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Sinclaire-Harding, Lysandra. "Profiling emotion regulation : exploring patterns of regulation in classroom behaviour". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271634.
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Emotion Regulation describes the ability to influence the experience and expression of affect. Adaptive emotion regulation contributes to healthy development, social competence and academic success (Kochanska, Murray & Harlan, 2000). This study investigated the behavioural strategies for emotion regulation, emotion expression, regulatory styles and classroom behaviour in middle childhood. One hundred and twenty-eight children were recruited from five UK public and private primary schools. From within their school setting, participant sensitivity to emotion-eliciting events was recorded using ambulatory skin conductance technology whilst age-group paired children performed two LEGO construction tasks. Observed behaviours were video-recorded and coded to establish frequencies of distinct regulatory behaviours. These were compared to self-reports of emotion regulation strategies and teacher-reports of classroom behaviour. Iterative partitioning cluster analysis methods were used to identify four regulatory profiles: 1) the ‘Adaptive’ cluster: employed high levels of positive problem solving and reappraisal strategies and frequently expressed both positive and negative emotions; 2) the ‘Maladaptive’ cluster: used more negative regulation (avoidant or obstructive strategies), expressed more negative emotion and had more social and behavioural problems in class; 3) the ‘Reactive’ cluster showed high levels of electrodermal activity, expressed little emotion and were reported as inattentive/hyperactive in class; and 4) the ‘Distracted’ cluster demonstrated high levels of behavioural and cognitive distraction. These results indicate four meaningful profiles that could support the identification of vulnerable individuals for positive school-based intervention and support.
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Meachum, Cynthia L. "The regulation of instrumental behaviour by toxicosis". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256395.
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Abusnana, Salahedeen Emhemed Elmansuri. "Hypothalamic neuropeptides in regulation of feeding behaviour". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391263.
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Porazinski, Sean. "YAP-regulation of dynamic cell behaviour underlying organogenesis". Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619228.
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In the vertebrate body each tissue/organ acquires three-dimensional (3D) structure during embryonic development and becomes aligned relative to other tissues/organs to generate the global body shape. The existence of a gene essential for orchestrating the complex process of building 3D body shape has not previously been suspected. Understanding the mechanisms by which 3D organs are built and organised is essential for the advancement of regenerative medicine, which aims to facilitate 3D tissue/organ formation and integrate these transplanted tissues/organs in the proper 3D alignment within the host to allow their full functionality. A large-scale ENU mutagenesis screen in medaka (Oryzias latipes) identified the hirame (hir) mutant where the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues is affected causing a flattened body in which individual organs/tissues collapse and are misaligned. The hir mutant also exhibits cell migration defects of the primary blood vessels and the heart. hir is a recessive lethal mutation with full penetrance and a robust phenotype. Positional cloning showed the unique hir phenotype is caused by a point mutation in the region of the Yes-associated protein (YAP) gene that encodes the WW1 protein domain of YAP. This mutant can therefore serve as a useful tool for the study of how 3D tissues and organs are generated and how they align to give rise to the global body shape. This work details how the combined use of medaka and zebrafish (Danio rerio) allowed the identification of YAP as essential for shaping the vertebrate body and its biophysical properties. In this thesis, it is reported for the first time that YAP is essential for the fundamental process of organogenesis at the whole-body scale. Analysis of YAP function in intact mutant animals by a variety of means including time-lapse confocal microscopy and intricate cell-transplantation experiments reveals a previously unrecognised but pivotal role for YAP. YAP governs various cell behaviours including oriented division and cell stacking to generate 3D tissues with proper tissue tension. In turn this tissue tension mediates extracellular matrix assembly and integrin signalling, which allows the correct alignment of adjacent tissues to produce functional organs that undergo coordinated morphogenesis to produce the overall 3D body shape. Furthermore, it is shown that these two major functions of YAP are mediated by actomyosin-dependent tension as demonstrated by in vivo force measurements.
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Cornforth, Daniel Michael. "Social behaviour in bacteria : regulation, coinfection, and virulence". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17609.
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Bacteria interact with one another in many ways, through helpful behaviours like producing fitness-enhancing secretions and signals as well as harmful ones like the release of anti-competitor toxins. These interactions are essential for bacterial growth and survival and can have substantial impacts on the virulence of bacterial pathogens. This thesis explores the theory of social interactions among bacteria, focusing on both the mechanisms that underlie them as well the consequences for pathogens coinfecting a host. I first propose a hypothesis for the regulation of competitive traits in bacteria. By analysing published literature on anti-competitor toxin regulation I suggest that one of the principal mediators of antagonistic behaviour in bacteria is sensing harm from competitors. In particular, I argue that certain types of stress responses, known to protect bacteria from environmental assault, are fundamental in allowing bacteria to sense competitive threats. Next I focus on another mechanism of sensing social partners, quorum sensing, which has been argued alternatively to either sense bacterial cell density or the mass transfer properties of an environment. I propose a hypothesis on how the use of multiple quorum sensing signals molecules, a common feature across many bacteria, can potentially help resolve ambiguity between social and physical aspects of a cell’s environment. The rest of the thesis focuses on the epidemiology of coinfection, bacterial and otherwise. In some parasites, high coinfection rates lead to an increased level of evolved virulence due to competition between lineages inside the host. In contrast, when cooperative secretions contribute to virulence, the opposite can occur because high producing virulent strains are out-competed by parasites that do not produce public goods. I develop a mathematical model to show that the structure of parasites inside the host largely determines the fate of virulence when there is social interaction at a local level within the host. This analysis shows that multiplicity of infection can have either a positive or negative effect on virulence depending on structuring within the host. Lastly I explore how host contact structure influences coinfection rates and show that when hosts have very heterogeneous numbers of contacts, a small fraction of individuals in the population has a disproportionate effect on coinfection, which in turn shapes pathogen evolution.
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Baldock, M. R. J. "Self-regulation of the driving behaviour of older drivers /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb1781.pdf.
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Baldock, Matthew R. J. "Self-regulation of the driving behaviour of older drivers". Access PDF text via HTML index, 2004. http://thesis.library.adelaide.edu.au/public/adt-SUA20041221.165852/index.html.
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Nelovkov, Aleksei. "Behavioural and neurogenetic study of molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of exploratory behaviour in rodents /". Online version, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/1251/5/nelovaleksei.pdf.
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Andreas, Venhorst. "The psychophysiological regulation of pacing behaviour and performance during prolonged endurance exercise". Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28369.
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Current models of exercise regulation almost solely rely on the Gestalt phenomenon of perceived exertion. This limits a more comprehensive understanding of how causeeffect relationships come to be and how perception-action coupling determines pacing behaviour and performance fatigability. A three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour is proposed, which differentiates between sensory-discriminatory, affectivemotivational, and cognitive-evaluative processes hypothesised to underpin perceived fatigability. In short: (A) perceived physical strain and perceived mental strain are primary regulators of pacing behaviour necessary to align planned behaviour with current physiological state, (B) core affect plays a primary and mediatory role in performance regulation, and (C) the mindset- shift associated with an action crisis plays a primary role in volitional self-regulatory control and decision-making. In study one, 23 cyclists of distinct performance levels engaged in 70-km individual and head-to-head competition time trials against a performance matched opponent. Sensory constructs were primarily associated with regulation of pacing behaviour. Affective and cognitive constructs acted as context-dependent modifiers and were primarily associated with regulation of performance. A five-step structural equation modelling procedure was applied to assess the extent to which the observed data fit the hypothesised cause–effect relationships under the constraint of psychological duress: valence deterioration was found to mediate the relationship between falling-behind and action crisis; which in turn predicted increased non-adaptive endocrinological distress response; which in turn predicted performance decrement. In study two, 22 highly-trained runners completed two self-paced 20-km treadmill time trials in a tapered condition and with locomotor muscle fatigue and exercise-induced muscle damage. The latter was associated with medium increases in markers of physiological distress and large alterations in perceived physical strain, affective valence, and cognitive mindset. This indicates heuristic and rational antecedents in the goal-disengagement process. Structural equation modelling confirmed the hypothesised dual-pathway model under the constraint of physical duress: haematological indicators of EIMD predicted (1) amplified physiological strain and non-adaptive endocrinological distress response and (2) increase in perceived physical strain, which mediated and predicted decrease in valence; which in turn predicted an increase in action crisis; and both physiological and perceptual effects predicted performance fatigability. The proposed framework has the potential to enrich theory development in centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour by providing novel insights into and more complete account of the dynamic and complex processes in strain-perceptionthinking-action coupling during prolonged endurance exercise.
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Angove, Woodgate Jennifer. "Self-efficacy theory and the self-regulation of exercise behaviour". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/721.
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Why are people unable to adhere to an exercise program? Adhering to an exercise program is complex, and exercisers struggle with a variety of challenges that require self-regulation (e. g. , making time, learning skills, changing behaviour). Bandura (1995b) has deemed the assessment of self-regulatory efficacy to manage the regular performance of health behaviours (e. g. , exercise) essential. Despite this recommendation, few components of self-regulation have been examined in the exercise and self-efficacy research to date (McAuley & Mihalko, 1998). Furthermore, major reviews of the exercise-related self-efficacy literature have demonstrated that task self-efficacy has been the predominant operationalization of the self-efficacy construct, and barriers self-efficacy has been the most prevalent operationalization of self-regulatory efficacy (Culos-Reed, Gyurcsik, & Brawley, 2001; McAuley & Mihalko, 1998). However, self-regulation of behaviour involves more than managing barriers and overcoming their limitations (Barone, Maddux, & Snyder, 1997; Brawley, 2005; DuCharme & Brawley, 1995). In order to examine other aspects of self-regulatory efficacy, self-efficacy theory was used as the underpinning for the three studies in this dissertation (Bandura, 1986, 1997). In Study One an expanded operationalization of exercise-related self-regulatory efficacy was investigated. The construction of various self-regulatory efficacy indices was informed by self-regulation frameworks (Barone et al. , 1997; Baumeister et al. , 1994). These indices as well as barriers efficacy were used to prospectively predict self-reported exercise behaviour. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that the expanded self-regulatory efficacy variables (i. e. , scheduling, relapse prevention, goal-setting self-efficacy) explained a significant amount of variance in exercise behaviour. In addition, barriers efficacy also contributed significant, but modest, variance to the model. These results underscore McAuley and Mihalko?s (1998) recommendation that multiple measures of self-efficacy should be used to examine exercise behaviour. The findings also emphasize that a focus solely on barriers as the indicant of self-regulatory efficacy in exercise may be overlooking other aspects of the construct that contribute to prediction.
Study Two extended the descriptive findings of the first study and addressed a recognized research need (Dzewaltowski, 1994; McAuley & Blissmer, 2000; McAuley et al. , 2001). Specifically, this study examined the possibility of individual differences (i. e. , optimism, consideration of future consequences) influencing the relationship between self-regulatory efficacy and exercise behaviour. Results indicated that participants higher in optimism reported significantly greater self-regulatory efficacy and exercise intentions for intensity than did those lower in optimism. In addition, participants higher in consideration of future consequences (CFC) reported greater self-regulatory efficacy and exercise attendance than participants with moderate CFC. Finally, CFC significantly moderated the influence of various indices self-regulatory efficacy on subsequent exercise attendance. However the effect upon the prospective relationship was modest.
Whereas the first two studies examined the predictive relationship between self-regulatory efficacy and exercise behaviour, Study Three focused upon the influence of sources of self-regulatory efficacy in strengthening efficacy beliefs. This investigation concerned the effects of an acute manipulation of self-efficacy information in changing self-regulatory self-efficacy within a special population -- cardiac rehabilitation exercise program participants. According to theory, sources of self-efficacy information are common to task and self-regulatory efficacy (Bandura, 1997).
The study used a 2 (message condition) by 2 (time) design in which cardiac rehabilitation program participants were randomly assigned to conditions. Utilizing a written message employing the self-efficacy sources of verbal persuasion and vicarious experiences, self-regulatory efficacy for the scheduling of independent exercise was targeted within an ?efficacy enhancing? condition. This condition was compared to an ?information control? message of other information relevant to cardiac rehabilitation participants. As hypothesized, the efficacy-enhancing condition exhibited increased scheduling self-efficacy compared to the control condition. As well, exercise-related cognitions (i. e. , intentions for frequency, action plans, behavioural commitment to learning about independent exercise) were superior for the efficacy-enhancing condition participants compared to their control conditioncounterparts.
Taken together, the studies support and extend research on self-regulatory efficacy in the exercise domain. In part, this was accomplished by expanding the operationalization of exercise-related self-regulatory efficacy to represent more components of self-regulation than examined in the exercise literature to date. In addition, these studies extend previous descriptive research by examining the potential moderators of the influence of self-regulatory efficacy on exercise behaviour. Finally, the third study represented one of the first efforts to experimentally manipulate determinants of self-regulatory efficacy for independent exercise in a special population. It supported the hypothesis that informational determinants (i. e. , vicarious experience, verbal persuasion) can be acutely manipulated to increase self-regulatory efficacy among cardiac rehabilitation participants.
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Sweeney, Derina E. "Regulation of cell behaviour and identity in a branching epithelium". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29388.
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Although differentiation and morphogenesis of the ureteric bud have been studied for many years, the mechanisms that control their overall pattern remain unknown. In this thesis, I have tested a specific set of hypotheses in which both differentiation and morphogenesis are controlled by a self-organization based on inhibitory interactions between tip and stalk cells. Using micro dissection and ex-vivo organ culture I show that: 1. The ureteric bud is composed of at least two distinct populations of cells, those that bind Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and those that do not. These correspond to the stalk and tip regions respectively. DBA seems to be a marker of regions of the ureteric bud in which branching morphogenesis is inactive. 2. Using DBA to detect tip cells, I investigated the mechanisms controlling branching of the ureteric bud. Firstly, the hypothesis that branches rarely arise from the stalks of the ureteric bud because they have lost the ability to branch was tested; it seems that the stalk cells retain their ability to behave as tips when provided with an appropriate environment. Differentiation of ureteric bud cells is therefore surprisingly plastic. 3. I also tested the hypothesis that tips of the ureteric bud space out relative to each other by sensing and responding to tips in the local vicinity. There are two components to this hypothesis: (i) that tips are separated within an epithelium by a lateral inhibition mechanism that prevents new tips forming close to existing ones, and (ii) that tips of extending epithelia are repelled by the presence of nearby tips, so that they spread out to fill space optimally. I have gained supporting evidence against the first hypothesis as tips will form stalk regions whether tips are preformed or not elsewhere in the epithelium. The data presented in this thesis provide evidence both to partially support, and also to limit, the specific self-organisation hypothesis tested.
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Griffiths, John H. "Verbal regulation of behaviour in children : establishing effective dental care". Thesis, Bangor University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357889.
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Hardt, Michael Hermann. "Behaviour and ownership in the theory of competition and regulation". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1447/.
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Ownership matters. It affects residual rights under incomplete contracts and, therefore, incentives. The first chapter of this thesis analyzes in how far ownership can be substituted by other economic factors. Contrary to an assumption found in the literature market foreclosure can be achieved without vertical integration in the following scenarios: repeated games, reputation games, and also in a finitely repeated game when there are switching costs. The main chapter is concerned with implications of ownership in regulated industries where a monopolistic supplier of an essential input is required by a regulator to charge cost based prices. Our analysis focuses on the impact of ownership on the monopolist's incentives to exploit informational asymmetries about production costs. We conduct a comparative study of vertical integration, vertical separation, and joint ownership. Effects on welfare, investments incentives, and entry are analyzed for each ownership structure. Joint ownership performs best. Accounting separation is shown to be generally ineffective as regulatory instrument. We use an alternative model which allows to take into account network duplication. Starting from a free market analysis of equilibrium pricing and entry decisions we explore the relation between ownership and the degree of regulation required in order to ensure efficient outcomes. Two part tariffs, network duplication, price discrimination and a long-term commitment to fixed input prices induce reductions of final prices. The final part of this thesis investigates results in the theory of competitive market equilibrium. Many of these results rely on restrictive assumptions on consumer behaviour. We analyze in how far traditional equilibrium theory is robust against a relaxation of underlying assumptions. We do not assume agents to be rational in the sense that their choices arise from maximisation. Randomly fluctuating demand is allowed for and consequences for predictions made by traditional competitive equilibrium theory are re-examined.
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Pomroy, Lucy Victoria. "The relationship between multiple traumatisation, emotion regulation and violent behaviour". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4767/.
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To date, a significant proportion of research has predominantly focused upon childhood abuse and neglect (CAB) without considering the impact of exposure to wider forms of trauma. This thesis therefore examines the impact of exposure to recurrent CAN and multiple traumatisation (i.e. exposure to recurrent CAN and at least one wider form of trauma) upon emotion regulation (ER) and the perpetration of violence. Chapter Two presents a systematic review that explored the literature on factors associated with the impact of recurrent CAN in comparison to multiple forms of victimisation among an adolescent and young adult population. Chapter Three explores the construct of coping and critiques the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997) assessment. Chapter Four presents an empirical paper exploring the impact of recurrent CAN and multiple traumatisation on ER and coping, in addition to the role of ER in relation to aggressive behaviour among university students (n=237) and the general population (n=95). Statistically significant findings demonstrated that both recurrent CAN and multiple traumatisation were predictive of difficulties both in ER and violent behaviour. A number of further variables including optimism, violent attitudes and level of education were also found to contribute to difficulties in ER and violent behaviour.
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Simmonds, Steven. "Regulation of macrophage behaviour by Wnt signalling : implications for atherosclerosis". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738558.
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Walker, Lindsay. "The evolution and regulation of cooperation in the wild". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21129.
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In cooperatively breeding societies, where individuals (termed ‘helpers’) provide care to young which are not their own, group members can vary substantially in their contributions to cooperative activities. Individuals are expected to exhibit higher levels of cooperative investment if the benefit of performing that behaviour greatly outweighs the cost of performing that behaviour. This may be achieved by directing investment towards kin (thereby maximising indirect fitness benefits) and/or attaining large direct fitness benefits. In this thesis, I explore whether direct fitness benefits shape patterns of helping behaviour in the cooperatively breeding white-browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali). White-browed sparrow weavers live in year round territorial groups with high reproductive skew, comprising a dominant pair and subordinates of both sexes. Although all group members contribute to a wide range of highly conspicuous cooperative activities, there is large inter-individual variation in investment. In chapter 2, I use simulated territorial intrusions to show that sexually-selected direct benefits shape the expression of sentinel behaviour. In chapter 4, I provide evidence that the direct benefits associated with either the pay-to-stay or social prestige hypotheses are unlikely to modulate patterns of provisioning in male white-browed sparrow weavers. Evidence of marked individual differences in contributions to offspring care in cooperative societies is also generating increased interest in the proximate causes of such variation. In chapter 5, I use within-individual measurements to demonstrate that variation in provisioning effort is not directly regulated by variation in circulating levels of prolactin (a pituitary hormone). The evidence does suggest, however, that provisioning behaviour may be induced by exceeding a threshold hormone level. Individual contributions to parental behaviours (as opposed to alloparental) may be shaped by constraints associated with life-history traits. In chapter 3, I show that parents in white-browed sparrow weaver societies perform different provisioning rates yet employ similar food allocation tactics, and that these patterns are expected in tropical living bird species. Combined, these findings provide insights into the selection pressures that may shape individual contributions to cooperative activities.
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Lapierre, Matthew Allen. "Emotion regulation and young children’s consumer behavior". EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623035.
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Purpose - This paper aims to explore how children's developing ability to effectively regulate their emotions influences their consumer behavior. Design/methodology/approach - Working with 80 children and one of their parents, this study used direct observations of child behavior in a task where they needed to regulate their emotions and a survey of parents about their child's emotional development and consumer behavior. The research used quantitative methods to test whether children's emotion regulation predicted parent reported consumer behavior (e.g. purchase requests, parent-child purchase related conflict) via multiple regression analyses. Findings - After controlling for children's age and linguistic competence, the study found that children's ability to control positively valenced emotions predicted consumer behavior. Specifically, children who had more difficulty suppressing joy/happiness were more likely to ask their parents for consumer goods and were more likely to argue with parents about these purchases. Practical implications - Content analyses of commercials targeting children have shown that many of the persuasive appeals used by advertisers are emotionally charged and often feature marketing characters that children find affectively pleasing. These findings suggest that these types of marketing appeals may overwhelm younger children which can lead to conflict with parents. Consequently, marketers and policy makers may want to re-examine the use of such tactics with younger consumers. Originality/value - While the potential link between children's emotional development and consumer behavior has been suggested in theoretical work, this is the first known study to empirically test this theorized relationship.
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Kurki, K. (Kristiina). "Young children’s emotion and behaviour regulation in socio-emotionally challenging situations". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216973.
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Abstract This dissertation focuses on young children’s emotion and behaviour regulation in educational settings. The purpose is to explore its emergence in socio-emotionally challenging academic and social activities in order to understand the contributing individual and interactional factors. The dissertation consists of three studies conducted in two contexts, a classroom and an open day-care. The results are reported in three empirical articles. Study I explored children’s strategic activities and success in regulating emotions in challenging classroom situations. Studies II and III were performed in a day-care context. Study II focused on teachers’ perspectives and investigated their use of co-regulation strategies in challenging situations and their awareness of their strategy use. Finally, Study III investigated children’s use of emotion and behaviour regulation strategies in these same situations and the composition of children’s strategic activities in interaction with teachers and peers. Data were collected using video observations, video-stimulated recall interviews and the questionnaire assessing children’s social competence. The results indicate that the children use various emotion and behaviour regulation strategies in socio-emotionally challenging situations. In the day-care context, their strategies were mostly focused on regulating the environment, whereas in the classroom context, their strategies, especially among the more socially skilled children, were focused on regulating themselves. As well, the teachers’ co-regulation strategies were focused more on children’s activities than their emotions. Moreover, the study indicates that children’s regulatory interactions are affected not only by their different skill levels but also by peer interactions and teachers’ involvement. The study results contribute to the understanding of young children’s processes and abilities to regulate emotions in everyday challenges in educational settings and, thus, increase awareness of how teachers can support these regulatory processesTiivistelmä Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa tutkitaan päiväkoti- ja peruskouluikäisten lasten tunteiden ja käyttäytymisen säätelyä koulussa ja avoimessa päiväkodissa. Tavoitteena on selvittää erityisesti, miten lasten tunteiden ja käyttäytymisen säätely ilmenee oppimiseen tai sosiaalisiin tilanteisiin liittyvissä sosio-emotionaalisissa haasteissa ja ymmärtää lasten tunteiden ja käyttäytymisen säätelyyn vaikuttavia yksilöllisiä ja vuorovaikutuksellisia tekijöitä. Tutkimus toteutettiin kahdessa kontekstissa: peruskoulussa ja avoimessa päiväkodissa. Se koostuu kolmesta empiirisestä osatutkimuksesta, joiden tulokset on raportoitu kolmessa artikkelissa. Osatutkimuksessa I selvitettiin millaisia sosio-emotionaalisia haasteita lapset kokivat peruskoulun luokkahuonetilanteissa ja miten he käyttivät tunnesäätelystrategioita näissä tilanteissa. Osatutkimus II tutki, miten opettajat säätelivät lasten tunteita ja käyttäytymistä haasteellisissa tilanteissa avoimessa päiväkodissa ja miten tietoisia he olivat käyttämistään strategioista. Osatutkimus III selvitti puolestaan, millaisia säätelystrategioita lapset käyttivät samoissa sosio-emotionaalisesti haastavissa tilanteissa. Osatutkimus selvitti myös, miten lasten käyttämät strategiat olivat yhteydessä vuorovaikutukseen opettajan ja ikätoverien kanssa. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytettiin video-taltiointeja autenttisista koulu- ja päiväkotitilanteista, opettajille järjestettyjä videostimuloituja haastatteluja ja lasten sosiaalista kompetenssia arvioivaa kyselyä. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että lapset käyttävät monenlaisia tunne- ja käyttäytymisen säätelystrategioita haasteellisissa tilanteissa. Päiväkoti-ikäisten lasten säätelystrategiat pyrkivät enimmäkseen vaikuttamaan muiden toimintaan, kun taas kouluikäiset, erityisesti sosiaalisesti taitavat lapset, säätelevät haasteellisissa tilanteissa enemmän itseään kuin ympäristöä. Tulosten mukaan opettajat kohdistavat säätelystrategiansa haasteellisissa tilanteissa enemmän lasten toimintaan kuin heidän tunteisiinsa. Kaiken kaikkiaan tulokset osoittavat, että lasten säätelystrategioihin vaikuttavat sekä heidän omat taitonsa että opettajien aktiivinen puuttuminen ja vuorovaikutus ikätoverien kanssa. Tutkimus korostaa opettajan tuen merkitystä lasten tunteiden säätelyprosesseissa lasten koulun ja varhaiskasvatuksen arjessa
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Wiechmann, Anja. "Quorum sensing and the regulation of multicellular behaviour in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31691/.
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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a human enteropathogen and is the direct ancestor of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. For its pathogenicity Y. pseudotuberculosis harbours a virulence plasmid (pYV) encoding genes for a type-III-secretion system (T3SS) which inhibits host phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. Y. pseudotuberculosis regulates key phenotypes, including T3S, motility, aggregation and biofilm formation on Caenorhabditis elegans via quorum sensing (QS). This involves two LuxR/I type QS systems termed YpsR/I and YtbR/I and multiple N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) signal molecules. Recently, the T3S system was shown to promote biofilm formation on the surface of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at 22ºC and in turn QS and flagellar regulatory components were found to repress the T3S system via a regulatory hierarchy. To further expand this network, this study then set out to investigate the regulation of the aggregation phenotype at 37ºC. Aggregation experiments using the parent and QS mutants revealed that aggregation is downregulated by QS, since aggregation was enhanced in strains lacking ypsI/ytbI and ypsR/ytbR. Cultures lacking pYV or treated with proteinase K did not aggregate, suggesting that QS is regulating aggregation by repressing a pYV encoded and surface located aggregation factor(s). Tn5 transposon mutagenesis of pYV together with targeted mutagenesis of the key structural T3S injectisome components YscF and YscV revealed that aggregation is attenuated when cells are unable to express the injectisome, demonstrating that the aggregation factor is the T3S injectisome and that QS reduces its expression. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is known to play diverse roles in bacterial cells for signalling pathways that impact on virulence and is the major component of the extracellular matrix of Yersinia biofilms. The repressor of the GlcNAc metabolism, NagC, may also impact on QS in Y. pseudotuberculosis since it was found to bind to the ypsR promoter in pull-down experiments. By using QS gene and nagC promoter lux-fusions, NagC was revealed as a repressor of both ytbI and ypsI, as an early activator of ypsR and as an activator of ytbR at 37ºC. It was further demonstrated that there is reciprocal regulation by QS. These observations were extended by phenotypic assays showing that NagC represses the aggregation phenotype and may affect T3S and motility by regulating QS. In contrast the biofilm phenotype appears to be directly regulated by NagC. Given that QS promotes biofilm formation, the upregulation of ypsI and ytbI in a nagC mutant should not lead to reduction of biofilm. However, biofilm formation in the nagC mutant was attenuated and addition of 5 mM GlcNAc could restore this phenotype, suggesting that attenuation of biofilm formation is caused by an enhanced degradation of external GlcNAc by the nag-operon. Addition of GlcNAc or N-acetylmuramic acid to strains containing QS gene promoter lux fusions repressed QS gene expression, revealing that Y. pseudotuberculosis may modify its behaviour in presence of other bacteria by sensing cell wall turnover. Taken together these results demonstrate that GlcNAc and/or NagC impacts on T3S and injectisome mediated aggregation by regulating QS and that the injectisome of the T3SS is the aggregation factor, which may help and protect the bacteria in the early stages of host infection.
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Lim, Mei Yii. "Emotions, behaviour and belief regulation in an intelligent guide with attitude". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2086.
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This thesis describes a biologically-inspired body-mind architecture for emotions, behaviour and belief regulation. The interest lies in modelling the conditions to the emergence of emotions instead of programming emotions. Emotions are not defined explicitly, but evolve from modulation of perception, motivation, actionselection, planning and memory access. The resulting agent acts as a contextaware mobile tour guide, guiding visitors touring an outdoor attraction, as well as presenting stories about the site and events. In addition to giving the illusion of life, the guide emulates a real guide's behaviour by presenting stories based on factors such as the user's interests, its own interests and its current memory activation. It possesses emotional memories that hold information about its past and its ideological perspectives, providing it with a personality. This allows the guide to present its autobiography,on top of facts. The related literature and the steps involved for the realisation of the proposed guide are presented. By having the body-mind .architecture, the guide shows plausible, flexible and adaptive . emotions, behaviour and belief. The system has been successfully evaluated and the result shows that the body-mind architecture is able to create a guide that provides a more interesting and enhanced tour experience.
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Sercombe, Heather Elizabeth. "Analysis of the behaviour and regulation of the replication protein ciz1". Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516658.
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Witcomb, Gemma L. "Effects of cognitive distraction on the regulation of human eating behaviour". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/2184.
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In humans, what, when, and how much is eaten is the result of a complex interplay between physiological and psychological dietary controls. The need to identify how these different influences interact is integral to understanding how eating behaviour is regulated in a range of different contexts. In particular, one phenomenon that remains poorly understood is why eating while distracted is associated with increased food intake. The aim of this thesis is to attempt to identify the nature of the potential process that underlies this phenomenon. In Part I, the relationship between dietary strategy, allocation of attention, and amount eaten is explored in three experiments. The results confirm that intake can be predicted by how attention is directed during a meal. Furthermore, contrary to previous accounts that view overeating as a passive behaviour, this research suggests that individuals may choose to direct their attention strategically in order to control their intake. In Part II, four experiments investigate the possibility that the mechanism underlying the relationship between attention and intake is related to a process akin to ‘sensory-specific satiety'. This term describes the hedonic shift in the sensory properties of a food that occur as it is eaten and which is believed to be important in meal termination. The results suggest that distraction is associated with an attenuation of the rate at which ‘desire to eat' (both generally and specifically for the food being eaten) declines. Furthermore, although declining pleasantness is reported to remain influential in determining eating cessation when distracted, this response is somewhat inhibited, occurring after a greater amount of food has been consumed. Based on this, the conclusion drawn is that the deficit underlying overeating is one of attention, and that this may lead to overeating by undermining the rate at which satiety develops.
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Li, Alex Sai Hoi. "To stop or not to stop? - Investigating the differential effects of two self-control stategies on self-regulatory resource depletion". University of Sydney, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6410.
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PhDSelf-regulation is a vital function to humanity, and is an important factor in the dominant paradigm of consumer research, whereby consumer decisions are characterised by the battle between long- and short-term interests. The current research examined the relative effectiveness of two self-regulatory strategies: stopping an already-commenced consumption episode, or to not commence one at all. Traditional economic theories, including the principle of diminishing marginal utility, would predict that not starting is harder to accomplish; whereas a proposal by Thaler (1983) suggests that not starting is in fact the optimal strategy. Two studies were conducted whereby participants were asked to either perform a less-favoured task and resist from starting a more-favoured one (Not Start), or to cease performing a more-favoured task to complete the less-favoured task (Stop). Study 1 found that Stop was more difficult than Not Start, which tentatively supported Thaler’s argument; however there was an explanation which could not be ruled out, namely the psychological distance of the anticipated second task. Study 2 addressed this issue by manipulating that factor by incorporating it into the experimental design. It was found that Not Start became as depleting as Stop when psychological distance of the second task was reduced. This research contributed to the literature by establishing a boundary condition upon the strength model of self-regulatory resource depletion, and adds to the discussion on the descriptive validity of the principle of diminishing marginal utility.
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Edberg, Carina. "Expression of weight and aggression regulating genes in Drosophila melanogaster after exposure to the behavioural pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-203058.
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Obesity is a growing public health issue with few effective treatments. Many of the human genes involved in weight regulation have homologues in other species. In Drosophila melanogaster, 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) is a pheromone shown to affect both aggression and feeding behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cVA exposure on gene expression in wild type flies and to confirm crosses with genetic knockouts in the cVA pathway. The genes studied in the wild type flies were Akh (homologue of glucagon), Dilp2,-3 and -5 (homologues of insulin), Dsk (homologue of cholecystokinin), sNPF (homologue of neuropeptide Y) and TβH. The knockout genes studied were Or65a, Or67d and TβH. RNA was extracted from whole heads, cDNA synthesis was performed and the cDNA was then used in SYBR Green RT-qPCR. The knockout genes were not confirmed, due to methodological problems. The expression of Dilp3, Dilp5 and Dsk were significantly lower in the experimental flies, the expression of the other genes where not affected. The results indicate that exposure to cVA affects the expression of some of the neuropeptides involved in weight regulation. Due to the methodological problems experienced, a recommendation is to confirm the data using different reagents.
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Chaudhuri, Amitabha. "Invertase in a thermophilic fungus, thermomyces lanuginosus: its unusual behaviour And regulation". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/104.
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The understanding of the phenomenon of thermophily requires investigations of both thermophilic prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the eukaryotes, thermophily is exhibited only by a few species of fungi which can grow up to 60°C. A comparative study of homologous enzymes from thermophilic and mesophilic fungi and the analysis of the observed differences is a useful approach not only in discerning the mechanisms in thermophily but also in understanding the features of fungal growth and metabolism. Because of the availability of background information of invertase from some mesophilic sources and the convenience of assaying the enzyme, it was chosen for the projected study in a thermophilic fungus, Themomyces lanuginosus.
The behaviour of invertase in the thermophilic fungus differed from invertases of mesophilic organisms in several respects, e.g., in the thermophilic fungus the enzyme was induced only in the presence of its substrate; it was intracellular and it was unstable both in mycelia and in cell-free extracts. The enzyme specific activity was maximum in 6 h-sucrose-grown mycelia following, which it progressively declined before maximal increase in biomass occurred and much of the inducer (sucrose) was still present in the growth medium. Further, invertase activity in cell-free extracts was unstable; it was completely inactivated during storage for 3 days at O°C. The enzyme activity was stabilised by the addition of thiol compounds, dithiothreitol (DTT) and glutathione (GSH) to cell-& extracts. In contrast, the addition of disulphides and thiol-modifying compounds rapidly inactivated the enzyme indicating the involvement of free sulphydryl group(s) in enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was reciprocally modulated by reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, suggesting that invertase may be regulated by thiol/disulphide exchange reaction. Such a modulation of invert- activity has not been reported hr any other invertase. This observation suggested that the enzyme in the thermopbilic fungus is different from invert- that have been studied from mesophilic sources, notably from yeast and Neurospora. To obtain more information on this unusual behaviour of invertase of T. lanuginosus, an attempt was made to purify the enzyme and study its physico-chemical properties.
Invertase was purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation of cellular proteins, ion-exchange and thiol-affinity chromatography followed by preparative electrophoresis. The final preparation of invertase after the electroelution step gave a single band on a native PAGE. However, the same preparation of invertase resolved into five bands of different molecular mass. The heterogeneity of the enzyme preparation on SDS-PAGE raised two possibilities with respect to the purity of the enzyme: (1) the final preparation contained multiple invertases of different molecular mass, or (2) the invertase preparation was associated with contaminating proteins. To distinguish between these two possibilities, proteins from induced (sucrose-grown) and non-induced (glucose-grown) mycelia were compared after identical steps of purification. The rationale of this experiment was that if heterogeneity of invertase is due to multiple forms of the same enzyme, they would most likely be absent in the non-induced mycelia. When the final preparations of proteins from both the mycelia were analysed on SDS-PAGE, it was observed that certain proteins were present in both the induced and the non-induced mycelia, suggesting that they might be the contaminating proteins present in the invertase purified by the above procedures. Some physico-chemical properties of invertase were studied. The purified enzyme was unstable during storage, losing activity completely in five days at O°C. Addition of DTT or glutathione did not prevent this loss of enzyme activity. This response of purified invertase preparations to DTT was quite opposite to that in cell-free extracts where invertase activity was stabilised by thiol compounds. To elucidate the reason for this difference in the behaviour of invertase in cell-free extracts and in pursed preparations, the approach taken was to first inactivate the enzyme in both1 type of preparations and then attempt to reactivate it. Dialysis of cell-free extracts had been found to cause an accelerated and complete inadivation oft he enzyme. The same treatment also inactivated freshly purified invertase, but to a lesser extent (60%). Whereas addition of DTT completely reatored the enzyme activity in the dialysed cell-bee extracts, it caused only a marginal revival of activity in dialysed invertase. This change in the response of purified invertase to DTT suggested that some cellular proteins were required br the reactivation of the enzyme by DTT that had been removed during the purification of invertase. A cellular protein was identified that reactivated inactive invertase in the presence of DTT. This protein was given the acronym "PRIA" for 'protein which restores i nvertase activity'. The mechanism of reactivation involved the conversion of the inactive invertase molecules into an active form. A model has been proposed to explain the requirement of UPRIA" for the reactivation of invertase. The salient features of this model are : (i) invert= requires free sulphydryl group(s) for activity, (ii) inactivation of invertase involves the formation of intramolecular disulphide bond(s) in the enzyme, (iii) the disulphide bond(s) is inaccessible to reduction by DTT, (iv) interaction of invertase and "PRIA” results in a conformational change in the enzyme that exposes the disulphide bond(s), rendering it susceptible to reduction by DTT and converting inactive invertase into active enzyme molecules. A surprising observation was the resistance of purified invertase to inactivation by the disulphides, GSSG, CoASSCoA and cystine. This was in marked contrast to their effective inhibition of invertase in the cell-& extracts. The experimental analysis of this unexpected resistance of purified invertase to disulphides revealed that following thioldnity chromatography on a Afegeldol column, invertase became resistant to disulphide inactivation. Moreover, the purified invertase was more stable during storage and to dialysis treatments in contrast to invertase activity in the cell-free extracts. These obsemtions suggested that invertase was altered- presumably it underwent a conformational change during the -el-501 chromatography step; possibly, the interaction of invertase with the gel matrix resulted in some cysteine residues in the enzyme becoming inaccessible to oxidation, thereby conferring resistance to inactivation by disulphides. The in vitro modulation of invertase activity by GSH and GSSG suggested the possibility that the enzyme may be regulated by a similar mechanism in the fungal mycelium. To substantiate this, GSH and GSSG levels in the mycelia were estimated. The GSH/GSSG ratio dememed in the mycelia between 6 and 18 h of growth and this was correlated with the decline in invertase activity. The fall in the GSHIGSSG ratio suggested that the intracellular environment waa becoming progressively oxidised during growth. Because NADPH participates in maintaining the cellular glutathione in a reduced state by the glutathione reduct- reaction, NADPH and NADPt levels were estimated. The NADPH/NADPt ratio declined by a factor of four between 6 and 36 h of growth and this decrease was positively correlated with the decrease in the flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway. Incorporation of 'H-thymidine in mycelia indicated that with age of the culture, the number of growing hyphal tipslunit weight of mycelia declined.
An attempt was made to integrate the changes in various biochemical parameters with the pattern of invertase development in T. lanuginosus when grown in a medium containing sucrose, i.e. invertase activity appeared rapidly as soon as perceptible growth occurred but it did not increase in parallel with the increase in biomass. Rather, the activity started to decline at approximately 6 h at which time growth was quantitatively mall. Since invertase activity in T. lanuginosus was induced by sucrose which is transported inside by a specific transporter, the development of invertase activity was linked to the uptake of sucrose by the fungal mycelia. It was considered likely that the sucrose transporter in T. lanuginosus, is localised at the hyphal tip where the entry of sucrose induces invertase. He enzyme is kept active in the hyphal tip because of a reductive environment due to a high GSHIGSSG ratio as a result of high NADPH levels. The latter serves to maintain GSH in a reduced state by the glutathione reductase reaction. In mature hyphae, lower generation of NADPH will result in lower GSHIGSSG ratio that will inactivate invertase by thiol oxidation. According to this model, the early burst of invertase activity in sucrose grown T. lanuginosus mycelia is due to the initiation of branch initials whereas the fall in enzyme activity is because of the decline in the proportion of hyphal tips per unit mass of mycelium as elongation growth and wall thickening occurs.
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Dawson, Kristin. "The regulation of atrial fibroblast behaviour and its role in atrial fibrillation". Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123124.
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia. Altered electrical and structural properties of the heart give rise to the initiation and maintenance of AF. Structural remodeling is an important component of congestive heart failure (CHF). AF and CHF commonly occur together in patient populations. Cardiac fibroblasts are the main drivers of structural remodeling in the heart, through the generation of fibrosis by excess extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition. Understanding fibroblast behaviour and designing strategies to regulate it could prevent adverse remodeling in disease states. The purpose of this thesis was to gain insight into fibroblast behaviour with the ultimate goal of identifying new therapeutic targets to combat structural remodeling.In an experimental model of CHF atrial fibrosis is more prominent than ventricular. This observation was partly explained by the fact that atrial fibroblasts are intrinsically different from ventricular; atrial fibroblasts are more responsive to pro-fibrotic stimuli. Atrial fibrosis is prominent in CHF and absent from control atria leading to the hypothesis that CHF and control fibroblasts are intrinsically different. Cultured atrial fibroblasts from control and CHF animals however, do not display differences in ECM gene expression. It was hypothesized that this was due to culturing conditions masking in vivo phenotypes. This thesis showed atrial fibroblasts from control and CHF animals are actually intrinsically different in terms of gene expression, morphology, and ion channel properties. Indeed, these important phenotypic differences are lost when cells are placed into culture.In an attempt to explain mechanistically why CHF atrial fibroblasts are more activated as compared to control, microRNA29 (miR29) was investigated. MiR29 has been implicated in regulating ECM expression in the border zone post-myocardial infarction (MI). The hypothesis was generated that miR29 would be decreased in CHF atrial fibroblasts resulting in increased ECM expression. MiR29 was decreased in atrial fibroblasts and tissue from CHF animals. This correlated with increased ECM expression. In human AF patients miR29 plasma and tissue levels were decreased. A direct relationship between miR29 and ECM gene expression was shown using lentiviral suppression and upregulation of miR29 in atrial fibroblasts. Restoring miR29 levels in conditions such as CHF or AF could prevent structural remodeling.Wnt-frizzled signalling was recently shown to be activated post-MI in rats, contributing to scar formation. Little information is known regarding expression of wnts and frizzleds in cardiac fibroblasts in control or disease conditions. An aim of this thesis was to characterize the wnt pathway. Atrial and ventricular fibroblasts were found to express the majority of the 10 frizzled receptors and 19 wnt ligands. Fzd2 was strongly increased in both atrial and ventricular fibroblasts in CHF as compared to control suggesting it may regulate fibroblast behaviour. Similarly, wnt2 and 4 were upregulated in atrial fibroblasts in CHF animals as compared to control. Wnt4 treated atrial fibroblasts showed increased expression of an ECM gene. Inhibiting wnt2 and 4 signalling could decrease excess ECM gene expression in CHF atrial fibroblasts.La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est l'arythmie la plus fréquente. Des propriétés cardiaques électriques et structurelles altérées participent à l'initiation et au maintien de la FA. Un remodelage structurel est une composante majeure de l'insuffisance cardiaque congestive (ICC). La FA et l'ICC sont souvent des événements concomitants dans les populations de patients. Les fibroblastes cardiaques ont un rôle clé dans ce remodelage structurel du cœur, ceci via la synthèse et le dépôt excessif de matrice extracellulaire (MEC), conduisant à la fibrose. Une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement de ces fibroblastes, et la mise au point de stratégies visant leur régulation pourraient permettre un traitement préventif de ce remodelage néfaste. Le but de cette thèse était d'approfondir les connaissances sur les fonctions fibroblastiques, avec en point de mire, l'identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour lutter contre le remodelage structural.Dans un modèle expérimental d'ICC, la fibrose auriculaire est plus évidente qu'au niveau ventriculaire. La fibrose atriale est importante en cas d'ICC, mais inexistante dans les oreillettes contrôles; ce qui conduit a l'hypothèse que les fibroblastes seraient intrinsèquement différents dans ces deux conditions. Toutefois, la culture de ces deux types de fibroblastes ne montre aucune différence dans l'expression de gènes de la MEC. Cela pourrait être dû aux conditions de culture qui occulteraient les phénotypes observés in vivo. Cette thèse démontre que les fibroblastes atriaux, selon qu'ils soient issus d'animaux contrôles ou avec ICC, sont en réalité très différents en terme d'expression de gènes, de morphologie, ou de propriétés de leurs canaux ioniques. En effet, ces différences phénotypiques d'importance disparaissent une fois ces fibroblastes mis en culture.Dans le but d'expliquer le mécanisme d'activation des fibroblastes atriaux dans le cas d'ICC, l'étude du micro-ARN 29 (miR29) a été entreprise. MiR29 est impliqué, après infarctus du myocarde (IM), dans la régulation de l'expression de la MEC de la zone péri-infarcie. D'où l'hypothèse que l'expression de miR29 serait diminuée dans les fibroblastes atriaux d'animaux avec ICC, entraînant une augmentation de l'expression de la MEC. MiR29 a une expression diminuée dans les tissus et fibroblastes atriaux d'animaux en ICC, en corrélation avec une augmentation de l'expression de la MEC. Chez les patients atteints de FA, les niveaux plasmatique et tissulaire de miR29 sont également diminués. Une relation directe entre miR29 et l'expression de gènes de la MEC a été démontrée via l'utilisation de lentivirus pour supprimer ou augmenter miR29 dans les fibroblastes atriaux. La restauration des niveaux de miR29 dans des cas d'ICC ou de FA pourrait prévenir le remodelage structurel.Il a récemment été montré que la voie de signalisation Wnt-Frizzled est activée après IM chez le rat, induisant la formation d'une cicatrice. Il y a toutefois peu d'informations concernant l'expression des différents gènes Wnts et Frizzleds dans les fibroblastes cardiaques, en conditions contrôle ou malade. Une des finalités de cette thèse était de mieux caractériser cette voie de signalisation. Les fibroblastes atriaux et ventriculaires expriment la vaste majorité des 10 récepteurs Frizzled, et des 19 ligands Wnts. Fzd2 voit son expression fortement augmentée, aussi bien dans l'oreillette que dans le ventricule, dans les fibroblastes issu d'animaux en ICC, par rapport aux contrôles, lui suggérant un rôle de régulateur du phénotype de ces fibroblastes. Dans les mêmes conditions, Wnt2 et Wnt4 voient leur expression augmentée. Les fibroblastes atriaux traités par Wnt4 présentent une augmentation de l'expression d'un gène de la MEC. Au contraire, l'inhibition de Wnt2 et Wnt4 pourrait ralentir la surexpression de gènes de la MEC par les fibroblastes atriaux d'animaux en ICC.
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Davis, James. "The representation, regulation and behaviour of petty traders in late medieval England". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272100.
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Callander, Isla M. F. "Improving the statutory regulation of consensual sexual behaviour between adolescents in Scotland". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8244/.
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This thesis examines the extent to which the criminal law is a suitable tool for the regulation of the sexual behaviour of ‘older children’ and identifies the most appropriate approach for that involvement to take. The research takes place in the context of the current approach in Scotland, whereby all consensual sexual intercourse and oro-genital sexual activity between two ‘older children’, defined as those aged 13 to 15, is criminalised under section 37 of the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009. The nature of this legislation is described in detail in Part One of the thesis, and then contextualised against the relatively widespread occurrence of these activities amongst older children and the very limited number of prosecutions under the provision in practice. The question of whether, on balance, the current approach is appropriate is addressed over Parts Two and Three of the thesis. In making this assessment, the thesis integrates relevant public health research and aspects of research into adolescent psychology and neurological development, with the principles that should normatively inform criminalisation decisions and doctrinal legal discussions. Overall, it is argued that, while there are good public policy reasons to encourage older children to delay engaging in sexual intercourse and oro-genital sexual activity, the current blanket approach taken by the criminal law in Scotland is overly broad. Part Four of the thesis makes an extensive comparative analysis of the legal approaches taken to consensual adolescent sexual intercourse in other common law jurisdictions, to identify possible approaches that Scotland might follow in preference to the current law. These approaches are drawn upon to advocate a more refined approach in the substantive law in Scotland that criminalises consensual sexual intercourse and oro-genital sexual activity involving older children only where there is a substantial age difference between the participants or where there is otherwise evidence of exploitation. The thesis argues that the refined approach would safeguard adolescents against exploitation without automatically criminalising significant numbers of adolescents for their consensual sexual behaviour.
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Lesage-Pelletier, Cindy. "A SNP Associated With Autism Affects Dlx5/Dlx6 Regulation in the Forebrain". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20359.
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Autism is a severe childhood neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impairments in socialization and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behaviours. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex and largely unknown disease with a strong genetic basis, multiple genes involved and environmental factors determining its phenotype. Interestingly, the DLX1/DLX2 and DLX5/DLX6 bigene clusters are located in autism susceptibility loci and Dlx genes are involved in GABAergic interneurons differentiation and migration to the cortex during forebrain development. Dlx gene expression is controlled by different cis-regulatory elements. Of these, 4 are active in the forebrain, URE2, I12b, I56ii and I56i. In order to determine the role of the DLX genes in ASD, variants were found in gene exons and in cis-regulatory elements in autistic individuals. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a change of an adenine for a guanine, was identified in I56i enhancer. Finding a SNP in I56i was very surprising considering that it is located in a Dlx binding motif highly conserved among >40 species. We showed, using in vitro approaches, that the presence of this SNP affects the affinity of Dlx for their binding site and reduces the transcriptional activation of the enhancer. The SNP also affects activity of the I56i enhancer in transgenic mice. In order to determine the real impact of the SNP in vivo, mutant mice harboring the SNP in their I56i enhancer were produced. That involved the insertion of the I56i enhancer with the SNP, using homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells to replace the wild type version of the enhancer. With these mutant mice, we demonstrated that, in vivo, this SNP reduces Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression in the forebrain. Furthermore, this decrease in Dlx5/Dlx6 expression could affect the differentiation and/or migration of specific populations of inhibitory interneurons in the forebrain. No distinct
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behavioural phenotypes were observed between wild type mice and those carrying the SNP, during social interaction and anxiety tests. Therefore, these results suggest that even a subtle change in a regulatory element can have an impact in the development of the forebrain and may even contribute to disorders such as autism.
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Hammond, David. "Human smoking behaviour, cigarette testing protocols, and constituent yields". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/737.
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The issue of how to test and ultimately regulate tobacco products represents a critical challenge for the public health community. Although the current international testing regime for conventional cigarettes is widely acknowledged to be seriously flawed, there is a lack of data to guide potential alternatives, particularly in the area of human puffing behaviour. The current study sought to: 1) collect naturalistic measures of smoking behaviour, 2) examine the extent to which levels of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from each of five testing protocols were associated with measures of nicotine uptake among smokers, and 3) examine the validity of self-report measures of smoking behaviour. These questions were examined through two different studies. First, a field study of smoking behaviour was conducted with 59 adult smokers, who used a portable device to measure smoking topography over the course of 3 one-week trials. Participants were asked to smoke their usual ?regular-yield? brand through the device for Trial 1 and again, 6 weeks later, at Trial 2. Half the subjects were then randomly assigned to smoke a ?low-yield? brand for Trial 3. The smoke intake and constituent yield of each brand was then tested under five testing protocols: ISO, Massachusetts, Canadian, a Compensatory protocol, and a Human Mimic regime. Participants also completed self-report measures of puffing behaviour at recruitment and immediately following each of the three one-week smoking trials. Several of these self-report measures were subsequently included in the Waves 2 and 3 of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Survey?an international cohort survey of adult smokers from Canada, Australia, the US, and the UK. The results of the field study indicate a high degree of stability in puffing behaviour within the same smoker over time, but considerable variability between smokers, including those smoking the same brand. Puffing behaviour was strongly associated with cotinine levels, particularly when included in an interaction term with cigarettes per day (Part r = . 50, p<. 001). Smokers who were switched to a ?low-yield? cigarette increased their total smoke intake per cigarette by 40% (p=. 007), with no significant change in their in salivary cotinine levels.
The results indicate systematic differences between human puffing behaviour and the puffing regimes used by machine testing protocols. The puffing behaviour observed among participants during the one-week smoking trials was significantly more intense than the puffing parameters of the ISO and Compensatory testing regimes. When cigarette brands were machine tested using participants? actual puffing behaviour, the results suggest that participants ingested two to four times the level of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide indicated by the ISO regime, and twice the amounts generated by the Compensatory regime for ?regular-yield? brands. The Canadian and Massachusetts regimes produced yields much closer to the ?Human Mimic? yields, although nowhere near a maximum or intense standard, as they were designed to do. Only the nicotine yields from the Human Mimic regime were correlated with measures of nicotine uptake among smokers, and only moderately so (Part r = . 31, p=. 02).
Self-report measures of puffing behaviour collected during the field study were moderately correlated with physiological measures of puffing and exposure. Self-report measures of puff depth and puff number showed some promise as predictors of salivary cotinine, although the results are characterized by inconsistencies across models. The self-report measures included in the ITC survey were only weakly associated with age and cigarettes per day, with modest between-country differences.
Overall, this research highlights the importance of puffing behaviour as a determinant of smoke exposure, and provides strong evidence of compensatory smoking for ?low-yield? brands. The findings also highlight the variability in human smoking behaviour and the limitations associated with machine testing protocols. Perhaps most important, the findings underscore the immediate need to revise the ISO protocol, which systematically underestimates smoking behaviour among humans and exaggerates differences between cigarette brands.
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Anreiter, Ina. "Epigenetics and behavioural plasticity: drosophila euchromatin histone metiltransferase and foraging". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8144.
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A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in
Molecular Genetics and BiomedicineThe foraging gene in D. melanogaster underlies a natural polymorphism with two variants called rover and sitter. These variants differ in a suite of phenotypes which are plastic when exposed to varying environmental parameters. Although the phenotypic differences between rovers and sitters are evident, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Recently, a histone methyltransferase (EHMT) was found to methylate histones at the foraging promoter region, suggesting a possible interaction of these two genes. This work provides strong evidence that EHMT significantly affects several phenotypic traits linked to the foraging gene. EHMT is needed for the plastic response to food-deprivation seen in larval feeding behaviour, evident as food-deprived larvae lacking EHMT show the same behaviour as fed larva, while larva with functional EHMT significantly reduce their path-lengths when food-deprived. Furthermore, the loss of functional EHMT affects sitter but not rover adult foraging behaviour in food-deprived flies, suggesting an epigenetic interaction between EHMT and the foraging alleles. EHMT mutants also have higher fat storage levels and survive longer during starvation. And finally, EHMT mutants and revertants do not differ significantly in overall foraging RNA expression in fed and food-deprived feeding regimes, but show substantial differences in the foraging protein isoforms expressed. Taken together, this thesis provides proof that EHMT epigenetically regulates traits influenced by the foraging gene and that this regulation is linked to environmental cues. Considering that both foraging and EHMT have homologues in many species and have been associated to a series of human diseases, the results herein are also interesting from a human perspective.
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Roy, Sushmita. "The Role of a9B1 Integrin in the Regulation of Oral Epithelial Cell Behaviour". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512003.
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Champagne, Frances Anne. "Natural variations in maternal behaviour in the rat : neural mechanisms and environmental regulation". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85057.
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Oxytocin-estrogen interactions are critical to the neuroendocrine and behavioural changes that occur in the maternal rat. The question that remains is whether these interactions mediate the expression of individual differences in maternal care and the generational transmission of this behaviour. Maternal licking/grooming (LG) is a normally distributed, stable behaviour in the lactating rat that is transmitted to female offspring. Levels of oxytocin receptor (OTR) binding in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), a region critical for maternal behaviour, are elevated in females exhibiting high vs . low levels of LG. Central administration of a selective OTR antagonist reduces LG behaviour in High LG females to levels comparable to those observed in Low LG females, supporting the functional role of these receptors in LG. The female offspring of High and Low LG mothers differ in estrogen sensitivity in the MPOA. Ovariectomized, estrogen-treated female offspring of High LG mothers exhibit increased OTR binding and Fos immunoreactivity whereas the offspring of Low LG mothers show no estrogen-mediated increases. Estrogen up-regulation of OTR levels is known to involve estrogen receptor alpha. Levels of estrogen receptor alpha in the MPOA are elevated in High LG compared to Low LG mothers and their female offspring. Mesolimbic dopamine activity is a potential downstream target of estrogen-oxytocin interactions, and we have shown that nucleus accumbens dopamine activity and levels of D1 and D3 dopamine receptors are associated with high levels of LG behaviour.Adoption studies suggest that the expression of LG behaviour is environmentally mediated. We have shown that gestational stress can reduce licking/grooming behaviour of High LG mothers and that this reduction is correlated to a stress-induced decrease in OTR binding in the MPOA. These behavioural and neuroendocrine changes are long-term and are passed on to the female offspring of these mothers. Post-weaning isolation also reduces maternal licking/grooming behaviour and OTR binding in the offspring of High LG mothers. Conversely, post-weaning social enrichment enhances LG behaviour and OTR binding in the female offspring of Low LG mothers.
Overall, these studies describe an environmentally regulated estrogen-oxytocin mechanism that mediates the expression of natural variations in maternal care in the rat.
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Taysum, P. N. "The impact of environmental regulation on the strategic behaviour of firms and regulators". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.662795.
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This thesis addresses some of the fundamental assumptions made in the literature of environmental regulation. It looks specifically at the complex relationship between firms and regulators; it analyses the choice set of regulators in respect of whether to attempt to fully enforce compliance with some sort of pre-set level of legislation, or to accept some intermediate level. It then examines the choices firms face as to whether or not they should try to achieve compliance within the framework of existing legislation. One of the key aims of this thesis is to analyse the use of minimum informational requirements to achieve compliance with environmental regulation. The justification for this approach is the large costs involved with eliciting information about damage functions with regards to pollution, and the potential errors that exist within such measurements. Expected fines are not an innovation in the field of environmental regulation and have a large grounding in the literature of crime and punishment. Despite the fact that the expected fine is defined as the product of the probability of detection and optimal fine, it is the latter that has received most attention with the former tending largely to have been ignored. Chapter two addresses this issue by illustrating the importance of the probability of detection in reworking the standard model of crime and punishment, following notably Becker, and later Polinsky and Shavell. The duality of the expected fine is then better understood in order to explain why compliance is not as high in practice as one might expect from theory. This challenges the assumption that fines should be set as high as possible. The importance of the probability of detection with respect to budget constraints is then the starting point for the model of chapter three. A Cournot oligopolistic model of environmental regulation is presented which examines the effect that the number of firms in an industry have a compliance with environmental regulation. The most important result is that compliance tends to decrease as the number of firms increase. This contradicts several models in the literature, many of which have not adequately addressed the probability of detection when using expected fines.
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Garfield, Alastair S. "Investigating the roles of mouse Grb10 in the regulation of growth and behaviour". Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442877.
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Grant, Emma Jane. "Molecular studies on neuropeptide Y receptors involved in the regulation of feeding behaviour". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298649.
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Frost, Emma Elizabeth. "The role of extracellular cues in the regulation of oligodendrocyte behaviour in vitro". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286059.
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Strachan, Shaelyn. "An Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory Examination of the Role of Identity in Health Behaviour and Behavioural Regulation". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/729.
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The self has been identified as the ?psychological apparatus that allows individuals to think consciously about themselves? (Leary & Price Tangney, 2003, p. 8). Further, the self has been identified as a worthwhile construct of investigation in relation to health behaviour (Contrada & Ashmore, 1999). Two self-related variables that have been useful in the study of health behaviour are identity (e. g. Anderson, Cychosz, & Franke, 1998; Petosa, Suminski & Hortz, 2003; Storer, Cychosz, & Anderson, 1997) and self-efficacy (Maddux, Brawley & Boykin, 1995). Identity Theory posits that individuals regulate their behaviour in a manner that is consistent with their goal identity (Gecas & Burke, 2003). Social Cognitive Theory provides a means of measuring social cognitions that may be important in behavioural regulation relative to identity. Further, self-efficacy beliefs may influence individuals? persistence at aligning their identity and behaviour. Research to date has investigated the link between identity and exercise (e. g. Anderson, Cychosz & Franke, 1998; Petosa, et al. , 2003). Further, researchers are beginning to investigate the link between identity and other health behaviours (e. g. Armitage & Conner, 1999; Kendzierski and Costello, 2004; Storer, Cychosz, & Andersen, 1997). However, research has not utilized the predictive frameworks offered by Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory to investigate the relationships between identity, behaviour and behavioural regulation. Study One investigated the role of identity and self-efficacy beliefs in the maintenance of vigorous physical activity. Results were consistent with both Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Individuals who strongly identified with the runner identity expressed stronger task and self-regulatory efficacy beliefs. They also exercised more frequently and for longer durations than did those who only moderately identified with running.
Study Two further explored the relationship between exercise identity, exercise behaviour and the self-regulatory processes involved in behavioural regulation. Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory were used as guiding frameworks for this investigation. High and moderate exercise identity groups were compared in term of their affective and cognitive reactions to a hypothetical behavioural challenge to exercise identity. Consistent with Identity Theory, results indicated that participants appeared to be regulating their behaviour in a manner that was consistent with their exercise identity. Specifically, in response to the behavioural challenge to identity, high exercise identity participants, in contrast to their moderate counterparts, showed (a) less positive and (b) greater negative affect about the challenge, (c) higher self-regulatory efficacy for future exercise under the same challenging conditions, (d) stronger intentions for this future exercise, as well as for (e) using self-regulatory strategies to manage the challenging conditions and (f) intending to exercise more frequently under those conditions.
Study Three investigated whether identity with healthy eating could also be useful in understanding behaviour and behavioural regulation. Similar to Study Two, extreme healthy-eater identity groups? reactions to a hypothetical behavioural challenge to identity were compared. Results were similar to Study Two. Participants responded in a manner that suggested that they would regulate their future behaviour relative to their healthy-eater identity. In response to the behavioural challenge to identity, individuals who highly identified as healthy-eaters expressed less (a) positive affect, greater (b) negative affect, (c) self-regulatory efficacy for managing their healthy eating in the future challenging weeks, (d) intentions to eat a healthy diet, (e) generated more self-regulatory strategies and had (f) stronger intentions to use those strategies in future weeks under the same challenging conditions than did individuals who moderately identified themselves as healthy-eaters. Further, prospective relationships between healthy-eater identity and social cognitive variables, and healthy eating outcomes were examined. As was found in Study One in the context of exercise, healthy-eater identity and social cognitions predicted healthy eating outcomes.
Taken together, the three studies suggest that identity may be important in understanding health behaviours and the regulation of these behaviours. Also, the present findings support the compatible use of Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory in the investigation of identity and health behaviour.
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Terblanche, Margaretha Elizabeth. "The self-regulation of health-related goals in young adults : a qualitative exploration / M.E. Terblanche". Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1438.
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Amin, Margi. "Mediating role of childhood abuse and emotion regulation between parental bonding and suicidal behaviour". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6307.
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Introduction: Experiences of negative parenting and childhood abuse can have adverse consequences for the child‟s development particularly in relation to the ability to regulate emotions effectively. There has been extensive research in this area and attachment theory is pivotal. Problems in regulating emotions can involve not being able to recognise, label or manage internal and external states of mind and behaviour. Therefore research has shown that problems in emotion regulation skills due to negative parental and/or abusive experiences can result in long-term psychosocial problems such as depression. Research has suggested that adults with adverse childhood experiences exhibit risky behaviours as a means of managing their emotions such as self-harming, dangerous sexual encounters and substance misuse. Although research has shown that there is an association between these factors no real understanding of the pathways and the potential mediating roles these factors play has been investigated with people presenting with suicidal behaviour, which could be argued as the ultimate form of managing emotions and therefore the internal and external self. Therefore this study aims to answer the following question: Does childhood abuse and dysfunctional emotion regulation mediate the relationship between parental bonding and suicidal behaviour. Method: This study involved sixty participants from a suicidal behaviour sample presenting at an Accident and Emergency department aged between 18 - 65. Measures assessing childhood abuse, emotion regulation, parental bonding, suicidal intent, risk of repeating suicidal behaviour, depression and anxiety were completed. Results: Childhood emotional abuse was found to significantly mediate the relationship between low parental care and risk of repeating suicidal behaviour. A lack of external functional emotion regulation strategies was also found to mediate the relationship between parental care and risk of repeating suicidal behaviour. Finally, a lack of internal functional emotion regulation strategies was found to mediate the relationship between childhood physical abuse and risk of repeating suicidal behaviour. Conclusion: Preliminary findings of this study suggest that childhood emotional abuse and dysfunctional emotion regulation play a crucial role in further understanding those who engage in and are at risk of repeating suicidal behaviour. Therefore, emotions and emotion regulation within a developmental framework are important when considering long-term adult psychosocial functioning.
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Nead, Lynda Daryll. "Representation and regulation : women and sexuality in English art c. 1840-1870". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369506.
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Sato, Ayana. "Impulse buying and health : affect and regulatory focus". Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577313.
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Hoppe, Christina Roberta Gina. "Predicting health professionals' management of obesity". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/predicting-health-professionals-management-of-obesity(fe0ce36e-9881-4b82-8bcb-6bdeb3d1daf4).html.
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Borzacchiello, Nicola. "Shear behaviour of FRP RC beam". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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This thesis investigates the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with FRP bars (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) as a substitute for steel bars. This means that both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall be in FRP. The main aim of this study shall be to compare the most recent worldwide regulations in force (based on the use of FRP) with an existing database compose of 205 samples. Correction of some standards shall be proposed, as well as personal modification of the Model Code 2010. The material’s properties shall be presented first, then the various shear crack mechanisms shall be described. Part of this work was carried out in the University of Sheffield’s laboratories, where the author was involved in a small part of experimental tests of local researchers. The result shall be included in the database. This document has been realized using L A TEX and only with free software.
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Caquineau, Céline. "Interactions between oxytocin and α-MSH in the regulation of male sexual behaviour in rats". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24143.
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Firstly, changes in peripheral section of oxytocin and α-MSH, and changes in oxytocin and α-MSH neurone activity were studied in male rats during copulation. Intromission increased plasma concentration of both oxytocin and α-MSH and Fos expression in neurones in the SON and in the PVN and in the accurate nucleus was increased, confirming the similarities between oxytocin and α-MSH in their involvement in male sexual behaviour. The putative interaction between oxytocin and α-MSH was then investigated by studying at which central or peripheral level this interaction would occur. Oxytocin antagonist iv-injection had no effect on the increase of oxytocin and α-MSH secretion during intromission, suggesting that peripheral oxytocin does not regulate peripheral α-MSH secretion. However, oxytocin administered centrally to non-mating conscious rates decreased plasma α-MSH concentration, suggesting that central oxytocin may regulate α-MSH peripheral secretion. These studies therefore support an interaction between central oxytocin and α-MSH. Then, the effects of central α-MSH on oxytocin secretion and neuronal activity were investigated. Central administration of α-MSH induced Fos expression in magnocellular oxytocin neurones in the SON and in the PVN but had no effect on parvocellular oxytocin neurons in the PVN. Α-MSH directly administered onto the SON induced a strong increase in Fos expression in oxytocin neurones in the SON. These studies indicate that α-MSH modulates directly the activity on selected oxytocin neurones and that consequently, αMSH may regulate some specific oxytocin effects and not others. However, central administration of α-MSH decreased oxytocin secretion from the pituitary gland. This illustrates that Fos induction does not necessarily reflect excitation of the neurones. Finally, MC4R antagonist centrally administered reduced the Fos expression induced at intromission in magnocellular oxytocin neurones but had no effect on the Fos expression in the parvocellular neurones.
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Bourdon, Brianne Juella. "Correlations between primary maternal preoccupation, maternal depression and anxiety, and infant pain behaviour self-regulation". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54252.
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Identifying mechanisms that may underlie alteration in infant pain behaviour is important for preventing the adverse impacts of routine infant pain. While it is known that prenatal maternal depression and anxiety (MDA) predicts postnatal alteration in infant pain behaviour self-regulation, the contribution of prenatal primary maternal preoccupation (PMP) on infant pain behaviour remains unknown. The twofold aims of this secondary analysis study were to compare measures of PMP between mothers with and without MDA during the second trimester of pregnancy and relationships between and amongst prenatal MDA and PMP and postnatal infant pain behaviour self-regulation in a matched sample of 21 mother-infant dyads. Analyses of MDA were based on data from the EPDS, HAM-D, and HAM-A tools that mothers completed at second trimester and the analysis of three measures of alteration in infant pain behaviour self-regulation (strained/erratic limb movement, immobility, and weak/exhausted cry) from the original study. The analysis of PMP measures were based on the sum of PMP scale scores for each of the seven PMP behaviours and a total PMP score calculated across the seven behaviours. As hypothesized, mothers with MDA had significantly higher PMP scores at second trimester and excessive PMP predicted strained/erratic limb movement and immobility in infants with prenatal MDA exposure. These findings support and extend findings of the original study. They suggest that PMP and MDA are comorbid during pregnancy and that both may contribute to infant pain behaviour dysregulation and delay in recovery from pain. More research is required to help validate the preliminary PMP study findings. Future studies should include concurrent analysis of prenatal data from mothers (MDA, PMP) and postnatal data from mothers (caregiving behaviour, salivary cortisol) and infant (changes in heart rate, salivary cortisol, facial action, behavioural self-regulation). This will further understanding of the underlying role that MDA and PMP play on infant pain response and will help inform targeted development of infant pain interventions sensitive to the needs of mothers with prenatal mental health conditions and their infants as appropriate.Applied Science, Faculty of
Nursing, School of
Graduate
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Riou, Samuel. "Regulation of parental effort and chick growth in manx shearwaters : behaviour, physiology and environmental variability". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511176.
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Cecil, Joanne Elizabeth. "Oral, gastric and intestinal influences on the regulation of appetite and eating behaviour in humans". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298882.
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Hurst, Megan. "Get fit, feel great, look amazing! : regulation of exercise behaviour and body image in women". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55655/.
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Exercising to improve one's appearance has been consistently associated with negative body image (e.g., Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000). However, little is known about either the processes underlying this association, or the causal direction of the effects. This thesis draws upon both self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000) and objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) in order to investigate the role of regulations for exercise and self-objectification in the link between appearance goals and body image. The thesis examines both individual variations in these constructs, and their influences on body image among young women, utilising cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental methodologies with both student samples and a community sample of gym-users (Chapter 2 and 3). It also considers factors in the exercise environment that can influence regulations of behaviour and feelings of self-objectification, using the physical education classes of adolescent girls as an exemplar (Chapter 4 and 5), drawing upon recent work on objectifying environments (Moffitt & Syzmanski, 2011) and the existing self-determination theory literature on motivation in physical education. The four empirical papers highlight in particular the importance of introjected, or guilt-based, regulation in the link between appearance goals and negative body image, and illuminate the associations with self-objectification. Furthermore, they highlight the negative impact that an objectifying and non-autonomy supportive environment can have on girls' engagement in and enjoyment of physical education, and on their body image. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, in relation to an integration of self-determination and objectification theories as well as the potential for autonomy-supportive, non-objectifying exercise interventions that de-emphasise guilt and emphasise the intrinsic value and joy of physical activity.
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Korn, Clio. "Contributions of COMT and DAT to regulation of phasic dopamine release and reward-guided behaviour". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8772a01d-665d-454e-9e3c-bf734331a1c2.
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Fine temporal regulation of dopamine transmission is critical to its effects on behaviour. Dopamine can be cleared from the synapse either by recycling via the dopamine transporter (DAT) or by enzymatic degradation involving catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). DAT recycling predominates in striatum and contributes to dopaminergic regulation of reward-guided behaviour, while COMT degradation predominates in cortex and modulates executive functions. However, human functional imaging studies demonstrate interactive effects of DAT and COMT genotype, suggesting that the traditional division between DAT and COMT is not so clear-cut. Given the interdependence of mesolimbic and mesocortical circuitry and the presence of COMT in the striatum, it is possible that DAT and COMT interact to a greater extent than previously thought. We investigated the contributions of DAT and COMT to regulation of dopamine transmission and reward-guided behaviour by combining in vivo electrochemical recording, pharmacology, and behavioural testing in mice. Using fast scan cyclic voltammetry to record evoked dopamine release in anaesthetised animals, we found that systemic DAT blockade increased the size of dopamine transients in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) but not in the medial frontal cortex (MFC), demonstrating that DAT regulates phasic striatal dopamine release and confirming that DAT makes little contribution to regulation of cortical dopamine transmission. Unexpectedly, COMT inhibition did not affect evoked dopamine transients in either the NAc or the MFC. In agreement with these findings, systemic administration of a DAT blocker, but not of a COMT inhibitor, increased motivation to work for reward in a progressive ratio paradigm. COMT inhibition also had little effect on reinforcement learning (RL) strategies during reward-guided decision making. Intriguingly, however, we found that DAT blockade both decreased the influence of model-free RL and increased the influence of model-based RL on behaviour. Our study confirms that DAT regulates dopamine transmission in striatum but not in cortex and indicates that sub-second changes in dopamine transmission in both regions are largely insensitive to COMT. However, our behavioural data reveal the importance of striatal dopamine in multiple components of reward-guided behaviour, including both motivational aspects traditionally associated with striatum as well as cognitive aspects heretofore mainly associated with cortical function. Together, these findings emphasise that reward processing occurs across corticostriatal circuits and contribute to our understanding of how striatal dopamine transmission regulates reward-guided behaviours.