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1
Bahuleyan, Sivasree, i Sithara V. Balan. "A study on the extent of food availability and accessibility to the elderly living Below Poverty Line (BPL) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India". Journal of Nutrition Research 6, nr 1 (15.12.2018): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55289/jnutres/v6i1.2.
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Most of the studies on ageing in Kerala, India were centered on the health aspects, old age homes, socio-economic problems and quality of life of the elderly. But studies on the extent of food availability and accessibility of the elderly living Below Poverty Line (BPL) in Kerala, India have not been undertaken till date. The present study aims at examining the food availability and accessibility of the elderly living Below Poverty Line. The study is conducted not only to access their food availability and accessibility but also to see how they consume with their own income, pension or family income, or to see how much they depend on their children, relatives or others and to analyze whether their income is sufficient or not to meet their requirements. Keywords: Ageing, Food availability, Food accessibility, Below Poverty Line (BPL), Elderly
2
Ahankari, Anand, Andrew Fogarty, Laila Tata i Puja Myles. "Healthcare benefits linked with Below Poverty Line registration in India: Observations from Maharashtra Anaemia Study (MAS)". F1000Research 6 (9.01.2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10556.1.
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A 2015 Lancet paper by Patel et al. on healthcare access in India comprehensively discussed national health programmes where some benefits are linked with the country’s Below Poverty Line (BPL) registration scheme. BPL registration aims to support poor families by providing free/subsidised healthcare. Technical issues in obtaining BPL registration by poor families have been previously reported in the Indian literature; however there are no data on family assets of BPL registrants. Here, we provide evidence of family-level assets among BPL registration holders (and non-BPL households) using original research data from the Maharashtra Anaemia Study (MAS). Social and health data from 287 pregnant women and 891 adolescent girls (representing 1178 family households) across 34 villages in Maharashtra state, India, were analysed. Several assets were shown to be similarly distributed between BPL and non-BPL households; a large proportion of families who would probably be eligible were not registered, whereas BPL-registered families often had significant assets that should not make them eligible. This is likely to be the first published evidence where asset distribution such as agricultural land, housing structures and livestock are compared between BPL and non-BPL households in a rural population. These findings may help planning BPL administration to allocate health benefits equitably, which is an integral part of national health programmes.
3
Joseph, Mrs Minu, Mrs Ansuya i Mrs Manjula. "Assessment of knowledge and utilization of Below Poverty Line (BPL) Schemes among BPL families". IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science 3, nr 6 (2014): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1959-03630105.
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Govil, Nikhil, Savita Chahal, Nishu Gupta, Amandeep Singh Kaloti, Anuradha Nadda i Parmal Singh. "Factors Associated with Poor Antiepileptic Drugs Adherence in Below Poverty Line Persons with Epilepsy: A Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 12, nr 01 (styczeń 2021): 095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721200.
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Abstract Background Adherence to antiepileptic drugs (AED) is essential for adequate seizure control in epilepsy. People with low socioeconomic status are more vulnerable to poor adherence to AED. The present study aimed to explore factors associated with poor adherence to antiepileptic drugs in below poverty line (BPL) persons with epilepsy (PWE). Methods The research had a cross-sectional design with inclusion of persons aged 18 to 65 years and an established diagnosis of epilepsy. Holding a BPL card (Yellow card) was taken as a measure for BPL criteria. Adherence to antiepileptic drugs was assessed using medication adherence rating scale (MARS). Univariate analysis with Chi-square test was used to determine the association between various variables and AED adherence, while the predictors of adherence were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results There was a total of 88 BPL PWE. The mean age of male and female patients was 35.0 ± 15.0 & 32.0 ± 10.1 years, respectively. Adherence for drugs were found to be 30.7% and nonadherence to be 44.3%. Low (illiterate or primary) education (OR 0.041 [0.01–0.21]), polytherapy (OR 0.088 [0.02–0.40]), and substance abuse (OR 0.05 [0.01–0.58]) were found to have significant association with nonadherence to AEDs. Age, gender, marital status, family composition, occupation, rural urban background, distance from health care facility, duration of epilepsy, and side effects of AED were not found to have significant association with adherence. Conclusion There is a need for psychoeducational programs for the people having low education status and polytherapy to form positive beliefs in AEDs. Substance abuse should also be addressed while treating them.
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Sora, Lige. "Household Characteristic of Public Distribution System Beneficiaries and Per Capita Monthly Off-Take of Subsidized Rice in Arunachal Pradesh: With Reference to East and West Siang Districts". Dera Natung Government College Research Journal 3, nr 1 (2018): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56405/dngcrj.2018.03.01.02.
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Public Distribution System is a welfare program through which highly subsidize food and non-food grains are allocate to the identified households. As such under this program the beneficiaries are identified into four categories viz; Above Poverty Line (APL), Below Poverty Line (BPL), Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Annapurna. Rice is one of the staple food grains of Arunachal Pradesh. Therefore, present paper ponders only on per capita monthly off-take of subsidized rice from the Public Distribution System program in Arunachal Pradesh.
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Jain, Neha, Gian Singh i Rupinder Kaur. "Analysis of Incidence and Determinants of Poverty Among Scheduled Caste Households in Rural Punjab". Social Change 48, nr 4 (grudzień 2018): 542–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718801474.
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The present article attempts to analyse the incidence and determinants of poverty among Scheduled Caste (SC) households in rural Punjab. The study based on the primary data of 543 SC households selected from rural areas of Punjab, concluded that the incidence of consumption-based poverty among different categories is slightly less than the incidence of income-based poverty among different categories of SCs across sampled districts. One explanation for this is that SC households try to maintain a minimum standard of living by taking loans from various institutional as well as non-institutional agencies. There is a negative relationship between the income earned by SC households and the percentage of those living below the poverty line (BPL). The study suggests that the proportion of SCs living BPL can decrease with an increase in their level of income and employment.
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Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Manikandanesan Sakthivel i Gokul Sarveswaran. "A critical review on Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi scheme in India". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, nr 4 (23.03.2018): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181197.
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Patients with life threatening diseases were not able to seek care in tertiary care settings in spite of availability of facilities because of the cost of care involved. This hampers the nation’s progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by causing inequity in health service utilization and lack of financial protection to the families of the patient suffering from major diseases. Several government financial benefit schemes, both at central and state level, are available to cover the cost of care involved in the patients belonging to below poverty line (BPL) families. However, Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi is the only scheme which has been envisaged for providing comprehensive tertiary care benefit for patients with life threatening diseases belonging to BPL families. No government health programmes offers as much cash benefit as this scheme has been providing. This scheme, if utilized effectively can bring down the out-of-pocket expenditure considerably among the patients belonging to below poverty line families as well as increases the equity in utilization of tertiary care services. Even though the scheme was introduced two decades before, it has not been debated much for its utilization, impact, limitations and scopes for further improvement. Hence this review aims to critically appraise the strengths and limitations of the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi scheme.
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Karnik, Nutan, i Sandip P. Solanki. "How to Make Globalisation Pro-Poor". Journal of Global Economy 4, nr 4 (31.12.2008): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i4.109.
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India is adding 40 million people to its middle class every year. Growing at the current rate, a majority of Indians will be belonging to the middle-class by 2025. Apart from this burgeoning middle class in the country, the economy growth seemed to have touched the lives of the poor also. According to the national Sample Survey results, people living below poverty line have dramatically come down during the post economic reform era. People living below poverty line (BPL) came down from 36 per cent in 1993-94 (50th Round, NSSO) to 26 per cent in 1999-2000 (55th Round, NSSO). Many economists question this dramatic change in poverty level. However, the intention of this paper is not to join the debate on the level of poverty reduction in the county but to recognize the reduction of poverty in the country during the post-economic reform era and to suggest steps, which can be taken to make globalization pro-poorer.   Classification-JEL: Keywords: ,
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Sen, Kasturi, i Swagata Gupta. "Masking Poverty and Entitlement: RSBY in Selected Districts of West Bengal". Social Change 47, nr 3 (wrzesień 2017): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717715557.
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In 2008, India launched a flagship national health insurance programme, the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) for those living below the poverty line (BPL). 1 Using qualitative methods and thematic analysis, this exploratory study of poor women from three selected districts of West Bengal sought to gauge reasons for low registration and factors affecting choice of institutional healthcare among those who had registered for the RSBY. In particular, we sought to understand the underlying factors, if any, which affect judgements on institutional healthcare.
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Kondapi, Anushreya, Tarun Kumar, Unais Sait, Kriti Bhalla i Shanthanu S. Ashok. "A case-study of slums: an informal housing for people below poverty line (BPL) in India". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1343 (listopad 2019): 012152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1343/1/012152.
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Shankar Shaw, Tara, i Sridhar Telidevara. "Does food subsidy affect household nutrition?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, nr 1/2 (4.03.2014): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-08-2012-0073.
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Purpose – Indian households having the below poverty line (BPL) ration card receive rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene from the Indian Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) at subsidized rates. The paper uses the National Sample Survey Organization's consumption expenditure survey for the 61st round to study the causal effect of the BPL ration card on BPL households' calorie consumption. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This causal effect is estimated by comparing per-capita-per-day calorie consumption of the BPL households having BPL card with that of a matched counterfactual BPL household from the same state not having BPL card, using stratified propensity score matching. Findings – The BPL ration card was found to increase calorie consumption from cereals and decrease calorie consumption from non-cereal food items without affecting the overall calorie consumption of household. Thus, TPDS induces households to consume more cereals and less non-cereal without significantly changing the overall calorie consumption. Research limitations/implications – The research methodology controls for selection bias due to observable variables. Further, research needed to devise experimental set up to control for the selection bias due to unobserved variables. Originality/value – The paper uses the targeting error in identifying BPL households in TPDS as a quasi-experiment set up to study the causal effect of the BPL ration card.
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Jaysawal, Neelmani, i Mrs Sudeshna Saha. "Impact of CSR on Education & Healthcare of Underprivileged Sections of the Society". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES 2, nr 2 (8.07.2014): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jah.v2i2.422.
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Education and Healthcare keeps an important position in the development paradigm of a country. India, having more than 1 billion population, requires an inclusive growth where each section of society might claim benefits of growth. It is estimated that approximately 29 percent of the Indian population lives below the poverty line (World Bank 2003). This figure accounts for more than 290 million people, or nearly 25 percent of the world's poor population. On average, the poor have lower levels of education than the general population and suffer from higher disease prevalence. Scheduled castes and tribes are overrepresented in below-poverty-line (BPL) households. More than 65 percent of scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) households live below the poverty line. Apart from health sector, even education system of the country is in pitiable condition. The education system of a country doesnot functions in isolation from society. In such a condition, extending educational opportunities to marginalized groups has been considered an antidote to this longstanding discrimination.
Therefore, several organizations working in profit sector have proceeded in the area of advancement of marginalized sections of society through initiatives in education and health sector known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The organizations like Tata, HDFC, Infosys have been actively involved in educational development of marginalized sections. Even public sector enterprises like SAIL, BPCL, BHEL have provided growth of marginalized sections through some of their initiatives in education and health sector.
Therefore, this paper seeks to highlight conditions of education and health in the wake of marginalized sections of our society and critically examine contribution of CSR initiatives of both public and private sectors for their advancement.
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Chatterjee, Shankar. "Women Empowerment through Self-help Groups (SHGs): Cases from Telangana State". IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 4, nr 2 (24.08.2016): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v4.n2.p3.
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<div><p><em>This article is based on field study carried out in June 2016 in Nizamabad District of Telangana where it was observed that rural women belonging to all categories of caste with primary education or even illiterate under the banner of self-help groups (SHGs) had been earning not only income but feeling empowered. Almost all were below poverty line (BPL) once upon a time and few during the course of study were also were BPL. Regrading, empowerment, it was reported that almost all women were attending gram sabha meeting and sharing their views. Even it was reported that all freely talk to bank managers, block officials and others. In this article few cases are presented based on field study. </em></p></div>
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Chauhan, Ujjawal, i Kaushalya Gupta. "Parental Motivations in Sending Children to School in a Paradoxical Indian Learning System of Declining Learning Curve and Increasing Enrolment: A Case Study of West Bengal". Journal of Educational and Social Research 7, nr 1 (26.01.2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n1p19.
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Abstract Current studies explain the growth in enrolment in Indian primary schools to be a result of ‘cost-effective’ incentivized education by the Indian Government. However, this does not explain why parents living below the poverty line (BPL) are forgoing higher opportunity costs and sending their children to school, especially in the context of a declining learning curve. This study investigates the motivating factors among BPL parents and the relative significance of incentives in shaping their decisions regarding their children’s enrolment. This study also reveals qualitative and quantitative data based results showing Right to Education (RTE) Act’s (2009) ‘free and compulsory primary education for all’ motivating millions of ‘very poor’ first generation learners to enroll. However, in these households, incentivized education is not sufficiently cost-effective to substitute child labor. Furthermore, The Right to Education Act’s No Fail Policy is shown to have negatively impacted learning in government schools.
15
Das, Dr Pradip Kumar. "A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF COVID-19 IN INDIA". Archives of Business Research 8, nr 5 (3.06.2020): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.85.8271.
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COVID-19 virus causes respiratory problems including pneumonia, cold, sneezing and coughing, and transmits human to human or human to animal via airborne droplets. World Health Organization advises to avoid public gatherings and close contact to infected persons and pet animals. India has made several precautionary measures to mitigate the disease at the initial stage. However, the density of population in India makes it difficult to control the disease, if government does not incorporate the visionary strategies. Since attacked several nations have been worried for their people lives, developing country like India with huge population should consider about the livelihood of the people belonging to below poverty line or BPL equally with other life. This paper will give insights to make effective strategy to culminate the world threat COVID-19 in India.
Keywords: COVID-19; India; Healthcare; Strategies; Community hospital.
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Sapkal, Ashwini B., i Swati Deshpande. "Awareness about Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojna among the residential population of an urban community: a cross sectional study". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, nr 9 (27.08.2019): 3848. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193982.
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Background: The Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana (MJPJAY) is a unique health insurance scheme which meets the health expenses of the below poverty line / above poverty line families for identified diseases. Lack of awareness regarding the same hinders the beneficiaries from availing the services. Hence studying this and other factors will play an important role in facilitating the access of these beneficiaries to utilize this scheme.Methods: 384 participants were included in the study using proportionate sampling. This is a community based cross sectional study done in the urban field practice area of a tertiary care hospital.Results: 95.57% respondents were having yellow / orange ration card and they were eligible for availing MJPJAY scheme. Awareness about MJPJAY is 51.70% in the age group >55 years. 54.9% of the respondents were aware that the scheme was meant for BPL families while 34.6% respondents did not know about the requirements of the same.Conclusions: Lack of awareness about MJPJAY is the major factor for non-availability of services under this scheme.
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Sehgal, Meena, Sumit Kumar Gautam, Priyanka Bajaj, Mayukhmala Guha i Suneel Pandey. "Challenges of access to water and sanitation for sustaining health: A case study from South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India". Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, nr 1 (20.04.2017): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i1.11091.
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The present study attempts to determine the access to clean water and sanitation essential for sustaining health. It attempts to identify socio-economic factors which influence access to clean water within the community. The absence of water-on- premises in a water abundant area of West Bengal, India showcases some of the challenges in progressing on Sustainable Development Goal-3.Eight villages were included in the study and a total of 597 households were enrolled for the study from 8000 households in the villages. The study includes descriptive analysis of water access and sanitation parameters, and regression analysis of socio-economic determinants of exposure. The results reveal that nearly half of the respondents belonged to Above Poverty Line (APL) while 42.71% were under Below Poverty Line (BPL). Although majority of the household had access to an improved source of water for drinking, 77.89 % of the households were using pond water for bathing, washing clothes, utensils and toilet and nearly 37% of households did not have any toilet facility. Regression analysis of use of pond water indicates that people living in mud huts (kutcha houses) and from religious minority groups were more likely to use ponds for washing utensils, clothes, bathing and defecated in open fields and use unimproved sources for drinking water. The study asserts the need to develop community level preventive measures such as access to clean water for personal and domestic use and sanitation facilities to protect health.
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G, Vinod, i Biju T. "A Study on the Working of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)". Commerce & Business Researcher 14, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.59640/cbr.v14i1.15-24.
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Risk and uncertainty are incidental to life. These risk and uncertainties are increasing day by day due to increase in fastness in life. To provide against risk and insecurity of human life, insurance came into being. The main underlying principle of insurance is the pooling of risks. Health insurance is bought to cover medical costs for expensive treatments. It is a running fact that the premium on health insurance schemes is too expensive and unaffordable to an average human being. In this regard government responsibility to ensure the health security and health insurance to the financially unsecured becomes a crying need of the hour. To address the mentioned issue, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), a health insurance scheme for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families has been launched by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. Literature shows that the benefit of the scheme is largely confined to rural India than urban. Further it raises the need to reach out to the poorest and the most vulnerable sections of the society, and make available affordable health care to them. Studies further reveals the fact that almost 50 percent of BPL households were found to be poor and only 30 percent of them were aware of RSBY. Lower awareness level and poor penetration are found to be the major hurdles. The beneficiaries of the scheme experience delays of several months to avail the smart cards; poor knowledge of how and where to utilize the scheme; hospitals not trained to use card-reading technology; and month-long delays and arbitrary caps in the reimbursement of treatment expenses to hospitals. Being this as the fact it would be meaningful to see the awareness of people of Kerala about the scheme, the rate of enrollment, the difficulties in enrollment and their real experience as the beneficiaries of the scheme
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Nandi, S., M. Nundy, V. Prasad, K. Kanungo, H. Khan, S. Haripriya, T. Mishra i S. Garg. "The Implementation of RSBY in Chhattisgarh, India: A study of the Durg district". Health, Culture and Society 2, nr 1 (27.03.2012): 40–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2012.61.
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The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) scheme is a health insurance model currently being implemented by the Indian government. It is a model, however, still in nascent state, subject to tensions and value testing. Very few studies have hitherto assessed the scheme’s implementation and whether the stated objectives of the government initiative are being fulfilled. This short study undertaken in the Durg district of Chhattisgarh reveals that RSBY fails to cover the population living Below the Poverty Line (BPL). Likewise there is discrepancy in the consistency of information and knowledge regarding the scheme among the beneficiaries who are themselves continuing to incur high out-of-pocket expenses. There are thus severe issues in transparency and accountability within the RSBY scheme. Unless the public health delivery system is strengthened and the private sector regulated and indeed monitored, the scheme will not yield the desired results, and the cost of healthcare will further escalate for the poor. In the absence of regulated health services there needs to be more debate, and indeed greater research, on the implementation and the design of RSBY.
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Deb, Surajit. "Social Protection Network Across Indian States". Social Change 51, nr 3 (wrzesień 2021): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211032937.
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This contribution of the Social Change Indicators forms the eleventh part of the series. Over the last three segments, we have been focussing on the social and economic challenges arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. The topics previously covered were on the themes of vulnerable households across social classes, poverty and migration and living conditions for social distancing. In this part, we highlight the spread of the social protection network in various states of India. Aspects such as the percentage of households having a below poverty line (BPL) card, percentage of households having a health scheme or health insurance, percentage of households having a bank or post office account, Aadhaar card saturation, percentage of families/persons covered under the targetted Public Distribution System, percentage of Aadhaar-seeded ration cards, allocation of work under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) and the number of fair price shops per thousand population in 2021 have been examined. The required data has been collected from the Aadhaar Saturation Report provided by the Unique Identification Authority of India, the Food Grain Bulletin of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Ration Card Dashboard of the National Food Security Act, the public data portal of MGNREGA and the Fourth Round of the National Family Health Survey’s state volumes.
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Howlader, Asoke, Sidhartha Sankar Laha i Arindam Modak. "(RE) MAPPING EMPOWERMENT OUTCOMES AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN RURAL INDIA: A PANEL DATA STUDY". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, nr 6 (10.12.2019): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7689.
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Purpose of the study: This paper endeavours to re-examine the socio-economic factors influencing empowerment among married women in rural India over two points of time, 2005 and 2012. It examines the interplay of the work status of rural married women and the poverty status of their household in influencing empowerment.
Methodology: The study uses the nationally representative multi-topic India Human Development Survey (IHDS). IHDS panel data has been utilized to assess the entry and exit from a workforce of rural married women, to define the components of empowerment among rural married women and analyze the socio-economic factors influencing the empowerment among rural married women.
Main Findings: The outcomes show the increase in the overall empowerment rates in spite of their mobility constraints seem to have badly risen during the period 2005-2012, especially in the context of deteriorating work input among rural women. Moreover, working rural married women from BPL (Below Poverty Line) rural households are less likely to be empowered as compared to working rural married women from APL (Above Poverty Line) households.
Applications of this study: The rural female work participation rate is declining in the phase of rising economic growth and education. In this context, their empowerment would not only benefit their personal lives but also impact their economic lives, thus contribute to the country`s GDP. This makes it vital to analyze as to what comprises their empowerment in the first place so that it can be promoted through various schemes.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Women’s economic empowerment and their participation in work are essential to bringing in the fullest demographic dividend for inclusive economic escalation and sustainable development in India. Thus, empowerment which may not necessarily be implied by employment is conditioned upon the poverty status of the household. However, the empowerment of rural married women is facilitated by higher education of self, husband and other family members.
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Abraham, Joseph. "Abject Poverty and Multiple Deprivations in Rural India Based on SECC 2011 in Comparison with NSSO and NFHS: Summary Findings Analyzed". IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 6, nr 1 (10.02.2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v6.n1.p10.
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<em>This paper analyzes latest findings from the recently completed Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011(SECC2011), by focusing on rural abject poverty and multi-dimensionality of it by the pre-set seven deprivation parameters across rural India .As per schema of SECC2011 for analyzing the various facets of multi-dimensional poverty, firstly one set of households will be excluded on the basis of 13 automatic exclusion parameters, and subsequently another set of households will be automatically included on the basis of five parameters and finally the remaining set would be subjected to verifications by seven deprivations. Thereby, the SECC 2011 had set in motion an effort to capture some specifics of multidimensional poverty as desired by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in the Government of India. It is surmised here that the union of automatically included and deprived households will provide a base line of the number of poor through a multi-dimensional mode. The intersection of automatically included households with the seven deprivations variables will also identify the socio economic characteristics of the abjectly poor. Besides presenting the above analysis of SECC data, an attempt is made to compare these findings with those based on the unidimensional National Sample Survey (NSSO) poverty ratios ( by S.Tendulker 2009, C Rangarajan 2012) and multi-dimensional (R. Radhakrishna et al 2010) NFHS data based studies. A separate set of multi-dimensional poverty numbers were arrived at in the past for three Five Year Plans (1992-97, 1997- 02, 2002-07) through the Below Poverty Line (BPL) Censuses that were under taken by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) to identify the poor households through the State/UT Governments. These later estimates of poor households were never permitted to exceed the official poverty ratio worked out by the Planning Commission for respective State/UT governments. The concepts used to arrive at these poor households will be briefly reviewed here as a prelude to explaining the modes operandi of identifying multi dimensional poverty via SECC 2011. A committee was set in up in February 2013 under the Chairmanship of Abhijit Sen , then Planning Commission Member, to examine the SECC indicators for data analysis, to recommend appropriate methodologies for determining classes of beneficiaries for different rural development programmes. Some of the recommendations of the committee would also be put to scrutiny. </em>
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Sriram, Shyamkumar. "Critical evaluation of two approaches to achieve universal health coverage in India". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, nr 8 (23.07.2018): 3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183044.
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The WHO report on the path to Universal Health Coverage (UHC) emphasizes that every person should receive the necessary healthcare without enduring financial hardship at the time of getting care. United Nations’ Sustainable Development agenda incorporates one goal (Goal 3) that is related to health and well-being of the population and one of the specific targets of the goal is to improve financial risk protection through the achievement of universal health coverage. More than 100 countries in the world have either started their reforms towards UHC or have already achieved it and India is one of the countries trying to achieve UHC. Out of the 1.324 billion people in India, only 11% of the population has any form of health insurance coverage. Around, 42% of India’s population is Below Poverty Line (BPL). Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana is a health insurance program started in 2007 that provides a wide range of healthcare services for BPL families. Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance is a state health insurance program started in Andhra Pradesh as one of the first programs in India to provide health insurance to poor people. In India, 39 million people are being impoverished due to OOP health expenditures each year, and a quarter of these expenditures are contributed by hospitalization Out-of-pocket expenditures even after the financial protection provided by a number of health insurance programs. This review will critically evaluate the two health insurance approaches which aim to achieve UHC in India by providing health protection to the indigent.
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Dehury, Ranjit Kumar, Janmejaya Samal, Shawnn Coutinho i Parthsarathi Dehury. "How Does the Largely Unregulated Private Health Sector Impact the Indian Mass?" Journal of Health Management 21, nr 3 (wrzesień 2019): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063419868561.
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Private hospitals in India are least monitored by the government, which leads to violation of the roles and responsibility they have to offer for the community. Indeed, it is a more serious issue in a country like India where people are forced below poverty line (BPL) after every hospitalization. Of the four different models of health expenditure, India and, in fact, many developing countries follow the out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure model rampantly. This is very evident from the recent working article (2015) published by NITI Aayog-Health Division, which reveals that OOP expenditures are high in India accounting for 69.5 per cent of total health expenditure. These are catastrophic economic damages for the poor and push an estimated 37 million into poverty each year. Furthermore, 66.4 per cent of the total expenditure is on medicines. A major part of these expenditures are invariably the money spent by a huge section of the community, both rich–poor and rural–urban, on healthcare services availed from the privately run corporate hospitals in India. The sector needs to be sensitive for an inclusive healthcare. However, the situation appears to be the opposite in India and the private health sector creates a divide in the society by virtue of which the rich get medical care and the poor stay sick or die. This article discusses various ethical concerns and remedial measures relating to the functionality of private hospitals which poses serious pressure on the community and marginalized sections of the society.
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L., Neha E., i Nishi Roshini Kondakasseril. "Socio-demographic, reproductive and clinical profile of women diagnosed with cervical cancer in a tertiary care center in middle Kerala". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, nr 6 (22.05.2017): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172186.
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Background: Cervical cancer is a major health problem in rural India. Barriers to cervical cancer control in our country include a lack of awareness of the disease because of illiteracy, poverty, lack of health education and screening programme. The aim of the study was the clinical profile of women diagnosed with cervical carcinoma in a tertiary care centre in the middle part of Kerala in South India.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government medical college Thrissur for a period of two years from January 2014 to December 2016. The characteristics of patient (age, age at menarche and at marriage, parity, reproductive history, place of residence, income, education status, contraception, screening details, clinical presentation and tumor histopathology and stage were obtained. Data was entered in Excel and analysed.Results: Among7224 new patients seeking care from the department, 104 new cases of carcinoma of uterine cervix were identified (0.71%). Mean age was 58.3±8.4 years. 79% women were from rural area. 73% were illiterate, 88.5% belonged to below poverty line (BPL). Post-menopausal bleeding was the commonest clinical presentation (78.8%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest histologic type (88.5%). 50% had first coitus before age of twenty. 94.3% were not aware of any screening procedures and its importance. 67.31% of cases presented in the advanced stage (stage 2B-1V). 75.81% of late stage disease patients were rural population. 96.77% of late stage disease patients were from below poverty line.Conclusions: Carcinoma cervix is more in the low socioeconomic class and rural elderly presented at an advanced stage. Ignorance about the disease and the lack of awareness of the risk factors, need and availability of screening programmes at low cost in Government health care systems was noteworthy. Government health care policies, health education, effective cancer prevention strategies and early cancer detection programmes are yet to reach the outskirts of rural population in Kerala.
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Afzal, Fahad, P. S. Raychaudhuri, Mohd Atif Afzal i Afaq Amir Ahmad. "Challenges Faced by B.P.L. Population in Availing Public Healthcare – Analysing Government Initiatives, Technology and Cultural Barriers in Aligarh District, U.P". South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2, nr 5 (2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2021.2501.
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Public healthcare and government health initiative have always been in question regarding their availability, efficiency, and quality. This matter most for the poor section of society who have to go through various hurdles to avail the basic treatment, besides financial problems. The aim of this survey study was to analyze the present scenario of public healthcare system and the challenges in availing public healthcare faced by BPL (Below Poverty Line) and low-income population of Uttar Pradesh. A cross-sectional survey (direct interview) of 104 respondents was conducted in March 2021. Thematic analysis of generated qualitative data was done using ATLAS.ti (version 9.0.15). The quantitative data was analyzed by using SPSS (version 22.0.0.0). The respondents were from 2 rural areas near the Aligarh district in UP. The secondary data from published research articles and government sources were also analyzed. Analysis of data revealed there are various challenges faced by low-income population while availing public healthcare services. The nature of challenges has a considerable variation, from lack of information to documents’ unavailability, from technical issues in government schemes to cultural pressure. Data analysis revealed, the majority of respondents (59%) faced one or more types of challenges during treatment from public health facilities. Awareness level is identified as a significant problem among respondents. Analysis of secondary data and literature review revealed uneven resource allocation and discrepancies in government initiatives toward UHC (Universal Health Coverage). Results indicated the contrasting nature of healthcare in Uttar Pradesh. Data analysis revealed the disparity of ‘average OOP travelling expenditure’ for male and female. The correlation analysis revealed that there is negative correlation (y = -0.1377x + 11.119) of ‘age of respondent’ and ‘average satisfaction from public health service’ (r = -0.911; R² = 0.8301). This research article provides the evidence that there exists a communication gap between policymakers and end-users (BPL & low-income section). This article underscored some technical flaw in the UHC policies that act as a barrier for low socio economic and BPL population. This article suggests strategies to control various identified challenges.
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Shukla, Rashmi. "Spatial Disparity in Sanitation Facility: An Empirical Analysis". Journal of Infrastructure Development 10, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 2018): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974930618812965.
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Sanitation is a basic human need. Inadequate sanitation and poor hygienic practices lead to huge public health costs and diseases. This study highlights the interregional and interstate disparity in the coverage of sanitation facility in India based on census data. The best sanitation facilities are available in all states of Northeast India while the central region, followed by the eastern region, reports the lowest access to toilet facility. A disparity index has been worked out to measure the level of disparity in access to sanitation facilities over time. The regression analysis confirms that socio-economic variables such as female literacy rate (FLR) and population below poverty line (BPL) rate are significant determinants of improved sanitation facility. The study reveals the unsatisfactory condition of sanitation facility, especially in rural areas. Though the government is conscious about the construction of the toilets in rural areas, it is found not usable in many cases. Thus, there is a need to make constant efforts to improve the performance of the programmes by making them more responsive to the local needs and aspirations. The programmes should concentrate on changing behaviour and promoting latrine use.
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Mathur, Medha, Navgeet Mathur, Omveer Singh, Jitendra Solanki, Pradeep Soni, Ashutosh Sarwa, Sawai Khatri, Yashpal Singh i Vinod Sharma. "Demographic characters and factors favouring emergence of diabetes mellitus type two". International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, nr 3 (22.02.2018): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180621.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It has various complications. Risk factor control is effective way of prevention. Current study was conducted to know demographic profile including risk factors related to diabetes mellitus in patients attending a tertiary health care institute of Rajasthan.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for the duration of six months. In the study 623 diabetes mellitus type 2 patients were included and subjected to evaluation of various demographic parameters and risk factors like age, sex, economic status, area of residence, obesity, hypertension (HTN), lack of exercise, smoking, dyslipidemia and positive family history.Results: Mean age of diabetic population was 62 years. Male-female, urban-rural ratios were nearly 1:1 and 3:2 respectively. Nearly 7 % patients were found to be below poverty line (BPL). On risk factor evaluation of 623 diabetic patients it was found that 598 (96%) patients had lack of exercise, 406 (65.2%) patients had age more than 60 years, 394 (63.2%) patients had dyslipidemia, 210 (33.7%) patients were smoker as per the mentioned criteria, 144 (23.1%) patients were obese, 118 (19%) patients had HTN before emergence of DM and 90 (14.4%) patients had positive family history.Conclusions: High prevalence of risk factors in Indian community is alarming. Health education, promotion of exercise, favourable life style, dietary modification, cessation of smoking, screening programmes for early detection of derange blood pressure, blood sugar, lipid profile can be effective prevention strategies.
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Sinha, Rajesh Kumar. "Impact of Publicly Financed Health Insurance Scheme (Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana) from Equity and Efficiency Perspectives". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 43, nr 4 (29.10.2018): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090918804390.
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Executive Summary Catastrophic health expenses result in impoverishment of a large number of people every year in India. This often forces the resource-poor households to forego treatment due to lack of affordability. Providing quality health care to all at an affordable cost is a policy commitment for India as it is a signatory of the Alma Ata Declaration. The Government of India is working towards providing universal health coverage through its National Health Policy. As part of universalization of health care, the government had launched a publicly financed health insurance scheme, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), to provide affordable and quality health services. The present study dealt with understanding the impact of the scheme for improving health care-seeking and reducing burden of health expenditure among resource-poor families through a matched controlled cross-sectional study. The study tried to assess whether RSBY had improved care-seeking and reduced incidences of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and health expenditure-induced poverty among the insured population and also tried to explore whether the benefits were equitable. It was conducted in purposively selected two blocks of Ranchi district in Jharkhand with 1,643 households below poverty line (BPL). Both enrolled and non-enrolled households were selected randomly for the study after matching with some key matching criteria. It was found that RSBY neither increased in-facility treatment (hospitalization) nor reduced the likelihood of CHE among the enrolled households. More importantly, it significantly increased the incidence of health expenditure-induced poverty among the households who were above the poverty line before incurring any health expenditure. From equity perspective, care-seeking was much lower among the economically weaker households compared to the better-off households. Similarly, incidences of CHE and health expenditure-induced poverty were also found to be higher among the weaker sections. The study shows that RSBY did not achieve its objective of improving care-seeking and providing financial security to the enrolled households, and more importantly to the economically weaker sections of the society. Other studies have also found that one of the factors for high out-of-pocket expenditure in health is a weak public health delivery system which forces people to seek care from private providers. Hence, it is important for the policymakers to critically evaluate whether such insurance models will actually ensure better financial security for the households from excessive health expenditure and whether strengthening the existing public health delivery system would be a better option.
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Anuradha Kishor Ingale i Pooja Shrivastav. "Role of Ayurveda for Poor and Pandemics (Covid19) – A Review article". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (25.09.2020): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3163.
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The goal of Ayurveda is prevention is better than cure. There are a total of 9152 COVID-19 cases reported in India (till April 13, 2020), 308 people were died because of this disease, and 856 patients were treated successfully in our Country. This virus can easily affect or harm those individuals who have an infection, less immunity and especially who all have been aged more than sixty. Most of the countries are worried only for their people's life (health). In contrast, the developing countries like India that has a large population have to consider about the livelihood for people like Below Poverty Line (BPL) or those living in slum areas, equally with their life. The main aim of the article is to aware the people not only Urban but also among Rural and needy individuals to adopt the Ayurveda lifestyle during Covid19 outbreak. For this to study various methods which are described in Ayurveda for boosting immunity among various individuals. This study is a review type of article. All information and references have been collected and compiled from various available Ayurvedic classics texts. Research articles are also searched from various websites related to Covid19 outbreak and its effect on needy individuals. All matters have been analysed for some discussion, and an attempt has been made to rule out some conclusions. During this lockdown, people are mostly living a sedentary lifestyle which not only weakens their immune system but also make them more susceptible to infections. Hence Ayurveda is a science of life that is mainly focusing on strengthening persons by boosting their immune system through improving our lifestyle by using medicines, diets, meditation and activities like Yoga. This article will give insights about poor people and effective strategy to threat COVID-19 through Ayurveda in India.
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G. D., Gagana, Suresh G. Shastri, Srinivas P. K., Pooja S., Murugesh J., Rajani Parthasarathy, Azad Devyani, Himani Rathore, Shivashankara N. i Randeep D. "Healthier mind builds healthier nation under ABArK". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, nr 8 (29.07.2023): 2897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20232385.
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Background: The State of Karnataka launched a scheme called “Arogya Karnataka” as a part of universal health coverage following the Karnataka Integrated Public Health Policy 2017 and Karnataka Vision 2025 document. With the goal of achieving universal health coverage (UHC), Karnataka, a national leader in healthcare, launched the Arogya Karnataka scheme in March 2018. It was later integrated with the government of India's national health protection scheme Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana(AB-PMJAY) to help with financial protection. Mental health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), refers to “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of data collected from the State Health Agency, Suvarna Arogya Suraksha Trust (SAST) portal. The study was conducted for a period 12 months from January to December 2022. Results: The study included 7292 mental disorder patients, majority of were male (70.95%), having age group of 31-45 years (45.41%), and belonged to the Below poverty line (BPL) (94.54%). Majority of cases were psychoactive substance use (64%) followed by Schizophrenia (22%) and Mental Retardation (14%). Conclusions: Ayushman Bharat –PM-JAY Arogya Karnataka (AB-PMJAY ArK) has potential to reduce the out of pocket expenditure, distress financing and reduce catastrophic health expenditure which will lead to significant impact on health indices.
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Trivedi, Mayur, i A. Venkat Raman. "Mainstreaming Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Insurance in India: Opportunities and Challenges". Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 12, nr 1 (26.04.2017): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v12i1.99.
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Millions of Indians fall into poverty because of the private high Out of Pocket pattern of health financing, due to the absence of insurance coverage. Conditions like HIV and AIDS also influence poverty due to a lifelongtreatment requirement. Access to insurance coverage (commercial or voluntary) has been denied to People Living with HIV (PLHIV) through various clauses. However lately, there have been certain experiments on inclusion of HIV into new or existing schemes. This paper provides a systematic review of coverage, managerial and financial systems of selected cases of HIV insurance pilots in India with an objective to explore its sustainability and ability to be replicated.
A cross-sectional descriptive analysis of existing literature and in-depth case studies of relevant health insurance schemes were used for the review. Data was compiled using qualitative data collection tools such as in-depth interviews with officials. The schemes were analysed using two frameworks viz. managerial ability and coverage ability. The managerial ability was analysed through a Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat(SWOT) analysis. The coverage ability was analysed through three dimensions viz. a) breadth b) depth and c) height. In India, there are two types of insurance policies vis-à-vis HIV coverage. These were categorised as HIV-specific and HIV-sensitive policies.
Of the seven pilot schemes reviewed, the small-scale health insurance schemes show limited success owing to smaller pool and limited managerial capabilities. The large schemes offer avenues for mainstreaming butpose issues of governance as well as marketing among PLHIVs. The findings of the research identify a specific set of issues and challenges for sustainability and replication from three perspectives viz. a) market, b) cost recovery and sustainability and c) equitable coverage.
Abbreviations: AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficient Syndrome; ART - Anti-retroviral Therapy; BPL – Below Poverty Line; FF-HIP – Freedom Foundation Health Insurance Policy; HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IRDA – Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority; NGO – Non Government Organisation; PLHIV – People Living with HIV; OI – Opportunistic Infections; OOP – Out of Pocket; RSBY – Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana; STI – Sexually Transmitted Infection; SWOT – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats; UHC – Universal Health Coverage; UNDP – United Nations Development Program.
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Chaturvedi, Ruchi, R. P. Sharma, D. S. Martolia i Tanu Midha. "A study on predictors of complete immunization in children aged 12-23 months in slums of Kanpur Nagar, India". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, nr 3 (24.02.2021): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210801.
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Background: Kanpur is one of the major industrial hub of Uttar Pradesh. Migration of people in the search of jobs led to formation of slums in many part of city which is 20% of total population of the city. A large number of below poverty line (BPL) population (about 60%) also live-in slums. Little data is known about immunization status of children residing in these slums. With this background this study is planned to predict various demographic factors affecting immunization status and to study various factors responsible for partial/non immunization of children.Methods: Cross sectional observational study. 30 cluster sampling technique was used to select 30 clusters from 380 identified slums of Kanpur Nagar.Results: More children were completely immunized with increase in educational level of mothers. (χ2= 16.62, df=2, p=0.000) ; mothers having institutional delivery (χ2 =31.8, df=1, ,p=0.000; belonged to general category (χ2=25.3, df=2, p=0.000) and Hindu by religion. (χ2=7.34, df=1, p=.006). No significant difference was seen in immunization coverage with respect to gender (χ2 =2.7, df=1, p=.09). Obstacles (45.2%) were the most common reason for partial immunization whereas lack of information (52.63 %) was most common reason cited in case of non-immunized children.Conclusions: Educational status of the parents particularly mothers and the economic status of the family have great bearing on the immunization coverage of under 5 children. So female empowerment measures may prove helpful in improvement of the immunization status.
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Hiremath, Bhavana R., i Deepti Shettar. "A study to assess the knowledge and practices of menstruation among rural adolescent girls". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, nr 5 (27.04.2021): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211766.
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Background: Adolescence is phase of maturations where an individual experiences drastic changes in growth and development. Age group 10-19 years is defined as adolescent age by World health organization. In developing countries, this is the period when many children drop-out of school and miss out on education. Among adolescent girls’ menstruation is a major life changing event. We conducted this study among rural adolescent girls to know their knowledge, attitude and practices towards menstruation. We also educated all girls on physiology and hygienic practices during menstruation.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls attending our out-patient clinic in the rural area. All girls were interviewed to assess their knowledge and practices towards menstruation. Informed consent was taken from all girls before stating the study. Data presented in form of frequency, percentages. Chi-square test was applied to analyze for association.Results: 87% were students, 88% adolescent girls belonged to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. 98% adolescent girls had attained menarche before 15 years of age, 27% adolescent girls had dysmenorrhea presenting as pain in abdomen region. Sanitary pad was being used by only 64% adolescent girls, of whom, 59.4% change sanitary pad twice daily, 75% dispose it by burning. Overall, 36% adolescent girls used cloth, of whom, 41.7% changed cloth twice a day, 69.4% adolescent girls wash and burn the cloth. Among adolescent girls still studying in school 71.2% used sanitary pads which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Education is essential to empower girls to take informed decisions. On receiving adequate information on menstruation, girls were willing to adapt healthy hygienic practices. Hence, health education activities should be started at all schools so as to inculcate good practices early in life.
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N., Seema B. "Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in rural Koppal: a study from teaching hospital, Koppal, India". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, nr 9 (28.08.2017): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173605.
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Background: Anemia is the nutritional deficiency disorder and 56% of all women living in developing countries are anaemic according to World Health Organization. India has the highest prevalence of anaemia and 20% of total maternal deaths are due to anemia. To determine the prevalence of anemia and factors influencing its causation among pregnant women. Methods: This is the study of 1769 pregnant women which was conducted in a rural population of Koppal district, Karnataka, India, from June 2016 to November 2016 i.e. a period of 6 months. This longitudinal prospective observational study was conducted in the district hospital of Koppal. Anemia was classified as per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) criteria. The diagnosis of anemia was undertaken by peripheral blood smear examination and standard hemoglobin estimation by shale’s method.Results: The average age of pregnant women was 23.5 years, ranging between 18 and 40 years. Most of the women belonged to below poverty line (BPL) families (84.6%) and Hindu religion (98%). Regarding education, 28.9% were illiterates. The mean haemoglobin level was found to be 8.95. Prevalence of anemia was 96.5% among the pregnant females in this region of rural Koppal. Out of these 22.47% had mild anemia, 56.30% had moderate anemia, 14.98% had severe anemia and 2.73% very severe anemia according to ICMR classification of anemia.Conclusions: High prevalence of anemia among pregnant women indicates anemia to be a major public health problem in the rural community and indicates strict implementation of National Nutrition Anemia prophylaxis programme. Factors such as socioeconomic status, education, birth interval, and gravida contribute to this high prevalence.
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Philip, Sharad, Dhanya Chandran, Albert Stezin, Geetha C. Viswanathaiah, Guru S. Gowda, Sydney Moirangthem, Channaveerachari Naveen Kumar i Suresh Bada Math. "EAT-PAD: Educating about psychiatric advance directives in India". International Journal of Social Psychiatry 65, nr 3 (4.04.2019): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764019834591.
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Background: With India enacting the Mental Health Care Act (MHCA; No. 10 of 2017a), Psychiatric Advance Directives (PADs) have been legalised and have become binding orders for psychiatrists treating patients. There is a paucity of research into acceptability of PADs in Indian mental health care, likely due to a lack of awareness. There are no educational measures about PADs provided for in this Act. Facilitators and facilitation methods have not been elaborated upon as well. Aim: The aim of this study is (a) to develop/evaluate the effectiveness of a structured Education-cum-Assessment Tool (EAT) in providing information regarding PADs and (b) to evaluate modes of facilitation required by patients to complete PADs. Methods: A tool was developed as per provisions regarding PADs in the Mental Health Care Bill of 2013. This tool was administered to patients ( n = 100), purposively sampled from the adult psychiatry review out-patient department (OPD). Patients were evaluated on retention of information, completion of PADs, modes of facilitation and time taken to write one. Results: Mean years of education was 8.28 (±5.74) years and mean duration of illness was 8.30 (±7.04) years. In all, 65% had Below-Poverty Line (BPL) status. All participants completed valid PADs in an average of 15 minutes. About 93% required facilitation via assistance in writing and reminding. The mean EAT scores implied above 70% retention but did not relate to types of facilitation. Conclusions: EAT scores can be used as an approximate measure of the patient’s ability to understand and retain information which is a part of decisional capacity. Types of facilitation can help in understanding patient’s ability to communicate their choices. Service providers may find EAT a time-effective tool for uniformly educating service users regarding PADs and indirectly assessing competence.
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Jain, Akshat, Sudhir Mehta, Mrinal Joshi, Kapil Garg, Laxmi Kant Goyal, Aric Parnes, Hasan Al-Sayegh, Clement Ma i Ellis J. Neufeld. "Patient Reported Outcomes to Assess Quality of Hemophilia Care in North India - Results of a Global Partnership". Blood 128, nr 22 (2.12.2016): 3587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3587.3587.
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Abstract Deficiency of clotting factors VIII (Hemophilia A) and IX (Hemophilia B) represent one of the most debilitating inherited groups of bleeding disorders. According to the most recent survey report from the World Hemophilia Federation, an estimated 178,500 patients suffer from hemophilia globally (143,000 Hemophilia A, 28,000 with Hemophilia B approximately). By most recent estimates from 2014 India has surpassed every country in the global database with a total of 17,470 patients with hemophilia ahead of USA with its 17,131 reported cases. Infectious disease and perinatal mortality take precedence for resource allocation in evolving economies like India, presenting an ongoing challenge for "rare" diseases like hemophilia. This study assesses the quality of hemophilia care at the SMS Medical School which is the flagship medical care center in the northwestern Indian city of Jaipur, the capital of the largest Indian state with an area of 0.34 million square kilometers and population of 68.55 million. Since the introduction of the free factor distribution in the fall of 2012, the program grew from a modest patient population size of 60 patients to a robust 700 plus patients within 4 years aided by the World Hemophilia Twinning program grant. A standardized self-administered questionnaire was administered to all the hemophilia patients seen at the outpatient comprehensive hemophilia program (CHP) at the SMS Medical College between February 1, 2016 and May 5, 2016. Two hundred patients met the inclusion criteria and participated in the study. One hundred eighty-seven (94%) and 13 (6) patients were diagnosed with hemophilia A and B respectively; 126 (63) had severe disease while 65 (33) had moderate and 9 (5) had mild hemophilia. In an expected male predominant sample (n=198 males [99.5]), the median age at the time of study was 12 years (range=1-53 years), and 144 (72) patients were from rural outskirts of the resource poor state visiting the tertiary care center for hemophilia care. Contrary to popular belief, only a minority 11% and 1% of patients identified themselves of the Muslim and Sindhi faith respectively, versus a majority 87% who followed Hinduism. Tenets of consanguinity and family size have often led to misunderstanding and stigmatization of the disease in the Asian subcontinent prior to this study thus far. Despite a majority 63% patients suffering from severe hemophilia, nearly half (44%) reported a delay of more than 6 months in diagnosis time from the first bleed. Remarkably, 96 % reported to know their diagnosis fully and 93% reported understanding that hemophilia is a genetically transmitted disorder but approximately 82.5 % did not know if they ever underwent testing for viral infections (H.I.V, Hepatitis B, C ) since their diagnosis . Nearly 45 % were offered genetic counseling services at some point during their care, a remarkable feat for a hemophilia program in a resource strapped environment. Inpatient stay for bleeds and complications in this predominantly severe mix of patients was encouragingly less than 1-5 days in 93% of the patients but despite free drug delivery program 79% families reported an out of pocket expense of more than 10,000 Indian rupees (INR; approximately 147 USD) during the hospital stay. This in a state where 65% of patients reported per capital household income less than 100,000 INR (1,485 USD) was particularly concerning. Nearly 18 % of the respondents identified themselves as below poverty (BPL) and enjoyed the benefits of free transportation under the governmental subsidies through a BPL card. Household income and below poverty status were not associated with hemophilia care outcomes (p-values <0.1). Reported favorable patient satisfaction (86%) and continued access to free factor infusion services irrespective of socio economic status as demonstrated by this study, for a resource limited setting caring for over 600 hemophilia patients should be considered a success. New epidemiologic insights from this study will help researchers and clinicians alike to design care delivery models for hemophilia. Not only does this study reflect the power of international collaborations in remarkably improving services for such ignored debilitating diseases in the resource limited nations but also presents as a unique first quality assessment tool for the nation with the largest number of identified hemophilia patients in the world. Disclosures Parnes: Pfizer: Consultancy; Baxalta: Research Funding. Neufeld:Pfizer: Consultancy; baxalta: Consultancy, Research Funding.
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Bailey, M. "Medical students below the poverty line". BMJ 308, nr 6925 (5.02.1994): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6925.417b.
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Kishanrao, Suresh. "Good News! Indigenous HPV Vaccine on Shelf by this Year End what India Must do to Hasten Cervical Cancer Elimination by 2030?" Journal of Quality in Health Care & Economics 5, nr 5 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jqhe-16000296.
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In May 2018, the WHO announced a global call for action to make elimination a reality and calling for all stakeholders to unite behind this common goal. Vaccination against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are cost-effective ways to prevent cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, introduced in many countries in the past decade, have shown promising results in decreasing HPV infection and related diseases, such as warts and precancerous lesions. However currently, vaccine’s coverage, in low- and middle-income countries including India is very low to show any impact in the next 2-3 decades. Govt. of India had launched a National Cancer Control Programme in 1975, revised its strategies in 1984-85 and again under National Health Policy 2017. While it stresses on primary prevention for Tobacco related cancers, addresses only secondary prevention of cancer of the uterine cervix, mouth, breast etc. and tertiary prevention of therapeutic services including pain relief. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with an estimated 604 000 new cases and 342 000 deaths in 2020. About 90% of the new cases and deaths worldwide in 2020 occurred in low- and middle-income countries. India accounts for about a fifth of the global burden of cervical cancer with about 1.25 Lakh cases and 67,000 deaths every year. Cervical cancer in India ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women between 15 and 44 years of age. Most cervical cancers are associated with human papillomaviruses, a sexually transmitted disease. HPV vaccination has been attempted in the sates of Delhi, Punjab, Odisha on a pilot project mode. So far, the cost of the vaccines (US 60-80 $) has been prohibitive for an average Indian. Coupled with Poor awareness even among educated and affordable population and the cultural hurdles of vaccinating young girls for a condition that manifests after 40 years is a communication challenge. The first hurdle in India of production of affordable indigenous HPV vaccine has been achieved (5 September 2022) recently opening a big opportunity. Governments (both federal and provincial) must make all-out efforts vaccinate all eligible females of the country; we owe it Indian women! In my opinion India must introduce pan-gender vaccination programs and start tracking all HPV-related (head and neck and anal) cancers and evaluate impact of HPV every decade for the next 50 years. A Mission mode is required to cover all the eligible in the next 2-5 years paid by the government (for at least below poverty line -BPL) families and provision of education through education system and social mobilization on a large scale are the key strategies to achieve this goal. This manuscript is a review the status of Cervical cancer, screening and diagnostic efforts, HPV vaccination status and recommends the way ahead to achieve national commitment for elimination of HPV related cervical and other cancers by 2030. Materials & Methods: GOI annual reports, HPV vaccination project efforts and outputs and Program implementation plans and Campaign approaches of vaccination under NHM, Indigenous vaccine producers’ statement and DCGs clearance.
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Cardoso, Eliana, i Ann Helwege. "Below the line: Poverty in Latin America". World Development 20, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(92)90134-h.
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Pahlewi, Reza Mina. "MAKNA SELF-ACCEPTANCE DALAM ISLAM (ANALISIS FENOMENOLOGI SOSOK IBU DALAM KEMISKINAN DI PROVINSI D.I YOGYAKARTA)". Hisbah: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling dan Dakwah Islam 16, nr 2 (25.03.2020): 206–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/hisbah.2019.162-08.
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AbstractThis study aims to uncover the meaning of Self-Acceptance of mothers who live below the poverty line. With informants 10 mothers living below the poverty line in the province of D.I Yogyakarta, this study is a qualitative-phenomenological. Data was collected through FGD and interviews and analyzed inductively. The results showed that mothers living below the poverty line in the province of D.I Yogyakarta had different definitions of Self-Acceptance. Even so, they have a common concept in accepting the life they have to live in, that is patience. Patience is part of Self-Acceptance and at this point, there is a common perception in living life below the poverty line. Keywords: self-acceptance, phenomenological analysis, mothers, poverty.
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BALAJI, M. "NEGOTIATING POVERTY LINE-STUDY ON DENSITY EFFECT AROUND THE POVERTY LINE FOR INDIAN STATES". Singapore Economic Review 65, supp01 (31.01.2020): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590819440041.
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Poverty is an interlacement of income distribution below a threshold value and inequality within that boundary. To unthread the fabric of poverty and understand the dimensions of impoverishment below and around the poverty line, a deeper examination of different facets of deprived and starving households is required. This paper attempts to provide an additional tool in monitoring poverty reduction by computing density ratio and decile density trends by applying Kernel density function for the consumer expenditure distribution from the National Sample Survey Organization’s 55th ( 2000 ), 61st ( 2005 ), 66th ( 2009 ) and 68th ( 2012 ) quinquennial rounds. The progressive Indian state Kerala has exhibited a higher density ratio with the poverty tail flattening when compared with the backward State Bihar. The ways and means to succeed in reaching the end of the sea of hardship in Bihar are explored keeping in view some of the most impressive achievements of Kerala, a developed Indian state.
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Hanifah Ramadhani, Nur Afria Nanda Safitri, Wanhar Nasution i Juliana Nasution. "TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI WILAYAH KOTA MEDAN SERTA SOLUSI PEMERINTAH DALAM MENANGANINYA". Transformasi: Journal of Economics and Business Management 1, nr 4 (12.12.2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/transformasi.v1i4.230.
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This study intends to find out the level of poverty in the Medan city area and how the government's efforts/solutions deal with it. The research method used is a qualitative approach which is a literature study. This study also uses secondary data, namely the results of the percentage of the population below the poverty line from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Seen in 2017 the number of people below the poverty line in the city of Medan amounted to 204 thousand people, which is a fairly high number, In 2018, the number of poor people fell by 18,000, and in 2019 alone the number of people below the poverty line fell in the city of Medan around 183 thousand people but in 2020 the poverty rate in the city of Medan is still around 183,000 people, but in 2021 the poverty rate in the city of Medan will increase dramatically to around 193,000 people
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Faisal, Muhammad, i Wiranti Sri Utami. "Application of Data Mining Using the K-Medoids Algorithm for Poverty Index Clustering". CCIT Journal 15, nr 2 (5.08.2022): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/ccit.v15i2.2311.
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Poverty index is a term for measuring poverty, this is done by a government agency or commonly referred to as the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The poverty index or poverty rate is the percentage of the population in a province who is below the poverty line, which is the minimum in obtaining an adequate standard of living. In the government's efforts to reduce the level of poverty in a province, the government often provides special assistance programs for people belonging to the poverty line. Based on the explanations that have been discussed, a conclusion can be drawn. This research can be done using the Data Mining technique to group the total Poverty Index by Province in Indonesia using the K-Medoids Algorithm, then by determining the Clusters randomly. The results of this study are expected to assist the government in providing assistance to the affected population below the poverty line.
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Boing, Alexandra Crispim, Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi, Leila Garcia Posenato i Karen Glazer Peres. "The influence of health expenditures on household impoverishment in Brazil". Revista de Saúde Pública 48, nr 5 (październik 2014): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048005113.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze the variation in the proportion of households living below the poverty line in Brazil and the factors associated with their impoverishment. METHODS Income and expenditure data from the Household Budget Survey, which was conducted in Brazil between 2002-2003 (n = 48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (n = 55,970 households) with a national sample, were analyzed. Two cutoff points were used to define poverty. The first cutoff is a per capita monthly income below R$100.00 in 2002-2003 and R$140.00 in 2008-2009, as recommended by the Bolsa Família Program. The second, which is proposed by the World Bank and is adjusted for purchasing power parity, defines poverty as per capita income below US$2.34 and US$3.54 per day in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with the impoverishment of households. RESULTS After subtracting health expenditures, there was an increase in households living below the poverty line in Brazil. Using the World Bank poverty line, the increase in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 was 2.6 percentage points (6.8%) and 2.3 percentage points (11.6%), respectively. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the increase was 1.6 (11.9%) and 1.3 (17.3%) percentage points, respectively. Expenditure on prescription drugs primarily contributed to the increase in poor households. According to the World Bank poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation, a household headed by an individual with low education, the presence of children, and the absence of older adults. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation and the presence of children. CONCLUSIONS Health expenditures play an important role in the impoverishment of segments of the Brazilian population, especially among the most disadvantaged.
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Lucky, Lucky Anyike, i Achebelema Damiebi Sam. "Poverty and Income Inequality in Nigeria: An Illustration of Lorenz Curve from NBS Survey". American Economic & Social Review 2, nr 1 (5.05.2018): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v2i1.157.
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This study adopted the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics survey to examine poverty and income inequality in Nigeria. The objective was to examine the rate of poverty and income distribution in Nigeria using the Lorenz curve and Gain coefficient. Food poverty line, absolute poverty line, subjective poverty measure and dollar per day poverty line were used to measure poverty while Gani coefficient was used to measure income inequality. Findings reveal that significant proportions of Nigerian population are living below the poverty line adopted in this study. The study also found that there is wide gap between the rich and the poor in Nigeria. The study recommend implementable polices to reduce poverty and reduce income inequality in Nigeria.
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Ekici, Ahmet, i Mark Peterson. "The Unique Relationship between Quality of Life and Consumer Trust in Market-Related Institutions among Financially Constrained Consumers in a Developing Country". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 28, nr 1 (kwiecień 2009): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.28.1.56.
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This study focuses on how relationships among constructs representing (1) consumer trust in market-related institutions (CTMRI), (2) distrust for individuals (DFI), and (3) subjective quality of life (QOL) differ across groups separated by the poverty line in a developing country (Turkey). A comparison of models across the two groups using multisample confirmatory factor analysis indicates that there is a correlation only between CTMRI and QOL for consumers below the poverty line (r = .43); there are no correlations between any of the three constructs for consumers above the poverty line. Accordingly, there is a unique relationship between QOL and CTMRI among financially constrained consumers in a developing country. Below the poverty line, consumers with lower trust in market-related institutions tend to report lower QOL, while those with higher trust in market-related institutions tend to report higher QOL.
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Khasanova, R. R., i A. O. Makarentseva. "POVERTY OF DISABLED PEOPLE AND HOUSEHOLDS". Журнал «ЭКО» 48, nr 3 (9.07.2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30680/eco0131-7652-2018-3-44-59.
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<p align="justify">Our findings evidenced that the poverty level of disabled people is remain to be high despite the government policy regarding poverty and disability. Usually, not only disabled people but households with disabled individuals have high level of poverty. If one of the households members is disabled, the probability for household to be in the group with the income below poverty line increases dramatically. It is because majority of disabled people (in employable and childhood age groups) are members of households with three and more members. Households with one or two members have lower level of poverty than households with three and more members, particularly, in comparison with households with disabled persons. The probability to be in the group with income below poverty line is 30% for disabled people in employable age from households with three and more members. Often, households with four members have children that increase the probability to be in the group with income below poverty line. The data derived from surveys is shown that the main disadvantage of Russian government policy related to social care for disabled people is almost fully neglecting specific needs of different disabled groups. Existed payments are oriented to individual recipients of social support rather than whole households. </font>
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Nurlaela, Nurlaela, i Muhammad Arafat Abdullah. "Poverty Situation of Cocoa Smallholders and Its Determinant in West Sulawesi, Indonesia". International Journal of Agriculture System 5, nr 1 (30.06.2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v5i1.1174.
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Poverty of cocoa smallhoders is still identifed as a serious issue in Indonesia. The general specific objectives of the research is to calculate the percentage of cocoa smallholders are living below the Provincial Poverty Line and identifying determinant affects poverty of smallholders. The research employed Head Count Index and Path Analysis. Results show that the percentage of cocoa farmers living below Poverty Line reached 65% in the province. Determinant factors affects poverty situation is education attainment of family member, access to price information, cocoa estate area, distance to school. It suggests that in order to reduce poverty of cocoa farmers need to improve children and education attainment, making school is more closer to the farmers community and develop cocoa estate area and connecting price information to the farmers.
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Eggen, Oyvind. "Making and Shaping Poor Malawians: Citizenship Below the Poverty Line". Development Policy Review 31, nr 6 (7.10.2013): 697–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12031.
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