose the kind of program the officials want. However, political executives may anticipate this manipulation and try to reassert control. These struggles are examined in three models. In Model 1 a senior bureaucrat is interested only in missions; the bureaucrat's political superior controls him or her by rejecting inferior proposals and entertaining new options from other policy specialists. Model 2 is a principal-agent analysis. Here the official is interested only in budgets; the official's superior reduces search bias by creating an ex ante incentive scheme. In Model 3 the bureaucrat cares about both budgets and programs; the superior uses both his or her final review authority and ex ante incentives to reduce agenda manipulation. The models' contrasting implications for the political control of bureaucracy are examined.

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Simbolon, Tuaraja. "Theoretical Study of Negative Material Bias Index Symptoms". Journal of Technomaterials Physics 2, nr 1 (28.02.2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jotp.v2i1.5204.

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Theoretical research on the phenomenon of negative refractive index materialwas cunducted. The material is a known metamaterial that can manipulate electromagneticwaves through it. By changing the permeability and permittivity of a medium that is worthimaginary, then the value is included in the equation will produce a refractive index that isnegative. This value can be achieved through material forms are designed so that themagnetic field and electric field manipulation. The equation used on electromagnetic wavesthat Maxwell's equations, is revealed to be some similarities propagation magnetic field andelectric field. The Methods Finite Difference Time Domain (FDT D) as a modifier equationwas then equations analysis, simulated using MatlabR2014 program. Based on simulationresults, visible when the electromagnetic waves through a material metamaterial, the wavesare deflected, do not pass part of the material covered.

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Sager, Tore. "Manipulative Features of Planning Styles". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 33, nr 5 (maj 2001): 765–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3320.

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This paper identifies features of well-known planning modes affecting the likelihood of manipulation. Results from social choice theory and the economic theory of organisation help to explain why certain combinations of planning styles and organisational characteristics stimulate or hamper manipulation. Although the planning process can be rigged in many ways, false revelation of preferences and strategic agenda formation are primarily studied here. When each decisionmaker can rank the alternatives any way he or she wants, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem states that manipulation-free procedures for making recommendations do not exist unless cyclical decisions or high concentrations of power are accepted. In general, a low probability of cyclical recommendations and a strong organisational bias favouring certain interests and alternatives reduce the likelihood of successful manipulation. It is argued that these conditions are present particularly in advocacy planning and—perhaps counterintuitively—to some extent in disjointed incrementalism.

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Gordon, Randall A. "Social Desirability Bias: A Demonstration and Technique for Its Reduction". Teaching of Psychology 14, nr 1 (luty 1987): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1401_11.

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A demonstration of social desirability bias in survey research suitable for moderate to large class sizes is described. The method used to reduce subjects' response bias involved a manipulation of instructions on a questionnaire. The standard instruction format requested subjects to respond to three questions on dental hygiene behavior and not to sign their names on the questionnaires. The modified instructions included additional information regarding the anonymity of the subjects' responses, the need for accurate information, and the role of the subject as a contributor of valuable information. The results from the demonstration are reported and topics for classroom discussion are suggested.

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Lavy, Edith H., i Marcel A. van den Hout. "Attentional Bias for Appetitive Cues: Effects of Fasting in Normal Subjects". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 21, nr 4 (październik 1993): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800011632.

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A long series of earlier studies demonstrated that fearful subjects selectively allocate attention to sources of perceived threat. Such attentional bias may not be limited to negative cues. It is hypothesized that attentional bias serves to enhance early identification of action-relevant cues and that such bias also occurs when subjects are confronted with positive valenced cues that evoke an urge to act immediately. In order to determine whether or not the attentional bias effect is limited to unpleasant stimuli, we studied the effects of 24 hours of fasting, focusing our attention on a possible attentional bias for (positively evaluated) food stimuli. The experiment controlled for emotionality effects. It is shown that fasting results in a positive evaluation of food stimuli and an increased desire for these stimuli. The attentional bias effects found were slight and more likely attributable to the increased urge to act than to general emotionality effects. The power of the experimental manipulation and the computerized Stroop task are discussed.

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Reid, Kym Taylor, Pavel Trofimovich i Mary Grantham O’Brien. "SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND SPEECH RATINGS". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41, nr 2 (13.11.2018): 419–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263118000244.

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AbstractThis study examined whether social bias manipulation can influence how naïve multiage listeners evaluate second language (L2) speech. Sixty native English-speaking listeners (Montreal residents) rated audio recordings of 40 Quebec French speakers of L2 English for five dimensions of oral performance (accentedness, comprehensibility, segmental accuracy, intonation, flow) using 1,000-point continuous scales. Immediately before rating, 20 listeners heard critical comments about Quebec French speakers’ English language skills, while 20 heard positive comments. Twenty listeners (baseline group) received no manipulation. Compared to baseline listeners, positively oriented listeners (younger and older) rated four of five dimensions more favorably. However, listeners’ behavior diverged under negative bias. Compared to age-matched baseline listeners, younger listeners upgraded speakers while older listeners downgraded speakers for all targeted measures. Findings cast doubt on the relative stability of L2 speech ratings and point to the importance of social context and generational differences in untrained rater assessments of L2 speaking performance.

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Buyong, Muhamad Ramdzan, Farhad Larki, Celine Elie Caille, Norazreen Abd Aziz, Ahamad Ghadafi Ismail, Azrul Azlan Hamzah i Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis. "Dynamic dielectric properties characterization of tapered dielectrophoresis microelectrodes for selective detection and rapid manipulation of cells". Microelectronics International 37, nr 4 (4.09.2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-03-2020-0015.

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Purpose This paper aims to present the dielectrophoresis (DEP) force (FDEP), defined as microelectrofluidics mechanism capabilities in performing selective detection and rapid manipulation of blood components such as red blood cells (RBC) and platelets. The purpose of this investigation is to understand FDEP correlation to the variation of dynamic dielectric properties of cells under an applied voltage bias. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, tapered design DEP microelectrodes are used and explained. To perform the characterization and optimization by analysing the DEP polarization factor, the change in dynamic dielectric properties of blood components are observed according to the crossover frequency (fxo) and adjustment frequency (fadj) variation for selective detection and rapid manipulation. Findings Experimental observation of dynamic dielectric properties change shows clear correlation to DEP polarization factor when performing selective detection and rapid manipulation. These tapered DEP microelectrodes demonstrate an in situ DEP patterning efficiency more than 95%. Research limitations/implications The capabilities of tapered DEP microelectrode devices are introduced in this paper. However, they are not yet mature in medical research studies for various purposes such as identifying cells and bio-molecules for detection, isolation and manipulation application. This is because of biological property variations that require further DEP characterization and optimization. Practical implications The introduction of microelectrofluidics using DEP microelectrodes operate by selective detecting and rapid manipulating via lateral and vertical forces. This can be implemented on precision health-care development for lab-on-a-chip application in microfluidic diagnostic and prognostic devices. Originality/value This study introduces a new concept to understand the dynamic dielectric properties change. This is useful for rapid, label free and precise methods to conduct selective detection and rapid manipulation of mixtures of RBC and platelets. Further, potential applications that can be considered are for protein, toxin, cancer cell and bacteria detections and manipulation. Implementation of tapered DEP microelectrodes can be used based on the understanding of dynamic dielectric properties of polarization factor analysis.

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Weigelt, Matthias, Wilfried Kunde i Wolfgang Prinz. "End-State Comfort in Bimanual Object Manipulation". Experimental Psychology 53, nr 2 (styczeń 2006): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.53.2.143.

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The present experiment investigated the sensitivity for end-state comfort in a bimanual object manipulation task. Participants were required to simultaneously reach for two bars and to place the objects' ends into two targets on the table. The design of the experiment allowed to dissociate the relative roles of initial means (e.g., the selection of grips) and final postures (e.g., the anticipation of end-states). The question of interest was whether affording different grip patterns for the two hands would introduce a bias away from reaching end-state comfort. Results revealed a strong sensitivity for end-state comfort, independent of the required grip patterns. In particular, end-state comfort was preferred even if this meant selecting different initial means (i.e., different grips) for the two hands. Hence, end-state oriented action planning appears to dominate interaction costs that may result from motor-related, intermanual interference. We infer that movement planning is constrained by action goals (e.g., a comfortable end-posture for both hands), but largely unaffected by the type of motor actions necessary to achieve these goals.

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Nygren, Thomas E., i Terry Ransom-Flint. "Dispositional Self-Confidence in Judgment and Framing Bias Susceptibility in a Dynamic Decision Making Environment". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, nr 1 (październik 1997): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100157.

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Decision-makers demonstrate framing bias when their decision making behavior is a function of the contextual presentation or framing (positive or negative) of the decision problem. Framing effects in simple, static situations (e.g., gambling) have been well documented, but past research on framing has typically ignored both dynamic environments and the effects of predispositional variables like risk-taking tendency and confidence in judgment. We examined the impact of these influences by exposing participants who measured either very high or low in decision making self-confidence to a high workload environment with either an “opportunity for gain” or a “threat of loss” decision frame condition. Participants performed a multi-task, computer-generated flight simulation program (the MAT) for 30 minutes. Results indicated that participants' actual performance on the MAT subtasks could be affected by the framing manipulation, and also that their decision strategies to optimize task performance were influenced by both by the framing manipulation and their self-confidence level.

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Lovén, Johanna, Agneta Herlitz i Jenny Rehnman. "Women’s Own-Gender Bias in Face Recognition Memory". Experimental Psychology 58, nr 4 (1.02.2011): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000100.

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Women remember more female than male faces, whereas men do not seem to display an own-gender bias in face recognition memory. Why women remember female faces to a greater extent than male faces is unclear; one proposition is that women attend more to and thereby process female faces more effortfully than male faces during encoding. A manipulation that distracts attention and reduces effortful processing may therefore decrease women’s own-gender bias by reducing memory for female faces relative to male faces. In three separate experiments, women and men encoded female and male faces for later recognition in full attention and divided attention conditions. Results consistently showed that women, in contrast to men, displayed a reliable own-gender bias. Importantly, the magnitude of women’s own-gender bias was not reduced in divided attention conditions, indicating that it is not a result of effortful processing of female faces. We suggest these results reflect that women have greater perceptual expertise for female faces, facilitating recognition memory.

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Sim, Jessica J., Joshua Correll i Melody S. Sadler. "Understanding Police and Expert Performance". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, nr 3 (11.02.2013): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212473157.

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In three studies, we examined how training may attenuate (or exacerbate) racial bias in the decision to shoot. In Experiment 1, when novices read a newspaper article about Black criminals, they showed pronounced racial bias in a first-person-shooter task (FPST); when they read about White criminals, bias was eliminated. Experts (who practiced the FPST) and police officers were unaffected by the same stereotype-accessibility manipulation. However, when training itself (base rates of armed vs. unarmed targets in the FPST, Experiment 2a; or special unit officers who routinely deal with minority gang members, Experiment 2b) reinforced the association between Blacks and danger, training did not attenuate bias. When race is unrelated to the presence/absence of a weapon, training may eliminate bias as participants learn to focus on diagnostic object information (gun vs. no gun). But when training actually promotes the utility of racial cues, it may sustain the heuristic use of stereotypes.

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