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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Behavioural Decision Theory"
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Anand, Paul. "Behavioural Decision Theory". Journal of Economic Psychology 9, nr 1 (marzec 1988): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(88)90034-7.
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Regenwetter, Michel, Bernard Grofman, Anna Popova, William Messner, Clintin P. Davis-Stober i Daniel R. Cavagnaro. "Behavioural social choice: a status report". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, nr 1518 (12.12.2008): 833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0259.
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Behavioural social choice has been proposed as a social choice parallel to seminal developments in other decision sciences, such as behavioural decision theory , behavioural economics , behavioural finance and behavioural game theory . Behavioural paradigms compare how rational actors should make certain types of decisions with how real decision makers behave empirically . We highlight that important theoretical predictions in social choice theory change dramatically under even minute violations of standard assumptions. Empirical data violate those critical assumptions. We argue that the nature of preference distributions in electorates is ultimately an empirical question, which social choice theory has often neglected. We also emphasize important insights for research on decision making by individuals. When researchers aggregate individual choice behaviour in laboratory experiments to report summary statistics, they are implicitly applying social choice rules. Thus, they should be aware of the potential for aggregation paradoxes. We hypothesize that such problems may substantially mar the conclusions of a number of (sometimes seminal) papers in behavioural decision research.
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Sticha, P. J. "Behavioural decision theory: An introduction". European Journal of Operational Research 19, nr 3 (marzec 1985): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(85)90140-7.
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Jurevičienė, Daiva, i Olga Ivanova. "BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE: THEORY AND SURVEY / FINANSINĖ ELGSENA: TEORIJA IR TYRIMAS". Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, nr 1 (5.04.2013): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.08.
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Abstract The paper analyses the importance of behavioural finance theories in household decision-making process. Behavioural finance theories investigate emotional characteristics to explain subjective factors and irrational anomalies in financial markets. In this regard, behavioural theories and behavioural anomalies in the decision-making process are examined; the application opportunities in the financial market are described. The aim of investigation is to determine the basic features and slopes of behavioural finance in concordance with financial decisions of a household. The survey method was applied to ascertain financial behaviour of literate households. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama finansinės gyventojų elgsenos teorijų svarba priimant namų ūkių finansinius sprendimus. Finansinės gyventojų elgsenos teorijos tyrinėja rinkos dalyvių emocines charakteristikas, siekiant paaiškinti subjektyvias iracionalias anomalijas finansų rinkose. Straipsnyje išnagrinėtos gyventojų elgsenos teorijos, suklasifikuoti pagrindiniai elgsenos nukrypimai, priimant finansinius sprendimus, ir aprašytos jų pritaikymo finansų rinkoje galimybės. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti pagrindinius finansinės elgsenos bruožus ir polinkius sąsajoje su namų ūkių finansiniais sprendimais. Siekiant nustatyti namų ūkių finansinę elgseną buvo atlikta finansiškai išprususių individų apklausa. Straipsnis anglų kalba.
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Pilewicz, PhD Tomasz, i Wojciech Sabat. "Behavioural location theory – evolution, tools and future". Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie 46, nr 1 (15.03.2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0998.
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The behavioural location theory emphasises high importance of the limited rationality and the subjective perception of space in selecting of the location for a business activity. The article discusses key competencies from the scope of behavioural location theory. Ac-cording to the Authors, the behavioural location theory is rather complementary than competitive in relation to the neoclassical or modern approach, as it allows to explain the deviations of the decision-makers from the optimisation behaviour. <b>Business location theory has already been discussed in this journal in various contexts, for example in articles by H. Godlewska-Majkowska, K. Kuciński, A. Rutkowska-Górak, A. Kałowski. However, to our knowledge, the behavioural approach has not yet been presented here and we would like to fill the gap and offer a review of selected authors’ works and concepts from this field and hopefully inspire other scholars to develop this promising research direction. In addition, a quantitative analysis of publications on behavioural location theory will be presented.</b> For the purposes of this article we will define the behavioural location theory as the inclusion of psychological and subjective circumstances of the decision makers into location theory, such as bounded rationality, heuristics usage and subjective spatial perception. The behavioural approach seems underutilised in location theory despite its potential to explain many of business location decisions which are inconsistent with the profit maximisation principle. According to R. Domański [1995]:<i> so far it has not been satisfactorily examined how the perception of space influences spatial behaviour of people. Nobody objects that many decisions, at least in part, depend on how people perceive the space surrounding them, how they differentiate it and what value they place on different elements of this space.</i>According to W. Dziemianowicz [1997]:<i> the assessment of location factors by decision makers most often depends on specific qualities of the business and qualities of the decision maker. </i>Surprisingly, decades have passed since last important contributions in the field of behavioural location theory. Location theory has its roots in XIX century, when J.H. von Thuenen offered the agricultural activity location theory in 1826. The interest in location theory revived more than 50 years later, mainly thanks to the works of W. Launhardt [1882] and A. Marshall [1886]. Important dates are also 1909, when A. Weber developed his industrial location theory and proposed the notion of a location factor and 1933, when the first theory of services location emerged, authored by W. Christaller. Then the development of location theory accelerated, with contributions of such authors as A. Loesch [1939], F. Perroux [1964] or P. Krugman [1991]. It can be argued that thanks to P. Krugman location theory entered the mainstream economics, which neglected spatial issues for a long time. Different location theory traditions put the emphasis on different aspects. For example, classical approach theorists indicate minimising production cost as the goal of the location decision maker while behavioural approach suggests satisfactory choice as a goal. According to H. Godlewska-Majkowska, there are five approaches to location theory: classical, neo-classical, structural, behavioural and contemporary. Their focus points are briefly explained in Table 1. There are three similar but distinct terms related to the business location choice: <br>• location factors – specific qualities of particular places which have direct impact on investment volume during building of the company’s plant (plants) and the net profitability of business activity run in those places [Godlewska-Majkowska, 2001],</br><br> • location virtues – specific qualities of places which contribute to it that identical investments will differ depending on location in terms of investment volume, total production cost, sales revenue and taxes [Godlewska-Majkowska, 2015], ocation circumstances – internal and external phenomena which transform a location virtue into a location factor. Internal phenomena can be for example: industry, size and ownership structure of the business. External phenomena include among others economic, environmental and cultural issues [Godlewska-Majkowska, 2013]. Clearly, location requirements are different for various sectors. Therefore, location factors are divided into general (those applying to all or many sectors) and sector-specific (those applying to one or few sectors). There are also other classifications of location factors. The importance of subjective factors in the location choice is reflexed in the classification by Grabow et al. [1995] into soft and hard location factors, on the basis of H. GodlewskaMajkowska [2015]. Hard factors are more traditional, have direct influence on business activity and are easily measurable, while soft factors have indirect influence on business activity and are difficult to quantify. It is worth to note that authors of this classification consider both kinds of factors as equally important and find even the soft factors as ones, which can be parametrised, measured and compared. Figure 1 presents the classification in a more detailed way. In our view, Grabow et al. [1995] showed an excessive scepticism when it comes to measurability of some factors. For example, the local government attitude towards investor may be measured by places in investment attractiveness rankings, such as ‘Gmina na 5!’ conducted every year by Institute of Enterprise at Collegium of Business Administration at Warsaw School of Economics. Apart from it, the classification should be considered to be validated as more than 20 years had passed since its publication and made more precise, because as H. GodlewskaMajkowska [2015] points out, some factors seem to overlap – social climate is presented as separate factor than local government attitude towards investor, but in fact the former includes the latter. null null Each business has to choose its location and the effect of business location selection is called location decision. Location decision may be the result of a more or less formal procedure. There is a consensus among scholars that business location decision is important for entity’s economic performance. At the same time, it is acknowledged in the literature that subjective factors (such as bounded rationality) play a non-negligible role in location choice. As R. Domański [2004] outlines, location decision makers <i>usually have limited knowledge and incomplete information and in many cases the decision maker does not behave like the</i> homo oeconomicus.<i> Sometimes he has limited or biased information about his decision situation and at the same time he assessed the incomplete information in a subjective way.If the situation is complicated, he has to simplify it by using intuitional rules in decision making. He does not try to achieve the optimal result but rather a satisfactory one. </i>Such statements suggest R. Domański finds bounded rationality model convincing. According to classical, neoclassical and contemporary business location theory the decision maker undertakes the optimal choice, while heterodox approaches such as behavioural location theory claim making an optimal choice is impossible. The classical, neoclassical and contemporary theorists assume decision makers are <i>homo oeconomicus</i>, a person with perfect information about the present and the future, able and willing to make complicated calculations and not prone to psychological biases. Behavioural economics accepts different set of assumptions about the human nature: limited (imperfect) knowledge of the decision maker, limited ability to process the knowledge and searching for satisfactory result rather than optimal. Decision maker who behaves in line with those assumptions is purposefully called <i>homo satisfaciendus</i>. null <i>Homo satisfaciendus</i> is the concept of decision maker used in the bounded rationality model created by H. Simon [1955], which is fundamental for behavioural economics, including behavioural location theory. In the model it is assumed that the decision makers do not aim to maximise utility from choice made (making an optimal decision) but rather search for a good enough (satisfactory) option and once they find such an option they also stop search. In practice, it means that typically a decision maker will accept the first location that meets his minimum criteria, the so called aspiration level and will not even check alternative locations. Simon points out that people may use so called heuristics, which are decision making patterns simplifying their decision problems but he did not elaborate on it. null The gap has been filled by D. Kahneman and A. Tversky [1975] who singled out three famous heuristics: availability, representativeness and anchoring. H. Godlewska-Majkowska [2016] argues that such heuristics are used to assess location virtues of places which a location decision maker had visited within business location decision making process. The bounded rationality model has served as the basis for the A. Pred [1967] behavioural matrix, which linked information availability, investor’s information processing ability and profitability of chosen business location. The general rule is that the more information (or information processing ability) one has, the more profitable location one chooses, <i>caeteris paribus</i>. An adapted version of Pred matrix is presented in Figure 2. Point A represents <i>homo oeconomicus</i>, who has perfect information and perfect ability to use it, so he or she will choose the optimal location. All other decision makers make suboptimal decisions and the extreme is reached in point B, where the decision maker has little information and low ability to process it, so he or she will choose a poor location that may result in a loss.
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Pandey, Richa, i V. Mary Jessica. "Sub-optimal behavioural biases and decision theory in real estate". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, nr 2 (1.04.2019): 330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-10-2018-0075.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between behavioural biases, investment satisfaction and reinvestment intention considering the effect of evolutionary psychology. The study believes that biases are not at all times bad; sometimes, biases can assist the individual investor to select the top course of action and allow them to go for the less costly mistakes, thereby helping in achieving satisficing behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using structured and a close-ended questionnaire from a sample of 560 respondents by using multi-stage stratified sampling method. PLS-SEM was used for preliminary validation of the questionnaire. Mediation model using the structural equation model (SEM) with the help of AMOS 20 was used for the analyses. Pre-requisite assumptions for SEM were checked by using sample characteristics. The study has three constructs with multiple items; hence, the instrument validation was done by measuring the construct validity and reliability using Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with the help of SPSS 20 and AMOS 20. Findings The study confirms that behavioural biases influence investment decisions in the real estate market. Further, investment satisfaction is found to have a significant and complementary partial mediating effect. The positive mediating effect of investment satisfaction between behavioural biases and reinvestment intention shows that biases are natural tendencies in response to limit to learning which can be explained by evolutionary psychology. Research limitations/implications There are chances that the result obtained here is because of myopic decision-making behaviour in which the long-time horizon is not considered and behavioural biases, as well as evolutionary psychology, are adaptive, so the result may change in the long-time horizon, which seeks further investigations. The study talked about the relationship between behavioural biases, investment satisfaction and reinvestment intention; it will be interesting to bring some more constructs in this model, for example, investment intention and reinvestment behaviour; this can deliver a more precise picture in this regard. Practical implications Understanding such relationships will help in better clarity about the way investment is made. The study confirms that market behaviour in the real estate market is sub-optimal, which shows that there is an opportunity for attentive investors by trading and gathering on information. Real estate practitioners can get clues from market anomalies and investor phenomena; understanding these may suggest ways to use them in the market. Social implications Reforms in the housing sector do not only satisfy one of the basic needs but also leads to holistic economic development. Besides direct contribution, it contributes to social capital. Originality/value The study extends the current knowledge base about the relationship between behavioural biases, investment satisfaction and reinvestment intention. This study investigates the behavioural biases influencing the real estate market investment decisions of non-professional investors considering the effect of evolutionary psychology.
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Kilpatrick, Zachary P., Jacob D. Davidson i Ahmed El Hady. "Uncertainty drives deviations in normative foraging decision strategies". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, nr 180 (lipiec 2021): 20210337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0337.
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Nearly all animals forage to acquire energy for survival through efficient search and resource harvesting. Patch exploitation is a canonical foraging behaviour, but there is a need for more tractable and understandable mathematical models describing how foragers deal with uncertainty. To provide such a treatment, we develop a normative theory of patch foraging decisions, proposing mechanisms by which foraging behaviours emerge in the face of uncertainty. Our model foragers statistically and sequentially infer patch resource yields using Bayesian updating based on their resource encounter history. A decision to leave a patch is triggered when the certainty of the patch type or the estimated yield of the patch falls below a threshold. The time scale over which uncertainty in resource availability persists strongly impacts behavioural variables like patch residence times and decision rules determining patch departures. When patch depletion is slow, as in habitat selection, departures are characterized by a reduction of uncertainty, suggesting that the forager resides in a low-yielding patch. Uncertainty leads patch-exploiting foragers to overharvest (underharvest) patches with initially low (high) resource yields in comparison with predictions of the marginal value theorem. These results extend optimal foraging theory and motivate a variety of behavioural experiments investigating patch foraging behaviour.
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Morton, A., i B. Fasolo. "Behavioural decision theory for multi-criteria decision analysis: a guided tour". Journal of the Operational Research Society 60, nr 2 (luty 2009): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602550.
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Han, Yu, Xuezheng Li, Zhida Feng, Ruoyu Jin, Joseph Kangwa i Obas John Ebohon. "Grounded Theory and Social Psychology Approach to Investigating the Formation of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behaviour". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (18.05.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3581563.
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There have been limited studies analyzing the causes of construction workers’ unsafe behaviour from the social psychology perspective. Based on a Grounded Theory approach, this study first identified and defined seven coded categories related to workers’ dangerous behaviour on construction sites. The original qualitative data were obtained from individual site interviews conducted with 35 construction professionals. These main categories were found connected to workers’ status of safety awareness and sense of danger, which affected the type of unsafe behaviours, i.e., proactive, passive, or reactive behaviour. By further integrating social cognitive psychology theories into workers’ behavioural decision-making process, the formation mechanism framework and diagram were developed to describe construction workers’ unsafe behaviours based on the dynamic process of balancing the individual desires and perceived safety risks. This study advances the body of knowledge in construction safety behavioural management by performing in-depth theoretical analysis regarding workers’ internal desires, activated by external scenarios and intervened by a personal safety cognition system, which could result in different motivations and various behavioural outcomes. It is argued that safety cognition serves as a mediated moderation system affecting behavioural performance. Practical suggestions on developing a proper safety management system incorporating safety education in guiding construction workers’ site behaviours are presented.
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Tymoshenko, Olena, i Оlena Trokhymets. "MECHANISM OF BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, nr 2 (13.05.2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-221-225.
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The purpose of the article. The article covers the mechanisms of behavioural economics introducing into the state policy of the country. This problem becomes especially relevant in modern conditions as people tend to make unreasonable economic decisions. The purpose of this paper is to research the irrational motives of individuals’ behaviour in making economic decisions and to determine the measures for introducing the mechanisms of behavioural economics in the state policy of Ukraine. Methodology. The survey is based on the analysis of the scientific papers of the following scientists in economics: A. Smith, K. Marks, J. Bentham, M. Weber, J. Schumpeter, A. Marshall, J. Keynes, H. Simon, H. Becker, V. Smith, D. Kahneman, A. Tversky, Richard H. Thaler, G. Akerlof, R. Shiller; on the empirical analysis and on the analysis of the behaviour economic instruments. The objective of the article is the survey of irrational motives of human behaviour during the decision-making process in economic conditions, to determine the influence of the irrational motives on social and economic development and to develop measures and activities for implementation of behavioural economics mechanisms in the state policy. The subject of the article is theoretical and methodological aspects of the behavioural economics mechanisms in the state policy. The results. The research in the article shows and explains the main trends of the behavioural studies in the modern condition, in particular: behavioural finance, behavioural game theory, the problem of making a choice in time, prospect theory. One of the examples of Herding behaviour shown in the article is the peculiarities of behavioural aspects of financial markets. Special attention is given to the “nudge theory” used by the leading countries. Behavioural economics possess the instruments, which maintain the decent living of the population and sustainable social and economic situation in the society. The results of research represent that the behavioural peculiarities of the society together with the interaction with the state policy result in the distrust of the society to the authority’s representatives. Besides, the low-income level of the population leads to the predominance of survival values in the society, while in the highly developed countries, the values of self-expression dominate. It is proposed to implement behavioural economics mechanisms in state policy of Ukraine while making economic decisions. Conclusions. Due to the new trends in economic development such as informatization, and digitalization, new ways of the economic behaviour of the population take place. One of the key aspects is the psychological approach to the decision-making process in the economic environment. Thus, behavioural economics becomes of great importance in modern society.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Behavioural Decision Theory"
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Tse, Alex Sing-Lam. "Dynamic economic decision problems under behavioural preferences and market imperfections". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/89266/.
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This thesis is a collection of three individual works on dynamic economic decision problems which go beyond expected utility maximisation in complete markets. The first chapter introduces an asset liquidation model under prospect theory preferences. We demonstrate that the probability weighting component of the model can predict liquidation strategies which better fit the empirical patterns of investors’ stock trading behaviours, when compared to models which do not incorporate probability weighting. The second chapter explores the role of randomised strategies in an exit-timing problem faced by a prospect theory agent. Several new insights are offered: in a discrete model, access to randomisation can strictly improve the economic value to the agent; in a continuous time counterpart, allowing randomisation will significantly alter the prediction of an agent’s behaviours and more realistic exit-strategies would be observed in contrast to the results from the existing literature. The final chapter studies an extension to the Merton’s optimal investment and consumption problem under transaction costs, where the agent can also dynamically invest in a liquid hedging asset without a trading fee. We provide a complete solution. Important properties of the problem such as well-posedness conditions and comparative static results are derived.
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Skelton, Ross Alexander. "The impact of home loan key facts sheets on borrowers' comparisons of loan costs". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/91053/4/Ross_Skelton_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of the prescribed design and distribution requirements of the Australian Government's home loan key facts sheets (KFS) aimed at helping borrowers compare loan costs. The findings show that despite effectively improving borrower decision-making, few borrowers were aware of their existence and function. It was also demonstrated that KFS have had limited market impact over the four year window since introduction, likely due to the requirement that KFS provision is not required unless formally requested by a borrower. Recommendations include transferring the burden of disclosure to lenders in the first instance to address this information gap.
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Humphrey, Steven James. "The economics and psychology of decision making under risk and uncertainty : an experimental investigation and integrating behavioural framework". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338218.
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Muller, Stacey Leigh. "The impact of internal behavioural decision-making biases on South African collective investment scheme performance". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020308.
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Market efficiency, based on people acting rationally, has been the dominating finance theory for most of the 20th and 21st Century’s. This classical finance theory is based on assumptions that people are rational, they absorb all available information and maximise utility. This view is outdated; it has been shown that people are in fact irrational and that this could be the cause of anomalies in the market. Behavioural finance takes into account people, and their natural biases. Behavioural finance has integrated classical financial theories and psychological theories to illustrate the way in which irrational people can impact market efficiency. This research looks at the way collective investment scheme manager decision-making can impact market efficiency. Specifically the behavioural biases: overconfidence, over optimism, loss aversion and frame dependence and whether or not collective investment scheme performance is affected by these. This research was carried out using a questionnaire distributed directly to CIS managers and risk-adjusted returns were used in order to allow for comparative results. The results from the questionnaire show evidence that actively managing South African CIS managers do indeed suffer from overconfidence and loss aversion and they do not appear to suffer from frame dependence or over optimism in this research context. There was also evidence showing that managers who suffer from these biases also demonstrated lower investment returns. “The investor’s chief problem, and even his worst enemy, is likely to be himself.” - Benjamin Graham
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Bluhme, Hugo, i Jenny Lidman. "Please Mind The Gap : A study of the relation between green marketing outreach and consumer decision-making". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447501.
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Sustainability, and especially sustainable consumption, has become more important throughout the years in line with the challenges of climate change. A large majority of Swedish consumers have a positive attitude towards sustainable consumption. However, their actions do not speak louder than words. Many have the intention of buying sustainable products, but fewer actually buy sustainable products causing an attitude behaviour gap. This study aims to investigate the relation between green marketing and consumer decision making. Diving deeper into the grocery sector as well as the clothing sector the study examines the differences regarding the matter of green marketing and consumer decision-making. With a theoretical starting point in the Theory of Planned Behaviour as well as green marketing, this quantitative study shows that green marketing has an effect on a consumer’s perceived behavioural control which in turn has an effect on the intention. However, the study also states that there is a gap between the intention of buying sustainable products, influenced by attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, and the actual behaviour to buy sustainably. The study finds a moderately strong correlation between perceived behavioural control and green marketing. Further on, the study also notices a difference between the two sectors, where consumers are reached as well as affected by green marketing to a higher extent within the grocery sector than in the clothing sector.
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Wang, Jiachao. "Bayesian analysis for quantification of individual rat and human behavioural patterns during attentional set-shifting tasks". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14843.
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Attentional set-shifting tasks, consisting of multiple stages of discrimination learning, have been widely used in animals and humans to investigate behavioural flexibility. However, there are several learning criteria (e.g., 6-correct-choice-in-a-row, or 10-out- of-12-correct) by which a subject might be judged to have learned a discrimination. Furthermore, the currently frequentist approach does not provide a detailed analysis of individual performance. In this PhD study, a large set of archival data of rats performing a 7-stage intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional (ID/ED) attentional set- shifting task was analysed, using a novel Bayesian analytical approach, to estimate each rat's learning processes over its trials within the task. The analysis showed that the Bayesian learning criterion may be an appropriate alternative to the frequentist n- correct-in-a-row criterion for studying performance. The individual analysis of rats' behaviour using the Bayesian model also suggested that the rats responded according to a number of irrelevant spatial and perceptual information sources before the correct stimulus-reward association was established. The efficacy of the Bayesian analysis of individual subjects' behaviour and the appropriateness of the Bayesian learning criterion were also supported by the analysis of simulated data in which the behavioural choices in the task were generated by known rules. Additionally, the efficacy was also supported by analysis of human behaviour during an analogous human 7-stage attentional set-shifting task, where participants' detailed learning processes were collected based on their trial-by-trial oral report. Further, an extended Bayesian approach, which considers the effects of feedback (correct vs incorrect) after each response in the task, can even help infer whether individual human participants have formed an attentional set, which is crucial when applying the set-shifting task to an evaluation of cognitive flexibility. Overall, this study demonstrates that the Bayesian approach can yield additional information not available to the conventional frequentist approach. Future work could include refining the rat Bayesian model and the development of an adaptive trial design.
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Moroney, Robyn Ann Accounting Australian School of Business UNSW. "An investigation and comparison of the decision-making process used by industry specialist and other auditors". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Accounting, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19242.
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Large accounting firms have been structuring their audit divisions along industry lines for some years. Industry specialisation is seen as a means of differentiation between otherwise similar accounting firms. At the individual level industry specialists are identified as being so designated within their firm. They spend a substantial amount of their time auditing clients in that industry. The purpose of this study is to determine what industry specialist auditors do that is different and similar when working on industry-based tasks, one of which they specialise in. Behavioural decision theory is used to investigate the differences and similarities in the decision-making processes of industry specialist and other auditors. It is known that industry specialists perform better on tasks set in their industry. The purpose of this study is to learn why. To that end, the pre-information search, information search and decision processing phases of the decision-making process are examined. It is expected that industry specialists are more efficient and effective at each stage of the decision-making process when completing a case set in the industry they specialise in. Two controlled experiments were conducted in the offices of each of the Big 4 international accounting firms. Participants included manufacturing and superannuation industry specialists from each firm. Each participant was invited to take part in both experiments, which were conducted consecutively via the internet. The first experiment comprised two cases, one set in each industry setting (manufacturing and superannuation). Participants completed both cases. The purpose of the first experiment was to conduct a within-subject examination unveiling similarities and differences between industry specialists and other auditors during the pre-information search, information search and decision processing phases of the decision-making process. Their performance on each case was also monitored and measured. Significant results were found for information search and performance. Moderate results were found for one proxy each of the pre-information search and the decision processing phases. The relationship between efficiency at each stage of the decision-making process and performance was also measured. A significant relationship was found for the pre-information search and decision processing phases. The second experiment comprised two strategic business risk tasks set in each industry setting (manufacturing and superannuation). Participants completed both sets of tasks. The purpose of the second experiment was to examine effectiveness during the pre-information search (listing key strategic business risks), information search (listing key inputs) and decision processing (listing key processes) phases of the decision-making process and their ability to identify and list key outputs (accounts and assertions) for an identified risk (technological change for the manufacturing industry task and solvency due to insufficient funding for the superannuation industry task) within each industry setting. The results were very significant overall. Industry specialist auditors were able list more key strategic business risks, inputs, processes and outputs when the task was set in the industry in which they specialise. The relationship between effectiveness at each stage of the decision-making process and performance was also measured. A significant relationship was found between effectiveness in listing key inputs and effectiveness in listing key outputs (accounts).
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Chesterley, Nicholas. "Optimal policy and inconsistent preferences : behavioural policymaking and self-control". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ad398459-5b9c-4177-b36d-5a66517e2e2f.
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This thesis takes three different perspectives, using theoretical and experimental techniques, on time-inconsistent preferences and how the existence of multiple selves can affect both consumer behaviour and policy design. Across domains such as retirement saving, health, and educational achievement, intertemporal choice presents a challenge for both individuals and policymakers. The first paper, 'Choosing When to Nudge: Designing Behavioural Policy around Decision-Making Costs,' considers how behavioural policy, which has proven increasingly popular with policymakers, affects welfare. I find that for present-biased consumers, behavioural policies help some consumers but can inefficiently discourage others from optimizing. Such policies therefore have an ambiguous effect on welfare, and similar to traditional policies, can impose equity-efficiency tradeoffs. Monopolies may increase welfare given their incentive to simplify consumer decisions instead of exploit switching costs. The second paper, 'Virtue and Vice with Endogenous Preferences,' considers behaviour when preferences are affected by consumer decisions. I introduce agents whose temptation to consume in the present is affected by how much they choose to save for the future. I find that differences between agents can trap them in divergent paths of self-improvement -- saving more, they value the future more, making saving optimal -- or binging -- consuming more makes them indifferent to future costs, making consumption optimal. At the extreme, it is frequently an optimum for a consumer to consume their entire wealth. The final paper, 'Bet You Can't Eat Just One: Consumption Complementarity and 'Self'-Control' considers an intrapersonal game between a moderate cold self and a hot self that wants to indulge. In equilibrium, sophisticated selves best respond to each other's behaviour: the cold self over-abstains and the hot self over-indulges to avoid inducing the other state. I test these ideas in the lab, and find that subjects on a diet who were induced to consume a piece of chocolate before the experiment indulge more in chocolate during the experiment, even when the initial indulgence was imposed by the experimenter. Eating a piece of chocolate, this suggests, can induce a period during which chocolate is more appealing.
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Kalani, Gautam Nandu. "Coping with risk in poor rural economies". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:464f00db-df0d-4dff-8155-a250bd2d7c1c.
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Rural inhabitants of developing countries face extraordinarily risky environments, and decision-making under risk has crucial implications for the welfare of the rural poor. Therefore, obtaining a better understanding of the behaviour under risk of low-income populations is a vital step in the comprehension of human behaviour, and is important for effective policy design and evaluation, as well as for shedding light on production, investment and technology adoption decisions. In Chapter One, I analyze data collected from a laboratory experiment involving poor subjects in rural Ethiopia, in order to determine which decision models (and corresponding risk preferences) best describe the decision-making under risk of inhabitants. I find that expected utility theory (EUT) does not provide a good overall description of the decisions made by participants in the experiment; instead, there is evidence of probability weighting and loss aversion, implying that rank-dependent and reference-dependent choice models are more likely to represent the true latent decision-making process of subjects. In Chapter Two, I analyze combined experimental and survey data from rural Ethiopia in order to evaluate the determinants of risk preferences as well as assess the degree of asset integration in experimental decisions. Analyzing both EUT and non-EUT decision models and using an instrumental variable strategy, I find that household wealth negatively affects both risk aversion and loss aversion, but independent background risk has no effect on risk preferences. Further, I find evidence of narrow framing, as opposed to asset integration, suggesting that participants make decisions in the experiment in isolation from outside wealth. In Chapter Three, I analyze experimental data from Brazil to evaluate whether subjects understand decision problems that use the complex Multiple Price List (MPL) elicitation procedure, and to determine which decision models best describe observed choices. I find that the MPL decision problems of the experiment enable a finer characterization of risk preferences as compared to Ordered Lottery Selection problems (used in the Ethiopian experiment). However, I find that a significant fraction of choice patterns in the MPL problems are intransitive, and the evidence indicates that subjects did not properly understand the decision problems and thus observed choices do not reveal true risk preferences. Therefore, the relatively complex MPL procedure may not be suitable for experiments conducted with poorly-educated subjects in developing country settings. Chapter Four presents a theory outlining the relationship between rational demand for index insurance – for which the net transfer between insurer and policyholders depends only on a publicly verifiable index – and wealth. Further, the validity of this theory is tested using the experimental data from Ethiopia. In line with the theoretical model presented, due to basis risk and actuarially unfair premiums, demand for index insurance is hump-shaped – first increasing then decreasing – in wealth. The results indicate that the low take-up of this product observed among the poorest (and most risk averse) individuals in recent field studies may result from rational choice rather than credit constraints or poor decision-making.
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Bimpli, Iva. "Investigating Ethical Decision Making in Marketing Research: An Exploratory Study Towards the Interaction of Different Moral Agents in Marketing Research". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14401.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Behavioural Decision Theory"
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Lee, Sik-Yum. Basic and advanced structural equation models for medical and behavioural sciences. Hoboken: Wiley, 2012.
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Decision theory and decision behaviour. Wyd. 2. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.
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Rapoport, Anatol. Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377769.
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Rapoport, Anatol. Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7840-0.
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Rapoport, Anatol. Decision theory and decision behaviour: Normative and descriptive approaches. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
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Galam, Serge. Sociophysics: A Physicist's Modeling of Psycho-political Phenomena. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.
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J, Stimson R., red. Spatial behavior: A geographic perspective. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
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Jägle, Axel. A laboratory comparison of managers' investment decision making behaviour with the decisions recommended by real options theory. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.
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Adrian, Pruss, red. How to implement change in your company - so everyone is happy with the results! London: Piatkus Bks., 1994.
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Gaba, Anil. Using survey data in inferences about purchase behaviour. Fontainebleau, France: INSEAD, 1990.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Behavioural Decision Theory"
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Lock, Andrew. "Behavioural Decision Theory and Operational Research". W Operational Research and the Social Sciences, 629–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0789-1_95.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Theory of Voting". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 252–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7840-0_14.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Theory of Voting". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 297–312. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377769_15.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Theory of Social Choice". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 160–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377769_8.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Introduction: An Overview of Decision Theory". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 3–9. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377769_1.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Applications of Game Theory in Biology". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 273–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377769_14.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Modifications and Generalizations of Expected Utility Theory". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 105–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377769_6.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Introduction". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7840-0_1.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Two-Person Constant Sum Games". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 177–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7840-0_10.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Two-Person Non-Constant Sum Games". W Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 216–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7840-0_12.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Behavioural Decision Theory"
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Jäger-Dengler-Harles, Ingeborg, Tamara Heck i Marc Rittberger. "Systematic reviews as object to study relevance assessment processes". W ISIC: the Information Behaviour Conference. University of Borås, Borås, Sweden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47989/irisic2024.
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Introduction. Systematic reviews are a method to synthesise research results for evidence-based decision-making on a specific question. Processes of information seeking and behaviour play a crucial role and might intensively influence the outcomes of a review. This paper proposes an approach to understand the relevance assessment and decision-making of researchers that conduct systematic reviews. Method. A systematic review was conducted to build up a database for text-based qualitative analyses of researchers’ decision-making in review processes. Analysis. The analysis focuses on the selection process of retrieved articles and introduces the method to investigate relevance assessment processes of researchers. Results. There are different methods to conduct reviews in research, and relevance assessment of documents within those processes is neither one-directional nor standardised. Research on information behaviour of researchers involved in those reviews has not looked at relevance assessment steps and their influence in a review’s outcomes. Conclusions. A reason for the varieties and inconsistencies of review types might be that information seeking and relevance assessment are much more complex and researchers might not be able to draw upon their concrete decisions. This paper proposes a research study to investigate researcher behaviour while synthesising research results for evidence-based decision-making.
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Dimitrova, Rositsa, i Panayiotis H. Ketikidis. "Customers’ Technology Acceptance of Mobile Applications for Personalized Healthcare". W The 18th international symposium on health information management research. Linnaeus University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/ishimr.2020.02.
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In line with the global trend towards mobile technologies and the increased interest in personalized healthcare solutions various mobile applications for personalized healthcare have been created. The acceptance rate is lower than accepted and existing academic research reveals the need for further examination of the factors motivating people to use such applications. The present study, based on the Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model, examines the extent of the influence of price value, social influence, hedonic motivation and performance expectancy on the behavioural intention of end customers to use mobile health applications. The moderating factors age, gender and experience are also assessed. A survey was conducted among 123 residents of Bulgaria, aged 18-50, who are actively using smart phones. The researcher discovered that performance expectancy, followed by hedonic motivation, are the factors with the strongest influence on the individuals’ decision to use mobile health applications
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Ljung, Lennart. "Identification theory and single realization behaviour". W 1986 25th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.1986.267116.
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Raghavan, Santhi. "Between the Ivory Towers and the Prison Walls: Prison Inmates’ Decision to Pursue Tertiary Education in Open University Malaysia". W Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.6370.
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Being a correctional entity, the Malaysian Prison Department through its vision and mission is responsible to provide a safe detention and rehabilitation. One of its objectives is to ensure suitable and effective correctional programmes for all categories of inmates. One of the programmes set up by Malaysian Prison Department is to have a collaboration with higher education providers to offer tertiary education for inmates in order to equip them with knowledge and skills to pursue work after release. One of such engagement is the provision of the undergraduate and postgraduate programmes for inmates in selected Malaysian prisons by Open University Malaysia (OUM). OUM conducts undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes for prison inmates. This study aims to determine the factors influencing prison inmates’ decision to pursue higher education in the prisons. 37 respondents from a total of 68 prisoners-students are involved in this study. The Stakeholder Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour were adopted as the underpining theories as they are related to attitude and planned behaviour. The Stakeholder Theory enables us to comprehend how a diverse range of stakeholders impact prisoner learning and comprehend the expectations and duties of distinct stakeholders regarding prisoner learning. Whereas, the Theory of Planned Behaviour postulates that an individual’s behaviour is determined by their intention to engage in such behaviour. Factor analysis was utilised to identify if these three factors (student attribute, social influence and financial aid) influenced prison inmates’ decision to pursue Open University Malaysia’s programmes in prisons. Results of the multiple linear regression indicated that there was a significant effect between student attribute and decision to study, which means that inmates' own characteristics will motivate them to continue learning which can lead to future success in their pursuit for excellence in tertiary education.
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Valenzuela, Rafael, Nuria Codina, Jose Vicente Pestana i Joan González-Conde. "Is student procrastination related to controlling teacher behaviours?" W Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5530.
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Even motivated students procrastinate, for procrastination is triggered by a volitional (rather than by a motivational) problem. However, many factors, such as learning context, teacher interpersonal style, and also type of motivation may influence the occurrence of procrastination. The aim of the present study was to assess the relations between first-year university students’ procrastination and controlling teacher behaviour. Four types of controlling teacher behaviour and three distinct measures of procrastination were ecvaluated and their correlations assessed. Findings revealed small but significant associations between (a) conditional use of rewards and decisional procrastination, and between (b) excessive personal control and procrastination linked to avoiding tasks. Results suggest that controlling teacher behaviours might influence students’ psychological experiences in learning negatively. Teachers who do not refrain from constant use of conditional rewards may deffer students’ decision processes regarding their own autonomous academic learning, and excessive personal control may favour students’ perceptions of external regulations, decreasing intrinsic motivation and autonomous self-regulated learning and, thus, making it more likely to engage in alternative activities, procrastinating academic learning.
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Scarponi, Matteo, R. Ajit Shenoi, Stephen R. Turnock i Paolo Conti. "A Combined Ship Science-Behavioural Science Approach To Create a Winning Yacht-Sailor Combination". W SNAME 18th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-2007-001.
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The challenge of racing one-design yachts is to maximize the performance of the yacht within the scope allowed by the relevant regulations. Such tuning of the yacht, for a well-policed rule, should only make possible small gains. The main area of possible performance gain is in how best an individual sailor or crew can fine tune their racing strategy. The ability to model such strategic decisions requires an understanding of both the physical behaviour of the yacht and how an individual sailor makes such decisions. The present study seeks to predict the performances of a yacht-crew system as a whole by deriving numerical models for human behaviour alongside those referring to the physics of yacht motion. The former aspect, a transposition of athletes' psychology within the racing scene, is investigated by means of questionnaires submitted to skilled athletes and structured interviews with sailing coaches. The latter issue, the mechanical side of the problem, is analysed by solving yacht equations of motions in the time domain; crew inputs in terms of yacht steering and sail trim are considered. The paper presents results from simulations in which the yacht-crew system can sail a racecourse in an arbitrary wind pattern, according to strategic and tactical rules derived by common practice and following the decision making schemata obtained above.
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Chávez, Raquel, i Martha Sabelli. "Information behaviour of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a case study". W ISIC: the Information Behaviour Conference. University of Borås, Borås, Sweden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47989/irisic2014.
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Introduction. This investigation focuses on the information behaviour of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) inside an organisation (Aletea) located in Montevideo-Uruguay. This study aims to make visible the information needs these parents experience when making decisions for their children’s welfare. It is the first phase of an investigation to provide an indepth comparison with other countries. Method. A literature review, database analyses and web searches were done to standardise the current work with the methodology of the field. Also, with a convenience sample, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted among parents of this organisation. Analysis. Qualitative analyses were carried out as all the interviews were recorded on audio with prior consent of the interviewees. The questions were classified into categories and sub-categories for a better understanding of the results. Results. Parents' information practices demonstrate obstacles and difficulties in seeking and accessing available and reliable sources regarding autism spectrum disorder. The lack of information generated at local levels leads to consulting and sharing information with their closest contacts and social networks, especially their peers in parent groups. Conclusion. It is considered necessary to continue with this line of research both in Uruguay and around the world since there is a lack of studies on this subject.
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Booth, Paul, Nicholas Gibbins i Spyros Galanis. "Towards a Theory of Analytical Behaviour: A Model of Decision-Making in Visual Analytics". W Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2019.194.
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Folomeeva, Tatiana V., i Ekaterina N. Klimochkina. "SOCIAL METACOGNITION IN THE PROCESS OF DECISION MAKING". W International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact057.
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"Individual metacognitions are responsible for monitoring and controlling our knowledge, emotions and actions, while social metacognitions are included in the process of monitoring and controlling each other’s knowledge, emotions and actions by group members. The distribution of metacognitive responsibilities among group members increases the visibility of individual metacognitive abilities. The study aimed to investigate the role of social metacognitions in the decision process of choosing current fashion trends: to compare how participants interact and social metacognitions influence their decisions in contradiction to the decisions made in individual work, where only individual metacognitions were available. The study consisted of several stages: starting from current trends analysis and follow up interviews, as well as, filling in individual journals. The last step was group work: discussion. The sample was 40 participants (M=24,35, Sd=2,27). Gathered data was processed through a descriptive qualitative analysis using the phenomenological method. Lack of knowledge or confidence to make a decision about which trends represent what is current in fashion in individual work, participants compensate with knowing about their own metacognition. Thus, in teamwork, these individuals’ level out limitations on knowledge or confidence by choosing the behaviour that can increase their knowledge. Choice of the behaviour strategy relies on individual metacognition. Therefore, teamwork provides individuals with additional resources as other team members, which increases the overall significance of work due to the contribution of individual metacognition. Social metacognitions help to distribute responsibilities among group members according to individual metacognitions. In group work, the visibility of individual metacognitions increases and favourably affects learning between participants, facilitates interaction and improves cognitive processes. Due to social metacognitions, participants who lack knowledge or confidence to make an individual decision solve their difficulties in a social situation, where limitations of individual metacognition are mitigated with social metacognitions."
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Kriaučiūnaitė-Lazauskienė, Gintarė, i Rima Žitkienė. "An effect of symbols on consumer behaviour: the theoretical insights". W Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.015.
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Purpose – this article aims to analyse and integrate the limitations of consumer’s decision-making and difficulties for symbolic consumption in relation to symbolic branding. It highlights the symbolic impact to goods, which influenced by advertising and 21st century consumer’s behaviour propagates hedonistic values. Research methodology – the analysis of theoretical scientific literature, comparative study of conceptions. Findings – support the idea that consumers may modify their principles about the symbolic brand depending on both their self-brand relation as well as the effect of social (both live and virtual) influence. Research limitations – it is necessary to acknowledge that the current research is limited by broad scope consumer behaviour theories and methods (we in passing analysed empirical proves). Practical implications – authors suggest that the emergence of brand subculture on consumer behaviour gives the possibility of adjusting specific marketing strategies and presents the shortcomings of current research by pointing out the trends for future empirical studies. Originality/Value – It also highlights that the consumers’ search of symbolism and meaning in brands correlated with their consumer buying decision models, and we claim it could be related to utility theory. The main aim of this article is to analyse the field of symbols in advertising – in terms of their impact on the consumption process.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Behavioural Decision Theory"
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Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.
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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).
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Cavatorta, Elisa, i Orazio Attanasio. Innovations in measurement and the evaluation of human behaviour. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cmb9.
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If policymakers or researchers aim to improve an intervention, scale it up, or assess why it works and for whom, then focussing solely on direct outcomes is not enough. There are several ways in which evaluations can go beyond traditional outcome measurement and explore the underlying drivers of impact and the behaviours of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. - Measurement goes hand in hand with developing a theory of change, and the two work best when they evolve jointly: new (and better) measurements could allow the consideration of more flexible and realistic theories, while theory informs the construction and design of new measures. - Linking measurement to human behaviour and decision-making processes offers useful angles for identifying the underlying drivers of an intervention’s impacts. - Measurement innovation and improvements—including the construction of new measures—are an important endeavour requiring cross-disciplinary input. This endeavour should be promoted.
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Moxham-Hall, Vivienne, Anton du Toit i Deshanie Rawlings. Clinical interventions for e-cigarette cessation in young people: an Evidence Snapshot brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health. The Sax Institute, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/fyfv7482.
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Key messages • We found that there are limited studies analysing the effectiveness of e-cigarette cessation interventions in a clinical setting and of those that do exist the sample sizes are small, and the studies are underpowered to make any confident assessment of their effectiveness. • Clinical interventions appropriate for young people included nonpharmacologic interventions such as contingency management and behavioural counselling while NRT may be an effective pharmacologic intervention. • There was limited evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of behavioural counselling as a stand-alone cessation strategy, but it may be effective in conjunction with other approaches. • Emerging evidence suggests that digital cessation interventions (i.e. text message or app-based delivery) may be the preferred mode of delivery for young people, however, their effectiveness in maintaining abstinence is yet to be confirmed. • Evidence suggests there is a need to quantify and create a consistent measure of nicotine intake to appropriately inform clinical treatment decisions. • Studies are generally very low quality, and it is not possible nor is it appropriate to make any definitive conclusions.
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Spoors, F., C. D. B. Leakey i M. A. James. Coast to ocean: a Fife-eye view: ocean literacy in Fife, Scotland. Scottish Oceans Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23981.
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[Extract from Executive Summary] Ocean Literacy (OL), or Ocean Citizenship, is the basis of a movement to sway positive, lasting change in communities that will benefit the sea, coast and climate. An ocean literate person is understanding of the ocean’s influence on their own lives, as well as the way that their behaviours influence the ocean and is knowledgeable concerning ocean threats. A degree of informed-ness (or ‘literacy’) is thought to inspire effective communication and allow for impactful decision-making regarding personal lifestyle and behaviours, which are subsequently beneficial to the marine and coastal environment. Not only that, a collective OL mindset may be translated into policy, informing marine spatial planning authorities of people’s expectations regarding their marine and coastal spaces.
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Stark, Sasha, Heather Wardle i Isabel Burdett. Examining lottery play and risk among young people in Great Britain. GREO, kwiecień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2021.002.
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Purpose & Significance: Despite the popularity of lottery and scratchcards and some evidence of gambling problems among players, limited research focuses on the risks of lottery and scratchcard play and predictors of problems, especially among young people. The purpose of this project is to examine whether lottery and scratchcard participation is related to gambling problems among 16-24 year olds in Great Britain and whether general and mental health and gambling behaviours explain this relationship. Methodology: Samples of 16-24 year olds were pooled from the 2012, 2015, and 2016 Gambling in England and Scotland: Combined Data from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Survey (n=3,454). Bivariate analyses and Firth method logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between past-year lottery and scratchcard participation and gambling problems, assessing the attenuating role of mental wellbeing, mental health disorders, self-assessed general health, and playing other games in past year. Results: There is a significant association between scratchcard play and gambling problems. The association somewhat attenuated but remained significant after taking into account wellbeing, mental health disorders, general health, and engagement in other gambling activities. Findings also show that gambling problems are further predicted by age (20-24 years), gender (male), lower wellbeing, and playing any other gambling games. Implications: Results are valuable for informing youth-focused education, decisions around the legal age for National Lottery products, and the development of safer gambling initiatives for high risk groups and behaviours, such as scratchcard play.
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Gattenhof, Sandra, Donna Hancox, Sasha Mackay, Kathryn Kelly, Te Oti Rakena i Gabriela Baron. Valuing the Arts in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. Queensland University of Technology, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227800.
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The arts do not exist in vacuum and cannot be valued in abstract ways; their value is how they make people feel, what they can empower people to do and how they interact with place to create legacy. This research presents insights across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand about the value of arts and culture that may be factored into whole of government decision making to enable creative, vibrant, liveable and inclusive communities and nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a great deal about our societies, our collective wellbeing, and how urgent the choices we make now are for our futures. There has been a great deal of discussion – formally and informally – about the value of the arts in our lives at this time. Rightly, it has been pointed out that during this profound disruption entertainment has been a lifeline for many, and this argument serves to re-enforce what the public (and governments) already know about audience behaviours and the economic value of the arts and entertainment sectors. Wesley Enoch stated in The Saturday Paper, “[m]etrics for success are already skewing from qualitative to quantitative. In coming years, this will continue unabated, with impact measured by numbers of eyeballs engaged in transitory exposure or mass distraction rather than deep connection, community development and risk” (2020, 7). This disconnect between the impact of arts and culture on individuals and communities, and what is measured, will continue without leadership from the sector that involves more diverse voices and perspectives. In undertaking this research for Australia Council for the Arts and Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture & Heritage, New Zealand, the agreed aims of this research are expressed as: 1. Significantly advance the understanding and approaches to design, development and implementation of assessment frameworks to gauge the value and impact of arts engagement with a focus on redefining evaluative practices to determine wellbeing, public value and social inclusion resulting from arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. 2. Develop comprehensive, contemporary, rigorous new language frameworks to account for a multiplicity of understandings related to the value and impact of arts and culture across diverse communities. 3. Conduct sector analysis around understandings of markers of impact and value of arts engagement to identify success factors for broad government, policy, professional practitioner and community engagement. This research develops innovative conceptual understandings that can be used to assess the value and impact of arts and cultural engagement. The discussion shows how interaction with arts and culture creates, supports and extends factors such as public value, wellbeing, and social inclusion. The intersection of previously published research, and interviews with key informants including artists, peak arts organisations, gallery or museum staff, community cultural development organisations, funders and researchers, illuminates the differing perceptions about public value. The report proffers opportunities to develop a new discourse about what the arts contribute, how the contribution can be described, and what opportunities exist to assist the arts sector to communicate outcomes of arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.
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Horrocks, Ian, Ulrike Sattler i Stephan Tobies. A Description Logic with Transitive and Converse Roles, Role Hierarchies and Qualifying Number Restrictions. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.94.
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As widely argued [HG97; Sat96], transitive roles play an important role in the adequate representation of aggregated objects: they allow these objects to be described by referring to their parts without specifying a level of decomposition. In [HG97], the Description Logic (DL) ALCHR+ is presented, which extends ALC with transitive roles and a role hierarchy. It is argued in [Sat98] that ALCHR+ is well-suited to the representation of aggregated objects in applications that require various part-whole relations to be distinguished, some of which are transitive. However, ALCHR+ allows neither the description of parts by means of the whole to which they belong, or vice versa. To overcome this limitation, we present the DL SHI which allows the use of, for example, has part as well as is part of. To achieve this, ALCHR+ was extended with inverse roles. It could be argued that, instead of defining yet another DL, one could make use of the results presented in [DL96] and use ALC extended with role expressions which include transitive closure and inverse operators. The reason for not proceeding like this is the fact that transitive roles can be implemented more efficiently than the transitive closure of roles (see [HG97]), although they lead to the same complexity class (ExpTime-hard) when added, together with role hierarchies, to ALC. Furthermore, it is still an open question whether the transitive closure of roles together with inverse roles necessitates the use of the cut rule [DM98], and this rule leads to an algorithm with very bad behaviour. We will present an algorithm for SHI without such a rule. Furthermore, we enrich the language with functional restrictions and, finally, with qualifying number restrictions. We give sound and complete decision proceduresfor the resulting logics that are derived from the initial algorithm for SHI. The structure of this report is as follows: In Section 2, we introduce the DL SI and present a tableaux algorithm for satisfiability (and subsumption) of SI-concepts—in another report [HST98] we prove that this algorithm can be refined to run in polynomial space. In Section 3 we add role hierarchies to SI and show how the algorithm can be modified to handle this extension appropriately. Please note that this logic, namely SHI, allows for the internalisation of general concept inclusion axioms, one of the most general form of terminological axioms. In Section 4 we augment SHI with functional restrictions and, using the so-called pairwise-blocking technique, the algorithm can be adapted to this extension as well. Finally, in Section 5, we show that standard techniques for handling qualifying number restrictions [HB91;BBH96] together with the techniques described in previous sections can be used to decide satisfiability and subsumption for SHIQ, namely ALC extended with transitive and inverse roles, role hierarchies, and qualifying number restrictions. Although Section 5 heavily depends on the previous sections, we have made it self-contained, i.e. it contains all necessary definitions and proofs from scratch, for a better readability. Building on the previous sections, Section 6 presents an algorithm that decides the satisfiability of SHIQ-ABoxes.