Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Betaine Phosphate”

Les bétaïne lipides (BL) sont des lipides polaires qui se distinguent des phospholipides (PL)par l’absence de phosphore (P). La réorientation métabolique induite par une limitation en P chez des microalgues produisant des BL (Tisochrysis lutea et Diacronema lutheri, Haptophytes) ou en produisant peu (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Bacillariophyte) a été comparée à celle induite par une limitation en azote (N). Le devenir et le flux de carbone dans différentes voies de biosynthèse ont été étudiés par une approche pluridisciplinaire.La limitation nutritive en P ou en N affecte différemment le métabolisme du carbone selon les espèces microalgales. La limitation en P réduit fortement l’activité photosynthétique et la respiration chez P. tricornutum et T. lutea. Par conséquent, l’accumulation de carbone est plus élevée que sous limitation en N chez ces deux espèces. Les deux limitations stimulent en particulier la synthèse des lipides neutres et / ou des glucides. Le remplacement des PL par les BL a été observé chez P. tricornutum en condition de limitation en P. Ce résultat est en accord avec une augmentation de la transcription du gène codant la bétaïne lipide synthase. En revanche, cette limitation ne modifie pas les teneurs en BL rapportées au carbone chez T. lutea et D. lutheri. La composition en acides gras des différentes classes lipidiques est modifiée selon l’espèce microalgale et l’élément nutritif limitant. Une attention particulière a été portée aux acides gras de la série oméga-3, notamment l’acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA, 20:5 ω3) et l’acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA, 22:6 ω3) dont les proportions varient en fonction de l’élément limitant,de l’espèce et de la classe lipidique. L’augmentation de la production des lipides neutres et / ou des lipides polaires, notamment des bétaïne lipides, riches en DHA et/ou EPA induite par un stress nutritif laisse envisager une valorisation de ces molécules d’intérêt dans différents domaines dont la nutrition et la santé
Betaine lipids (BL) are P-free polar lipids, conversely to phospholipids (PL). The metabolic reorientation induced by phosphorus (P) limitation in microalgae producing BL (Tisochrysis lutea and Diacronema lutheri, Haptophyta) or producing low levels of BL (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Bacillariophyta) was compared to that induced by nitrogen (N) limitation. The carbon destiny and flow in different biosynthetic pathways were studied with a multidisciplinary approach. P or N limitation differently affected carbon metabolism according to microalgal species. P limitation highly decreased photosynthetic activity and respiration of P. tricornutum and T. lutea. Consequently, carbon accumulation was higher than under N limitation in these two species. Both limitations stimulated the synthesis of neutral lipids and / or carbohydrates. Replacement of PL by BL was observed in P. tricornutum under P limitation. This result is in agreement with a transcription increase of the gene encoding BL synthase. On the other hand, this limitation did not modify BL contents in reference with carbon in T. lutea or D. lutheri. Fatty acid composition of the different lipid classes was modified according to the microalgal species and the limiting nutrient. Particular attention was paid to the fatty acids of the omega-3 series, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω3), the proportions of which vary according to the limiting element, species and lipid class. The increase in the production of neutral lipids and / or polar lipids, especially betaine lipids, rich in DHA and / or EPA induced by nutritive stress suggests a valorization of these molecules of interest in various areas including nutrition and health

Mixed systems made from a combination of ferroelectric (FE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) compounds, exhibit various effects of disorder in different temperature regions. The kind of effects observed, depend on the technique and the window of observation employed. Model systems, like Potassium Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (KADP), Rubidium Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (RADP) and BPxBPI(1-x) , with H-bonding networks, have been well studied by dielectric techniques. These investigations have revealed disorder effects like deviations from Curie Weiss law, progressive broadening of dielectric loss curves and dispersion of dielectric constant, at sufficiently low temperatures. NMR studies in such systems are meager and mainly members of the KDP family, like Rubidium ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (RADP) and arsenate (RADA) have been investigated using mainly 2H and 87Rb NMR. On the other hand, proton NMR has been much less used, and our focus is to exploit its power/potential to study 1H group dynamics in the presence (and absence) of disorder in condensed matter systems. This thesis describes the results of proton NMR investigations in two mixed systems of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric compounds namely, (i) Betaine phosphate (BP, AFE) and Betaine phosphite (BPI, FE) and (ii) Betaine phosphate and Glycine phosphite (GPI, FE). The aim of the study is to obtain information on 1H group dynamics (activation energies and pre-exponential factors) and the effects of micro-spatial disorder. The former system is shown to exhibit orientational glass behavior by extensive dielectric investigations. BP-GPI system is synthesized for the first time and our proton NMR investigation has exhibited interesting effects of disorder like deviation from expected BPP behavior. Further, both systems have exhibited quantum tunneling effects, revealing a gradual transition from classical regime to quantum regime. Biexponential magnetization recovery at low temperatures has also been observed indicating the existence of disorder. A combination of AFE and FE compounds of this type form a mixed system, over a broad range of compositions, in which the long-range electric order is suppressed owing to frustration effects. Such systems have been treated as dipolar analogues of spin glasses and are known as ‘orientation glasses’ (OG), ‘proton glasses’ (PG) or ‘pseudo-spin glasses. Although the frustrated condensed matter system is crystalline in nature, there is an underlying microstructural randomness due to local fluctuations of the composition which usually results in static lattice strains, which are called random fields. It has been shown that these random fields can also have a pronounced effect on the spin lattice relaxation time as observed in NMR experiments. Depending on the relative concentration and temperature, the mixed system exhibits a range of states (x-T phase diagram) like FE, OG, coexisting OG and AFE, and AFE. These mixed systems exhibit various kinds of effects of disorder in different temperature regimes which depend upon the technique and window of observation. For e.g., using dielectric spectroscopy we can study the behavior of the electric dipoles during various phases and the effects of frustration seen as dispersion of dielectric constants and broadening of loss curves etc. Through quadrupole perturbed NMR study of systems containing nuclei like 87Rb or 2H, we learn about site-specific inhomogeneities and distribution of EFG in the system. Proton NMR study in the mixed systems, though not much used so far, is a powerful technique to shed light on the dynamics, disorder and Quantum tunneling effects. Our proton SLR time measurements have been carried out at two Larmor frequencies of 23.3 MHz and 11.4 MHz, in the temperature range of 300 K to 4 K and the results are presented in this thesis, which is divided into four chapters

To elucidate the role of ROS in the tri-trophic interactions in postharvest biocontrol systems a detailed molecular and biochemical investigation was undertaken. The application of the yeast biocontrol agent Metschnikowia fructicola, microarray analysis was performed on grapefruit surface wounds using an Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. the data indicated that 1007 putative unigenes showed significant expression changes following wounding and yeast application relative to wounded controls. The expression of the genes encoding Respiratory burst oxidase (Rbo), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), G-proteins, chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). In contrast, three genes, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were down-regulated in grapefruit peel tissue treated with yeast cells. The yeast antagonists, Metschnikowia fructicola (strain 277) and Candida oleophila (strain 182) generate relatively high levels of super oxide anion (O2−) following its interaction with wounded fruit surface. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy we observed that the application of M. fructicola and C. oleophila into citrus and apple fruit wounds correlated with an increase in H2O2 accumulation in host tissue. The present data, together with our earlier discovery of the importance of H₂O₂ production in the defense response of citrus flavedo to postharvest pathogens, indicate that the yeast-induced oxidative response in fruit exocarp may be associated with the ability of specific yeast species to serve as biocontrol agents for the management of postharvest diseases. Effect of ROS on yeast cells was also studied. Pretreatment of the yeast, Candida oleophila, with 5 mM H₂O₂ for 30 min (sublethal) increased yeast tolerance to subsequent lethal levels of oxidative stress (50 mM H₂O₂), high temperature (40 °C), and low pH (pH 4). Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was used to identify genes expressed in yeast in response to sublethal oxidative stress. Transcript levels were confirmed using semi quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Seven antioxidant genes were up regulated. Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist Candida oleophila with glycine betaine (GB) increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. ROS production is greater when yeast antagonists used as biocontrol agents are applied in the wounds. Compared to untreated control yeast cells, GB-treated cells recovered from the oxidative stress environment of apple wounds exhibited less accumulation of ROS and lower levels of oxidative damage to cellular proteins and lipids. Additionally, GB-treated yeast exhibited greater biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, and faster growth in wounds of apple fruits compared to untreated yeast. The expression of major antioxidant genes, including peroxisomal catalase, peroxiredoxin TSA1, and glutathione peroxidase was elevated in the yeast by GB treatment. A mild heat shock (HS) pretreatment (30 min at 40 1C) improved the tolerance of M. fructicola to subsequent high temperature (45 1C, 20–30 min) and oxidative stress (0.4 mol-¹) hydrogen peroxide, 20–60 min). HS-treated yeast cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than non-treated cells in response to both stresses. Additionally, HS-treated yeast exhibited significantly greater (P≥0.0001) biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and a significantly faster (Po0.0001) growth rate in wounds of apple fruits stored at 25 1C compared with the performance of untreated yeast cells. Transcription of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1) was up regulated in response to HS and trehalose content also increased.