Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Behavioural activation system

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Behavioural activation system”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Behavioural activation system"

Quilty, Lena C., i Jonathan M. Oakman. "The assessment of behavioural activation—the relationship between positive emotionality and the behavioural activation system". European Journal of Personality 18, nr 7 (listopad 2004): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.530.

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Much personality research suggests that the variance in personality can be accounted for by a few dimensions, often hypothesized to be connected to neurological circuits. Gray's (1982) behavioural activation system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) in particular propose to explain for a variety of behaviour. This investigation sought to determine whether Positive Emotionality is an appropriate measure of the BAS, and how Tellegen's (1985) constructs are related to BAS activity. Measures of BAS and Positive Emotionality were administered to undergraduates. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that, while Positive Emotionality can be used as an indicator of BAS activity, it is better conceived of as a distinct, correlated construct. In addition, not all components of Positive Emotionality were related to BAS activity, and BAS was further related to components of Negative Emotionality and Constraint. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Bowins, Brad E. "Augmenting Behavioural Activation Treatment with the Behavioural Activation and Inhibition Scales". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, nr 2 (18.07.2011): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000415.

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Background: Although behavioural activation therapy is effective for depression there is always room for improvement, and also the need to extend this treatment modality to anxiety disorders. Method: A search was conducted for an easy to apply and effective method of achieving these aims. Results: To both enhance the effectiveness of behavioural activation treatment for depression and facilitate its extension to anxiety disorders, it is proposed that the Behavioral Approach/Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) be incorporated. BIS/BAS Scales are easy to administer and evaluate ensuring that there is minimal added complexity. Overall, BAS, BAS subscale (Drive, Reward Responsiveness, and Fun Seeking) and BIS scores provide valuable information pertaining to a person's approach and avoidance responses. This general information, plus that derived from specific scale items, can be used to guide more focused and effective behavioural activation strategies. Brief case examples are provided to demonstrate how the BIS/BAS Scales can be applied. Conclusion: BIS/BAS Scales offer an easy to apply and effective means of enhancing behavioural activation therapy for depression and extending this treatment modality to anxiety disorders.

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Leone, Luigi, Marco Perugini, Richard P. Bagozzi, Antonio Pierro i Lucia Mannetti. "Construct validity and generalizability of the Carver–White behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system scales". European Journal of Personality 15, nr 5 (wrzesień 2001): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.415.

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The factorial structure and invariance of the BIS/BAS scales of Carver and White were assessed across three samples from the USA, UK, and Italy. Previous validation studies of the BIS/BAS scales relied on individual samples drawn from English‐speaking populations only and failed to formally assess generalizability. The current study shows that the four‐factor structure proposed by Carver and White—i.e. one BIS and three BAS facets—achieved satisfactory psychometric properties in all three samples and that measurement invariance was obtained across countries. Latent mean differences due to gender and country were also investigated. Theoretical issues concerning the validity of the BIS/BAS scales are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Schaller, Mark. "The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, nr 1583 (12.12.2011): 3418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0029.

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Because immunological defence against pathogens is costly and merely reactive, human anti-pathogen defence is also characterized by proactive behavioural mechanisms that inhibit contact with pathogens in the first place. This behavioural immune system comprises psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues, and that respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, cognitions and behavioural impulses. These processes are engaged flexibly, producing context–contingent variation in the nature and magnitude of aversive responses. These processes have important implications for human social cognition and social behaviour—including implications for social gregariousness, person perception, intergroup prejudice, mate preferences, sexual behaviour and conformity. Empirical evidence bearing on these many implications is reviewed and discussed. This review also identifies important directions for future research on the human behavioural immune system—including the need for enquiry into underlying mechanisms, additional behavioural consequences and implications for human health and well-being.

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Dempsey, R. C., P. A. Gooding i S. H. Jones. "A prospective study of bipolar disorder vulnerability in relation to behavioural activation, behavioural inhibition and dysregulation of the Behavioural Activation System". European Psychiatry 44 (lipiec 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.005.

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AbstractBackground:The weak regulation, or “dysregulation”, of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS) is implicated in the development and recurrence of bipolar disorder. However, there has been a lack of prospective studies investigating the predictive role of BAS dysregulation in relation to bipolar-vulnerability. Furthermore, no studies have tested the prospective predictive utility of the DYS self-report measure of BAS dysregulation in an analogue sample. The goal of the current study was to redress this gap.Methods:Participants (n = 127) completed baseline self-report measures of mood symptoms (Internal States Scale [ISS]), the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), behavioural activation, inhibition and dysregulation of BAS (BIS/BAS and DYS), and at six months, the Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ).Results:Linear regression analysis indicated a significant main effect of BAS Dysregulation, and a significant interaction between BIS and BAS Fun Seeking, on prospective MDQ scores whilst controlling for baseline mood symptoms and HPS scores. The interaction effect indicated that the relationship between high BAS Fun Seeking and follow-up MDQ scores was strongest when BIS scores were high, whilst the lowest MDQ scores were observed for a combination of low BAS Fun Seeking and high BIS. However, DYS scores were the stronger predictor of MDQ scores compared to the BAS Fun Seeking and BIS interaction.Conclusions:Bipolar-vulnerability is prospectively associated with heightened BAS Dysregulation, as measured by the DYS subscale, similar to prior findings in clinical samples. Further research investigating the longer-term associations between BAS Dysregulation with the development of clinically significant bipolar mood symptoms is required.

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Žitňan, Dušan, Laura Hollar, Ivana Spalovská, Peter Takáč, Inka Žitňanová, Sarjeet S. Gill i Michael E. Adams. "Molecular cloning and function of ecdysis-triggering hormones in the silkwormBombyx mori". Journal of Experimental Biology 205, nr 22 (15.11.2002): 3459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.22.3459.

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SUMMARYInka cells of the epitracheal endocrine system produce peptide hormones involved in the regulation of insect ecdysis. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, injection of Inka cell extract into pharate larvae, pupae or adults activates the ecdysis behavioural sequence. In the present study, we report the identification of three peptides in these extracts, pre-ecdysis-triggering hormone (PETH), ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) and ETH-associated peptide(ETH-AP), which are encoded by the same cDNA precursor. Strong immunoreactivity associated with each peptide in Inka cells prior to ecdysis disappears during each ecdysis, indicating complete release of these peptides. Injection of either PETH or ETH alone is sufficient to elicit the entire ecdysis behavioural sequence through the direct action on abdominal ganglia;cephalic and thoracic ganglia are not required for the transition from pre-ecdysis to ecdysis behaviour. Our in vitro data provide evidence that these peptides control the entire ecdysis behavioural sequence through activation of specific circuits in the nervous system. Ecdysis of intact larvae is associated with the central release of eclosion hormone (EH) and elevation of cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the ventral nerve cord. However, injection of ETH into isolated abdomens induces cGMP elevation and ecdysis behaviour without a detectable release of EH,suggesting that an additional central factor(s) may be involved in the activation of this process. Our findings provide the first detailed account of the natural and hormonally induced behavioural sequence preceding larval,pupal and adult ecdyses of B. mori and highlight significant differences in the neuro-endocrine activation of pre-ecdysis and ecdysis behaviours compared with the related moth, Manduca sexta.

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Holzwarth, Katrin, i Thomas D. Meyer. "The dysregulation of the “Behavioural Activation System”: An independent dimension". Personality and Individual Differences 41, nr 2 (lipiec 2006): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.020.

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Murtazina, Elena P., Irina S. Matyul’ko i Boris V. Zhuravlev. "The Dominance Behavioural System: A Review of Psychophysiological Features and Neurobiological Markers". Journal of Medical and Biological Research, nr 4 (15.11.2020): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z036.

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This article provides a review of the literature data on the association between personal characteristics belonging to the behavioural dominance system and various psychophysiological, hormonal, and neurobiological indices. Social and behavioural features characteristic of dominance and subordination are described. The review discusses the studies showing the relationship between the indices of dominant or subordinate behaviours and adaptive capacity as well as levels of trait and state anxiety of individuals in different social contexts. Further, the key hormonal mechanisms underlying social dominance are reviewed. The dual-hormone hypothesis of dominance regulation under social stress is illustrated through studies showing the correlation between the changes in adrenocortical and sex hormone levels and their joint effect on the regulation of hierarchical status. Individual characteristics of prevalence or balance between the behavioural activation (motivation of gaining reward) and inhibition (motivation of avoiding failure) systems were found to play a crucial role in achieving higher dominance and the formation of ideas about one’s own social status. In addition, the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms involved in the regulation of social hierarchical relationships are discussed. The review describes the features of brain activation during social interaction, including dominance and subordination, as well as context-dependent perception of one’s own social status and that of the opponent. The behavioural dominance system is proposed to be considered in the framework of the theory of functional systems, its architectonics, and central principles (interaction between its components, afferent synthesis, decision making, action program, and action result acceptor). Based on the systemic principles, social factors can be viewed as major environmental and triggering stimuli which affect the afferent synthesis, modulate the action program, and change the appraisal of results achieved by individuals during social interactions.

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Snigirov, Sergii, i Sergiy Sylantyev. "The regulatory role of GABAA receptor in Actinia equina nervous system and the possible effect of global ocean acidification". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 473, nr 12 (11.10.2021): 1851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02628-w.

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AbstractGlobal warming and connected acidification of the world ocean attract a substantial amount of research efforts, in particular in a context of their impact on behaviour and metabolism of marine organisms, such as Cnidaria. Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying Cnidarians’ neural signalling and behaviour and their (possible) alterations due to the world ocean acidification remain poorly understood. Here we researched for the first time modulation of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in Actinia equina (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) by pH fluctuations within a range predicted by the world ocean acidification scenarios for the next 80–100 years and by selective pharmacological activation. We found that in line with earlier studies on vertebrates, both changes of pH and activation of GABAARs with a selective allosteric agonist (diazepam) modulate electrical charge transfer through GABAAR and the whole-cell excitability. On top of that, diazepam modifies the animal behavioural reaction on startle response. However, despite behavioural reactions displayed by living animals are controlled by GABAARs, changes of pH do not alter them significantly. Possible mechanisms underlying the species resistance to acidification impact are discussed.

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Sanhueza, Nataly, Ricardo Fuentes, Andrea Aguilar, Beatriz Carnicero, Karina Vega, David Muñoz, David Contreras i in. "Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 16 (17.08.2021): 8860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168860.

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Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Behavioural activation system"

Magalhães, Ana Cláudia Teixeira de. "Exogenous attention and memory for faces following contextual behavioural immune system activation". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23742.

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Mestrado em Psicologia da Saúde e Reabilitação Psicológica
O sistema imuno-comportamental é caraterizado por processos afetivos, cognitivos e comportamentais que trabalham de forma articulada para prevenir a ocorrência de uma infeção. Da mesma forma, tanto a atenção como a memória evoluíram para aumentar as probabilidades de sobrevivência do organismo e, por isso, devem estar associadas ao sistema imuno-comportamental. Assim, o presente estudo investigou os efeitos da atenção e da memória para faces neutras após ativação contextual do sistema imuno-comportamental. Preocupações com doenças infeciosas ou não-infeciosas foram elicitadas nos participantes através da utilização de vídeos. Depois, eles realizaram uma tarefa de atenção exógena baseada na discriminação de letras alvo com faces neutras apresentadas como distratores, seguida de uma tarefa de reconhecimento surpresa para as faces. Os resultados mostraram que os participantes na condição de doença infeciosa apresentaram melhor desempenho na tarefa atencional do que os participantes na condição de controlo. Não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à tarefa de reconhecimento. Em geral, estes resultados sugerem que o sistema imuno-comportamental pode estar associado a um estado de hipervigilância perante pistas sociais em geral e que a sua ativação por meio deste tipo de priming pode não ser suficiente para ativar mecanismos mnésicos.
The behavioural immune system (BIS) is characterized by affective, cognitive and behavioural processes that work in an articulated way to prevent the occurrence of an infection in the first place. Likewise, both attention and memory evolved to enhance the organism’s chances of survival and should, therefore, be associated with the BIS. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of attention and memory for neutral faces after a contextual activation of the behavioural immune system. Participants were primed either with infectious disease concerns or non-infectious disease concerns, using film clips. Then, they performed an exogenous attentional task based on the discrimination of target letters with face stimuli presented as distractors, followed by a surprise recognition task for the faces. The results showed that participants in the infectious disease condition performed better in the attentional task than participants in the control condition. No significant difference between groups was found regarding the recognition task. Overall, these results suggest that the BIS might be associated with a hypervigilant state towards social cues in general and that BIS activation through this type of priming may not be sufficient to activate mnemonic mechanisms

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Lowenstein, Joseph Aaron Socrates. "An investigation into the effects of different types of exercise on the maintenance of approach motivation levels using a population analogous to individuals with bipolar disorder". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13561.

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Background: Research into the benefits of exercise for individuals with Bipolar Disorder (BD) is limited and no current guidelines exist around recommending exercise during a hypomanic/manic state. The Behavioural Activation System (BAS) dysregulation theory is a popular model that attempts to explain the link between approach motivation (AM) and the difficulties that individuals with BD experience. It may offer an explanation for the ‘upward spiral’ reported by individuals with a diagnosis of BD in response to certain types and intensities of exercise. This study looked to investigate the impact of different intensities of exercise on the maintenance of AM levels. The presence of hypomanic traits and how these interacted between AM and exercise was also of interest. Method: Participants filled out an online pre-screening questionnaire identifying hypomanic traits. 61 then completed a computer task designed to induce higher levels of AM before taking part in one of three 15 minute activities (sedentary, moderate exercise or vigorous exercise). Various measures linked to hypomanic symptoms were taken during testing. Results The main findings indicated that vigorous exercise significantly increased individuals AM levels in comparison to moderate or no exercise. This relationship was not however found to be moderated by the presence of hypomanic traits. Conclusions: Vigorous exercise seems to have a greater impact on AM levels regardless of an individual’s levels of hypomanic traits. This has implications in terms of the type of exercise should engage in when experiencing hypomania. Any recommendations however within this study should be taken in light of the limitations identified. Further research replicating these results with a larger sample or using a BD population are recommended.

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Wingfield, Digby Kerry Frances. "An investigation into the relationship between depressive symptoms, approach-related affect, cognitive appraisals and striving behaviour". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16504.

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Theories of emotion see affective processes as important in guiding behaviour, and social/cognitive theories have implicated cognitive appraisals in a motivational context. The control-value theory combines these approaches, predicting that high levels of expectancy and control lead to associated levels of anticipatory affect in those approaching a goal. This theory, combined with literature on approach motivation in depression, led to the proposed model of the effect of depression on behavioural striving, and subsequent levels of depression. The current study aimed to test this model. Sixty participants completed measures of depression, approach-related affect, cognitive appraisals and striving behaviour in relation to their own personal goals, with follow-up measures of depression and striving behaviour completed two weeks later. They also participated in an experimental manipulation of approach-related cognitive appraisals. The model received mixed support, with strongest evidence for the proposed pathway from depression to anticipatory affect via cognitive appraisals, especially for those who were at least mildly depressed. However contrary to the model, depression was not found to be associated to striving, and no variables other than depression predicted future depression. The study was conducted with a non-clinical population, there was reduced power at follow-up, and the experimental manipulation may have been unsuccessful. This study provided preliminary support for the new model, and although findings were mixed, future research may be more conclusive. Findings suggest that therapy specifically tapping into approach-related cognitive appraisals, as well as approach-related affect, may be therapeutically beneficial in working with depression.

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Smillie, Luke D. "Trait representation of J. A. Gray's behavioural activation system : distinguishing between reward-reactivity and impulsivity /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18715.pdf.

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Schlesinger, Carla M., i n/a. "The Role of Individual Differences in Additional Substance Use in a Methadone Maintained Population". Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061109.150823.

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It is well established that methadone maintenance (MM) reduces but does not eliminate the self-administration of other illicit drugs. For those on MM, there is considerable variation in consumption patterns, route of heroin administration, additional non-opioid substances routinely administered and the clinical disorders associated with these patterns of use. While there is a large literature base documenting these phenomena, studies have been almost exclusively descriptive in nature, with little attempt to develop a theoretical model in which to understand such use. In the following thesis, a model proposed by Gray was tested, the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). This biopsychosocial model broadly describes two action tendencies; approach (Behavioural Activation System) and avoidance or withdrawal (Flight Fight Freeze System and the Behavioural Inhibition System). The model proposes that a heightened sensitivity to punishment underlies anxiety disorders. Conversely, a heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli may predispose some individuals to engage in highly rewarding behaviour and is associated with conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. According to the Joint Subsystems Hypothesis, these personality styles are mutually dependent, whereby BIS and BAS interact to influence reward mediated and punishment mediated behaviours. Based on Gray's model, this thesis tests whether opiate dependent individuals with heightened sensitivity to punishment are more likely to use anxiolytic drugs (such as benzodiazepines), and individuals with heightened reward sensitivity will show a preference for substances that have high reward potential (such as stimulants). At time one, the participant sample (N= 120) comprised 71 males (59%) and 49 females who were opioid dependent and recruitment took place over an eight-month period in two city opioid replacement clinics. A range of measures was administered to assess substance use, mood, anxiety and the personality dimensions of reward sensitivity and punishment sensitivity, with substance use again measured at three months. Results of the first study suggested that a large proportion of the variance was accounted for by personality within the models. A total of 98 participants (81%) participated in the 12-week follow-up study. Sensitivity to punishment and reward significantly predicted drug preference. Although psychopathology symptoms were not able to moderate the relationship between personality and drug use, anxiety symptoms negatively mediated the relationship between punishment sensitivity and anxiolytic use, whereby the relationship became non-significant. In contrast, sensitivity to reward remained the strongest predictor of amphetamine use over antisocial characteristics. Individual differences were not able to predict treatment retention nor susceptibility to relapse during a 12-week initiation to a MM programme.

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Schlesinger, Carla. "The Role of Individual Differences in Additional Substance Use in a Methadone Maintained Population". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367929.

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Horwood, Jennifer Marie. "A behavioural analysis of deficits induced in mice by targeted disruption of the plasminogen activator system". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391989.

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Grégoire, Catherine-Alexandra. "Mechanisms underlying activation of neural stem cells in the adult central nervous system". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15972.

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À la fin du 19e siècle, Dr. Ramón y Cajal, un pionnier scientifique, a découvert les éléments cellulaires individuels, appelés neurones, composant le système nerveux. Il a également remarqué la complexité de ce système et a mentionné l’impossibilité de ces nouveaux neurones à être intégrés dans le système nerveux adulte. Une de ses citations reconnues : “Dans les centres adultes, les chemins nerveux sont fixes, terminés, immuables. Tout doit mourir, rien ne peut être régénérer” est représentative du dogme de l’époque (Ramón y Cajal 1928). D’importantes études effectuées dans les années 1960-1970 suggèrent un point de vue différent. Il a été démontré que les nouveaux neurones peuvent être générés à l’âge adulte, mais cette découverte a créé un scepticisme omniprésent au sein de la communauté scientifique. Il a fallu 30 ans pour que le concept de neurogenèse adulte soit largement accepté. Cette découverte, en plus de nombreuses avancées techniques, a ouvert la porte à de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles pour les maladies neurodégénératives. Les cellules souches neurales (CSNs) adultes résident principalement dans deux niches du cerveau : la zone sous-ventriculaire des ventricules latéraux et le gyrus dentelé de l’hippocampe. En condition physiologique, le niveau de neurogenèse est relativement élevé dans la zone sous-ventriculaire contrairement à l’hippocampe où certaines étapes sont limitantes. En revanche, la moelle épinière est plutôt définie comme un environnement en quiescence. Une des principales questions qui a été soulevée suite à ces découvertes est : comment peut-on activer les CSNs adultes afin d’augmenter les niveaux de neurogenèse ? Dans l’hippocampe, la capacité de l’environnement enrichi (incluant la stimulation cognitive, l’exercice et les interactions sociales) à promouvoir la neurogenèse hippocampale a déjà été démontrée. La plasticité de cette région est importante, car elle peut jouer un rôle clé dans la récupération de déficits au niveau de la mémoire et l’apprentissage. Dans la moelle épinière, des études effectuées in vitro ont démontré que les cellules épendymaires situées autour du canal central ont des capacités d’auto-renouvellement et de multipotence (neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes). Il est intéressant de noter qu’in vivo, suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière, les cellules épendymaires sont activées, peuvent s’auto-renouveller, mais peuvent seulement ii donner naissance à des cellules de type gliale (astrocytes et oligodendrocytes). Cette nouvelle fonction post-lésion démontre que la plasticité est encore possible dans un environnement en quiescence et peut être exploité afin de développer des stratégies de réparation endogènes dans la moelle épinière. Les CSNs adultes jouent un rôle important dans le maintien des fonctions physiologiques du cerveau sain et dans la réparation neuronale suite à une lésion. Cependant, il y a peu de données sur les mécanismes qui permettent l'activation des CSNs en quiescence permettant de maintenir ces fonctions. L'objectif général est d'élucider les mécanismes sous-jacents à l'activation des CSNs dans le système nerveux central adulte. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons mis en place deux approches complémentaires chez les souris adultes : 1) L'activation des CSNs hippocampales par l'environnement enrichi (EE) et 2) l'activation des CSNs de la moelle épinière par la neuroinflammation suite à une lésion. De plus, 3) afin d’obtenir plus d’information sur les mécanismes moléculaires de ces modèles, nous utiliserons des approches transcriptomiques afin d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives. Le premier projet consiste à établir de nouveaux mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires à travers lesquels l’environnement enrichi module la plasticité du cerveau adulte. Nous avons tout d’abord évalué la contribution de chacune des composantes de l’environnement enrichi à la neurogenèse hippocampale (Chapitre II). L’exercice volontaire promeut la neurogenèse, tandis que le contexte social augmente l’activation neuronale. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé l’effet de ces composantes sur les performances comportementales et sur le transcriptome à l’aide d’un labyrinthe radial à huit bras afin d’évaluer la mémoire spatiale et un test de reconnaissante d’objets nouveaux ainsi qu’un RNA-Seq, respectivement (Chapitre III). Les coureurs ont démontré une mémoire spatiale de rappel à court-terme plus forte, tandis que les souris exposées aux interactions sociales ont eu une plus grande flexibilité cognitive à abandonner leurs anciens souvenirs. Étonnamment, l’analyse du RNA-Seq a permis d’identifier des différences claires dans l’expression des transcripts entre les coureurs de courte et longue distance, en plus des souris sociales (dans l’environnement complexe). iii Le second projet consiste à découvrir comment les cellules épendymaires acquièrent les propriétés des CSNs in vitro ou la multipotence suite aux lésions in vivo (Chapitre IV). Une analyse du RNA-Seq a révélé que le transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) agit comme un régulateur, en amont des changements significatifs suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière. Nous avons alors confirmé la présence de cette cytokine suite à la lésion et caractérisé son rôle sur la prolifération, différentiation, et survie des cellules initiatrices de neurosphères de la moelle épinière. Nos résultats suggèrent que TGF-β1 régule l’acquisition et l’expression des propriétés de cellules souches sur les cellules épendymaires provenant de la moelle épinière.
At the end of the 19th century, Dr. Ramón y Cajal, a scientific pioneer, discovered that the nervous system was composed of individual cellular elements, later called neurons. He also noticed the complexity of this system and mentioned the impossibility of new neurons to be integrated into the adult nervous system. One of his famous quotes: “In adult centers the nerve paths are something fixed, ended, immutable. Everything may die, nothing may be regenerated” is representative of the prevalent dogma at the time (Ramón y Cajal 1928). Key studies conducted in the 1960-1970s suggested a different point of view. It was demonstrated that new neurons could be born during adulthood, but this discovery created an omnipresent skepticism in the scientific community. It took 30 years for the concept of adult neurogenesis to become widely accepted. This discovery, along with more advanced techniques, opened doors to potential therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative diseases. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) reside mainly in two niches in the brain: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Under normal conditions, neurogenesis level is relatively high in the SVZ whereas some steps are rate-limiting in the hippocampus. In contrast, the spinal cord is rather defined as a quiescent environment. One of the main questions that arose from these discoveries is: how do you activate adult NSCs in order to increase neurogenesis levels? In the hippocampus, environmental enrichment (including cognitive stimulation, exercise and social interactions) has been shown to promote hippocampal neurogenesis. The plasticity potential of this region is important as it could play a crucial role in rescuing learning and memory deficits. In the spinal cord, studies conducted in vitro demonstrated that ependymal cells found around the central canal have self-renewal and multipotency capacities (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes). Interestingly, it turns out that in vivo, following a spinal cord lesion, ependymal cells become activated, can self-replicate, but can only give rise to glia cell fate (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). This new post-injury function shows that plasticity can still occur in a quiescent environment and could be exploited to develop endogenous spinal cord repair strategies. v As mentioned above, NSCs play important roles in normal brain function and neural repair following injury. However, little information is known about how a quiescent NSC becomes activated in order to perform these functions. The general objective of this project was to investigate the mechanisms underlying activation of neural stem cells in the adult central nervous system. My specific aims were to address this question using adult mice in two complementary models: 1) activation of hippocampal NSCs by environmental enrichment, and 2) activation of spinal cord NSCs by injury-induced neuroinflammation. Moreover, 3) to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms of these models, we will perform transcriptomics studies to open new lines of investigation. The first project is expected to provide us with new insights into the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms through which environmental enrichment modulates adult brain plasticity. We first evaluated the contribution of individual environmental enrichment components to hippocampal neurogenesis (Chapter II). Voluntary exercise promotes neurogenesis, whereas a social context increases neuronal activation. We then determined the effect of these components on behavioural performances and transcriptome using an eight-arm radial maze to assess spatial memory, novel object recognition, and RNA-Seq, respectively (Chapter III). Runners show stronger spatial short-term memory recall, whereas mice exposed to social interactions had a better cognitive flexibility to abandon old memory. Surprisingly, RNA-Seq analysis indicated clear differences in the expression of modified transcripts between low runners and high runners, as well as for social interacting mice (within the complex environment). The second project consists of discovering how ependymal cells acquire NSC properties in vitro or multipotentiality following lesions in vivo. A RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) acts as an upstream regulator of significant changes following spinal cord injury (Chapter IV). We therefore confirmed the presence of this cytokine after lesion and investigated its role on proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neurosphere-initiating cells from the spinal cord. Our results suggest that TGF-β1 regulates the acquisition and expression of stem cell properties of spinal cord-derived ependymal cells.

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Książki na temat "Behavioural activation system"

Covassin, Naima, i Virend K. Somers. The cardiovascular system during sleep. Redaktor Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0028.

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The majority of molecular, physiological, and behavioural processes undergo substantial variations across a 24 h period. The health implications of such fluctuations, whether they are expressions of an intrinsic circadian rhythmicity or are secondary to changes in physical activity, posture, and/or sleep, are increasingly recognized. Similar to other biological functions, the cardiovascular system exhibits a prominent day–night profile, with profound haemodynamic, autonomic, and hormonal oscillations occurring during the sleep period. These time-dependent and sleep stage-dependent patterns of function have important clinical significance. The cardiovascular downregulation achieved throughout the night while asleep may be restorative and protective against adverse events, while the morning physiological activation coincident with awakening facilitates resumption of daytime activities. Nevertheless, rather than beneficial, these activity configurations may be pathogenic in individuals with a vulnerable substrate and may favour onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular complications may also arise as a consequence of abnormal day–night periodicity and disturbed sleep quantity and quality. Hence, consideration of the diurnal pattern of cardiovascular activity is critical in the clinical setting.

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Ismail, Khalida, Calum D. Moulton, Andrea Danese i Brenda W. Penninx. A life course approach to understanding the association between depression and type 2 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0002.

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The relationship between depression and type 2 diabetes is bidirectional and poorly explained by behavioural factors alone. Chronic activation of the innate immune system provides a promising mechanism by which both conditions could develop concurrently across the life course. Genetically, overlap between depression and type 2 diabetes has been reported by twin studies, although not yet at the genome-wide significance level. In utero, activation of inflammatory processes may impact on neurodevelopment of appetite and mood regulation. In early childhood, prolonged adversity is associated with subsequent elevated inflammation, depression, and obesity, which may be amplified by unhealthy lifestyle choices in adolescence. Finally, prolonged low socioeconomic status into adulthood is associated with chronically elevated inflammation and incident type 2 diabetes. In sum, a lifespan approach to the comorbidity of depression and type 2 diabetes offers novel opportunities for timely intervention and even for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes.

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Części książek na temat "Behavioural activation system"

Seiffert, Dietmar, i David J. Loskutoff. "The Role of Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor in the Regulation of the Fibrinolytic System of the Normal and Atherosclerotic Vessel Wall". W New Aspects of Metabolism and Behaviour of Mesenchymal Cells during the Pathogenesis of Arteriosclerosis, 37–48. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-99112-6_6.

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Petrevska Nechkoska, Renata, Antonia Caro Gonzalez, Alberto Bertello, Simona Grande, Marc Schmüser, Nataliia Rzhevska, Yulia Matskevich i in. "Multi-Vortex Tornado Blueprint for Disruptive Global Co-Creation (Inspired by EUvsVirus)". W Contributions to Management Science, 307–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11065-8_11.

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AbstractSince its burst in early 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has deeply affected every aspect of daily life, from international trade and travelling to restrictions on an individual level, becoming a complex multi-level and highly multi-faceted problem. Due to its overarching influence and deep impact, it can be seen as one of the most disruptive Grand Challenges of our time. Different from most other lasting Grand Challenges, such as Climate Change, the pandemic exerted its influence with little ramp-up, rapidly transforming health and health systems, human lives, goods and economic flows, decision-making mechanisms, research and innovation, and many other aspects of life in a very short span of time.Grand Challenges require extraordinary efforts from society as a whole since they need holistic, effective, collaborative endeavours to solve them. One such unique orchestrated effort can be observed in the subsequent series of virtual massive EUvsVirus (https://www.euvsvirus.org/) events and committed collaborations (‘hackathon’, ‘matchathon’, ‘launchathon’, ‘community’, ‘EIC Covid platform’, and the unparalleled ‘Academia Diffusion Experiment’ [ADE], analysed in chapter “Academia Diffusion Experiment: Trailblazing the Emergence from Co-Creation” of this book).While this chapter explains ‘what’ has been produced with the ADE, inspired by the EUvsVirus phenomenon, the ADE chapter describes ‘how’ it has been done. Both are extremely unique in terms of content, procedure, motivation, collaboration, effects—and they attempt to trailblaze at highest level co-creation, co-evolution, and co-dreaming. Hence, situated as the last chapters of this book.This chapter will shed light on the EUvsVirus events, where over 30,000 individuals from 40 countries came together and addressed the complexity of this massive challenge in a pioneering and groundbreaking way. The chapter is focused on analysing the EUvsVirus hackathon (alongside its mentioned unique spillovers) as a tool, method, and process capable of channelling and activating individuals’ and institutions’ concerns, wills, and commitments into a unique orchestrated open, collaborative response to an urgent Grand Challenge, the pandemic. We are producing a multi-vortex tornado model, resembling the EUvsVirus phenomenon, its components, mechanisms, behaviour and how to replicate it to achieve such disruptive, global organisational effort of co-creation. Especially, the emergence of such collaboration in the face of such urgency leads to the assumption that there are crucial lessons to be learned from this endeavour, quite fittingly encapsulated by these words:‘We are learningThat though we weren't ready for this,We have been readied by it’.Amanda Gorman’s New Year poem (https://amandagormanbooks.com/#the-hill-we-climb-and-other-poems or https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2022/01/06/exp-amanda-gorman-nye-poem.cnn)

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"Modelling visual search in biologically plausible neural networks: Whole-system behaviour, neuropsychological breakdown and BOLD signal activation". W Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience, 72–93. Psychology Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203889541-9.

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Lam, Raymond W. "Psychological treatments". W Depression, 53–62. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198804147.003.0007.

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Evidenced-based psychological treatments for acute depression include problem solving therapy, behavioural activation, cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and, for chronic depression, cognitive behavioural-analysis system of psychotherapy. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, originally developed as a maintenance treatment, also has benefit in acute depressive episodes. Technologies that can deliver therapy via computer, internet or mobile devices, with or without therapist guidance, have increasing evidence to support their use as alternate forms of therapy. For mild to moderate severity of depression, evidence-based psychological treatments are first-line treatments and are as effective as pharmacotherapy. Combined treatment with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is more effective than either monotherapy and is clinically indicated for more severe, chronic or comorbid depressions.

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Covassin, Naima, i Virend K. Somers. "The cardiovascular system during sleep". W ESC CardioMed, redaktor Guido Grassi, 146–50. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0028_update_001.

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Leza, Juan C., Javier R. Caso i Borja García-Bueno. "Psychoneuroimmunology". W New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, redaktorzy John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen i Guy M. Goodwin, 135–43. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0015.

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Human psychoneuroimmunology studies how episodes of stress and anxiety affect a person’s immune system and how this activation of the immune system affects mental processes and health in extension. Cross-talk between oxido-nitrosative and inflammatory pathways in brain cells and circuits occurs after stress exposure and can lead to behavioural responses. Many basic and clinical evidences have been presented on the mechanisms by which the immune system interact with neurotransmitters and neurocircuits to influence the risk for depression, psychosis, and other psychopathologies.

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Levy, Richard. "Apathy". W Apathy, 156–73. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198841807.003.0009.

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‘Auto-activation’ deficit, the most severe form of apathy, is a model to approach apathy. Auto-activation deficit consists of a severe reduction in self-initiated actions contrasting with the sparing of externally driven ones under strong solicitations and the presence of automatic (stereotypic) behaviour. This severe apathy can be viewed as the consequence of a quantitative reduction of goal-directed behaviour. Auto-activation deficit is due to lesions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)–basal ganglia circuitry, the brain system that generates and controls goal-directed behaviour. In this chapter it is proposed that several different mechanisms may be responsible for apathy. Damage to three PFC–basal ganglia circuits may explain most of the cases of apathy: (i) lesions in the orbital and ventromedial PFC–basal ganglia circuit lead to apathy through difficulties in evaluating the affective value of a given behavioural context (‘amotivation’); (ii) lesions in the lateral PFC–basal ganglia circuit contribute to apathy via an inability to generate or activate strategies required to successfully complete a given programme of actions (‘cognitive inertia’); (iii) lesions to the anterior cingulate cortex–basal ganglia circuit (located in an intermediary anatomical position between the ventral and lateral circuit) may lead to apathy via an inability to transfer the affective value of a given context (‘invigoration deficit’); (iv) the summation or the synergy of damage to these three circuits within the basal ganglia may lead to a frank decrease in the amplification of signals representing goal-directed behaviour that reach the PFC (‘empty mind’); and (v) if all three circuits are structurally intact, apathy may nevertheless occur via alterations of neurotransmission systems that modulate the activity of these circuits (i.e. dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine).

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Dantzer, Robert, i Keith W. Kelley. "Psychoneuroimmunology". W New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 205–11. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0027.

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Mind-body literature, in the form of magazines and self-help books on stress and healing, is full of definitive claims for the existence of powerful influences of emotions and psychosocial stressors on the immune system, leading to onset or progression of cancers or infectious diseases. This literature often makes explicit reference to research in psychoneuroimmunology to support these claims. Psychoneuroimmunology is a multi-disciplinary field that has grown rapidly during the last three decades at the crossroads of immunology, behavioural neurosciences, neuroendocrinology, and psychology. It studies mechanisms and functional aspects of bidirectional relationships between the brain and the immune system. Although still controversial, there is evidence that psychological events including emotions can and do influence the outcome of infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases via modulation of cells of the immune system. A surprising finding has been that immune events occurring in the periphery also affect mood, behaviour, and metabolism by modulating brain functions, thereby providing a biologically important link between the immune system and brain. The original discovery that activation of the innate immune system in the periphery causes clinical signs of sickness that are processed in the brain is now being extended to the involvement of the immune system in depressive disorders. This new information has solidified the idea that neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neural pathways, and immune-derived signals such as cytokines are the minimal essential elements that permit the immune system and brain to communicate with one another. These new data offer the unexpected conclusion that the immune system is likely to be involved in not only how emotions affect health but also how immune events regulate the development and expression of emotions.

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Lillis, David, Tadhg O'Sullivan, Thomas Holz, Conor Muldoon, Michael J. O'Grady i Gregory M. P. O'Hare. "Smart Home Energy Management". W Recent Advances in Ambient Intelligence and Context-Aware Computing, 155–68. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7284-0.ch010.

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Autonomically managing energy within the home is a formidable challenge, as any solution needs to interoperate with a decidedly heterogeneous network of sensors and appliances, not just in terms of technologies and protocols but also by managing smart as well as “dumb” appliances. Furthermore, as studies have shown that simply providing energy usage feedback to homeowners is inadequate in realising long-term behavioural change, autonomic energy management has the potential to deliver concrete and lasting energy savings without the need for user interventions. However, this necessitates that such interventions be performed in an intelligent and context-aware fashion, all the while taking into account system as well as user constraints and preferences. Thus, this chapter proposes the augmentation of home area networks with autonomic computing capabilities. Such networks seek to support opportunistic decision-making pertaining to the effective energy management within the home by seamlessly integrating a range of off-the-shelf sensor technologies with a software infrastructure for deliberation, activation, and visualisation.

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Harris, Robert, i Bauke M. de Jong. "Conscious and non-conscious perception and action in musical performance". W Music and Consciousness 2, 200–214. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804352.003.0012.

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The dual-stream model of perception and action maintains the existence of two separate, but interacting, higher-order auditory systems tailored to conscious perception and non-conscious sensorimotor control. During performance, implicit knowledge of musical syntax embodied within the motor system may thus be accessed non-consciously via the dorsal stream, facilitating audiomotor transformation and making it possible to play ‘by ear’ and to improvise. In an fMRI study contrasting improvising with score-dependent musicians, significantly larger activation of the right dorsal frontoparietal network was interpreted as evidence of enhanced audiomotor transformation in improvising musicians. This notion was supported by a subsequent behavioural study confirming their superior ability to replicate and transpose aurally presented music at the keyboard. It is proposed that enhanced audiomotor transformation may be associated with the generation of a more accurate forward model in improvising musicians as a consequence of the non-conscious learning processes in which they engage. The failure of current educational methods to foster implicit, non-conscious knowledge of music in performance may be traced to the conceptual partition of explicit knowledge and the biological and physical environments in which it operates.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Behavioural activation system"

Zhang, Tao, Geoff Jarrad, Susan A. Murphy i Niranjan Bidargaddi. "A smartphone-based behavioural activation application using recommender system". W UbiComp '19: The 2019 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3341162.3343785.

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Páez, Francisco Javier, Ángel Losada i Juan José Herrero. "Improvement of the AEB activation algorithm based on the pedestrian reaction". W FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-pif-073.

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"This work is an initial activity in the OPREVU project. This project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, is aimed at the use of Virtual Reality (VR) and Artificial Intelligence tools to allow the extraction of Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) behaviour patterns in the event of pedestrian collisions, in order to optimize the Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) technologies, incorporated in the new generations of commercial vehicles. With the aim of developing and optimizing the current pedestrian identification systems, vehicle tests are performed on INSIA test track with different vehicles to analyse the behaviour of their AEB systems. These systems are equipped with a Lidar and a camera, whose joint operation allows detecting the proximity of the pedestrian and obtaining variables of interest to assess the automatic intervention of the braking system. The tests are inspired by the CPNA50 and CPNA25 tests, carried out by EURONCAP to validate and certify AEB systems. The reference variables are the TTC (Time-to-collision) and the TFCW. FCW (Forward Collision Warning) is a visual and acoustic signal that appears as a warning light or digitally on the instrument panel and warns of the presence of an obstacle in the vehicle's path, and TFCW is calculated from the sum of the driver's average reaction time and the time to stop if the driver applies pressure on the brake pedal until full detection. On the other hand, TTC is the time calculated from the distance and relative speed of the vehicle with respect to the pedestrian. If the TTC is less than TFCW, the system intervenes. By means of the CARSIM© simulation tool (vehicle-pedestrian-road), it is attainable to modify certain boundary parameters, such as the initial conditions of movement of the pedestrian and the vehicle, as well as their initial relative disposition at the beginning of each test. Along these lines, the virtual model incorporates reactions patterns for the pedestrian, such as stopping, running, or changing direction while crossing the road. These reaction patterns are defined by means of VR tests. The CARSIM© vehicle model integrates the fusion of camera and LiDAR data, and an operating algorithm to control the AEB activation. Using Machine Learning techniques, it is feasible to breed vehicle models based on behavioural patterns from the values obtained in the real tests, and to find out the correlation between the corresponding TTC and TFCW values with parameters measured by the calibration equipment, such as: the maximum speed and the time in which it is reached, the initial relative distance and the relative distance at the moment of AEB activation, or the average deceleration from the start of braking, among others. Hence, the data obtained on the INSIA test tracks allow the virtual models to be validated. Furthermore, the novelty of the approach is to consider the pedestrian reactions just before collision, extracted through users’ experiments made in ad-hoc VR environment, and to generate a more optimised and robust logic with a greater capacity for anticipation."

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Lewis, Robert, Craig Ferguson, Chelsey Wilks, Noah Jones i Rosalind W. Picard. "Can a Recommender System Support Treatment Personalisation in Digital Mental Health Therapy? A Quantitative Feasibility Assessment Using Data from a Behavioural Activation Therapy App". W CHI '22: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519840.

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Markopoulos, Evangelos, Jens Refflinghaus, Marven Roell i Hannu Vanharanta. "Understanding Situationality using the Kepner-Tregoe Method in the Company Democracy Model to increase Employee Engagement and Knowledge Contribution". W 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001522.

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Driving sustainable and successful change towards achieving democratic organizational culture a company has to evolve through the 6 levels of the Company Democracy Model which needs to be supported by two foundational and prerequisite enablers. The first one is the critical thinking skills to build an alignment on a meta-level / logic-level / thinking level for effective and efficient communication and actions. Effective actions and communication require clear thinking which requires thinking processes. The second one is the Change Management tools and skills to drive the change. However the integration and activation of these two enablers seem to be the challenge on the first level in the company democracy model who seeks critical thinking to become change agents. This paper integrates the concepts of critical thinking and change making with the introduction of the problem solving Kepner-Tregoe (KT) Method in the Company Democracy Model. Critical Thinking is approached as the applied thinking processes to gather, organize, analyse, confirm, and communicate information in order to solve concerns and issues in an effective, unbiased and self-reflected mode that first seeks to understand and then to act. Therefore, it is the prerequisite for effective and efficient actions. This necessary exchange of information can more targeted and effortless if achieved through a democratic organizational culture which equips each member in an organization with the same logic/thinking, to reveal their intellectual capital by focusing on how to think, not what to think. Effectively thinking requires understanding the concern and the situation that creates a need to act. The concept of situationality, as introduced in the Company Democracy Model (CDM) is further supported in this paper with the KT problem solving methods to identify the core nature of a specific situational concern that enables or disables people’s thinking. The paper defines and analyses the situational concerns which can be categorized in five areas such as understanding a situation, deviation cause, alternatives selection, risk reduction and change enhancement.The identification of the situationality helps finding a thinking approach which leads to an idea that is transformed into an innovative process, product or services. This can be considered a fundamental approach for effective and efficient actions within democratic organizational cultures. Furthermore change management lies in the capability to assess a situation in which people interact, understand the mechanics of the system that forms individual or groups behaviour, and develop activities to manage these mechanics that change human behaviour. Therefore, the challenge of the first level of the company democracy model which is understanding human behaviour is based on the effectiveness of critical thinking capabilities in a systematic human performance model. The elements of the performance environment influence the performance of any person. These elements operate as a system, influencing performance as it happens. The paper presents the five performance system core elements which deal with the environment infrastructures (processes, workflows, expectation and priority setting) the capabilities and willingness of the performer, the demonstrated or desired response/ behaviour, the consequences which follow the behaviour and the performance feedback given to the performer. The paper uses the Aristotelian golden mean to effectively balance this employee performance, and identity imbalances that feed the development of corrective actions and impact behavioural change.

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Theren, Benedict, Tobias Schmelter, Philipp Chromik i Bernd Kuhlenkötter. "Investigations Regarding the Longterm Behaviour of Electrically Heated SMA Wires Using Alternating Current". W ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-67649.

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Abstract Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) exist in several forms, such as wires, tubes, springs and several more. Most commonly available SMA forms are wires, contracting when heated. There are several ways to activate the effect in wires, but mostly they are electrically heated (Joule Heating) using direct current (DC). There are examples of using alternating current (AC) for the activation of SMA wires, but rather for a highspeed activation that can be considered loss-free, since the wire is heated rapidly. This work investigates the long term behavior of SMA wires activated using AC. An experimental setup according to Design of Experiment (DoE) was proposed to investigate the different influence of the long term behavior between an activation using AC and DC. 15 different levels of the activation parameters voltage, activation time and stress — each for the AC and the DC — were chosen. The value of the DC voltage was the same as the effective voltage for the AC. For each set of parameters, according to the experimental design, two specimens were investigated. The different activation techniques differ in one important aspect: the source generating a DC is controlled, whereby the output voltage is independently kept constant from the change in electrical resistance induced by the phase transformation of the SMA wires when heated. The AC power does not offer such a function. Therefor the applied value of the effective Voltage is only an initial value at the beginning of the activation. During the activation the values of the voltage and the current change due to the phase transformation. For further comparison, the activation energy for both activation methods was calculated. During activation the current and the voltage were measured at 600 Hz for the AC and at 50 Hz for the DC. The energy per activation is calculateto increase comparability between AC and DC.

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Markopoulos, Evangelos, Alexandro Vera Ramirez, Panagiotis Markopoulos i Hannu Vanharanta. "Gamification in a Democratic Pro-Environmental Behaviour Model towards achieving effective ESG corporate strategies." W 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001512.

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The climate crisis has received high levels of attention from the public and scholars over the last few decades. While the search for solutions involves strict regulations and innovation in clean energy sources, changing individual behaviours towards sustainability could prevent us from reaching a point of no return. Inarguably, there is a need for strong involvement of the public and private sector organizations, changing individual organizational behaviours towards sustainability might foster a great impact in terms of lowering the effects of the climate crisis. In this context, a democratic pro-environmental behaviour (DPEBs) is introduced to enable green behaviours with individual and voluntary actions within organizations that benefit the preservation and recovery of the environment. Recycling, efficient energy consumption, reduction of meat consumption and sustainable transportation are examples of actionable PEBs that need to be fostered to contribute to the reduction of the human impact on climate change.Nevertheless, the adoption of new behaviours is a complex goal that requires the application of mechanisms to address employee intrinsic and extrinsic democratic motivation. In this vein, gamification, as a process that enhances projects and service with affordances for gameful experiences., might provide a viable alternative. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the extent to which gamification is an effective alternative to promote the adoption of democratic pro-environmental behaviours and contribute to the creation of the relative organization culture. The accepted definition of gamification for this paper is the process of enhancing a service with affordances for gameful experiences in order to support user's overall value creation. This marketing perspective approach, has more focus on the effects obtained as a consequence of activating intrinsic and extrinsic motivation through the use of gamified systems rather than the analysis of the characteristics of the game design elements, and the incentives for its practical and actual adaptation and utilization within organizations.A systematic literature review was conducted in order to exclusively retrieve - after a thorough selection process - case studies that evaluated the psychological and behavioural effects of gamified information technology systems. Psychological outcomes are related to intrinsic motivation; in the case of gamification, positive outcomes are described by gameful experience. These, in turn, are categorized in this work according to the motivational need to which they correspond and their adaptation likeness in a corporate context. On the other hand, behavioural outcomes are related to extrinsic motivation; these are the desired pro-environmental behaviours promoted extrinsically with the use of the gamified application.Fifteen studies were analysed in detail, which overall provided positive results regarding gamification’s capability to engage users by appealing to intrinsic motivation and to effectively promote the adoption of extrinsically motivated PEBs. As a result the paper presents a methodological approach and a process model that integrates democratic organizational culture elements that utilize gamification to achieve employee pro-environmental behaviours that can benefit both the economy and the society. Furthermore the proposed model is linked with the ESG criteria as a further incentive for its organization adaptation from theory to practice. The paper also indicates limitations and areas of further research on the proposed model towards green ocean strategies that can maximize its applications and impact.

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Scheicher, Richard, Joachim Heinzl i Alexander Ott. "Dynamical Behaviour of Piezoelectrical Cantilever Beams in an Inkjet Printhead". W ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58350.

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In this paper, the functional principle of an inkjet printhead for different applications is explained. Using displacement effects the printhead is insensitive to gas bubbles and can be used for various fluids to generate droplets with volumes of less than 100 picoliters. The actuator is a composite of a piezoelectrical ceramic and a passive silicon beam. For tests, several systems with different geometries and a physical resolution up to 150 dpi were built. To verify the dynamical behaviour of the printhead in dependence of the dosing fluid, several measurement configurations and two test stations are used. With a stroboscopic vision system the generated droplets can be visualised and the diameter and the velocity of the droplets can be measured. The dynamical behaviour of the actuators in the fluid can be detected with a Laser-Doppler-Vibrometer. Thus, possible interactions between the single actuators can be measured. At last, the results of the measurements contribute to the verification of a theoretical compact model for a system simulation. This simplified model allows short time parameter studies to optimize the fluid flow, the activation signals, the interactions between the actuators and the geometry.

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Sharif Razavian, Reza, i John McPhee. "Minimization of Muscle Fatigue as the Criterion to Solve Muscle Forces-Sharing Problem". W ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9678.

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The application of functional electrical stimulation (FES) to muscles quickly fatigues them. Our research goal is to determine the optimal control of FES signals that delay the fatigue for as long as possible. In this research we have used a physiology-based mathematical model of muscle fatigue, to study the behaviour of a musculoskeletal system during a prolonged exercise. To solve the redundant problem of muscle force sharing, we have used a time-dependent fatigue minimization objective instead of the usual activation-based minimization criteria. Our results showed that muscle co-activation, as seen in natural human motion, does not necessarily minimize muscle fatigue.

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Hansen, J. B., L. Wilsgard, J. O. Olsen i B. Østerud. "A MODEL TO EVALUATE BLOOD CELLS BEHAVIOUR TO CELL ACTIVATION: A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644627.

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This study was carried out to see what kind of response the blood cells have to a weak stimuli of lipopolysacc-harides (LPS), a substance that in small quantities may be a small part of the blood system. The parameters tested under this condition were: thromboxane A2 (TxA2) (produced in platelets), prostacyclin (PGI2) produced in white cells (mainly monocytes) and induced thromboplastin synthesis in monocytes.Heparinized blood from 40 men and 40 women was incubated with 2 ng LPS/ml blood for 2 hours. Blood cells were then either spun down to obtain plasma or mononuclear cells were isolated from the incubated blood followed by the quantitation of thromboplastin. In order to get measureable PGI2 production, liposomes of soya lecithin were added to amplify this production in monocytes (see abstract by Østerud et al. "Monocyte stimulation--". The quantitation of TxB2 in the resultant plasma samples- revealed a highly significant difference in production of TxA2 between men and women in this system. In the group of men a value of 13.0 ± 5.9 ng/ml was found compared to 7.6 ± 5.8 for women (p<0.01). The liposomes had no effect on the TxA2 production. In contrast, the PGI2 production in women was higher than in men. By quantitating 6-keto-PG 1α concent rat i on in the plasma samples it was found that women had 148 ± 53 pg/ml whereas men had 105± 5 pg/rnl (p< 0.001). ft low index of TxA2 is supposed to be beneficial and associated with PGI2 low frequence of coronary heart disease. In the present study this value was estimated to be 51 for women and 124 in men.A weak but not significant higher thromboplastin activity was found in the stimulated monocytes of men as compared to women (91.4 ± 40.8×10−3/106 cells for men and 74.9 45.6×10−3/ 106 cells for women).It is concluded that blood cell activation in women is less harmful than in men and this may reflect the lower rate of CHD in women as compared to men.

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McGee, Maria, i Henry Rothberger. "MECHANISMS OF PROCOAGULANT GENERATION BY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES DURING MATURATION". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643168.

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During maturation in vivo and in vitro alveolar macrophages generate procoagulant(s) capable of activating the extrinsic pathway. It is generally agreed that at least part of the activity is due to TF (tissue factor). However, whether or not macrophages also generate functional factor VII or X is controversial. To characterize procoagulant activity increases, we measured kinetic parameters defining interactions between components of the TF-VII complex on membranes of alveolar macrophages either freshly isolated or cultured in serum free medium. In incubation mixtures with fixed concentrations of macrophages and added factor VII, the rate of factor Xa formation (measured by S-2222 hydrolysis) approached a maximum as factor X concentration was increased. Estimated concentrations of factor X yielding 1/2 maximal activation rates, (apparent Km) were 127.1±26 nM and 99.7±34 nM for fresh and cultured cells, respectively. Vmax (maximal velocities) were 1.21±0.24 and 8.9±5 nM Xa/min/106 cells. When concentrations of added factor X were kept constant, the rate of factor X activation increased as the added factor VII concentration was increased. For fresh and cultured cells, the respective apparent Kd were 1.810.7 and 1.410.25 nM. Maximal rates observed with X concentration fixed at 108 nM were 0.46±10.06 and 5.7±1.6 nM Xa/min/106 cells. In the absence of either added factor X or added factor VII, no factor Xa generation was detected in fresh or cultured cells, during 10-20 min incubation periods used for kinetic studies. The observed increase in Vmax without changes in apparent Km and Kd indicate that gains in procoagulant activity during macrophage maturation are due to increases in the number of functional binding sites for factor VII, without significant generation of functional vitamin K dependent factors (VII and X) by the cells. The data also indicate that maturation does not alter the rate behaviour of the TF-VII enzymatic complex on macrophage membranes. Mechanisms of complex assembly that we observed on macrophage membranes are similar to those described for the TF-VII complex assembly on purified systems.

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