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O'neill, Philip. "Epidemic models featuring behaviour change". Advances in Applied Probability 27, nr 4 (grudzień 1995): 960–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427931.
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This paper considers a model for the spread of an epidemic in a closed population whose members are in either a high-risk or a low-risk activity group. Further, members of the high-risk group may change their behaviour by entering the low-risk group. Both stochastic and deterministic models are examined. A limiting model, appropriate when there is a large number of initially susceptible individuals, is used to provide a threshold analysis. The epidemic is compared to a single group epidemic, and to suitably parametrised two-group epidemics, using a coupling method. The total size distribution and effects of changing the behaviour change rate are considered.
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O'neill, Philip. "Epidemic models featuring behaviour change". Advances in Applied Probability 27, nr 04 (grudzień 1995): 960–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800047765.
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This paper considers a model for the spread of an epidemic in a closed population whose members are in either a high-risk or a low-risk activity group. Further, members of the high-risk group may change their behaviour by entering the low-risk group. Both stochastic and deterministic models are examined. A limiting model, appropriate when there is a large number of initially susceptible individuals, is used to provide a threshold analysis. The epidemic is compared to a single group epidemic, and to suitably parametrised two-group epidemics, using a coupling method. The total size distribution and effects of changing the behaviour change rate are considered.
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Letarte, Marie-Josée, i Sylvie Normandeau. "Models of behaviour change: Contribution to psychological treatment". Revue de psychoéducation 37, nr 1 (2008): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1097008ar.
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Heino, Matti T. J., Keegan Knittle, Chris Noone, Fred Hasselman i Nelli Hankonen. "Studying Behaviour Change Mechanisms under Complexity". Behavioral Sciences 11, nr 5 (14.05.2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11050077.
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Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of behaviour change interventions is vital for accumulating valid scientific evidence, and useful to informing practice and policy-making across multiple domains. Traditional approaches to such evaluations have applied study designs and statistical models, which implicitly assume that change is linear, constant and caused by independent influences on behaviour (such as behaviour change techniques). This article illustrates limitations of these standard tools, and considers the benefits of adopting a complex adaptive systems approach to behaviour change research. It (1) outlines the complexity of behaviours and behaviour change interventions; (2) introduces readers to some key features of complex systems and how these relate to human behaviour change; and (3) provides suggestions for how researchers can better account for implications of complexity in analysing change mechanisms. We focus on three common features of complex systems (i.e., interconnectedness, non-ergodicity and non-linearity), and introduce Recurrence Analysis, a method for non-linear time series analysis which is able to quantify complex dynamics. The supplemental website provides exemplifying code and data for practical analysis applications. The complex adaptive systems approach can complement traditional investigations by opening up novel avenues for understanding and theorising about the dynamics of behaviour change.
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Colombo, Serena L., Salvatore G. Chiarella, Camille Lefrançois, Jacques Fradin, Antonino Raffone i Luca Simione. "Why Knowing about Climate Change Is Not Enough to Change: A Perspective Paper on the Factors Explaining the Environmental Knowledge-Action Gap". Sustainability 15, nr 20 (13.10.2023): 14859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014859.
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A successful transition to a lower-emission society may require major changes in the patterns of individual behaviours. Yet, whilst awareness and concern about climate change have increased in recent years among the global population, global greenhouse gases emissions have not ceased to rise. This paper discusses potential reasons underlying the gap between individual knowledge of climate change and the actions implemented to contain greenhouse gas emissions. To investigate this phenomenon, we look at the scientific literature exploring the factors influencing pro-environmental behaviour. First, we highlight how an individual’s environmental knowledge is not only approximate but also biased by cognitive, affective, and cultural factors, influencing their appraisal of climate information and their motivation to act. Second, we discuss three major models of pro-environmental behaviour, such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the Norm-Activation Model (NAM), and the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN), to highlight their failure to account for automatic cognitive and affective factors influencing an individual’s ability to implement pro-environmental intentions. Then, we discuss the Comprehensive-Action-Determination Model of pro-environmental behaviour (CADM), and its efforts to overcome the limits of the previous models. Finally, we examine the dispositional traits associated with pro-environmental engagement to highlight how the relationship between dispositions and pro-environmental behaviour performance appears related to self-regulation processes, supported by executive functioning; increased self-regulation would enable alignment of pro-environmental intentions and behaviours, and anticipation of the long-term consequences of present behaviours. We conclude by calling for more research to be carried out on the effect of enhanced self-regulation, and of self-regulation training, on individual reactions to the climate crisis.
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Plewis, Ian. "Modelling Behaviour with Multivariate Multilevel Growth Curves". Methodology 1, nr 2 (styczeń 2005): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-1881.1.2.71.
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Abstract. Developmental data are often both longitudinal and multivariate and can be handled within a multilevel framework. This paper fits a range of multivariate multilevel models to both continuous and binary data to examine the ways in which a set of behavioural measures change together with age. These data were collected by researchers in Montreal, Canada. Methodologically, we find that within and between individual correlations vary only a little according to the ways in which the models are specified. Substantively, we find that measures of aggression and opposition are closely related but both are less closely related to a measure of hyperactivity. Models for the effects of socio-economic status on levels and changes are fitted, as are models that examine change conditional on an initial measure. The findings are compared with those previously obtained using a growth trajectories approach.
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Barker, M., i J. A. Swift. "The application of psychological theory to nutrition behaviour change". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 68, nr 2 (26.02.2009): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665109001177.
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Changing individuals' health behaviour seems to be the key to solving many of the world's health problems. Although there is a multitude of potential influences, many interventions to improve health seek to change intrinsic psychological determinants of health behaviour. To date, most attention has been paid to cognitions, such as attitudes and beliefs, and a number of social cognition models (SCM) are in current use. SCM all describe cognitions as determinants of behaviour, thereby implying that changes in cognitions will lead to changes in behaviour. Although SCM are widely used to predict a range of health behaviours, they are associated with a number of important limitations, including poor levels of predictive power, particularly in relation to eating behaviour, and limited guidance about the operationalisation of theoretical constructs. These limitations may explain why very few interventions to change behaviour are explicitly theory-based, despite the widely-held view that having a clear theoretical underpinning will improve effectiveness. Ultimately, advances in understanding and changing health behaviour will come about only if psychological theory and practice are integrated. The recently-published taxonomy of behaviour-change techniques used in interventions is a good example of integrated research, but more work of this type is essential and will require respectful collaboration between researchers and practitioners working from a range of different disciplines such as health psychology, public health nutrition and health promotion.
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Suhendra, Agus Achmad. "Increasing Business Performance in the Digital Era through Improving Business Models". Journal of Business and Economics Review (JBER) Vol.2(2) Apr-Jun 2017 2, nr 2 (20.03.2017): 09–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2017.2.2(2).
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Objective - Recently, Indonesian companies have been facing a change in market behaviour due to the emergence of the digital era, in which a wide range of digital products have become a necessity in the lifestyle of Indonesian people. This situation calls for a strategic response by Indonesian companies in order to continue the sustainability of their business. One of these strategic responses is the improvement of business models. Methodology/Technique - This paper presents lessons learned from a number of companies in Indonesia that have successfully innovated and improved their business models. The research uses a mixed methodology, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. Based on the findings, the research concludes that Indonesian market behaviours have been changing due to the emergence of the digital era. Those changes have encouraged many companies to innovate and improve their business models to ensure their company's business model fits with the changing market behaviour. The strategies discussed are effective in ensuring the growth and sustainability of Indonesian businesses. Findings - This study presents new findings on the environmental elements that affect business strategy, particularly socio-technology. It is the aspect of social behaviour that is stimulated by technological change. Novelty - The research also contributes to the development of the concept and knowledge of the digital economy. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Digital Era; Business Model; Business Performance; Design; Innovation; Improvement. JEL Classification: L11, L25.
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Laily, Rohisotul, Rasipin Rasipin, Supriyana Supriyana, Suharyo Hadisaputro i Bedjo Santoso. "Behaviour Change Therapy Model Training in Efforts to Change Tooth Brushing Behavior Parents / Guardians of Mental Retarded ChildrenPelatihan Model Behaviour Change Therapy Terhadap Upaya Perubahan Perilaku Menggosok Gigi Orang Tua/ Wali Anak Retardasi". Journal of Applied Health Management and Technology 1, nr 4 (3.11.2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jahmt.v1i4.6022.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Dental and oral health problems of most people, including mental retardation children. Child health policy mental retardation with all its limitations requires the participation of parents/ guardians. Brushing teeth behavior of parents in increasing motivation to brush children's teeth mentally retarded. Strategies for providing dental health education in accordance with the needs and abilities of children are needed. Behavior change therapy model in parents/ guardians is a learning model as a skill in brushing children's teeth mentally retarded. Puspose: The purpose of this study is to produce a behavior change therapy model that is able to improve the brushing behavior of parents/ guardians of children with mental retardation. Methods: Research and Development (R D) procedures there are 5 stages of gathering information, design models, expert validation and revision, test models, the final results of the model. The sample collected 32 parents / guardians. Sampling using a purposive sampling technique. Data on the model results were tested by paired different tests, intergroup difference tests, and proportion. Results: The results of this study, obtained about changes in significant in increasing knowledge knowledge (0.000), attitudes (0.000), skills (0.000) parents/ guardians. Conclusion The model of appropriate and effective behavior change therapy is effective in increasing the brushing of teeth of parents / guardians of children with mental retardation. Keywords: Behaviour change therapy models, tooth brushing behavior, parents/ guardians of children with mental retardation. ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut sebagian besar dialami masyarakat, termasuk anak retardasi mental. keadaan ini disebabkan rendahnya perilaku pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi. Anak retardasi mental dengan segala keterbatasan yang dimilikinya memerlukan peran serta orang tua/ wali. Perilaku menggosok gigi orang tua berpengaruh besar dalam peningkatan perilaku menggosok gigi anak retardasi mental. Strategi pemberian pendidikan kesehatan gigi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuan anak sangat dibutuhkan. Model behaviour change therapy pada orang tua/ wali merupakan model pembelajaran sebagai keterampilan perilaku menggosok gigi anak retardasi mental. Tujuan penelitian ini menghasilkan model behaviour change therapy mampu meninngkatkan perilaku menggosok gigi orang tua/ wali anak retardasi mental. Metode : Research and Development (RD) prosedur ada 5 tahap pengumpulan informasi, rancang bangun model, validasi ahli dan revisi, uji model, hasil akhir model.Sampel berjumlah 32 orang tua/ wali. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data hasil model diuji dengan uji beda berpasangan, uji beda antar kelompok, dan uji proporsi. Hasil menunjukan. Hasil penelitian ini, didapatkan bahwa perubahan dalam sigifikan dalam peningkatan pengetahuan (0,000), sikap (0,000), keterampilan (0,000) orang tua/ wali. Kesimpulan model behaviour change therapy layak dan penerapannya efektif terhadap peningkatan perilaku menggosok gigi orang tua/ wali anak retardasi mental. Kata kunci : model bahviour change therapy, perilaku menggosok gigi, orang tua/wali anak retardasi mental
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Di Carlo, Federico. "Coaching “change” while keeping the coach/player relationship strong". ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review 23, nr 66 (31.08.2015): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52383/itfcoaching.v23i66.133.
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Modern neuroscience is proposing time models on how changes in brain neuro-patterns change human cognition, emotion and behaviour. Indeed the word “change” is very often used by coaches at any grade and level to elicit different behaviours from athletes and tennis players. However, in an individual sport like tennis in which self-esteem and confidence are paramount, the word, concept and image of “change” may shake the player’s self-esteem and jeopardise the overall coach-player relationship.
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Richens, I. F., J. Houdmont, W. Wapenaar, O. Shortall, J. Kaler, H. O’Connor i M. L. Brennan. "Application of multiple behaviour change models to identify determinants of farmers’ biosecurity attitudes and behaviours". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 155 (lipiec 2018): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.04.010.
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Fagan, Matthew J., Katie M. Di Sebastiano, Wei Qian, Scott T. Leatherdale i Guy Faulkner. "The Energy to Smoke: Examining the Longitudinal Association between Beverage Consumption and Smoking and Vaping Behaviours among Youth in the COMPASS Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 8 (7.04.2021): 3864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083864.
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This study examined the longitudinal association between changes in sugar-sweetened and/or caffeinated beverage consumption and smoking/vaping behaviour among Canadian adolescents. Using longitudinal data from the COMPASS study (2015/16 to 2017/18), four models were developed to investigate whether beverage consumption explained variability in smoking and vaping behaviour in adolescence: (1) smoking initiation, (2) vaping initiation, (3) current smoking status, and (4) current vaping status. Models were adjusted for demographic factors. Multinomial logit models were used for model 1, 2, and 3. A binary logistic regression model was used for model 4. An association between change in frequency of beverage consumption and smoking/vaping behaviour was identified in all models. A one-day increase in beverage consumption was associated with smoking initiation (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.51), vaping initiation (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.32), identifying as a current smoker (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.35), and currently vaping (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.11). Change in high-energy drink consumption was the best predictor of smoking behaviours and vaping initiation but not current vaping status. Given the health consequences of smoking and vaping and their association with high-energy drink and coffee consumption, policy initiatives to prevent smoking/vaping initiation, and to limit youth access to these beverages, warrant consideration.
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Sparavigna, A. C., S. Giurdanella i M. Patrucco. "Behaviour of Thermodynamic Models with Phase Change Materials under Periodic Conditions". Energy and Power Engineering 03, nr 02 (2011): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2011.32019.
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Beckage, Brian, Louis J. Gross, Katherine Lacasse, Eric Carr, Sara S. Metcalf, Jonathan M. Winter, Peter D. Howe i in. "Linking models of human behaviour and climate alters projected climate change". Nature Climate Change 8, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0031-7.
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Schnell, Daniel J., Christine Galavotti i Kevin R. O'reilly. "An evaluation of sexual behaviour change using statistical and cognitive models". Statistics in Medicine 12, nr 3-4 (luty 1993): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780120306.
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Feireisl, Eduard, i Giulio Schimperna. "Large time behaviour of solutions to Penrose-Fife phase change models". Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 28, nr 17 (2005): 2117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.659.
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Ajiji Makeri, Yakubu, John Patrick Asiimwe i Habiba Njeri Ngugi. "CYBER SECURITY AWARENESS AMONG UGANDAN UNIVERSITY LECTURERS: CHALLENGING FACTORS INFLUENCING CHANGE". Journal of Applied Science, Information and Computing 2, nr 2 (31.12.2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/jasic-2021-2-2-07.
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The present paper focuses on Cyber Security Awareness Campaigns, and aims to identify key factors regarding security which may lead them to failing to appropriately change people’s behaviors. Past and current efforts to improve informationsecurity practices and promote a sustainable society have not had the desired impact. It is important therefore to critically reflect on the challenges involved in improving information-security behaviours for citizens, consumers and employees. In particular, our work considers these challenges from a Psychology perspective, as we believe that understanding how people perceive risksis critical to creating effective awareness campaigns. Changing behavior requires more than providing information about risks and reactive behaviours – firstly, people must be able to understand and apply the advice, and secondly, they must be motivated and willing to do so – and the latter requires changes to attitudes and intentions. These antecedents of behaviour change are identified in several psychological models of behaviour. We review the suitability of persuasion techniques, including the widely used ‘fear appeals. From this range of literature, we extract essential components for an awareness campaign as well as factors which can lead to a campaign’s success or failure. Finally, we present examples of existing awareness campaigns in different cultures (the UK and Africa) and reflect on these.
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Spasova, Lyubomira, i Zhenya Gundasheva. "PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ATTITUDINAL AND PERSUASION CHANGES IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR". Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.138.
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The present study explores psychological models for changing consumers’ attitudes under the influence of advertisements in young people of 18 to 25 years of age. The aim of the study is to establish the influence of the advertisements of mobile phone operators on the attitudes, consumer thinking and behaviour of youth with respect to mobile products and services. The following tasks were set: • To study the advertisements of mobile phone operators in Bulgaria • To set a theoretical frame on consumers’ attitudes • To determine the models of attitudinal change and persuasion • To perform correlational analyses of statistically significant factors The methods used to achieve these tasks are the following: conducting two subsequent surveys on the same respondents regarding their behavior before, during and after exposure to advertisement; holding individual interviews with random young respondents.
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Wilkie, Stephanie, i Nicola Davinson. "The impact of nature-based interventions on public health: a review using pathways, mechanisms and behaviour change techniques from environmental social science and health behaviour change". Journal of the British Academy 9s7 (2021): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009s7.033.
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The aim of this narrative review is to explore whether nature-based interventions improved individual public health outcomes and health behaviours, using a conceptual framework that included pathways and pathway domains, mechanisms, and behaviour change techniques derived from environmental social science theory and health behaviour change models. A two-stage scoping methodology was used to identified studies published between 2000 and 2021. Peer reviewed, English-language reports of nature-based interventions with adults (N = 9) were included if the study met the definition of a health�behaviour change intervention and reported at least one measured physical/mental health outcome. Interventions focused on the restoring or building capacities pathway domains as part of the nature contact/experience pathway; varied health behaviour change mechanisms and techniques were present but environmental social-science-derived mechanisms to influence health outcomes were used less. Practical recommendations for future interventions include explicit statement of the targeted level of causation, as well as utilisation of both environmental social science and health behaviour change theories and varied public health outcomes to allow simultaneously testing of theoretical predictions.
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Freeburg, Darin. "The Knowing Model: Facilitating Behaviour Change in Organisations". Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 18, nr 04 (grudzień 2019): 1950040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500400.
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It is incumbent upon leadership to encourage member behaviour that is beneficial to both the organisation and the members themselves. This paper outlines a context-based model — utilising the existing theories and models in Knowledge Management, Library and Information Science, and Public Health — to increase leadership’s effectiveness in this area. The Knowing Model approaches behaviour change as an issue of information content, dissemination, and use — all within a complex environment. A behaviour — one that an organisation has unsuccessfully attempted to change in the past — is identified by leadership. Leaders then analyse the extent to which members were aware of these previous efforts, integrated information about them, and acted because of them. This data is used to develop an information campaign aimed at changing the target behaviour. Because organisations likely have several information dissemination channels available to them, this model is offered as a low-cost and low-resource first step in behaviour change efforts. It will not replace more extensive efforts noted in previous models, but because of its theoretical grounding it is expected to promote change in certain areas. Approaches requiring more extensive resources can then be applied to other areas. This paper outlines the Knowing Model, strategies for information dissemination, and methods for model implementation and validation.
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McNarry, Melitta A., Rachel L. Knight, Sam G. M. Crossley, Paula Foscarini-Craggs, Zoe R. Knowles, Parisa Eslambolchilar i Kelly A. Mackintosh. "3D-Printing Physical Activity in Youth: An Autotopographical Approach to Behaviour Change". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 2 (14.01.2023): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021530.
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The conceptualisation and visualisation of physical activity through 3D-printed objects offers a unique means by which to elicit positive behaviour change. This study aimed to explore whether 3D-printed models of physical activity obtain autotopographical meaning in youths and the influence of such models on their sense of personal and social identity. Following participation in a seven-week faded intervention, whereby habitual physical activity was measured and used to create individual 3D models, the views of 61 participants (36 boys; 10.9 ± 3.0 years) were explored via semi-structured focus groups. Within the over-arching theme of ‘3D-Printed Models’, key emergent sub-themes were structured around ‘Autotopography’, ‘Reflection’, ‘In-group norms’, and ‘Significant others’. Investing meaning in the material representations facilitated social activation and self-reflection on their own behaviour, both of which are key elements of identity formation. The influential role of significant others (familial and peers) within initial model interpretation and their potential long-term efficacy as a behaviour change approach was highlighted. 3D-printed models present a novel concept and intervention approach and may represent a useful component within behaviour change engagement strategies in children and adolescents.
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Collier, Grahame, i Phil Smith. "Beyond Lip Service: A Council Approach to Planning for Behaviour Change". Australian Journal of Environmental Education 25 (2009): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081406260000046x.
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AbstractThe Council of the City of Sydney – like many other councils around Australia – has embarked on a whole-of-council approach to establishing sustainable behaviours amongst its residents. In developing its Residential Environmental Action Plan - designed to motivate and bring about real change in resident choices and behaviours - the City sought to base its planning on a significant knowledge base.It undertook a project which asked two fundamental questions: What does the literature say about behaviour change in the community? and What do the residents of the City of Sydney local government area say about the best ways to influence community behaviour? A review of behaviour change models and the conduct of focus groups and other informant interviews across the key demographics of the City of Sydney local government area, yielded two sets of criteria for behaviour change programs. Not surprisingly, both sets were similar and for ease of use they were merged into one shorter set of twelve criteria. These are useful in informing the design of programs or assessing whether existing programs are capable of affecting behaviour. The key claim in this paper is the importance of understanding both the theory and the local community at the design phase of any program. Good planning of behaviour change programs enables graceful interventions, the magic of co-learning and the power of adaptation.The authors acknowledge the work and support of the City of Sydney in undertaking this project.
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Rosellini, Amy. "Effective Knowledge Transfer and Behavioural Change in a Training Environment". Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 18, nr 04 (grudzień 2019): 1950049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500497.
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Current models of knowledge transfer are insufficient in defining the factors that address the impact of knowledge transfer at different cycles of the process where a firm employs traditional training programs. The purpose of this study is to examine the models that identify relationships between effective knowledge transfer and behavioural change in the training environment. The study of these models is concerned with how training affects knowledge transfer, how knowledge transfer impacts behaviour change and how behaviour change affects overall job performance. This concept paper examines existing KM models such as SECI model, complexity theory, an entrepreneurship model and knowledge-to-action with the aim of developing an enhanced version of knowledge transfer measurement model (KTMM) that requires further testing.
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Sarkis, Anthony M. "A comparative study of theoretical behaviour change models predicting empirical evidence for residential energy conservation behaviours". Journal of Cleaner Production 141 (styczeń 2017): 526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.067.
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Schwarzer, Ralf. "Models of health behaviour change: Intention as mediator or stage as moderator?" Psychology & Health 23, nr 3 (27.02.2008): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870440801889476.
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Mazanov, J., i D. G. Byrne. "Modelling change in adolescent smoking behaviour: Stability of predictors across analytic models". British Journal of Health Psychology 13, nr 3 (wrzesień 2008): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135910707x202490.
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Sharapov, Dmitry. "Simple models for ice simulation for hydrotechnical engineering". MATEC Web of Conferences 395 (2024): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439501003.
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The mechanical behaviour of ice is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by various factors, such as temperature, loading conditions, and structural geometry. To accurately predict the response of ice structures and estimate ice loads, appropriate models are required. In this article, we have reviewed several widely known material models for ice, including elastic, viscoelastic, plastic, damage, and fracture models. Elastic models are simple and easy to use, but they do not account for the time-dependent behaviour of ice. Viscoelastic models, on the other hand, can predict the evolution of damage and failure in ice structures but can be computationally ex-pensive. Plastic models can simulate the ductile behaviour of ice under high stress but do not account for damage and fracture. Damage models can simulate the evolution of damage and failure in ice structures but can also be computationally expensive. Fracture models can simulate the brittle behaviour of ice and predict crack propagation but require accurate input data. In practice, a combination of models is often used to account for different aspects of ice behaviour. With the advances in computer technology and simulation techniques, it is be-coming increasingly possible to simulate more complex ice structures and loading conditions. This could lead to the development of more accurate and efficient ice models that can be used for a wider range of applications, such as predicting the behaviour of ice structures in response to climate change. The effects of climate change on the behaviour of ice and the resulting impact on infrastructure are a growing concern. Therefore, the development of more accurate and efficient ice models is critical for the sustainable development of these regions.
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Verelst, Frederik, Lander Willem i Philippe Beutels. "Behavioural change models for infectious disease transmission: a systematic review (2010–2015)". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, nr 125 (grudzień 2016): 20160820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0820.
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We review behavioural change models (BCMs) for infectious disease transmission in humans. Following the Cochrane collaboration guidelines and the PRISMA statement, our systematic search and selection yielded 178 papers covering the period 2010–2015. We observe an increasing trend in published BCMs, frequently coupled to (re)emergence events, and propose a categorization by distinguishing how information translates into preventive actions. Behaviour is usually captured by introducing information as a dynamic parameter (76/178) or by introducing an economic objective function, either with (26/178) or without (37/178) imitation. Approaches using information thresholds (29/178) and exogenous behaviour formation (16/178) are also popular. We further classify according to disease, prevention measure, transmission model (with 81/178 population, 6/178 metapopulation and 91/178 individual-level models) and the way prevention impacts transmission. We highlight the minority (15%) of studies that use any real-life data for parametrization or validation and note that BCMs increasingly use social media data and generally incorporate multiple sources of information (16/178), multiple types of information (17/178) or both (9/178). We conclude that individual-level models are increasingly used and useful to model behaviour changes. Despite recent advancements, we remain concerned that most models are purely theoretical and lack representative data and a validation process.
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Leis, Jeffrey M. "Perspectives on Larval Behaviour in Biophysical Modelling of Larval Dispersal in Marine, Demersal Fishes". Oceans 2, nr 1 (22.12.2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans2010001.
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Biophysical dispersal models for marine fish larvae are widely used by marine ecologists and managers of fisheries and marine protected areas to predict movement of larval fishes during their pelagic larval duration (PLD). Over the past 25 years, it has become obvious that behaviour—primarily vertical positioning, horizontal swimming and orientation—of larvae during their PLD can strongly influence dispersal outcomes. Yet, most published models do not include even one of these behaviours, and only a tiny fraction include all three. Furthermore, there is no clarity on how behaviours should be incorporated into models, nor on how to obtain the quantitative, empirical data needed to parameterize models. The PLD is a period of morphological, physiological and behavioural change, which presents challenges for modelling. The present paper aims to encourage the inclusion of larval behaviour in biophysical dispersal models for larvae of marine demersal fishes by providing practical suggestions, advice and insights about obtaining and incorporating behaviour of larval fishes into such models based on experience. Key issues are features of different behavioural metrics, incorporation of ontogenetic, temporal, spatial and among-individual variation, and model validation. Research on behaviour of larvae of study species should be part of any modelling effort.
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Grzywińska-Rąpca, M. "Consumer Purchasing Behaviour during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Case Study for Poland". Economy of Region 18, nr 2 (2022): 595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-2-21.
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With an increase in COVID-19 cases and introduction of studying and working from home, households have begun to change their priorities in shopping behaviours. The source of the data was a survey conducted at the beginning of April 2020. The aim of the study was: (1) to demonstrate changes in respondents’ behaviour in the purchasing process and (2) to identify factors determining changes in these behaviours. The paper verified that, in the conditions of the pandemic, consumer shopping behaviour focuses on health safety. From a set of variables containing subjective opinions of respondents regarding factors influencing changes in their purchasing habits, dimensional reduction was carried out using factor analysis. Isolated factors were used to model Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The obtained assessments of the quality of the models (Hoelter value, CMIN/DF, RMSEA and others) indicate that the proposed models meet statistical standards and acceptability criteria. The models highlight the following factors: safety when shopping, prudence and a desire to protect health. Therefore, the assumptions were corroborated, according to which in a time of crisis and uncertainty (a pandemic is such a time), psychological factors and assumptions of behavioural theories are gaining in importance. This paper aims to complement existing research. The data obtained from the survey concern the level and frequency of expenditure on different product groups. Previous research has focused primarily on the impact of the pandemic on the economic situation. This document focuses on non-economic factors determining changes in consumer behaviour.
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Arnot, Megan, Eva Brandl, O. L. K. Campbell, Yuan Chen, Juan Du, Mark Dyble, Emily H. Emmott i in. "How evolutionary behavioural sciences can help us understand behaviour in a pandemic". Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2020, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa038.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has brought science into the public eye and to the attention of governments more than ever before. Much of this attention is on work in epidemiology, virology and public health, with most behavioural advice in public health focusing squarely on ‘proximate’ determinants of behaviour. While epidemiological models are powerful tools to predict the spread of disease when human behaviour is stable, most do not incorporate behavioural change. The evolutionary basis of our preferences and the cultural evolutionary dynamics of our beliefs drive behavioural change, so understanding these evolutionary processes can help inform individual and government decision-making in the face of a pandemic. Lay summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought behavioural sciences into the public eye: Without vaccinations, stopping the spread of the virus must rely on behaviour change by limiting contact between people. On the face of it, “stop seeing people” sounds simple. In practice, this is hard. Here we outline how an evolutionary perspective on behaviour change can provide additional insights. Evolutionary theory postulates that our psychology and behaviour did not evolve to maximize our health or that of others. Instead, individuals are expected to act to maximise their inclusive fitness (i.e, spreading our genes) – which can lead to a conflict between behaviours that are in the best interests for the individual, and behaviours that stop the spread of the virus. By examining the ultimate explanations of behaviour related to pandemic-management (such as behavioural compliance and social distancing), we conclude that “good of the group” arguments and “one size fits all” policies are unlikely to encourage behaviour change over the long-term. Sustained behaviour change to keep pandemics at bay is much more likely to emerge from environmental change, so governments and policy makers may need to facilitate significant social change – such as improving life experiences for disadvantaged groups.
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Bneni, Mohamed Khalifa, i Samir Hasuna Ashour. "Modelling and simulation of flexural behavior for reinforced concrete beams using ANSYS". Al-Mukhtar Journal of Engineering Research 7, nr 1 (10.05.2024): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mx8n6k70.
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Over the last twenty years, many investigators are used finite element software, to validate and compare the FE results with their experimental research. This work focused on the development of a numerical model implemented by the ANSYS 2022R2 software, to simulate the flexural behavior of the RC beam. Numerical models are tested under four-point bending. To investigate the influence of reinforcement steel ratio and compressive strength of concrete on the flexural capacity of the model. The results indicated that the Finite Element model was able to predict the flexural behavior of the experimental test beam. Furthermore, the influence of different tensile reinforcement ratios has the most effect on the flexural behaviour of the FE models at maximum loads. While the change in concrete compressive strength has affected the flexural performance of the models. This influence shows slight increases in the first crack load and maximum loads of the models. Furthermore, cracking pattern behaviour at the final stage for numerical models showed a good agreement with experimental cracks behaviour.
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Plewa, Julian, Małgorzata Płońska i Grzegorz Junak. "Auxetic Behaviour of Rigid Connected Squares". Materials 16, nr 15 (28.07.2023): 5306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155306.
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The paper presents an analysis of rotating rigid unit (RRU) auxetic structures, the special property of which is negative Poisson’s ratio. The crucial features of such modified structures are the well-functioning linkages of the square units at their pivot points. This ensures the stable functioning of such structures in tension or compression. The presented geometrical analysis of these auxetic structures may facilitate their adequate construction and allow one to determine the expected values of their expansion as well as the desired porosity. The results are confirmed based on the behaviour of physical models produced by the assembly of square units. The change in the dimensions of the physical models when moving from a closed to an open position is consistent with the predictions of the geometric models. By modifying the well-known ‘rotating squares’ model, physical structures with auxetic properties are obtained that can be utilised in industrial conditions, where a simultaneous change of linear dimensions is needed—either in compression or in tension. The assembly method may prove efficient in building such structures, given the abilities of assembly robots to regularly arrange the unit cells in lines and rows and to connect them with rings at the designated positions (evenly spaced perforations). The presented auxetic structures might find their potential application in, e.g., expansion joints or structures in which the porosity is mechanically changed, such as mesoscale structures. The tested structures subjected to high compressive forces buckle when the yield strength of the rigid unit material is exceeded.
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Dick, Taylor J. M., i James M. Wakeling. "Geometric models to explore mechanisms of dynamic shape change in skeletal muscle". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 5 (maj 2018): 172371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172371.
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Skeletal muscle bulges when it contracts. These three-dimensional (3D) dynamic shape changes play an important role in muscle performance by altering the range of fascicle velocities over which a muscle operates. However traditional muscle models are one-dimensional (1D) and cannot fully explain in vivo shape changes. In this study we compared medial gastrocnemius behaviour during human cycling (fascicle length changes and rotations) predicted by a traditional 1D Hill-type model and by models that incorporate two-dimensional (2D) and 3D geometric constraints to in vivo measurements from B-mode ultrasound during a range of mechanical conditions ranging from 14 to 44 N m and 80 to 140 r.p.m. We found that a 1D model predicted fascicle lengths and pennation angles similar to a 2D model that allowed the aponeurosis to stretch, and to a 3D model that allowed for aponeurosis stretch and variable shape changes to occur. This suggests that if the intent of a model is to predict fascicle behaviour alone, then the traditional 1D Hill-type model may be sufficient. Yet, we also caution that 1D models are limited in their ability to infer the mechanisms by which shape changes influence muscle mechanics. To elucidate the mechanisms governing muscle shape change, future efforts should aim to develop imaging techniques able to characterize whole muscle 3D geometry in vivo during active contractions.
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Kadir, Mohammad Abdul, i Sharyn Rundle-Thiele. "Reported theory use in walking interventions: a literature review and research agenda". Health Promotion International 34, nr 3 (14.02.2018): 601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day003.
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Summary There is mixed evidence with some suggesting walking can be increased up to the recommended level through interventions based on behaviour change models and others showing partial or no effects [Arbour and Ginis (A randomised controlled trial of the effects of implementation intentions on women’s walking behaviour. Psychol Health, 2009;24:49–65); Merom et al. (Can a motivational intervention overcome an unsupportive environment for walking–findings from the Step-by-Step Study. Ann Behav Med 2009;38:137–46); Ornes and Ransdell (A pilot study examining exercise self-efficacy as a mediator for walking behavior in college-age women. Perceptual Motor Skills, 2010;110:1098–104)]. Taken together, prior studies suggest that ongoing research attention is warranted. Walking behaviour change intervention studies were searched using key search words ‘walking promotion’ and ‘pedometer’ in the PubMed database. Initially, 87 articles were found and 25 walking behaviour change interventions were reviewed to focus attention on reported theory use. Results of the review suggest that interventions that are theoretically underpinned may be no more effective than their counterparts. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and Social Cognitive Models were most frequently reported with positive effects noted for TTM use. The review also indicates that using single theory may be better than using multiple theories in a single intervention.
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Ullah, Nimat, Michel Klein i Jan Treur. "Food Desires, Negative Emotions and Behaviour Change Techniques: A Computational Analysis". Smart Cities 4, nr 2 (15.06.2021): 938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4020048.
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Behaviour change techniques are considered effective means for changing behaviour, and with an increase in their use the interest in their exact working principles has also expanded. This information is required to make informed choices about when to apply which technique. Computational models that describe human behaviour can be helpful for this. In this paper a few behaviour change techniques have been connected with a computational model of emotion and desire regulation. Simulations have been performed to illustrate the effect of the techniques. The results demonstrate the working mechanisms and feasibility of the techniques used in the model.
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Errampalli, Madhu, Masashi Okushima i Takamasa Akiyama. "Fuzzy Logic Based Lane Change Model for Microscopic Traffic Flow Simulation". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 12, nr 2 (20.03.2008): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2008.p0172.
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Lane changing phenomenon is vital in representing individual vehicle behaviour in microscopic traffic simulation, yet many lane change models do not consider the uncertainties and perceptions in human behaviour that are involved in modelling lane changing. In the present study, fuzzy reasoning in lane changing model is introduced to reflect these uncertainties and perceptions to represent lane changing behaviour more realistically. The comparison of simulated results with observed data indicated that fuzzy reasoning represents driver behaviour more realistically than standard modelling. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated in a real urban network with bus lane policy.
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Reme, S. E., D. Stahl, T. Kennedy, R. Jones, S. Darnley i T. Chalder. "Mediators of change in cognitive behaviour therapy and mebeverine for irritable bowel syndrome". Psychological Medicine 41, nr 12 (11.04.2011): 2669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000328.
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BackgroundCognitive behaviour therapies (CBTs) have through several trials been demonstrated to reduce symptoms and disability in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, but the mechanisms responsible for the changes are still unknown. The aim of this study was to test a theoretical model of CBT and investigate if cognitions and/or behaviour mediated the changes seen in CBT for IBS.MethodTo assess for possible mediating effects, we applied path analysis to the dataset of 149 diagnosed participants randomized to mebeverine hydrochloride plus CBT or mebeverine hydrochloride alone. Primary outcome was symptom severity, while secondary outcomes were work and social adjustment and anxiety.ResultsThe path analyses supported mediational paths for all outcomes. Changes in behaviour and cognitions mediated all three outcomes, with models placing behaviour change ‘upstream’ of cognition change having best fit. The analyses of model fits revealed best fit for the anxiety model and hence provide increased confidence in the causal model of anxiety.ConclusionsChanges in behaviour and cognitions mediate the change in CBT given to IBS patients. The results strengthen the validity of a theoretical model of CBT by confirming the interaction of cognitive, emotional and behavioural factors in IBS.
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Curran, Fiona, Catherine Blake, Caitriona Cunningham, Carla Perrotta, Hidde van der Ploeg, James Matthews i Grainne O’Donoghue. "Efficacy, characteristics, behavioural models and behaviour change strategies, of non-workplace interventions specifically targeting sedentary behaviour; a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials in healthy ambulatory adults". PLOS ONE 16, nr 9 (7.09.2021): e0256828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256828.
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Background Sedentary behaviour (SB) research has grown exponentially but efficacy for interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour is often contaminated by interventions primarily or co-targeting other behaviours and outcomes. The primary aim of this research therefore, was to systematically review the efficacy of interventions specifically targeting sedentary behaviour reduction, as a sole primary outcome, from randomised control trials in healthy ambulatory adults. This research also sought to identify the successful interventions characteristics, behaviour change techniques (BCT’s) and underlying theories, and their relation to intervention effectiveness. Methods We followed PRISMA reporting guidelines for this systematic review. Six electronic databases were searched and a grey literature review conducted. Only randomised or cluster randomised controlled trials, from 2000 to 2020, in adult populations with a sole primary outcome of change in sedentary behaviour were included. Data codebooks were developed, data were extracted, and a narrative synthesis and meta-analysis was conducted using mixed methods random effects models. Results Of 5589 studies identified, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria. Six studies reported activPAL3 measures of mean daily sitting time, and four reported mean daily standing time, stepping time and number of sedentary breaks. Pooled analysis of weighted mean differences revealed a reduction in mean daily sitting time of -32.4mins CI (-50.3, -14.4), an increase in mean daily standing time of 31.75mins CI (13.7, 49.8), and mean daily stepping time of 9.5mins CI (2.8, 16.3), and an increase in rate of sedentary breaks per day of 3.6 (CI 1.6, 5.6). BCTs used exclusively in two of the three most effective interventions are ‘feedback on behaviour’ and ‘goal setting behaviour’ whilst all three most effective interventions included ‘instruction on how to perform the behaviour’ and ‘adding objects to the environment’, BCTs which were also used in less effective interventions. Conclusions Although limited by small sample sizes and short follow up periods, this review suggests that interventions specifically designed to change sedentary behaviour, reduce overall daily sitting time by half an hour, with an equivalent increase in standing time, in the short to medium term. Effective characteristics and behaviour change strategies are identified for future development of high quality interventions targeting change in sedentary behaviour. Prospero registration PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020172457 Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020172457.
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Durham, David P., i Elizabeth A. Casman. "Incorporating individual health-protective decisions into disease transmission models: a mathematical framework". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, nr 68 (20.07.2011): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0325.
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It is anticipated that the next generation of computational epidemic models will simulate both infectious disease transmission and dynamic human behaviour change. Individual agents within a simulation will not only infect one another, but will also have situational awareness and a decision algorithm that enables them to modify their behaviour. This paper develops such a model of behavioural response, presenting a mathematical interpretation of a well-known psychological model of individual decision making, the health belief model, suitable for incorporation within an agent-based disease-transmission model. We formalize the health belief model and demonstrate its application in modelling the prevalence of facemask use observed over the course of the 2003 Hong Kong SARS epidemic, a well-documented example of behaviour change in response to a disease outbreak.
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Odutolu, Oluwole. "Convergence of behaviour change models for AIDS risk reduction in sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Health Planning and Management 20, nr 3 (2005): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.812.
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Timurağaoğlu, Mehmet Ömer, Adem Doğangün i Ramazan Livaoğlu. "Comparison and assessment of material models for simulation of infilled RC frames under lateral loads". Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 71, nr 1 (8.01.2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.2307.2017.
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In the present study, the behaviour of infilled RC frames under earthquake loading is investigated numerically, and the influence of three different concrete material models on the in-plane behaviour of infilled RC frames is evaluated using the finite element analysis (FEA). For this reason, the efficiency of infilled walls is examined on full scale models. Finite element analysis results show that mathematical model of concrete may change behaviour of infilled RC frames. The post-peak behaviour is especially influenced.
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Cary, J. W. "Influencing attitudes and changing consumers' household water consumption behaviour". Water Supply 8, nr 3 (1.09.2008): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.078.
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Programs for demand management have become critical following extended water shortage in Australia. Changing attitudes is a major element of water conservation programs. Information and education are likely to be necessary but not sufficient components of any program for behaviour change. A combination of factors is needed to promote water saving behaviour. Changing the behaviours of less responsive water users requires a better understanding of what shapes water conservation behaviours. Programs and conservation behaviour models need to take account of both ‘internal’ influences, such as attitudes and habits, and ‘external’ influences, such as the water delivery environment, pricing and social norms for water use.
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Fortune, SME, SH Ferguson, AW Trites, B. LeBlanc, V. LeMay, JM Hudson i MF Baumgartner. "Seasonal diving and foraging behaviour of Eastern Canada-West Greenland bowhead whales". Marine Ecology Progress Series 643 (11.06.2020): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13356.
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Climate change may affect the foraging success of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus by altering the diversity and abundance of zooplankton species available as food. However, assessing climate-induced impacts first requires documenting feeding conditions under current environmental conditions. We collected seasonal movement and dive-behaviour data from 25 Eastern Canada-West Greenland bowheads instrumented with time-depth telemetry tags and used state-space models to examine whale movements and dive behaviours. Zooplankton samples were also collected in Cumberland Sound (CS) to determine species composition and biomass. We found that CS was used seasonally by 14 of the 25 tagged whales. Area-restricted movement was the dominant behaviour in CS, suggesting that the tagged whales allocated considerable time to feeding. Prey sampling data suggested that bowheads were exploiting energy-rich Arctic copepods such as Calanus glacialis and C. hyperboreus during summer. Dive behaviour changed seasonally in CS. Most notably, probable feeding dives were substantially shallower during spring and summer compared to fall and winter. These seasonal changes in dive depths likely reflect changes in the vertical distribution of calanoid copepods, which are known to suspend development and overwinter at depth during fall and winter when availability of their phytoplankton prey is presumed to be lower. Overall, CS appears to be an important year-round foraging habitat for bowheads, but is particularly important during the late summer and fall. Whether CS will remain a reliable feeding area for bowhead whales under climate change is not yet known.
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Adewoyin, Oluwande, Janet Wesson i Dieter Vogts. "The PBC Model: Supporting Positive Behaviours in Smart Environments". Sensors 22, nr 24 (8.12.2022): 9626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249626.
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Several behavioural problems exist in office environments, including resource use, sedentary behaviour, cognitive/multitasking, and social media. These behavioural problems have been solved through subjective or objective techniques. Within objective techniques, behavioural modelling in smart environments (SEs) can allow the adequate provision of services to users of SEs with inputs from user modelling. The effectiveness of current behavioural models relative to user-specific preferences is unclear. This study introduces a new approach to behavioural modelling in smart environments by illustrating how human behaviours can be effectively modelled from user models in SEs. To achieve this aim, a new behavioural model, the Positive Behaviour Change (PBC) Model, was developed and evaluated based on the guidelines from the Design Science Research Methodology. The PBC Model emphasises the importance of using user-specific information within the user model for behavioural modelling. The PBC model comprised the SE, the user model, the behaviour model, classification, and intervention components. The model was evaluated using a naturalistic-summative evaluation through experimentation using office workers. The study contributed to the knowledge base of behavioural modelling by providing a new dimension to behavioural modelling by incorporating the user model. The results from the experiment revealed that behavioural patterns could be extracted from user models, behaviours can be classified and quantified, and changes can be detected in behaviours, which will aid the proper identification of the intervention to provide for users with or without behavioural problems in smart environments.
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Li, Yi, Yuren Chen i Fan Wang. "The Impact of Traffic Environmental Vision Pressure on Driver Behaviour". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (5.06.2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4941605.
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Car-following (CF) and lane-changing (LC) behaviours are basic components in driving process. Previous models described them as physical processes with vehicle dynamics and physical criteria. However, drivers’ decisions are greatly influenced by their subjective vision information of various traffic environment elements. To solve this problem, we propose a new concept of traffic environmental vision pressure to explain these two behaviours. The pressure source consists of two parts: nearby vehicles and infrastructures. Pressure models were built to quantify the impact of traffic and roadside infrastructures on these two behaviours. 103 field tests (53 LC and 50 CF) carried out by 40 drivers were conducted to test and calibrate the models. Drivers’ psychological data and vehicle data were collected and postprocessed. Results showed positive relationship between drivers’ psychological stress and vision pressure, which verified the assumption that traffic environmental vision information would have certain effect on driver behaviour. Quantitative thresholds of pressure value were also given and explained with test data. It is concluded that the traffic environmental vision pressure in CF and LC behaviours is quite different, and higher pressure has more impact on behaviour change. We believe that these results will be helpful to study the micro driver behaviour.
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SYAMSUNDAR, A., i V. N. A. NAIKAN. "HIERARCHICAL SEGMENTED POINT PROCESS MODELS WITH MULTIPLE CHANGE POINTS FOR MAINTAINED SYSTEMS". International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 15, nr 03 (czerwiec 2008): 261–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539308003076.
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The failure processes of maintained systems operating in a changing environment may be affected by the changes and exhibit different failure behaviour before and after the changes. Such processes exhibiting abrupt changes in failure intensities at specified times require segmented models with the process domain divided into segments at the points of changes in the environment to represent them. The individual segments can be modeled by any of the usual point process models and combined to form a composite segmented model with multiple change points. This paper proposes such segmented models with multiple change points to represent the failure processes of these systems and uses a hierarchical binary segmentation method to obtain the location of the changes. Its purpose is to quantify the impacts of changes in the environment on the failure intensities. These models are applied to the field data from an industrial setting; parameter estimates obtained and are shown to more accurately describe the failure processes of maintained system in a changing environment than the single point process models usually used. The interpretation and use of these models for maintained systems is also depicted.
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Bosch, Jose A., Alessio Ferrari i Lyesse Laloui. "A coupled hydro – mechanical approach for modelling the volume change behaviour of compacted bentonite". E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019504006.
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The volumetric response of compacted bentonites against environmental actions is a key aspect in most designs of nuclear waste repositories. The safety assessment of such repositories must account for robust and reliable models of stress–strain for bentonites. While many models for unsaturated low activity clays take advantage from the use of a generalized effective stress, its application to expansive soils has not found the same degree of success. One of the possible reasons is the complex water retention behaviour of these materials, which only recently has been successfully reproduced by numerical models. Here, by adopting an appropriate water retention model, a coupled hydro-mechanical approach to simulate the volume change behaviour of compacted bentonites is suggested. An explicit distinction between interlayer adsorbed water and capillary water is used to simulate the water retention behaviour. It is then shown that by using a precise water retention formulation, the volumetric behaviour can be interpreted within an effective stress–degree of saturation based framework. Some interesting results derived from the use of the effective stress include the shrinkage limit, the increase in stiffness of the elastic regime and the use of a single elastic coefficient for both wetting–swelling and reloading stress paths.
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Korzukhin, Michael D., Michael T. Ter-Mikaelian i Robert G. Wagner. "Process versus empirical models: which approach for forest ecosystem management?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, nr 5 (1.05.1996): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-096.
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The emergence of forest ecosystem management presents new information challenges for forest managers. Shifting views of the forest from primarily one as a production system for wood fibre to an ecosystem with spatially and temporally complex interrelationships is changing the demand for information about the forest. These new information needs are characterized by greater complexity, limited availability of mechanistic hypotheses, and a paucity of data. Empirical and process modelling approaches have evolved in forest management to solve different problems, and debate about the two approaches has existed for some time. Which approach to forest modelling will best be able to meet the challenges of ecosystem management? Empirical models seek principally to describe the statistical relationships among data with limited regard to an object's internal structure, rules, or behaviour. In contrast, process models seek primarily to describe data using key mechanisms or processes that determine an object's internal structure, rules, and behaviour. In addition, mechanisms included in process models are general enough that they can maintain some degree of relevance for new objects or conditions (mechanism constancy), while empirical models tend not to be tied to any specific mechanism, so that derived model parameters must remain constant (parameter constancy) for new objects or conditions. Based on these differences, we argue that process models offer significant advantages over empirical models for increasing our understanding of and predicting forest (a tree, a stand, a landscape) behaviour. Process models are, therefore, more likely to meet the information challenges presented by ecosystem management.
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Robles, Luke A., Ellie Shingler, Lucy McGeagh, Edward Rowe, Anthony Koupparis, Amit Bahl, Constance Shiridzinomwa, Raj Persad, Richard M. Martin i J. Athene Lane. "Attitudes and adherence to changes in nutrition and physical activity following surgery for prostate cancer: a qualitative study". BMJ Open 12, nr 6 (czerwiec 2022): e055566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055566.
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ObjectivesInterventions designed to improve men’s diet and physical activity (PA) have been recommended as methods of cancer prevention. However, little is known about specific factors that support men’s adherence to these health behaviour changes, which could inform theory-led diet and PA interventions. We aimed to explore these factors in men following prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa).Design, setting and participantsA qualitative study using semistructured interviews with men, who made changes to their diet and/or PA as part of a factorial randomised controlled trial conducted at a single hospital in South West England. Participants were 17 men aged 66 years, diagnosed with localised PCa and underwent prostatectomy. Interview transcripts underwent thematic analysis.ResultsMen were ambivalent about the relationship of nutrition and PA with PCa risk. They believed their diet and level of PA were reasonable before being randomised to their interventions. Men identified several barriers and facilitators to performing these new behaviours. Barriers included tolerance to dietary changes, PA limitations and external obstacles. Facilitators included partner involvement in diet, habit formation and brisk walking as an individual activity. Men discussed positive effects associated with brisk walking, such as feeling healthier, but not with nutrition interventions.ConclusionsThe facilitators to behaviour change suggest that adherence to trial interventions can be supported using well-established behaviour change models. Future studies may benefit from theory-based interventions to support adherence to diet and PA behaviour changes in men diagnosed with PCa.