Artykuły w czasopismach: „Bench study”

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Mei, Xiao Ren. "Optimization Study on Stability of Dragline Stripping Bench and Mining Parameters of Dragline Stripping Technology". Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (październik 2011): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.183.

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Heidaigou Surface Coal Mine (HSCM) is a large surfaces coal mine that first uses the throwing blasting - dragline stripping technology. Lots of new demanding prompt solution issues appears in HSCM without any successful experience in China, such as the stability of dragline stripping bench, the design and implementation of throwing blasting parameters, and the optimization of dragline stripping technology parameters. Rigid Body Limit Equilibrium Method (RBLEM) was used to study the safety and stability of dragline solid high bench and dragline stripping loosen bench under different workface parameters and influence factors. The safe operation parameters of dragline stripping bench are proposed. The dozer lowered height of the stripping bench, the width of extended bench and dragline operation parameters are optimized using the Optimization System of Dragline Stripping Technology (OSDST). The results can provide the decision support for HSCM.

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Jalalian, Mohammad Hossein, Raheb Bagherpour i Mehrbod Khoshouei. "GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND PRODUCTION PLANNING BY IDENTIFICATION OF THE DISCONTINUITIES AND ROCK MASS BLOCKS IN DIMENSION STONE QUARRIES: A CASE STUDY". Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 39, nr 2 (2024): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2024.2.7.

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The dimension stone industry faces a significant environmental challenge due to the large amount of waste produced during the production process. About 51.3% of the materials extracted from dimension stone quarries worldwide end up as quarry waste. The presence of discontinuities and fractures primarily causes this waste. However, by examining the characteristics of these discontinuities and fractures and identifying in-situ blocks of the rock mass, it is possible to reduce the amount of waste produced during dimension stone quarrying. This study focuses on an abandoned quarry bench of the Lashotor quarries complex in the Isfahan Province, Iran. Due to high waste production, the quarry bench was left unused. The study aimed to identify the in-situ blocks of the quarry bench by examining the characteristics of the rock mass’s discontinuities and fractures. The authors used a modified algorithm to identify and grade all the quarry bench blocks based on the target market. The study revealed that some blocks in the abandoned quarry bench could be supplied to the target market, and the bench has the potential for block extraction. The algorithm’s modification based on the shape factor of blocks is an important innovation that increases the accuracy of block determination compared to previous methods. Overall, this algorithm can be used as a decision-making tool in extracting or not extracting the quarry bench of dimension stone quarries and implementing an optimal cutting pattern to reduce waste production.

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Pavlovic, D. "Original and a ‘bench study’ replica". Anaesthesia 65, nr 4 (17.03.2010): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06286_1.x.

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Meacham, Nelson, i Tom Scott. "Bench-Test Study Subgroup Report Synopsis". SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 121, nr 8 (listopad 2012): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j18245xy.

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Litvin, Oleg, Vladimir Makarov, Andrey Strelnikov i Ekaterina Tyuleneva. "Study of the Backhoe’s Digging Modes at Rock Face Working-Out". E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910501024.

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As is known from the classic works on open pit mining, the bench is a separately developed part of the rock layer, having the form of a step. It should also be noted that it is necessary to clearly differentiate the concepts of “bench height” and “height of the layer to be removed.” The benches are often divided into subbenches, developed by different excavation equipment or by the same equipment both sequentially and simultaneously, but having transport routes that are uniform for the bench. As an example, an excavator stripping of the upper and lower subbenches with loading, respectively, at the level of the excavator and above this level, is usually given, that is, the transport route (road) passes through an intermediate platform bench located in the middle of its height. Therefore, the excavation layer of any height, which is, in fact, a part of the working bench, can be considered as an independent bench with all its attributes, but in order to avoid duplication of definitions, this paper suggests the name “extraction layer”. When developing this element various digging modes can be applied. In this paper, we studied the main modes and selected the one that provides the highest performance.

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Feng, Hui Zong, Yun Gong You, Zhi Yu Huang i Zhi Liang Xian. "Study and Realization of Test Bench for Electric Vehicle Drive System Based on HIL". Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (wrzesień 2013): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1255.

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In this paper, the test bench for electric vehicle drive system is designed and the real-time display of speed, torque, current, voltage and other conventional parameters are realized that can offer lots of authentic data for motor performance evaluation, motor parametric design and optimizing control strategy. Road simulation is an important function in the test bench, so the paper analyses the driving electric vehicle in the longitudinal and gives the theoretical dynamometer dynamic output load values that can provide the theory reference for the further implementation of road conditions simulation based on LabVIEW. Finally, in order to validate the test bench feasibility, the start, accelerated and deceleration tests are implemented and show good performance of the bench.

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Lee, Yunjeong, Akiko Nishino, Yuji Matsuda, Toshio Otsuki i Kazuhiko Nishide. "A Study on Community Formation Patterns Based on the Usage of Benches by Seniors". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1.12.2020): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1411.

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Abstract In Japan, the rate of aging exceeds 27%, and the decline of communities has been an issue. Therefore, in this study we take the T housing complex as an example where the rate of aging is more than 40% and aim to understand the usage pattern of benches. An observational research was conducted for 19 days to examine the usage of a total of 23 benches, 17 existing ones and 6 newly installed ones, in the T housing complex. This investigation led to the findings. An average of 417 people used the benches in a day. Research determined that there are four different types of bench utilization, and they each present different ways of building relationships with other people. Bench use behavior was broken into four different categories. Sitting on a bench alone (without building relationships with others) was classified as “single use”. Sitting on a bench with another person but not engaging in any relationship-building behavior was classified as “sharing”. Sitting on a bench and exhibiting relationship-building behavior with others (such as through talking) was classified as “chatting”. Sitting with companions in groups of 3 or more people and exhibiting relationship-building behavior was classified as “group use”. Our findings provide evidence that a bench can be a device to foster the formation of diverse communities.

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Yang, Zhen Xing, Liang Song, Hao Wang, Yu Yong Jiao, Shu Cai Li, Amoussou Coffi Adoko i Huan Qiang Zhang. "Study on the Mechanical Behavior of Excavation and Support Construction of Shallow Tunnel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (sierpień 2013): 1693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1693.

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In this paper, the mechanical behavior of excavation and support construction of Weishe tunnel, which is a section of the Yangwu expressway, is studied quantitatively using 3D finite difference numerical simulation method. A sequential excavation method is used and the results show that the vault settlement occurs mainly on the phase of upper bench excavation. The convergences of upper and lower sidewalls occur mainly on the phase of lower bench excavation. During the construction, the surrounding rock pressure in the vault and sidewall of the tunnel decrease. Axial force of anchor reaches the maximum value after the finish of second lining. However, the surrounding rock pressure and internal force of steel arch reach the maximum value after completing the upper bench excavation, and then become as smaller as half of the peak value during the lower bench excavation.

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Jung, Jongjin. "Study on Development and Feasibility of Bench Tester for UV Flame Detector". Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, nr 2 (30.04.2020): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.2.147.

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In this study, the concept of bench test was established to replace the real distance test conducted outdoors for determining the sensitivity of UV flame detectors. In addition, the experimental apparatus of the bench test was developed and its validity was confirmed. The fire source of bench experiments used a microburner (6 mm diameter) using liquefied petroleum gas, and the bench test was performed with a flame height of 5 cm. The flame detector used in the experiment was a UV flame detector, and the amount of light was measured up to 2.4 m at a distance of 0.2 m from the fire source. The amount of light was used by converting the output signal of the UV sensor of the flame detector into an electrical signal. The fire source of the real distance test used normal heptane (n-Heptane) and measured the light up to 36 m at 5 m intervals. As a result of comparing the distance-light quantity measured in the two experiments, a straight line with the same slope was obtained and it was confirmed that bench test is possible indoors. The results of this study, if used by manufacturers in the development of flame detectors, will enable quality and performance improvements.

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Santos-Rocha, Rita, i António Veloso. "Comparative Study of Plantar Pressure during Step Exercise in Different Floor Conditions". Journal of Applied Biomechanics 23, nr 2 (maj 2007): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.23.2.162.

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Mechanical load has been estimated during step exercise based on ground reaction force (GRF) obtained by force platforms. It is not yet accurately known whether these measures reflect foot contact forces once the latter depend on footwear and are potentially modified by the compliant properties of the step bench. The aim of the study was to compare maximal and mean plantar pressure (PP), and maximal GRF obtained by pressure insoles after performing seven movements both over two metal force platforms and over the step bench. Fifteen step-experienced females performed the movements at the cadences of 130 and 140 beats per minute. PP and GRF (estimated from PP) obtained for each floor condition were compared. Maximal PP ranged from 29.27 ± 9.94 to 47.07 ± 12.88 N/cm2 as for metal platforms, and from 28.20 ± 9.32 to 43.00 ± 13.80 N/cm2 as for the step bench. Mean PP ranged from 11.09 ± 1.62 to 14.32 ± 2.06 N/cm2 (platforms) and from 10.71 ± 1.54 to 14.22 ± 1.77 N/cm2 (step bench). GRF (normalized body weight) ranged from 1.43 ± 0.14 to 2.41 ± 0.24 BW (platforms) and from 1.38 ± 0.14 to 2.36 ± 0.19 BW (step bench). No significant statistical differences were obtained for most of the comparisons between the two conditions tested. The results suggest that metal force platform surfaces are suitable to assess mechanical load during this physical activity. The forces applied to the foot are similar to the softer step bench and the hard force platform surface. This may reflect the ability of the performers to adapt their movement patterns to normalize the impact forces in different floor conditions.

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Rizaev, Anvar, Zafar Malikov, Abdurakhim Yuldashev, Davronbek Kuldoshev, Djamaliddin Temirov i Atkham Borotov. "Bench-scale study of centrifugal fan parameters". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1030 (15.01.2021): 012175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1030/1/012175.

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Djoudi, M., S. Bensehamdi i M. Fredj. "Study of blasting effect on bench stability". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 833, nr 1 (1.08.2021): 012196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/833/1/012196.

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Tuji, Isamu, Akio Tugaki, Masahiro Kisi i Kenzoh Sinano. "Study of Infrasound by Bench Blast Constructing." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, nr 528 (1995): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1995.528_69.

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Chen, Lijun, Jianxun Chen, Yanbin Luo, Yalong Guo, Yongjun Mu, Daochuan Zhong, Weiwei Liu, Tielun Yang i Weixiang Chen. "Propagation Laws of Blasting Seismic Waves in Weak Rock Mass: A Case Study of Muzhailing Tunnel". Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (25.05.2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8818442.

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In order to study the propagation laws of blasting vibration waves in weak rock tunnels, the longitudinal and circumferential blasting vibration tests in Muzhailing Tunnel were carried out, and the measured data were analyzed and studied using the methods of Sadov’s nonlinear regression, Fourier transform, and Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) to provide a reference for the optimization of blasting design of Muzhailing Tunnel or similar weak rock tunnels. The results showed that the tangential main frequency decreases rapidly and the radial main frequency decreases slowly with the increase of proportionate charge quantity. Under a certain charge quantity, as the distance from the explosion source increases, the spectrum width of the blasting vibration frequency becomes narrower, the overall energy is more concentrated, and the vibration frequency tends to be closer to the low frequency. At a certain distance from the explosive source, the frequency of blasting vibration decreases gradually, and the amplitude of low-frequency region increases with the increase of charge quantity. The vibration velocity on the left side of the tunnel is larger than that on the right side, and the vibration velocity at the vault and the arch foot of lower bench decreases rapidly, while the vibration velocity at the arch feet of upper bench and middle bench decreases slowly. The vibration frequencies of the left arch foot of the middle bench and the right arch foot of the upper bench are higher than those of other positions, while the frequencies of the left arch foot of the upper bench are the lowest. During tunnel blasting, the energy input to the strata media is mainly concentrated in the stage of the blasting of the cut hole. The blasting has more energy input to the left arch foot of the upper bench and the tunnel vault, which is consistent with the conclusion of frequency analysis.

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Saeterbakken, Atle Hole, Dag-André Mo, Suzanne Scott i Vidar Andersen. "The Effects of Bench Press Variations in Competitive Athletes on Muscle Activity and Performance". Journal of Human Kinetics 57, nr 1 (22.06.2017): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0047.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the EMG activity performing 6RM competition style bench press (flat bench-wide grip) with 1) medium and narrow grip widths on a flat bench and 1) inclined and declined bench positions with a wide grip. Twelve bench press athletes competing at national and international level participated in the study. EMG activity was measured in the pectoralis major, anterior and posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii and latissimus dorsi. Non-significant differences in activation were observed between the three bench positions with the exception of 58.5-62.6% lower triceps brachii activation, but 48.3-68.7% greater biceps brachii activation in the inclined bench compared with the flat and declined bench position. Comparing the three grip widths, non-significant differences in activations were observed, with the exception of 25.9-30.5% lower EMG activity in the biceps brachii using a narrow grip, compared to the medium and wide grip conditions. The 6-RM loads were 5.8-11.1% greater using a medium and wide grip compared to narrow grip width and 18.5-21.5% lower in the inclined bench position compared with flat and declined. Comparing the EMG activity during the competition bench press style with either the inclined and declined bench position (wide grip) or using a narrow and medium grip (flat bench), only resulted in different EMG activity in the biceps- and triceps brachii. The 6RM loads varied with each bench press variation and we recommend the use of a wide grip on a flat bench during high load hypertrophy training to bench press athletes.

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Pereira, Rogério Martins, Diogo Luís Marques, Ana Ruivo Alves, Daniel Almeida Marinho, Pedro Pombo Neves, António José Silva i Henrique Pereira Neiva. "The Impact of Exercise Order on Velocity Performance in the Bench Press and the Squat: A Comparative Study". Applied Sciences 14, nr 17 (23.08.2024): 7436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14177436.

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We analyzed the influence of exercise order using the bench press and squat as the first or second exercise of the session on velocity performance. Ten male trained individuals (20.9 ± 0.7 years) randomly performed two protocols of three sets of six repetitions at 80% of their one-repetition maximum with different exercise sequences: the bench press followed by the squat (BP + S) and the squat followed by the bench press (S + BP). A linear velocity transducer attached to the Smith machine barbell measured the mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak velocity (PV), and time to peak velocity. Additionally, blood lactate and heart rate were measured. Regarding the bench press, differences were found in the MPV in the first (BP + S: 0.50 ± 0.07 m·s−1 vs. S + BP: 0.42 ± 0.08 m·s−1; p = 0.03, g = 0.72) and second sets (0.50 ± 0.06 m·s−1 vs. 0.42 ± 0.07 m·s−1; p = 0.03, g = 0.73), and in the PV in the second set (0.74 ± 0.09 m·s−1 vs. 0.63 ± 0.09 m·s−1; p = 0.02, g = 0.86). Regarding the squat, although the S + BP sequence tended to show higher velocities, no significant differences were found between protocols. These results showed that squatting first decreased subsequent bench press velocity performance. On the other hand, squat velocity performance was not impaired when preceded by the bench press.

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Lum, Danny, i Luqman Aziz. "Validity and Reliability of the Isometric Prone Bench Pull Test". International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, nr 08 (14.02.2020): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1103-2173.

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AbstractIsometric strength tests are gaining popularity in recent years. However, no study has validated any isometric strength tests to assess upper body pulling ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of isometric prone bench pull. Twenty-three resistance trained athletes (age: 26±4 years, height: 1.75±0.07 m, body mass: 78.6±11.5 kg) were required to perform prone bench pull 1 repetition maximum and isometric prone bench pull tests during the familiarization and actual testing sessions. Isometric prone bench pull was performed at 90° and 120° elbow angles. Peak force and rate of force development measures were highly reliable with intra-correlation coefficient between 0.881–0.987. Peak force obtained from isometric prone bench pull at both elbow angles showed large correlations to prone bench pull 1 repetition maximum (r=0.833–0.858, p<0.01). Linear regression equations to predict 1RM performance from isometric prone bench pull peak force produced an estimated 1RM with a standard error of only 3–6% of the average prone bench pull 1 repetition maximum. The current findings show that isometric prone bench pull is a reliable test and can be used to predict prone bench pull performance.

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Kapnia, LydiaTsoutsoubi, Gkiata, Ioannou, Koutedakis, Gerodimos i Flouris. "Skin Temperature and Exercise Performance after Passive Rest in a Cool Environment". Proceedings 25, nr 1 (30.08.2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025014.

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Aim: Warm-up activates muscular thermogenesis leading to enhanced athletic performance and reduced risk for exercise-induced injuries. However, very little is known about the thermo physiological responses of elite basketball players during the time spent on bench (BENCH) and consequently its impact on athletic performance in cool environments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of BENCH on the thermo physiological responses and athletic performance of elite basketball players. Material & Method: Six elite male basketball players (age, 24.9 ± 4.6 year; BMI, 25.5 ± 1.8 kg/m2) participated in the study. Following a 20-min warm up, the participants were randomly allocated in four different scenarios: (i) 9-min BENCH wearing basketball uniform, (ii) 9-min BENCH wearing basketball uniform and insulative clothing, (iii) 23-min BENCH wearing basketball uniform, and (iv) 23-min BENCH wearing basketball uniform and insulative clothing. The athletic performance of the participants was examined by conducting fitness test pre- and post-BENCH scenarios. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) was calculated from two sites (arm and thigh), while ambient temperature was recorded using a portable weather station. Results: Ambient temperature (16.8 ± 1.2 °C) ranged from 18.2 to 15.5 °C. We identified an increase of 1 °C in Tsk during 23-min BENCH scenarios (p < 0.05). Similarly, we found that counter-movement jump was significantly reduced after 23-min BENCH with basketball uniform (−2.8 cm) and 23-min BENCH with basketball uniform and insulative clothing (−3.4 cm, p < 0.05). On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in Tsk and athletic performance between the baseline and post 9-min BENCH measures (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study showed that 23 min of bench time reduces high-intensity players’ performance in both conditions (23 min bench time + basketball uniform, 23 min bench time + basketball uniform and insulative clothing) in cool environment. Thus, further studies are needed in order to identify factors causing impaired performance.

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Michaud, Philippe, Aurelian Fatu i Bernard Villechaise. "Development of an Experimental Device to Study Real Connecting-Rod Bearings Functioning in Severe Conditions". Journal of Tribology 129, nr 3 (16.02.2007): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2736706.

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The paper presents a new experimental device made to analyze the thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) behavior of connecting-rod bearings functioning in severe conditions. First, it focuses on the test bench description. The general principle of the test bench and then the main original technological solutions used with respect to the functional specifications are detailed. Two numerical models are described. They were developed in order to design and to validate two central components of the experimental device. Finally, the paper comments on the test results used to understand and validate the traction∕compression loading system, which is one of the key points in the test bench behavior.

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Gyebuni, Richard, Festus Kunkyin-Saadaari i Douglas Mensah-Kane. "Pit Slope Configuration for Open Pit Mining – A Case Study". American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 9, nr 2 (24.05.2024): 96–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20240902.14.

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To achieve stable pit wall slopes, it is imperative to obtain a fair knowledge of the rock mass characterisation before designing the pit. Insufficient knowledge of the competency of the country rock could lead to using unsupported slope configuration in the design process which can consequently lead to slope failure. In this study, the geomechnical properties of the Bremen-Nkosuo concession are analysed using Bieniawski’s classification scheme to determine the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) for defining safe pit slope configuration of the Nkosuo pit. The findings show that the rockmass are best described as ‘fair’ for the two main lithologies existing at the concession. Subsequently, localised adjustment factors are applied to the calculated RMR to arrive at Mining Rock Mass Ratings (MRMR). These MRMR values are correlated with 50 m fixed stack height and 1.2 safety factor to determine optimum Bench Slack Angle (BSA) of 54° and 57° for host sedimentary and granitic rocks respectively. For individual benches, optimum slope design configurations were 10 m, 800, and 6.6 m respectively for bench height, bench face angle and catch berm for metasedimentary rocks. Likewise, that for granitic formation were 10 m bench height, 800 face angle and 6.0 m catch berm width. These configurations are in conformance with mineral and mining regulations of Ghana. Slope stability assessment was performed which included Slope Mass Rating (SMR), Kinematic and Limit equilibrium analysis. From the analysis, multi-bench scale slope instability occurrence was found to be rare but single-double scale could be possible at the western wall of the planned pit with probability of failure of about 0.4. Presplit and trim shots perimeter blasting techniques are recommended to maintain the integrity of the final pit walls at certain areas.

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Grenon, Martin, i Amélie-Julie Laflamme. "Inter-ramp and bench design of open-pit mines: the Portage pit case study". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, nr 11 (listopad 2011): 1601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-062.

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Using a case study, this paper presents an integrated methodology for assessing structural slope stability at the inter-ramp and bench levels. Robust algorithms have been developed and implemented to compute, at inter-ramp and bench levels, slope orientations and slope stability using input data compatible with a commercially available mine-design software tool database structure. Multi-criteria stability analyses were performed based on various design criteria. Susceptibility maps were produced enabling the identification of zones of concern in the designed pit. The obtained results suggest that inter-ramp angles do not present instability concerns over the entire pit surface. At bench levels, potential instability zones were identified within two structural domains totalling 6% of the total pit surface.

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Liu, Rong, Song Ren, Jinyang Fan, Fei Wu i Ngaha William. "The air-flow structure and gas dispersion behavior in gas tunnel construction through bench cut method". Thermal Science 23, nr 3 Part A (2019): 1417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180825206l.

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The inability to accurately predict the in rush of gas increases the fear of field workers security and unnecessary investments in tunnel ventilation. In this study, a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the air-flow structure and gas diffusion characteristics of a gas tunnel during construction. The result showed that the flow inside the bottom bench mainly came from the re-circulation zone of the upper bench. Mutation in the tunnel section due to bottom bench excavation would cause the formation of some air circulation in the bottom bench. The circulation air in the bottom bench came from the re-circulation zone of the upper bench, while the air-flow in the considered zone was a polluted air. Based on the obtained results, there was no accumulation of CH4 inside the bottom bench. Nevertheless, gas gushing will still appear during the construction of the bottom bench surface, which can possibly lead to gas disaster. This study aims to provide some guidance for tunnel engineers on safety monitoring systems.

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Barabás, István, Ioan Adrian Todoruţ, Levente Botond Kocsis i Doru Laurean Băldean. "Automated Test Bench for Study of the Fuel Injection Process". Solid State Phenomena 166-167 (wrzesień 2010): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.166-167.39.

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The paper presents the design, implementation and use of an automatic test bench for the injection process, using an economical solution for recording successive images of a fuel jet injected into a chamber pressurized with nitrogen at ambient temperature, with a camera. Injection pressure can be adjusted with high precision using a closed loop PID control (closed loop). The test bench operation is synchronized by a computer-assisted system. Experimental results are also summarized for research of the diesel injection process.

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Yang, Qi Yao, Jian Zhong Zhang, Yu Ping Ma, Yue Bo Wu i Wen Na Zhang. "The Study on Control and Riding Comfort of Air Suspension". Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (sierpień 2014): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.304.

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In order to improve vehicles comfort, electronically controlled air suspension is taken as study object. We designed the PID controller, which can regulates stiffness and height of air spring. Taking stiffness of air suspension as control variables, and the acceleration of the sprungmass as target values, one-quarter vehicle model of air suspension for bench test is established, then PID control system was tested on the bench.The bench test results show that the PID control algorithm can improve vehicle ride performance.

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Su, Dong Hai, Yuan Gao i Yue Ling Wang. "Study of Loading Characteristics of Hydraulic Pump Type Test Bench Based on the AMESim". Advanced Materials Research 645 (styczeń 2013): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.645.463.

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This paper analyzed parameter variation on pressure and flow of the test pump under condition of the load changed on hydraulic pump test-bed. Based on AMESim simulation software, a mathematical model of test bench loading system can be established. Then, the system loading characteristics has been analyzed, which provide theoretical basis for the further design on hydraulic pump type test bench system.

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Marlina, Leni, Syamsuar Syamsuar, Damrah Damrah, Ilham Ilham, Septri Septri i Alexandre Sibomana. "The effect of barrier hops and bench jumping exercises on increasing Inkado athletes’ speed in mawashi geri". Jurnal Keolahragaan 11, nr 2 (30.09.2023): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jk.v11i2.65048.

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This study aim to determineeffect of barrier hops and bench jumping exercises on increasing Inkado athletes’ speed in mawashi geri. This study employed an experimental method with a two groups pretest-posttest design. The research population was athletes form Inkado Tanjungpinang City. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, with the criteria that (1) attendance was at least 75% (actively participating in training). (2) sampel were athletes who participated in training at Dojo Inkado Tanjungpinang City with an age range of 9-19 years, (3) gender male and female. (4) the length of the training period is at least 6 months. Based on these criteria, there were 24 people. Tthe barrier hops hypothesis test with a significant value of 0.000, jumping up and down the bench is 0.000, and the corparison of the two experiments is 0.119. The results showed that based on the T test found a significant value of 0.119 greater than 0.05. These results explain that there is no significant difference between the Posttest Barrier Hops Exercise and Bench Jump Exercises for Mawashi Geri in Karate. The Posttest average of the Barrier Hops group was 72.83 and the group Jumping Up and Down the Benc had an average of 74.00. seen from the difference in the posttest value of barrier hop and jumoing up and down the banch is 1.167. Thus the duffereence in the posttest shows that jumping up and down the bench is better than barrier hops exercise to improve mawashi geri in karate.

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Loturco, Irineu, Fabio Y. Nakamura, João P. Lopes-Silva, Jonatas F. Silva-Santos, Lucas A. Pereira i Emerson Franchini. "Physical and physiological traits of a double world karate champion and responses to a simulated kumite bout: A case study". International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, nr 1 (19.12.2016): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954116684395.

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This study aimed at describing the changes in physical and physiological performance of a two-time World Karate Federation Champion athlete immediately prior to and after a bout simulation. The karateka was submitted to: (a) squat and countermovement jumps, jump squat and bench throw and maximal isometric force tests (half-squat and bench press, pre and post-match); (b) one simulated karate match. Improvements of 1.1% and 2.9% were observed in the squat jump and countermovement jumps, respectively, after the combat simulation. For jump squat, an increase in power production was observed after the simulation (0.6–7.4%). Conversely, for the bench throw a decrease in power was detected after the match (0.5–8.3%). The maximal isometric force increased for the half-squat (10.5%) and bench press exercises (1.6%). The investigated athlete presented quite different characteristics when compared to similarly highly trained peers, and these traits can probably explain his “outlier performance”.

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Chou, Pei-Hsi, Shu-Zon Lou, Shen-Kai Chen, Hsin-Chieh Chen, Tzu-Hsiang Hsia, Teh-Lu Liao i You-Li Chou. "ELBOW LOAD DURING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BENCH-PRESS EXERCISE". Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 20, nr 03 (czerwiec 2008): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237208000775.

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The bench press is one of the most popular weight training open-kinetic chain exercise (OKCE) for the upper extremity. Reviewing the literature, there is a very little research regarding the biomechanical analysis of the OKCE of the upper extremity. The purpose of this study is to develop an OKCE testing model of the upper extremity by using the 3D Motion Analysis System. Furthermore, elbow joint loading of two different hand grip position during the bench-press exercise will be investigated. Thirteen male students volunteered for the study. Their average age was 26.1 years, with an average height of 170.6 cm, and an average weight of 70.3 kg. With both hands in neutral position, each subject was asked to perform bench-press type 1 (normal shoulder width), and bench-press type 2 (150% shoulder width). During the type 2 bench-press exercise, there is a significant increase in anterior–posterior and medial–lateral force on the elbow joint loading than the type 1 bench-press exercise. The valgus–varus, flexion–extension moment, and supination–pronation moment of the type 2 bench-press exercise are also greater than the type 1 bench-press exercise. As shown in this study, keeping the distance of both hand grips as shoulder width may reduce the elbow joint loading during bench-press exercise. These data will provide helpful information in clinical rehabilitation and treatment of the upper-extremity injures.

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DIACONU, Irina, Dinel POPA i Claudia Mari POPA. "Design and construction of an experimental test bench for the study of a mechanical system used for coupling power sources". University of Pitesti. Scientific Bulletin - Automotive Series 30, nr 1 (1.11.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26825/bup.ar.2020.010.

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This study investigates the experimental test bench specially created fortestingaplanetary mechanism with two degrees of freedom in the configuration of hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. For the experimental study, it was necessary to build a test bench that consists of a metal frame on which other mechanical and electrical components are positioned: the mechanical coupling system, the thermal engine, a three-phase electric motor and an alternator. The test bench can simulate road load, during which time it is measured with the help ofa torque sensor the mechanical moment developed by the electric motor used in this configuration.

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Migliavacca, Francesco, Claudio Chiastra, Yiannis S. Chatzizisis i Gabriele Dubini. "Virtual bench testing to study coronary bifurcation stenting". EuroIntervention 11, nr V (maj 2015): V31—V34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/eijv11sva7.

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Mines, Richard O., i Laura W. Lackey. "Bench-scale ozonation study of waste activated sludge". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 44, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520802515251.

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Garcia-Guarin, J., JA Gómez i DA Contrearas. "Experimental study of pumps in a pipe bench". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1257 (czerwiec 2019): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1257/1/012003.

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Cui, Yu Huan, Bao Feng Li, Jing Guo Qu i Zhen Wang. "The Study of the Brake Test Bench Model". Applied Mechanics and Materials 50-51 (luty 2011): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.50-51.437.

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This paper will focus on the control method of the brake test- bench, we have used physics, theoretical mechanics, numerical methods method and use Matlab software, Excel software to calculated data and drawing. Eventually we establish a mathematical model to control electric current. . The model will help us testing the merits of the brake, and assist us in the design process.

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Quan, Rui, Xin Feng Tang i Shu Hai Quan. "Study on the Automobile Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator Test Bench". Advanced Materials Research 668 (marzec 2013): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.514.

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In order to utilize the exhaust heat of internal combustion engine effectively and enhance its fuel economy, a test bench used in Automobile Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator (AETEG) is designed in this paper, the main controller, temperature monitoring unit and single voltage monitoring unit of the control system are elaborated. Finally, several initial experiment results are provided, it reveals that prolonging the exhaust’s transmission time and path appropriately can help raise the temperature of heat exchanger’s surface and enhance the output performance of AETEG, the method adopted in this paper is feasible and the AETEG test bench designed is practical.

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Kango, Riklan, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto i Ezra Hartarto Pongtuluran. "Design and Implementation of Smart Bench Integrated Solar Cell for Public Space Electricity Saving". International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review 2, nr 2 (22.12.2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijpasr.v2i2.121.

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The purpose of this research is to design a multifunctional garden bench integrated with solar panels. The bench product is created by utilizing sunlight as a source of electrical energy for the object features of the bench product. The implementation method for producing innovative bench products uses a research and development approach, including concept, design, collection of materials, assembly, and testing. The bench was tested to supply electricity to the LED lights and USB ports. Furthermore, analyzing statistical data the average value of; current, voltage, and power generated by the intelligent bench object. The study results present the primary resources needed for the design and implementation of intelligent bench products. Experiments show that a load of LED lights and USB station chargers depends on the percentage of battery batteries supplied from solar cells. The innovative bench is designed from hollow steel to support product construction efficiency and electronic effectiveness. In this way, we achieved our goal of designing and implementing a portable garden bench that could function in all open areas.

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Waterman, Dillon A., Steven Walker, Bingjie Xu i Roberto M. Narbaitz. "Bench-scale study of ultrafiltration membranes for evaluating membrane performance in surface water treatment". Water Quality Research Journal 51, nr 2 (2.03.2016): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2016.039.

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Currently, there is no standard bench-scale dead-end ultrafiltration (UF) testing system. The aim of the present study was to design and build a bench-scale hollow fiber UF system to assess the impact of operational parameters on membrane performance and fouling. A bench-scale hollow fiber UF system was built to operate at a constant flux (±2% of the set-point flux) and included automated backwash cycles. The development of the bench-scale system showed that it is very difficult to maintain a constant flux during the first minute of the filtration cycles, that digital flow meters are problematic, and that the volume of the backwash waste lines should be minimized. The system was evaluated with Ottawa River water, which has a relatively high hydrophobic natural organic matter content and is typical of Northern Canadian waters. The testing using different permeate fluxes, filtration cycle duration and backwash cycle duration showed that this system mimics the performance of larger systems and may be used to assess the impact of operating conditions on membrane fouling and alternative pretreatment options. Modeling the first, middle, and last filtration cycles of the six runs using single and dual blocking mechanisms yielded inconsistent results regarding the controlling fouling mechanisms.

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Whiteley, James, i Diederik Veenendaal. "Engineering of a super-long hanging bench fabricated partially from thermally modified timber". Structural Engineer 100, nr 10 (1.10.2022): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/xvea4060.

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This case study outlines the engineering, design, fabrication and installation of a bespoke 7m hanging timber bench. At 7.1m, it is thought by the authors that the bench presented in this article is the longest single-span swinging bench of its kind.

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Anderson, Amanda, Cassandra Fitzgerald, Kimberlee Baker, Rachel Stika, Daniel Linhares i Derald Holtkamp. "Comparison of shower-in and shower-in plus bench entry protocols for prevention of environmental contamination due to personnel entry in a commercial swine facility". Journal of Swine Health and Production 26, nr 4 (1.07.2018): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1077.

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Objective: To determine if the addition of a bench entry system in a commercial swine facility with a shower lowers the risk of personnel introducing environmental contamination. Materials and methods: Fluorescent powder was used to assess the bench entry system by simulating environmental contamination carried on the footwear of personnel entering a commercial swine farm. On each of ten days, four female employees entered the premises, stepped through the fluorescent powder, performed bench entry procedures, and showered into the farm. For ten additional replicates, the bench was removed and regular farm protocols were followed. The fluorescent powder contamination was evaluated with a grid system at four sampling points including before the bench, after the bench, before the shower, and after the shower. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine if there was a difference in the number of contaminated grid cells found at each sampling between the treatment groups. Results: Fluorescent powder was found after the shower on two study days in which the bench was removed but none when the bench was in place. There was a significant difference in contamination found directly after the bench between days with bench entry and days that the bench was removed, but this was not observed at any of the other sampling points. Implications: A bench entry system may decrease the risk that pathogens reach the clean side of the shower, but improved protocols and additional layers of biosecurity are needed.

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Perl, Jeffrey, i Joanne M. Bargman. "Peritoneal dialysis: from bench to bedside and bedside to bench". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 311, nr 5 (1.11.2016): F999—F1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00012.2016.

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For patients with end-stage kidney disease unable to receive a kidney transplant, replacement of kidney function with dialysis is necessary to extend life. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) are the two major forms of dialysis therapy. HD involves the passage of blood via an extracorporeal circuit whereby removal of small solutes, toxins, and water is achieved across a synthetic, semipermeable dialysis membrane. In contrast, in PD, the dialysis membrane is the highly vascularized internal lining of the peritoneal cavity. Intraperitoneal installation of hypertonic high glucose PD solution creates a transmembrane osmotic and diffusive gradient that facilitates water removal [ultrafiltration (UF)], convection, and diffusion of uremic toxins. Insight into the physiology of solute and water transport across the peritoneal membrane has been enhanced by the proposal of the ′'three-pore model'' of peritoneal membrane transport. Transport characteristics and UF capacity of the peritoneal membrane vary among individuals, and deleterious changes in the membrane may ensue over time. The degree to which these changes are a direct consequence of the type and composition of currently available PD solutions, recurrent infectious episodes, genetic differences among individuals, or a combination thereof is the subject of intense study. Adverse consequences resulting from the systemic and local metabolic effects of intraperitoneal glucose exposure, infection of the PD fluid, PD catheter dysfunction, and patient burnout from self-care often limit the long-term success of the therapy. Research aimed at addressing these challenges will examine the use of more biocompatible PD solutions and strategies aimed at attenuating progressive peritoneal membrane injury.

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Tang, Hong-Liang, Xin Liu, Jun Yang i Qi Yu. "Experimental Study on the Influence of Delay Time on Rock Fragmentation in Bench Blasting". Applied Sciences 13, nr 1 (21.12.2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010085.

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Delay time is an important factor in the quality of bench blasting. The development and application of electronic detonators make it possible to control the timing of detonation by a highly precise delay time. It is an easily achievable way to seek a better blast fragmentation by controlling the delay time. In order to investigate the influence of delay time on rock fragmentation, eight experiments on bench blasting models with double holes were carried out. The average weight of 4.59 g of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was charged into each blast hole with a diameter of 10 mm. Delay times between the double holes were set as: 13.69, 27.36, 54.72, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 339.6 µs. During blast loading, the breakage processes of specimens were captured in detail by high-speed cameras. Full-field strains on the bench slope were analyzed by the three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) technique. After each experiment, the coarse fragments were backfilled into the post-blast specimen to observe and record the bench slope’s final breakage pattern. The experimental results showed that the fragmentation of the bench slope transformed from horizontal crack dominance to vertical crack dominance as the delay time increased. In addition, post-blast fragments were collected and sieved, including fine materials. In the premise of approximate excavation, the optimum delay time was 180 µs. Compared to short delay times such as 27.36 µs, x50 was improved by approximately 25% at the delay time of 180 µs. The results showed a significant difference and great improvement in fragmentation when the delay times were in the time range of no-shock-wave interaction compared to interactions. When determining the optimum delay time in multi-hole blasting, except for the stress wave interaction, factors such as crack propagation should also be considered. The results of experiments could contribute to references for relevant research.

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Kolmogorov, Aleksey, i Yuliya Grigor'eva. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONTACT TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS ON A LABORATORY BENCH". Bulletin of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, nr 12 (18.12.2018): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-777x-2018-1-12-151-157.

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Kim, Jae-Hyun, Jun-Young Choi i Choon-Man Lee. "A Study on the Development and Performance Evaluation of an ATC Test Bench". Journal of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering 29, nr 5 (1.05.2012): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2012.29.5.489.

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Fang, Xu, Youmin Wang i Bo Zhu. "Research on the Control Method of Force Servo System of Liquid Hydrostatic Guide Oil Film Thickness Test Bench for Machine Tools". Shock and Vibration 2022 (6.10.2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6221067.

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The test bench was designed to solve the problem of measuring the oil film thickness of the liquid hydrostatic guideway of machine tools. And based on the fast overshoot of the classical PID control, introducing the self-antidisturbance control algorithm, this study established a mathematical model of the test bench electro-hydraulic servo control system. At the same time, this paper also designed a specific structure of the self-turbulence controller, which adopts optimal quadratic control, pole configuration, PID control, and self-turbulence control to study the control methods of the test bench electro-hydraulic servo system, respectively, and uses the SIMULINK module to establish the system simulation model of the above-mentioned four control methods of the test bench. Simulation results of the test bench control system show that the response speed of the self-turbulence control is 0.4 seconds, 0.2 seconds, and 4.4 seconds faster than PID control, pole configuration, and optimal quadratic control, respectively, and the overshoot is significantly reduced. Finally, the test bench was built to complete the experiments, and the experimental results showed that the followability of the loading force and thickness detection accuracy of the test bench were better after adding the self-turbulence control algorithm and the stability of the oil film thickness was significantly improved by the test bench electro-hydraulic servo control system.

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Engchuan, Pipat, Karnt Wongsuphasawat i Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn. "Brain electrical activity during bench press weight training exercise". Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, nr 5 (11.08.2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i5.21034.

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Background: Weight training is one type of exercises which some people interest. When the body has a physical exercise with enough intensity, it can produce a positive effect on brain function by changing amplitude of electroencephalographic activity. Aims and Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to examine a more comprehensive range of the electroencephalographic activity including delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma brainwaves during bench press weight training exercise. Materials and Methods: Electroencephalographic activities were recorded with nine participants by using the commercial lightweight electroencephalographic device, NeuroSky Mindwave Mobile, both before and during bench press weight training exercise. Results: The present study was conducted to find out how bench press weight training exercise effected to human brainwave. The electroencephalographic activity could be recorded during bench press weight training. The findings of the present study documented increase in beta and gamma brainwaves during bench press weight training exercise. This electrophysiological changes could represent the rearrangement of different systems as a consequence of exercise. Conclusion: This bench press weight training might significantly alter the intense exercise. Future studies may want to examine how these changes in electroencephalographic activity influence or are associated with changes in cognition, affect and/or perception during/after bench press weight training exercise. The impact of peripheral physiology on electroencephalographic activity of bench press weight training exercise also needs to be examined.

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Liu, Xue Jun, Ren He, Cun Xiang Liu i Er Li Zhang. "Design and Establishment of HIL Testing Bench for Electromagnetic and Hydraulic Hybrid Brake System". Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (luty 2014): 942–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.942.

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This paper discussed the brake performance and reviewed the research progress of the eddy current-hydraulic hybrid brake system. The paper mainly described the design principle of HIL testing bench, and presented a structure drawing of HIL testing bench. Based on the basic principle and structure of HIL testing bench, a real testing bench including hardware, software, interface, and virtual controller on PCs etc., is manufactured. Through two kinds of experiments on wet and dry road, the results indicates that the hybrid brake system has a perfect performance, the HIL testing bench of hybrid brake system is very convenient to study and simulate the braking system. Because the simulation on PCs cannot solve lots of actual problems, with the HIL testing bench, more actual research project can be done in the future.

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Li, Rui, Wenjun Mu, Tianyu Sun, Xi Li i Xiaojie Wang. "Benchmark study of a small-scale slab track system with squeeze-mode magnetorheological fluid isolators". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, nr 1 (8.05.2017): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17705219.

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A magnetorheological fluid squeeze-mode isolator is proposed to improve the vibration isolation performance of a subway floating slab track system. However, it is difficult to carry out the test for the full-scale track vibration isolation system in the laboratory. The research is based on scale analysis of the floating slab track system, from the point view of the dimensionless of the dynamic characteristics of physical quantity, to establish a small-scale test bench system for the magnetorheological fluid isolators. A small-scale magnetorheological fluid device with squeeze mode is designed, and its performance is tested. The experimental results showed that the squeeze-mode magnetorheological fluid Isolators can provide a large range of damping force for energy dissipation with a small amount of input electric power. The major parameters of a small-scale test bench are obtained according to the similarity theory. The force transmissibility ratio and the relative acceleration transmissibility ratio are selected as evaluation index of system similarity. Furthermore, a test bench is built according to the small-scale model parameter analysis. The experimental studies showed that the bench testing results were consistency with that of theoretical model in evaluating the vibration force and acceleration. Therefore, the small-scale study of magnetorheological track vibration isolation system based on similarity theory reveals the isolation performance of a real slab track prototype system.

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Mi, Juncheng, Guoqin Huang i Jin Yu. "Characterization and Joint Control Study of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles". Applied Sciences 13, nr 2 (13.01.2023): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021075.

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Physical dynamic characteristics and control studies were conducted for pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM), the core component of the drive of lower limb rehabilitation robots. Firstly, a static model and a dynamic model of the pneumatic artificial muscle were established. Then a test bench was designed to perform dynamic characteristic test simulations and experiments. After that, the pneumatic artificial muscle test bench was designed to simulate and test its dynamic characteristics. Finally, a typical PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller was built to perform control simulations and step control experiments for the pneumatic artificial muscle. Experiments show that the PID can achieve stable and accurate tracking of the signal and meet the application requirements of PAM.

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Korobeynikov, A. V., i M. A. Boyarshinov. "Development of a Bench for Analyzing the Radio Station Operation in the APCO P25, DMR and TETRA Communication Standards Based on Broadband Software-Defined Radios and GNU Radio Software Toolkit". Vestnik IzhGTU imeni M.T. Kalashnikova 25, nr 4 (22.12.2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2413-1172-2022-4-73-85.

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The article discusses the development of an instrument complex (bench, stand) for the study of digital radio communication standards: APCO P25, DMR and TETRA, based on software-defined radio systems (SDR) technologies in voice mode. The bench is based on the HackRF One broadband SDR transceiver and the GNU Radio open software toolkit. Along with the SDR transceiver HackRF One, it is proposed to use the SDR TV tuner AstroMeta Digital TV Dongle as an available receiver. The structure of the hardware and software parts of the bench is proposed. The software implementation of listed digital radio communication standards is based on the open libraries of the Osmocom project: the BoadBot OP25 and TETRA Live Monitor libraries. The operating system Linux Debian 10 and the software toolkit GNU Radio 3.7 were used for practical testing of the bench functioning. The practical testing results of the developed bench are presented both when interacting in voice mode with radio stations of the specified radio communication standards, and between the SDR transmitter HackRF One and the SDR TV tuner AstroMeta Digital TV Dongle. For the radio communication standards APCO P25 and DMR, the receiving and transmission modes of the speech signal have been practically tested on the developed bench, and for the radio communication standard TETRA, the modes of scanning the radio broadcast and receiving the speech signal have been tested. As a bench operability confirmation for the listed radio communication standards, the screenshots of programs implementing the specified modes of interaction between the bench hardware components are given. The proposed bench architecture allows to expand the list of supported radio standards. The developed bench can be used: 1) for educational purposes in the study of radio communication standards; 2) in the development and debugging of radio communication systems under development; 3) for control testing during the release of radio systems.

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Farias, Déborah De Araújo, Gabriel Andrade Paz, Patrícia Dos Santos Vigário, Jeffrey M. Willardson, Ewertton De Souza Bezerra i Humberto Miranda. "Effect of pre-fatiguing the triceps brachii on subsequent strength performance and myoelectric activity in the barbell, dumbbell and Smith machine bench press". Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte 13, nr 2 (4.12.2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33155/j.ramd.2019.12.003.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pre-fatiguing the triceps brachii on subsequent strength performance and myoelectric activity in the barbell, dumbbell, and Smith machine bench press. Method: Nineteen trained men participated of this study (27.9 ± 4.5 years; 1.72 ± 0.1 m; 80.3 ± 9.2 kg). Ten-repetition maximum loads were determined for the triceps extension as well as the barbell barbell, dumbbell and Smith machine bench press. Three experimental protocols were performed in a randomized design. All experimental protocols began with four sets of the triceps extension (performed with a high pulley) to repetition failure followed by four sets to repetition failure for one of three bench press modalities. Two minute-rest intervals were adopted between sets and exercises. Total repetitions (work), training volume and myoelectric activity of pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii were recorded during each bench press modality. Results: Significantly greater activity of the biceps brachii was observed during performance of the dumbbell bench press versus barbell and Smith machine bench press. No other significant differences were observed between protocols. Conclusion: Therefore, considering the training volume and myoelectric activity of the synergistic muscles, similar performance across bench press modalities can be expected when preceded by performance of a triceps extension.

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Rodríguez-Ridao, David, José A. Antequera-Vique, Isabel Martín-Fuentes i José M. Muyor. "Effect of Five Bench Inclinations on the Electromyographic Activity of the Pectoralis Major, Anterior Deltoid, and Triceps Brachii during the Bench Press Exercise". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 19 (8.10.2020): 7339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197339.

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The bench press exercise is one of the most used for training and for evaluating upper-body strength. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the electromyographic (EMG) activity levels of the pectoralis major (PM) in its three portions (upper portion, PMUP, middle portion, PMMP, and lower portion, PMLP), the anterior deltoid (AD), and the triceps brachii (TB) medial head during the bench press exercise at five bench angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°). Thirty trained adults participated in the study. The EMG activity of the muscles was recorded at the aforementioned inclinations at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). The results showed that the maximal EMG activity for PMUP occurred at a bench inclination of 30°. PMMP and PMLP showed higher EMG activity at a 0° bench inclination. AD had the highest EMG activity at 60°. TB showed similar EMG activities at all bench inclinations. In conclusion, the horizontal bench press produces similar electromyographic activities for the pectoralis major and the anterior deltoid. An inclination of 30° produces greater activation of the upper portion of the pectoralis major. Inclinations greater than 45° produce significantly higher activation of the anterior deltoid and decrease the muscular performance of the pectoralis major.

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