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Miao, Qing, Jun Yong Wu, Hong Ke Ai, Fei Xiong, Da Wei Qi i Liang Liang Hao. "Study on Coordinating Control Strategy of Hybrid Cascade Energy Storage and Bi-Directional Power Regulation Device". Advanced Materials Research 852 (styczeń 2014): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.655.
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This paper presents a novel topology and the coordinating control strategy of the hybrid cascade energy storage and bi-directional power regulation device. First, the voltage gain and power transmission characteristics of isolated half-bridge DC/DC converter have been analyzed. On this basis, the coordinating control strategy of the two kinds of converters is mainly studied. Finally, a detailed bi-directional power regulation device model is established on a PSCAD/EMTDC platform.
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Chiang, S. J., Yu-Min Liao i Ke-Chih Liu. "Capacity Limitation Control of Multiple Bi-directional DC-DC Converters for Micro Grid Application". Studies in Engineering and Technology 2, nr 1 (2.07.2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v2i1.926.
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The micro grid system requires battery for energy storage and power management. In which, the bi-directional DC to DC converter is the key component for maintaining the DC bus voltage and controlling the charge and discharge of the battery with or without grid support. Parallel control of multiple DC to DC converters is a critical technique to enlarge the power capacity. This paper presents two capacity limitation control methods that multiple DC to DC converters can be paralleled with distributed battery banks. The first method is the capacity limitation control with cascaded load current sense needing no control interconnection. The second method is the capacity limitation control with master-slave and cascaded current command limitation. Two methods are presented to solve the limitation of droop control method and active current sharing method respectively, and can be extended without converter number limitation theoretically. Three prototype 240W bidirectional half-bridge DC to DC converters are built and paralleled in this paper. The proposed method is confirmed with some measured results.
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Karakaya, Furkan, Özgür Gülsuna i Ozan Keysan. "Feasibility of Quasi-Square-Wave Zero-Voltage-Switching Bi-Directional DC/DC Converters with GaN HEMTs". Energies 14, nr 10 (16.05.2021): 2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102867.
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There are trade-offs for each power converter design which are mainly dictated by the switching component and passive component ratings. Recent power electronic devices such as Gallium Nitride (GaN) transistors can improve the application range of power converter topologies with lower conduction and switching losses. These new capabilities brought by the GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) inevitably changes the feasible operation ranges of power converters. This paper investigates the feasibility of Buck and Boost based bi-directional DC/DC converter which utilizes Quasi-Square-Wave (QSW) Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) on GaN HEMTs. The proposed converter applies a high-switching frequency at high output power to maximize the power density at the cost of high current ripple with high frequency of operation which requires a design strategy for the passive components. An inductor design methodology is performed to operate at 28 APP with a switching frequency of 450 kHz. In order to minimize the high ripple current stress on the output capacitors an interleaving is performed. Finally, the proposed bi-directional converter is operated at 5.4 kW with 5.24 kW/L or 85.9 W/in3 volumetric power density with air-forced cooling. The converter performance is verified for buck and boost modes and full load efficiencies are recorded as 97.7% and 98.7%, respectively.
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Kumari, Remala Geshma, A. Ezhilarasi i Naresh Pasula. "Control strategy for modified CI-based Bi-directional Γ-Z source DC-DC converter for buck-boost operation". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, nr 3 (1.09.2022): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1510-1518.
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This paper introduces a novel Bi-directional coupled-inductor (CI) based Γ-Z source converter for step up-step down DC application. It is a modified version of CI based Γ-Z high gain converter. The converter originates under the family of impedance networks with two winding coupled inductor. The said converter when operated with low duty ratio makes converter to achieve high gain compared to conventional DC-DC converters. As the society is in trend with electric vehicles (EV’s) are recommending operating the converters in Bi-directional mode to have continuous power flow when those are operated with green technologies. So, the same converter is initially operated and verified as buck and boost converter in open loop mode. Nearly 38 and 4 voltage-gainin boost and buck mode was observed when realized in MATLAB environment for the designed inductor and capacitor values with 49% and 1% duty cycle respectively under open-loop configuration. In the succeeding a PID controller based closed loop control strategy has implemented for the same converter. Gain sensitivity of the converter had been verified in MATLAB Simulink environment. Results obtained from simulation and mathematical found satisfactory in open and closed loop.
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Saponara, Sergio, Roberto Saletti i Lucian Mihet-Popa. "Hybrid Micro-Grids Exploiting Renewables Sources, Battery Energy Storages, and Bi-Directional Converters". Applied Sciences 9, nr 22 (19.11.2019): 4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224973.
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This paper analyzes trends in renewable-energy-sources (RES), power converters, and control strategies, as well as battery energy storage and the relevant issues in battery charging and monitoring, with reference to a new and improved energy grid. An alternative micro-grid architecture that overcomes the lack of flexibility of the classic energy grid is then described. By mixing DC and AC sources, the hybrid micro-grid proposes an alternative architecture where the use of bi-directional electric vehicle chargers creates a micro-grid that directly interconnects all the partner nodes with bi-directional energy flows. The micro-grid nodes are the main grid, the RES and the energy storage systems, both, on-board the vehicle and inside the micro-grid structure. This model is further sustained by the new products emerging in the market, since new solar inverters are appearing, where a local energy storage for the RES is available. Therefore, the power flow from/towards the RES becomes bi-directional with improved flexibility and efficiency.
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Calderon-Lopez, Gerardo, James Scoltock, Yiren Wang, Ian Laird, Xibo Yuan i Andrew J. Forsyth. "Power-Dense Bi-Directional DC–DC Converters With High-Performance Inductors". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, nr 12 (grudzień 2019): 11439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2943124.
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Lamantia, Antonio, Francesco Giuliani i Alberto Castellazzi. "Power Scalable Bi-Directional DC-DC Conversion Solutions for Future Aircraft Applications". Energies 13, nr 20 (19.10.2020): 5470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205470.
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With the introduction of the more electric aircraft, there is growing emphasis on improving overall efficiency and thus gravimetric and volumetric power density, as well as smart functionalities and safety of an aircraft. In future on-board power distribution networks, so-called high voltage DC (HVDC, typically +/−270VDC) supplies will be introduced to facilitate distribution and reduce the associated mass and volume, including harness. Future aircraft power distribution systems will also very likely include energy storage devices (probably, batteries) for emergency back up and engine starting. Correspondingly, novel DC-DC conversion solutions are required, which can interface the traditional low voltage (28 V) DC bus with the new 270 V one. Such solutions presently need to cater for a significant degree of flexibility in their power ratings, power transfer capability and number of inputs/outputs. Specifically, multi-port power-scalable bi-directional converters are required. This paper presents the design and testing of such a solution, addressing the use of leading edge wide-band-gap (WBG) solid state technology, especially silicon carbide (SiC), for use as high-frequency switches within the bi-directional converter on the high-voltage side.
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Barsana Banu, J., i M. Balasingh Moses. "Modeling, control, and implementation of the soft switching dc-dc converter for battery charging/discharging applications". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 1.3 (31.12.2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.3.9667.
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This paper presents a soft switching bidirectional buck-boost converter for battery charging and discharging systems. The proposed method comprises of Inductance Capacitance Diode combination of the bidirectional dc-dc converter with one more electric switch is presented to accomplish high efficiency, high conversion ratio and maximum output power compared to the other bidirectional converters. It works in both steps up and steps down conversions. The proposed converter has alleviated the switching stress problems in the conventional bidirectional dc-dc converter. It suppresses the switching losses by zero voltage and zeroes current turn ON and OFF all switches. The complete steady-state analysis of the proposed bi-directional converter has described with its operating modes. Design consideration of parameters also presented to realize the converter characteristics. The switching stress on the power semiconductor devices is given, and the comparisons between the proposed technique and other bidirectional converters are illustrated with some results. Finally, the experimental prototype of 20 kHz, 315 W output power converter developed, and its feasibility verified through computer simulation results.
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Reusser, Carlos A., Ramón Herrera Hernández i Tek Tjing Lie. "Hybrid Vehicle CO2 Emissions Reduction Strategy Based on Model Predictive Control". Electronics 12, nr 6 (21.03.2023): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061474.
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This work proposes a hybrid drive controlled configuration, using a minimum emissions search algorithm, which ensures the operation of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) in its fuel efficiency range, minimizing CO2 emissions by controlling the power flow direction of the Electric Machine (EM). This action is achieved by means of Power Converters, in this case a bi-directional DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter in the DC-side and a DC-AC T-type Converter as the inverting stage. Power flow is controlled by means of a bi-directional Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme, based on an emissions optimization algorithm. A novel drivetrain configuration is presented where both, the ICE and the EM are in tandem arrangement. The EM is driven depending on the traction requirements and the emissions of the ICE. The EM is capable of operates in motor and generator mode ensuring the Minimum Emission Operating Point (MEOP) of the ICE regardless of the mechanical demand at the drivetrain. Simulation and validation results using a Hardware in the Loop (HIL) virtual prototype under different operation conditions are presented in order to validate the proposed overall optimization strategy.
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Scharrer, M., M. Halton, A. Scanlan i K. Rinne. "Efficient Bi-Directional Digital Communication Scheme for Isolated Switch Mode Power Converters". IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 59, nr 12 (grudzień 2012): 3081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2012.2206450.
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Kim, Sung-Hun, Hyung-Jun Byun, Junsin Yi i Chung-Yuen Won. "A Bi-Directional Dual-Input Dual-Output Converter for Voltage Balancer in Bipolar DC Microgrid". Energies 15, nr 14 (11.07.2022): 5043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145043.
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Bipolar DC microgrids (BDCMGs) have several issues related to the voltage and require numerous converters to supply power to both poles. To solve these issues, a bidirectional dual-input dual-output (DIDO) converter is proposed for the voltage balancer in BDCMG. The DIDO converter has dual-input sources and a dual-output port connected to the grid. Additionally, the DIDO converter simultaneously performs independent bidirectional power control and voltage balancing control. Based on the input voltages, this paper proposes modulation methods for three cases. The modulation method of the second case has a wide operating range and low balancing current ripple without increasing the switching frequency. Moreover, only voltage balancer mode without active input sources is proposed, considering the intermittent source. Therefore, it can operate as a voltage balancer under all conditions. The voltage balancing performance of the three cases was analyzed. Finally, the proposed modulation and control method of the DIDO converter were verified through experimental results.
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Shajith Ali, U. "A Modified Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Bi-Directional Z-Source DC-DC Converter Based Solar Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (sierpień 2015): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.828.
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A solar electric vehicle is powered by photovoltaic arrays which allow for direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Since space and weight are very limited with any vehicle, it is desired that the maximum possible amount of energy be obtained from the employed photovoltaic arrays. Every photovoltaic array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point (MPP), which varies depending on cell temperature and solar insolation level. This paper is focussed to find the mechanism best suited for employment in a moving vehicle to optimally track this point of maximum efficiency under rapid variation of solar insolation and adjust the operating point of the photovoltaic array accordingly. An integral part of any modern day electric vehicle is power electronic circuits comprising DC-DC converters for conversion and conditioning of electrical power. Recently, Z-source DC-DC converters show promising outcomes when integrated with photovoltaic array compared to conventional DC-DC converters. They provide larger range of output dc voltage, improve reliability and can reduce in-rush and harmonic current. A bi-directional Z-source DC-DC converter with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique suitable for electric vehicle applications is developed to incur high electric power from photovoltaic array. The photovoltaic array output voltage is controlled and the maximum power point tracking is attained by controlling the duty cycle. The well known incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is modified by measuring the power in the middle of the sampling interval to prevent the bewilderedness during rapidly changing insolation condition. Computer simulation and experimental results are provided to establish the performance of the proposed system.
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Choi, Hyun-jun, Won-bin Lee i Jee-hoon Jung. "Practical Controller Design of Three-Phase Dual Active Bridge Converter for Low Voltage DC Distribution System". Electronics 9, nr 12 (9.12.2020): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122101.
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In a low voltage DC (LVDC) distribution system, isolated bi-directional DC-DC converters are key devices to control power flows. A three-phase dual-active-bridge (3P-DAB) converter is one of the suitable candidates due to inherent soft-switching capability, low conduction loss, and high-power density. However, the 3P-DAB converter requires a well-designed controller due to the influence of the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of an output filter capacitor, degrading the performance of the 3P-DAB converter in terms of high-frequency noise. Unfortunately, there is little research that considers the practical design methodology of the 3P-DAB converter’s controller because of its complexity. In this paper, the influence of the ESR on the 3P-DAB converter is presented. Additionally, the generalized average small-signal model (SSM) of the 3P-DAB converter including the ESR of the capacitive output filter is presented. Based on this model, an extended small-signal model and appropriate controller design guide, and performance comparison are presented based on the frequency domain analysis. Finally, experimental results verify the validity of the proposed controller using a 25 kW prototype 3P-DAB converter.
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Wook Park, Jin, Yeo Seo hyun, Ho Yun Soen, Seong Mi Park, Sung Jun Park i Gwang Heon Kim. "Standalone solar streetlamp sharing an interactive buck-boost converter". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 2.12 (3.04.2018): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11309.
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Background/Objectives: Typically, the stand-alone solar streetlight system is used independently of DC/DC converter for battery charging and for LED lighting control. Such an independent power conversion system uses a DC/DC converter with only a voltage raising or reducing function for cost reduction (power semiconductor, inductor, capacitor, etc.). However, these DC/DC converters have limitations on efficiency increase in all voltage ranges when controlling MPPT. In addition, DC/DC converters for LED lighting have limitations in the design of the lighting voltage because the LED lighting operates only at voltages lower or higher than the battery voltage. Therefore, In this paper, a new power conversion system using a DC/DC converter for battery charging and for streetlight using a bi-directional buck and boost DC/DC converter.Methods/Statistical analysis: A prototype was fabricated and tested. The used equipment was a Tektronix oscilloscope, 24V (Lead-Acid) Battery, PV Simulator (ETS 1000X10D PVF_Sorensen) and WT 3000 (YOKOGAWA).Findings: By using a shared converter, cost savings were achieved by reducing the number of power semiconductor devices and the number of inductors and capacitors. In addition, it works as an input / output step-down converter to compensate the voltage design limit.Improvements/Applications: In <30 words.
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Kim, Hae-In, Su-Hwan Kim, Seung-Woo Baek, Hag-Wone Kim, Kwan-Yuhl Cho i Gil-Dong Kim. "Comparison of Interleaving Methods of Parallel Connected Three-Level Bi-Directional Converters". Energies 15, nr 1 (21.12.2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010006.
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The voltage and current ripples in the three-level bi-directional converter (TLBC) can be reduced by an interleaving technique that controls a phase difference between the modules of power converter. On the other hand, the inductor current ripple in TLBC is increased due to the circulating current between the modules. In this paper, the effects of two interleaving methods on a two-phase TLBC, Z-type and N-type, are investigated and compared. In particular, capacitor current ripple, and voltage ripple are compared by two interleaving methods verified through Powersim (PSIM) simulation.
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Elkeiy, Mohamed A., Yousef Nazih Abd-Elhamid, Mustafa Saad, Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik i Mohamed Abdelrahem. "Multiport DC-DC Converter with Differential Power Processing for fast EV Charging Stations". Sustainability 15, nr 4 (7.02.2023): 3026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043026.
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With the growing interest in owning electric vehicles due to increased environmental awareness and uncertain energy security together with the development of Li-ion batteries, quietness, and trouble-free operation, it is urgent to develop charging stations that are fast enough to supply the vehicles with energy conveniently, as in case of conventional petrol stations. The main reason that hinders the spread of fast charging stations is the installation cost, comprising the infrastructure and converter costs. In this article, a multiport DC-DC converter with differential power processing stages is proposed for Electric Vehicle (EV) fast charging stations, which results in a considerable reduction in the cost of using converters while achieving high efficiency. The proposed topology consists of two paths for the power flow (outer and inner loops) for EV battery charging with main and auxiliary DC-DC converters in the outer loop; all the ports are connected in series with the main supply, where the bulk power is being transferred. The main DC-DC converter injects a series voltage to control the power in the outer loop. The auxiliary DC-DC converters are rated at a fractional power that controls the partial power supplied to each port through the inner loops. Thanks to the fractional power processed by the auxiliary converter with the remaining power fed to the battery through the main converter, the proposed architecture enables simultaneous charging of multiple electric vehicles with better efficiency, lower cost, and the capability of providing a fault tolerance feature. A PWM control scheme for the converters to achieve bi-directional power flow in the partially rated DC-DC converters is discussed for the proposed system. Moreover, a practical down-scaled hardware prototype is designed to validate the functionality, control scheme, and effectiveness of the proposed topology in different case studies being investigated. The efficiency of the proposed converter is compared to the conventional configuration.
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Islam, Md Maidul, i Md Mamun Ur Rashi. "Development of a New High Frequency Two Quadrant DC-DC Sepic Converter". Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 5, nr 1 (30.06.2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v5i1.248.
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The DC-DC converter find a wide scope in industries, telecommunication sectors, power electronics area, etc. Nowadays bi-directional converters have a higher end over them since the energy from the load during regenerative braking is fed back to the source, thus obtaining energy efficient system. A single topology that can provide Buck-Boost operation with positive output having four quadrant operations is not available in the literature. A common limitation of power coupling effect in some known multiple-input dc-dcconverters has been addressed in many kinds of literatures. In this paper, a new single topology of two quadrants DC-DC Sepic converter has been developed to provide four quadrant operation of a high- frequency dc-dc converter having one supply source and proper control of the converter. The combined topology has been analyzed and studied by spice simulation.
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Svinkunas, Gytis, i Gytis Petrauskas. "Switching Ripple Harmonics Attenuation in DFIG and Matrix Converter-Based WECS". Electronics 10, nr 21 (22.10.2021): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212589.
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The analysis presented in this paper is focused on the harmonics distortion damping in the case of bidirectional power-flow of the electronics device—matrix converter as an interface between two power sources. Bidirectional energy flow takes place in the matrix converter that is used in renewables, hybrid transformers, microgrids, etc. It is observed that the matrix converter generates sinusoidal voltage with some amount of harmonic distortion and worsens in the quality of power in the utility grid. Taking into account the bi-directional energy flow and the matrix converter operation principle, four key requirements for the filters are formulated. Six theoretically possible filter topologies are investigated for compliance with these requirements. Two of the filter topologies are recognized as complying with these requirements and applicable for the switching ripple harmonics damping in the utility grid connected matrix converter in the case of bidirectional power flow. The suitability of these topologies was verified by MATLAB/Simulink simulation. Using the proper filter topology will significantly reduce the size, weight and cost of the components of the filter, as well as the utility grid’s pollution by switching ripple harmonics. It is appropriate to apply such filters to matrix converters that operate in wind turbines installed in doubly fed induction generators. These filters should also be used in hybrid transformers and other high-power devices with matrix converters.
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Hussain, Alamdar, Rizwan Akhtar, Babar Ali, Saeed Ehsan Awan i Shahid Iqbal. "A Novel Bidirectional DC–DC Converter with Low Stress and Low Magnitude Ripples for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Power Systems". Energies 12, nr 15 (26.07.2019): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152884.
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is one of the promising solutions to address the fast-growing electricity demand. Electricity generated from the array of solar panels is not fixed due to the continuous change in environmental conditions. Therefore, an efficient power management system is required to facilitate the consumer with an uninterruptable power supply (UPS). When the energy demand is lower than the energy generated by the PV power system, the excessive energy must be stored in batteries and, when the energy demand is higher than the energy generated by the PV system, then the stored energy in the battery must be released in order to fulfil the load demand. Therefore, a bidirectional DC–DC converter is required to store and release energy. Conventional bidirectional converters offer low gain, low power density, low efficiency, high switching stress, and high magnitude of current and voltage ripples. In this paper, a bi-directional DC–DC converter that has low stress and low ripples is proposed for the operation of Stand-alone PV power systems. The proposed converter is implemented in ORCAD/PSPICE (Oregon Computer Aided Design/Personal Computer Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit) and both the charging and discharging modes have been analyzed explicitly. The results were compared with conventional converters and were found to be satisfactory. A significant improvement in the magnitude of output voltage and current ripples has been noticed. Besides, considerable improvement in switching stress (45% reduction as compared with conventional converters) and a 16.6% reduction in the magnitude of ripples was realized.
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Venkatachalam, K. M., i V. Saravanan. "Performance evaluation and load demand management of grid connected hybrid wind-solar-battery system". International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 9, nr 3 (1.12.2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v9.i3.pp223-244.
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<div data-canvas-width="325.8629661358597">In this paper, Performance of the grid connected hybrid wind-solar energy</div><div data-canvas-width="38.15327554928442">system and load demand response of the battery integrated single phase voltage source inverter is presented. The wind energy conversion system is</div><div data-canvas-width="397.2481505744809">generating AC power and the solar PV system is generating DC power and</div><div data-canvas-width="240.71571255795203">both are integrating with battery in the common DC bus. The output voltage</div><div data-canvas-width="284.91922495464627">of the wind and solar system are controlling using dc-dc converters and it</div><div data-canvas-width="397.2100987704092">achieved more than the battery voltage. P&O algorithm used MPPT based</div><div data-canvas-width="188.4705855674259">voltage controller is driving the dc-dc converter with a reference voltage</div><div data-canvas-width="37.43029127192098">value of the battery. The single-phase full-bridge converter is converting DC</div><div data-canvas-width="397.2735184438622">to AC power and feeding into the standalone AC loads and distribution grid</div><div data-canvas-width="180.08650473694817">with IEEE 519 standard. The bi-directional converter is controlling the directions of power flow and it operates two modes namely inverter mode and rectifier mode based on a voltage level of the battery. In this bi-directional converter is controlling by the PI controller with the reference value of the DC bus voltage and load current. The power quality and demand response of the inverter is observing at various types of load conditions in standalone mode and grid-connected mode using experimental results.</div>
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Luqman, Muhammad, Gang Yao, Lidan Zhou, Tao Zhang i Anil Lamichhane. "A Novel Hybrid Converter Proposed for Multi-MW Wind Generator for Offshore Applications". Energies 12, nr 21 (1.11.2019): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214167.
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Modern multi-MW wind generators have used multi-level converter structures as well as parallel configuration of a back to back three-level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) converters to reduce the voltage and current stress on the semiconductor devices. These configurations of converters for offshore wind energy conversion applications results in high cost, low power density, and complex control circuitry. Moreover, a large number of power devices being used by former topologies results in an expensive and inefficient system. In this paper, a novel bi-directional three-phase hybrid converter that is based on a parallel combination of 3L-NPC and ‘n’ number of Vienna rectifiers have been proposed for multi-MW offshore wind generator applications. In this novel configuration, total power equally distributes by sharing of total reference current in each parallel-connected generator side power converter, which ensures the lower current stress on the semiconductor devices. Newly proposed topology has less number of power devices compared to the conventional configuration of parallel 3L-NPC converters, which results in cost-effective, compact in size, simple control circuitry, and good performance of the system. Three-phase electric grid is considered as a generator source for implementation of a proposed converter. The control scheme for a directly connected three-phase source with a novel configuration of a hybrid converter has been applied to ratify the equal power distribution in each parallel-connected module with good power factor and low current distortion. A parallel combination of a 3L-NPC and 3L-Vienna rectifier with a three-phase electric grid source has been simulated while using MATLAB and then implemented it on hardware. The simulation and experimental results ratify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed system.
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Biela, Juergen, Daniel Aggeler, Shigenori Inoue, Hirofumi Akagi i Johann W. Kolar. "Bi-Directional Isolated DC-DC Converter for Next-Generation Power Distribution—Comparison of Converters Using Si and SiC Devices". IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 128, nr 7 (2008): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.128.901.
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Nagendar, Kavati, i V. Vijaya Rama Raju. "ANN Based Current Controller for Hybrid Electric Vehicles". E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901065.
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The use of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) across the world is growing enormously every day. The single-phase bi-directional convertors are presented in this study for HEVs on-board charging(OBC). In HEVs, we use power electronics converters for the converting and inverting operations. Artificial Neural Network(ANN) is presented in this study for simple operation and high optimization approaches. ANN control technique regulates the system's THD and enhances charging system optimization, enables two-way power delivery that is from the grid to vehicle and the vehicle to grid. An ANN based current controller model that achieves fast-dynamic reaction and that improves grid current harmonic characteristics is proposed in this study. The system's THD is reduced by the ANN controller being suggested. The results prove the validity and feasibility of design and control technique of the proposed integrated charging system.
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S.Singh i M.Gautam. "Different Current Commutation of Three-Phase AC-to-DC Matrix Rectifiers Using Space Vector Modulation". international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, nr 3 (2023): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i03.005.
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Matrix converter is emerging to be an alternative topology for power converters, drive by persistent cost reduction of silicon devices and the development of reverse blocking IGBTs. One of the major obstacles towards commercial acceptance of this topology has been the commutation of the bi directional switches. A detailed study has been made here to understand the limitations and possible improvement of the existing current commutation techniques in this paper. A universal and synchronous commutation scheme for all the IGBTs is devised so that commutation can smoothly take place as and when required within the minimum possible time depending on the switching time of the IGBT used. The different aspects of this commutation are verified through MATLB simulink. Possibility of step less current commutation is explored.
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Shah, Faisal Mehmood, Sarmad Maqsood, Robertas Damaševičius i Tomas Blažauskas. "Disturbance Rejection and Control Design of MVDC Converter with Evaluation of Power Loss and Efficiency Comparison of SiC and Si Based Power Devices". Electronics 9, nr 11 (8.11.2020): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111878.
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With direct current (DC) power generation from renewable sources, as well as the current relocation of loads from alternating current (AC) to DC, medium-voltage DC (MVDC) should fill gaps in the areas of distribution and transmission, thereby improving energy efficiency. The MVDC system is a platform that interconnects electric power generation renewables (solar, wind) with loads such as data centers, industrial facilities and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (also using MVDC technology). DC–DC power converters are part of the rising technology for interconnecting future DC grids, providing good controllability, reliability and bi-directional power flow. The contribution of this work is a novel and efficient multi-port DC–DC converter topology having interconnections between two converters, three-level neutral point clamping (NPC) on the high-voltage (HV) side and two converters on the low-voltage (LV) side, providing two nominal low voltages of 400 V (constant) and 500 V (variable), respectively. The design of this new and effective control strategy on the LV side has taken into condition load disturbances, fluctuations and voltage dips. A double-closed-loop control topology is suggested, where an outside voltage control loop (in which the capacitance energies are analyzed as variable, and the inside current loop is decoupled without the precise value of boost inductance) is used. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control system. In the second part of this study, wide-bandgap SiC and Si devices are compared by using comprehensive mathematical modeling and LT-spice software. Improving power loss efficiency and overall cost comparisons are also discussed.
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Bay, Olcay, Manh Tuan Tran, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Sajib Chakraborty i Omar Hegazy. "A Comprehensive Review of GaN-Based Bi-Directional On-Board Charger Topologies and Modulation Methods". Energies 16, nr 8 (13.04.2023): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083433.
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The wide-scale adoption and accelerated growth of electric vehicle (EV) use and increasing demand for faster charging necessitate the research and development of power electronic converters to achieve high-power, compact, and reliable EV charging solutions. Although the fast charging concept is often associated with off-board DC chargers, the importance of on-board AC fast charging is undeniable with the increasing battery capacities. This article comprehensively reviews gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor-based bidirectional on-board charger (OBC) topologies used in both 400 V and 800 V EV applications. Moreover, comparative evaluations of GaN-based bi-directional OBC topologies regarding power conversion losses (conduction loss and soft switching capabilities), power density, implementation considerations, power quality, electromagnetic interference, and reliability aspects have been presented. The status of commercially available GaN power modules, advancements in GaN technology, applicable industry standards, and application requirements for OBCs have been also included in this study. Finally, in light of forthcoming advancements in GaN power transistor technology, this study highlights potential areas of research related to the reviewed topologies. Such research can aid researchers and designers in improving the performance and user experience of electric vehicles, ultimately supporting the widespread adoption of EVs.
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Merenda, Massimo, Demetrio Iero, Giovanni Pangallo, Paolo Falduto, Giovanna Adinolfi, Angelo Merola, Giorgio Graditi i Francesco Della Corte. "Open-Source Hardware Platforms for Smart Converters with Cloud Connectivity". Electronics 8, nr 3 (26.03.2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030367.
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This paper presents the design and hardware implementation of open-source hardware dedicated to smart converter systems development. Smart converters are simple or interleaved converters. They are equipped with controllers that are able to online impedance match for the maximum power transfer. These conversion systems are particularly feasible for photovoltaic and all renewable energies systems working in continuous changing operating conditions. Smart converters represent promising solutions in recent energetic scenarios, in fact their application is deepening and widening. In this context, the availability of a hardware platform could represent a useful tool. The platform was conceived and released as an open hardware instrument for academy and industry to benefit from the improvements brought by the researchers’ community. The usage of a novel, open-source platform would allow many developers to design smart converters, focusing on algorithms instead of electronics, which could result in a better overall development ecosystem and rapid growth in the number of smart converter applications. The platform itself is proposed as a benchmark in the development and testing of different maximum power point tracking algorithms. The designed system is capable of accurate code implementations, allowing the testing of different current and voltage-controlled algorithms for different renewable energies systems. The circuit features a bi-directional radio frequency communication channel that enables real-time reading of measurements and parameters, and remote modification of both algorithm types and settings. The proposed system was developed and successfully tested in laboratory with a solar module simulator and with real photovoltaic generators. Experimental results indicate state-of-art performances as a converter, while enhanced smart features pave the way to system-level management, real-time diagnostics, and on-the-flight parameters change. Furthermore, the deployment feasibility allows different combinations and arrangements of several energy sources, converters (both single and multi-converters), and modulation strategies. To our knowledge, this project remains the only open-source hardware smart converter platform used for educational, research, and industrial purposes so far.
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Wang, Lina, Junyi Yang, Haobo Ma, Zeyuan Wang, Kabir Olanrewaju i Kamel Kerrouche. "Analysis and Suppression of Unwanted Turn-On and Parasitic Oscillation in SiC JFET-Based Bi-Directional Switches". Electronics 7, nr 8 (24.07.2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7080126.
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Silicon Carbide (SiC)-based Bi-Directional Switches (BDS) have great potential in the construction of several power electronic circuits including multi-level converters, solid-state breakers, matrix converters, HERIC (high efficient and reliable inverter concept) photovoltaic grid-connected inverters and so on. In this paper, two issues with the application of SiC-based BDSs, namely, unwanted turn-on and parasitic oscillation, are deeply investigated. To eliminate unwanted turn-on, it is proposed to add a capacitor (CX) paralleled at the signal input port of the driver IC (integrated circuit) and the capacitance range of CX is also analytically derived to guide the selection of CX. To mitigate parasitic oscillation, a combinational method, which combines a snubber capacitor (CJ) paralleled with the JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor) and a ferrite ring connected in series with the power line, is proposed. It is verified that the use of CJ mainly improves the turn-off transient and the use of a ferrite ring damps the current oscillation during the turn-on transient significantly. The effects of the proposed methods have been demonstrated by theoretical analysis and verified by experimental results.
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Chankaya, Mukul, Ikhlaq Hussain, Aijaz Ahmad, Hasmat Malik i Majed A. Alotaibi. "Stability Analysis of Chaotic Grey-Wolf Optimized Grid-Tied PV-Hybrid Storage System during Dynamic Conditions". Electronics 11, nr 4 (13.02.2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040567.
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This paper presents the stability improvement of the three-phase four-wire (3P-4W) grid-tied PV-hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using chaotic grew wolf optimization (CGWO) for DC bus voltage (Vdc) and AC bus voltage (Vpcc) control. The CGWO tuned fractional order proportional–integral (FOPI) controllers reduce the Vdc and Vpcc variations during diverse, dynamic conditions, i.e., sudden irradiation variations, deep voltage sag/swell, etc. The DC bus is responsible for the current injection/extraction control, maximum PV power extraction, bi-directional power flow, dc second-harmonics component elimination, and active power balance. At the point of common coupling (PCC), the AC bus is accountable for bi-directional power flow and active and reactive power control. The two-level voltage source converter (VSC) is controlled by a novel variable step-size incremental least mean square (VSS-ILMS) in zero voltage regulation (ZVR) mode. Due to its varying step size, VSC control is less prone to noise signals offers better stability, improved convergence rate, dc offset rejection, and tracking speed during dynamics, i.e., large oscillations. A battery and ultracapacitor are coupled to the DC link by buck-boost converters in the HESS. To regulate power transit between the DC bus and the grid, the HESS current control technique is designed to shift frequently from charging to discharging stage and vice versa. The novelty of the PV-HESS system lies in CGWO tuned VSS-ILMS control of VSC, which effectively and efficiently filter out the active fundamental constituents of load current and eliminate dc offset from VSC output. The HESS control maintains the DC bus voltage profile by absorbing and delivering energy (during dynamic conditions) rather than curtailing it. The presented system is simulated in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The simulation results in graphical and numerical forms verify the stable and satisfactory operation of the proposed system as per IEEE519 standard.
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Kanale, Ajit, Tzu Hsuan Cheng, Ki Jeong Han, B. Jayant Baliga, Subhashish Bhattacharya i Douglas Hopkins. "1.2 kV, 10 A, 4H-SiC Bi-Directional Field Effect Transistor (BiDFET) with Low On-State Voltage Drop". Materials Science Forum 1004 (lipiec 2020): 872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1004.872.
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Bidirectional power switches are used in matrix-or cyclo-converters and in multistage inverter circuits to facilitate high-frequency AC-to-AC conversion. A new 1.2 kV bidirectional MOSFET (BiDFET) with low on-resistance is achieved and demonstrated using two discrete SiC power MOSFET bare die chips, packaged within a four-terminal custom-designed module. Static and dynamic characterization has been carried out to inspect the on-state and switching behaviour of the BiDFET. The BiDFET is shown to have a low forward voltage drop of 0.6 V at a current of 10 A, which is more than 2.5x smaller than previous Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET based bidirectional switch implementations.
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Nasr Esfahani, Fatemeh, Ahmed Darwish i Barry W. Williams. "Power Converter Topologies for Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Powered Electric Vehicles (EVs)—A Comprehensive Review". Energies 15, nr 13 (24.06.2022): 4648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134648.
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The transport sector generates a considerable amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide, especially road transport, which accounts for 95% of the total GHGs. It is commonly known that Electric vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce GHG emissions. However, with a fossil-fuel-based power generation system, EVs can produce more GHGs and therefore cannot be regarded as purely environmentally friendly. As a result, renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic (PV) can be integrated into the EV charging infrastructure to improve the sustainability of the transportation system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art literature on power electronics converter systems, which interface with the utility grid, PV systems, and EVs. Comparisons are made in terms of their topologies, isolation, power and voltage ranges, efficiency, and bi-directional power capability for V2G operation. Specific attention is devoted to bidirectional isolated and non-isolated EV-interfaced converters in non-integrated architectures. A brief description of EV charger types, their power levels, and standards is provided. It is anticipated that the studies and comparisons in this paper would be advantageous as an all-in-one source of information for researchers seeking information related to EV charging infrastructures.
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Howlader, Abdul, Hidehito Matayoshi, Saeed Sepasi i Tomonobu Senjyu. "Design and Line Fault Protection Scheme of a DC Microgrid Based on Battery Energy Storage System". Energies 11, nr 7 (12.07.2018): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071823.
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Currently, the Direct-Current (DC) microgrid has been gaining popularity because most electronics devices require a DC power input. A DC microgrid can significantly reduce the AC to DC energy conversion loss. However, a power grid may experience a line fault situation that may damage important household devices and cause a blackout in the power system. This work proposes a new line fault protection scheme for a DC microgrid system by using a battery energy storage system (BESS). Nowadays, the BESS is one of the most cost effective energy storage technologies for power system applications. The proposed system is designed from a distributed wind farm smart grid. A total of three off-shore wind farms provide power to the grid through a high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission line. The DC microgrid was modeled by a BESS with a bi-directional DC–DC converter, various DC-loads with step down DC–DC converters, a voltage source converter, and a voltage source inverter. Details of the control strategies of the DC microgrid are described. During the line fault situation, a transient voltage was controlled by a BESS. From the simulation analyses, it is confirmed that the proposed method can supply stable power to the DC grid, which can also ensure protection of several loads of the DC microgrid. The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by in a MATLAB/SIMULINK® environment.
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Dimitrov, Borislav, i Sylvia Konaklieva. "A Battery Cell Equalisation System Based on a Supercapacitors Tank and DC–DC Converters for Automotive Applications". World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, nr 7 (13.07.2023): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14070185.
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A battery cell equalisation system for automotive applications based on a supercapacitors energy storage SCES tank is proposed. The main advantages of the developed system are the utilisation of the regenerative brake energy for battery cell equalisation, reduction in the number of DC–DC converters, the flexible operation expressed by the possibility to address each battery cell with bi-directional switches, and acceptable efficiency in all modes of operation. The energy transfer between the SCES and battery cells is precisely analysed with modelling and simulations in steady-state and transient conditions. Power loss is estimated per sub-system, systemising the loss reduction techniques and achieving the maximum efficiency. The required DC–DC converters are described and designed according to the specific modes of operation in the developed application. Finally, the experimental verification is provided using a small physical model.
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Park, Keon-Woo, i Chul-Hwan Kim. "Bi-Directional Power Flow in Switchgear with Static Transfer Switch Applied at Various Renewable Energies". Energies 14, nr 11 (29.05.2021): 3187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113187.
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In this study, we describe the development of a plug-in type of switchgear that can control bidirectional power flow. This switchgear system can connect distributed generations such as photovoltaic and wind turbine generation, and AC and DC loads. The proposed switchgear system consists of an inverter for connecting distributed generations and DC load, a static transfer switch (STS) that can control and interrupt the bidirectional power flow, and an intelligent electronic device (IED) that can control each facility using a communication system. Since the topology inside the switchgear is composed of DC bus, it can be operated as a plug-in type of system that can be used by simply connecting the converters of various distributed generations to the inverter in the developed switchgear system. In this study, we describe the overall structure of the proposed switchgear system and the operation of the components. In addition, prototypes of each facility are developed and the results of building a small testbed are presented. Finally, we verify the operation of the inverter by performing an experiment on the testbed and show that throughout a test sequence the proposed switchgear system works normally. The contributions of this study are the development of a plug-in type of switchgear for AC/DC and the actual test results presented through prototype development and testbed configuration.
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Saponara, Sergio, Roberto Saletti i Lucian Mihet-Popa. "Recent Trends in DC and Hybrid Microgrids: Opportunities from Renewables Sources, Battery Energy Storages and Bi-Directional Converters". Applied Sciences 10, nr 12 (26.06.2020): 4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124388.
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This editorial manuscript reviews the papers accepted for publication in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers from 25 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.
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RODRIGUEZ CALVO, CARLOS, i CARLOS LOPEZ DIAZ. "STUDY OF DIRECT CURRENT POWER TOPOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY APPLIED ON HIGH VOLTAGE CHARGING SYSTEMS". DYNA ENERGIA Y SOSTENIBILIDAD 10, nr 1 (27.07.2021): [15 p.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/es10107.
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ABSTRACT This article describes the actual state of art of the current battery charging systems, with a special focused on its technical, technological features and its operation modes. The most important factors considered for this functional and theoretical study are from the following points of view: State of the art: This article reviews the technological division between lithium batteries and the most suitable power topology for each one. Technological factor: The article reviews the technological state from the point of view of the power components as: MOSFET transistors, diodes, with special focused in the power ranges, technological limits and costs. Theoretical factor: This factor is focused in the description of the power topologies and its preferred selection depending on the voltage and the current range of its potential application. This chapter also shows the basic theoretical approach and the key differences between uni-directional and bi-directional power architectures. Control Theory: The current control systems have a lot of similarities between each other, either in alternating current or direct current. However The operation of battery charging systems has common and functional drifts in its behaviours with standard direct current converters. This article describes and analyses their similarities and their differences.
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Song, Ding, Yue Hua Niu, Jie Xing i Jing Mei Zhu. "Cell Equalization System for Li-Ion Battery Management Based on Fly-Back DC/AC Convertor". Applied Mechanics and Materials 614 (wrzesień 2014): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.614.227.
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Cell equalization acts an important role on the battery life preserving for space application. This paper describes a lithium ion battery cell equalization method for spacecraft that employs innovative design features in power subsystem. The scheme proposed for balancing the battery pack relies on energy conversion devices as it uses transformers to move energy from high voltage cells to low voltage cells without energy loss. The method employs bi-directional forward DC-AC converters, plus a unique common node to provide autonomous charge distribution. It also supports individual cell voltage monitoring, telemetry data. Multisim is used to analyze the function and performance, experimental result proves that the method is effective for Lithium Ion battery equalization.
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Broday, Gabriel R., Luiz A. C. Lopes i Gilney Damm. "Exact Feedback Linearization of a Multi-Variable Controller for a Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter as Interface of an Energy Storage System". Energies 15, nr 21 (25.10.2022): 7923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217923.
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DC microgrids have shown to be a good approach for better accommodating stochastic renewable energy sources (RES) and for the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) at the distribution level. For this, fast-acting energy storage units (ESSs) are essential. This requires that both the bi-directional power converter topology and the control scheme present the right set of features. The ESS discussed in this paper consists of a new DC-DC converter based on a tapped inductor (TI) for a higher voltage gain at moderate duty cycles. The direction of the current in its intermediate inductor does not need to be reversed for power flow reversal, leading to a faster action. Moreover, it can employ a multi-state and multi-variable modulation scheme that eliminates the right half-plane (RHP) zero, common in boost-type converters. In order to achieve good dynamic performance across a wide range of operating points, a control scheme based on feedback linearization is developed. This paper presents the modeling of the five-switch DC-DC converter operating in the tri-state buck–boost mode. A systematic approach for deriving control laws for the TI current and output voltage based on exact state feedback linearization is discussed. The performance of the proposed control scheme is verified by simulation for a supercapacitor (SC)-based ESS. It is compared to that of a conventional control scheme for a dual-state buck–boost mode with cascaded PI controllers designed based on small-signal models. The results show that both control schemes work similarly well at the operating point that the conventional control scheme was designed for. However, only the proposed scheme allows the SC-based ESS to control the current injected into the DC microgrid with the voltage of the SC varying between the expected range of rated to half-rated.
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Abdelkaderis, Benslimane, Abdelhak Merabti i Benslimane Yamina. "Using PSO algorithm for power flow management enhancement in PV-battery grid systems". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp413-425.
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In this article, we have shown the possibility of improving the quality of the energy injected into the electrical network and the flexibility of its exchange between the different components of the proposed hybrid network (photovoltaic generator connected to the network-storage battery-load of the DC motor) to develop a control element based on the combination of fuzzy logic and an algorithm derived from PSO Animal Behavior. The proposed control works on DC/AC and bi-directional DC/DC converters, which form the basis of power management between the parts of the proposed hybrid network. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control. The results show that the proposed control contributed to the stability of the photovoltaic energy produced, the improvement of the quality of energy injected into the network, as well as the response speed during the process of charging and discharging the battery, which gave more efficiency to the DC motor connected to the DC bus.
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Allani, Mohamed Yassine, Jamel Riahi, Silvano Vergura i Abdelkader Mami. "FPGA-Based Controller for a Hybrid Grid-Connected PV/Wind/Battery Power System with AC Load". Energies 14, nr 8 (9.04.2021): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082108.
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The development and optimization of a hybrid system composed of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, converters, and batteries connected to the grid, is first presented. To generate the maximum power, two maximum power point tracker controllers based on fuzzy logic are required and a battery controller is used for the regulation of the DC voltage. When the power source varies, a high-voltage supply is incorporated (high gain DC-DC converter controlled by fuzzy logic) to boost the 24 V provided by the DC bus to the inverter voltage of about 400 V and to reduce energy losses to maximize the system performance. The inverter and the LCL filter allow for the integration of this hybrid system with AC loads and the grid. Moreover, a hardware solution for the field programmable gate arrays-based implementation of the controllers is proposed. The combination of these controllers was synthesized using the Integrated Synthesis Environment Design Suite software (Version: 14.7, City: Tunis, Country: Tunisia) and was successfully implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays Spartan 3E. The innovative design provides a suitable architecture based on power converters and control strategies that are dedicated to the proposed hybrid system to ensure system reliability. This implementation can provide a high level of flexibility that can facilitate the upgrade of a control system by simply updating or modifying the proposed algorithm running on the field programmable gate arrays board. The simulation results, using Matlab/Simulink (Version: 2016b, City: Tunis, Country: Tunisia, verify the efficiency of the proposed solution when the environmental conditions change. This study focused on the development and optimization of an electrical system control strategy to manage the produced energy and to coordinate the performance of the hybrid energy system. The paper proposes a combined photovoltaic and wind energy system, supported by a battery acting as an energy storage system. In addition, a bi-directional converter charges/discharges the battery, while a high-voltage gain converter connects them to the DC bus. The use of a battery is useful to compensate for the mismatch between the power demanded by the load and the power generated by the hybrid energy systems. The proposed field programmable gate arrays (FPGA)-based controllers ensure a fast time response by making control executable in real time.
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Thanusha, Bheemireddy, i G. Sujatha. "Modelling and Design of an Electric Vehicle Fed with Dual Drive Motors using Hybrid Energy Storage System". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, nr 4 (28.02.2021): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.d8498.0210421.
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Generally, battery running vehicles are there in public but those are limited to small ranges and life of battery also less. So in order to overcome those limitations, we aimed at hybrid energy storage systems which are combination of battery and Super capacitor. Dual drives using in this model are switched reluctance motor and Induction motor separately for front and rear wheels respectively. So that whenever one of the motor fails, the other motor should run the vehicle. To maintain supply at the motor input, two bi-directional converters exists for the motoring and braking operations. This whole model executed in MATLAB/SIMULINK model. Battery and super capacitor gives supply agreeing to the power demand. The controllers used for the SRM and IM are hysteresis current controller and FOC controller respectively.
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Rahman, S. Abdul, i Estifanos Dagnew. "Voltage sag compensation using direct converter based DVR by modulating the error signal". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, nr 2 (1.08.2020): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp608-616.
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<p class="Text"><span>The aim of this paper is to present a modulation technique to achieve highest voltage sag compensation using direct converter based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR topology proposed in this paper, has a direct converter and a series transformer. The direct converter is fabricated using only two bi-directional switches. The DVR is designed to compensate the sag in a phase by taking power from the same phase. The direct converter is connected between the series transformer and the line in which sag compensation is to be achieved. Conventionally, the PWM pulses for the direct converters are produced by comparing the error signal with the carrier signal. The error signal is obtained by comparing the amplitude of voltage in the line with the amplitude of the reference voltage. If the amplitude of the carrier signal is kept constant and the actual amplitude of error signal is used for PWM generation, it is possible to achieve only 22% of voltage sag compensation. But if the error signal amplitude is modulated according to the amplitude of existing voltage sag in the line, 52% of the voltage sag can be compensated with the THD less than 5%. Simulation results are presented for validating the analysis. </span></p>
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Ota, Ryosuke, Dannisworo Sudarmo Nugroho i Nobukazu Hoshi. "A Consideration on Maximum Efficiency of Resonant Circuit of Inductive Power Transfer System with Soft-Switching Operation". World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, nr 3 (11.09.2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10030054.
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By using bi-directional inductive power transfer (IPT) systems as battery chargers for electric vehicles (EVs), battery charging operations become convenient and safe. However, IPT systems have problems such as occurrences of much electromagnetic noise and power loss because the converters of IPT systems are driven in high frequency by tens of kHz. To solve these problems, there is a case where the soft-switching technique needs to be applied to the converters of IPT systems. However, in soft-switching operation, the power factor of the resonant circuit becomes lower, resulting in a lower resonant circuit efficiency. In previous works, when the soft-switching technique was applied to the converters, the resonant circuit had not always been able to be operated with high efficiency because the influence caused by soft-switching operation had not been considered. For this reason, there was a case where the efficiency of the overall system with soft-switching operation became lower than the efficiency in hard-switching operation. Therefore, in this paper, the influence on the efficiency of the resonant circuit caused by the soft-switching operation is clarified by the theoretical analysis and experiments; then, the guideline for improving the efficiency of IPT systems is shown. As a result, in the experiments, it could be understood that the efficiency of the overall system with soft-switching operation becomes higher than the efficiency in hard-switching operation when the operating point of the resonant circuit was close to the requirement guideline, which is shown by using the primary-side voltage and the secondary-side voltage of the resonant circuit. Therefore, it is suggested that the efficiency of IPT systems could be improved by properly regulating the primary-side direct current (DC) voltage.
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Vani, Bakul, Devyani Chaturvedi i Preeti Yadav. "Grid Management through Vehicle-To-Grid Technology". International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, nr 2 (30.07.2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b6036.0710221.
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This research paper is based on a project which is a prototype on a smaller level of integrating vehicle-to-grid technology at the residential and commercial levels which can be expanded in future with the help of bi-directional AC-DC power converters and Control systems. Vehicle-to-Grid is a technology that allows energy to be supplied back to the power grid from the battery of an electric car for fulfilling the excess demand on the grid. It is depicted in the prototype with the help of TP charging module and embedded system i.e. Arduino to manage the ever-increasing energy demand from the grid. With the increasing environmental problems, modern automobile technology is innovating in the field of Electric Vehicles (EV) with lesser pollution and better efficiency. This has attracted a lot of attention, but the major hindrance faced is the availability of energy required to maintain the grid is resonance. We can overcome this by vehicle-to-grid technology in smart parking systems. When the EV is parked, energy may be drawn out or supplied to the EV through the grid depending upon the requirements of the grid and the vehicle’s battery. The implementation of this technology enables the stored energy in the electric vehicle to be transferred to the power grid and vice-versa.
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Zharkin, A. F., V. O. Novskiy, O. P. Zapadynchuk i V. V. Martinov. "FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION OF BI - DIRECTIONAL CHARGING CONVERTERS FOR REALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT OF BILATERAL ENERGY-EXCHANGE “VEHICLE-TO-GRID” IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS". Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2020, nr 5 (25.08.2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2020.05.019.
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P. Divya Sri, P. Divya Sri, i Dr P. Hari Krishna Prasad. "Single Phase Dual Full Bridge Bi-directional DC-DC Converter for High power applications". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, nr 5 (1.10.2011): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2013/79.
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Samyuktha, T., i S. Ganesan. "Modelling of Bi-Directional Buck-Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 6 (30.06.2023): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53810.
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Abstract: The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated the development of efficient and versatile energy storage systems. In this study, we present the modelling and implementation of a switching bi-directional buck-boost converter based on electric vehicle hybrid energy storage. The proposed converter offers a flexible and reliable solution for managing energy flow between different storage elements in an EV, such as batteries and ultra-capacitors. First, a comprehensive mathematical model of the converter is developed, taking into account the dynamic behaviour of the energy storage components. This model enables us to analyse and optimize the converter's performance in terms of efficiency, voltage regulation, and power delivery capabilities. Furthermore, simulation studies are conducted to validate the accuracy of the model and assess the converter's performance under various operating conditions. Based on the modelling and simulation results, a practical implementation of the converter is carried out using high-quality electronic components. The design considerations, including component selection, circuit layout, and control strategy, are discussed in detail. The implemented converter is then evaluated experimentally to validate its performance and verify the effectiveness of the proposed modelling approach. The results demonstrate that the switching bidirectional buck-boost converter effectively manages the energy flow between the different storage elements in the hybrid energy storage system. It achieves high conversion efficiency, voltage regulation, and power transfer capabilities, enhancing the overall performance and range of electric vehicles. The developed model and implementation provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of similar converter topologies for electric vehicle applications. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of energy storage systems in electric vehicles, facilitating the adoption of sustainable and efficient transportation solutions in the future
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Sokolovs, Alvis, i Ilya Galkin. "Matrix Converter Bi-directional Switch Power Loss and Cooling Condition Estimation for Integrated Drives". Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 27, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-010-0036-9.
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Matrix Converter Bi-directional Switch Power Loss and Cooling Condition Estimation for Integrated DrivesIn this paper power loss estimation of bi-directional switch of matrix converter is done by means of calculation and experiments. For safe operation of power devices an efficient cooling system of specific device must be designed. This work is part of a greater project of integrated matrix converter AC drives and the cooling problem here is viewed in context of this task. It is necessary to develop a compact power board and cooling system to extract excessive heat from power devices.
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Xia, Nai Yong, i Yan Lei Zhao. "Research on Multiple Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter in Wind Power Flow Optimization and Control System". Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (listopad 2011): 7232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7232.
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A kind of multiple bi-directional DC/DC converter used in supercapacitor energy storage unit of the wind power flow optimization and control system is analyzed and studied. Based on DSPs, the converter uses a double closed-loop control strategy to stabilize voltage and uses a digital parallel current sharing strategy to eliminate circulation current among each converter unit. In the paper, firstly, the working principle and the working process of the multiple bi-directional converter are analyzed in detail. Then, on the basis of the small signal model, the way to voltage stabilization and current balance are presented. Finally, a low power converter prototype is designed and made to carry on the experiment. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategies are feasible and effective. So the multiple bi-directional DC/DC converter designed in the paper has comparatively high practicable value in the wind power flow optimization and control system.
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Khandare, Mr Akshay A. "Performance Evaluation of Single-Phase On-Board Charger with Advanced Controller". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr 8 (31.08.2021): 1280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37556.
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Abstract: The increasing mobility of electric vehicles has inspired vehicle growth to power grid technology. Such as vehicle to grid technology allows to transfer the power from the electric vehicle battery to the power grid. This enable speak load shaving, load leveling, voltage regulation, and improved stability of the power system. To develop the vehicle to grid technology requires a specialized EV battery charger, which permits the bi-directional energy transfer between the power grid and the electric vehicle battery. There is a specific control strategy used for a bi-directional battery charger. The proposed control strategy is used for charge and discharge battery of EV. The charger strategy has two parts: 1) Bidirectional AC-DC Converter in two-way Communication System. 2) Bidirectional DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter. There are two modes of operation for a bidirectional ac-dc converter: for G2V, rectifying mode is used, and for V2G, inverter mode is used. The suggested charge strategy not only allows for two-directional power flow but also provides power quality management of the power grid. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) transforms linguistic control topology evaluations knowledge into an automated control topology using FLC. The FLC is more stable, has less overshoot, and responds quickly. The operation of a standard PI controller and a FLC was compared in this study using MATLAB and Simulink, and different time domain characteristics were compared as toshow that the FLC had a smaller overshoot and a faster response than the PI controller. Keywords: Bi-directional AC-DC converter, bi-directional DC-DC Buck-Boost converter, electric vehicles (EVs), on-board battery charger (OBC), grid to vehicle (G2V), vehicle to grid (V2G).