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Nichols, P. G. H., R. A. C. Jones, T. J. Ridsdill-Smith i M. J. Barbetti. "Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance". Crop and Pasture Science 65, nr 11 (2014): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14031.
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Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.
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Vuković, Slavica, Dragana Šunjka, Aleksandra Alavanja, Dragana Bošković i Antonije Žunić. "The most important diseases and pests of beans and green beans and the possibility of their control". Biljni lekar 49, nr 6 (2021): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2106815v.
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The production of beans and green beans in our country takes place in relatively small areas, and it is additionally reduced by the presence of various harmful agents (pests and diseases). Economically significant diseases of beans and green beans are gray rot (Botrytis cinerea), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), seedling rot, and seedling blight (Pythium sp.), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. phaseoli), bean rust (Uromyces phaseoli), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), gray leaf spot (Mycosphaerella pinodes), brown leaf spot or bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli), and bean mosaic virus. Five plant protection products (PPPs) based on four active substances have been registered in our country for the control of pathogens in beans and green beans. Signifi cant pests of beans and green beans in our country are black aphid (Aphis fabae), thrips (Kakothrips robustus), plant aphids (family Aphididae), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), as well as red spider mite and Atlantic (strawberry) spider mite (Tetranichus urticae and Tetranichus turkestani). Eight PPPs, based on seven active substances, have been registered for the control of pests in the crop of beans and green beans. This paper aimed to present the registered PPPs in the Republic of Serbia for the control of the most economically important pathogens and pests of beans and green beans, classified according to the mode of action.
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Guantai, Mary, George Momanyi, Thomas Kosiom i Isaac Macharia. "Host status of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on French beans in Kenya". African Phytosanitary Journal 3, nr 1 (28.02.2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/bqff3429.
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Production of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a vegetable is important as a source of livelihood and income generation to smallholder farmers. However, production of this crop has not been optimal due to various constraints. Among the most important ones is pest and diseases. In Kenya, major pests reported in French beans include the western flower thrips (WFT) (Frankliniella occidentalis), Bean fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) aphids (Aphis fabae), red spider mites (Tetranychus spp.), the African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) and white flies (Bemisia tabaci). Although Tephritidae flies are major pests of fruits and vegetables in Africa, Kenya included, they are no reports to indicate that they attack French beans. However, a previous pest risk analysis report indicates that the crop is host to some species such as Dacus ciliatus and Bactrocera cucurbitaceae. In an effort to secure the international market, we conducted a study to assess French beans from Kenya to establish whether they are indeed hosts to fruit flies or not. The study was conducted in Machakos, Meru, Murang’a, Laikipia and Nyeri regions in the year 2020. In each of the study regions, sampling of pods was carried out in private farms that were planting French beans for export. A total of 2375 samples were collected from various locations in the field and from exit point for analysis. Results showed that, none of the developmental stages of fruit flies (Tephritidae) was present in any of the sampled French beans pods (Field and exit point samples). However, bean seed fly (Delia platura), bean fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) and one beetle was recorded in some of the samples. From our study we conclude that French beans is not a host to Tephritidae fruit flies. However, we recommend host preference tests in the laboratory and greenhouse to establish the oviposition potential of the fruit flies to French beans. Key words: Phaseolus, samples, fruit, pods, preference, oviposition
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Muthomi, James, A. M. Fulano, J. M. Wagacha i A. W. Mwang’ombe. "Management of Snap Bean Insect Pests and Diseases by Use of Antagonistic Fungi and Plant Extracts". Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, nr 3 (17.06.2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n3p52.
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Use of synthetic pesticides reduces the competitiveness of Kenyan snap bean pods due to stringent regulations by importers as a result of presence of chemical residues. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of local biopesticides in managing insect pests and diseases of snap beans. Field experiments were set up in farmer's field where Trichoderma spp. and Paecilomyce spp. and plant extracts from turmeric, garlic, ginger and lemon were applied weekly as foliar sprays. Plant extracts reduced the population of whiteflies and thrips by up to 58% and 41% while antagonistic fungi had a corresponding 30% and 18% reduction, respectively. Trichoderma spp. reduced severity of angular leaf spot (37.5%), rust (67%) and anthracnose (20.7%). Plant extracts and antagonistic fungi increased marketable pod yield by 25.6% and 17.3%, respectively. Results demonstrated that local environments are potential sources of biopesticides that can be exploited for integrated management of pests and diseases.
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Seamark, Robert F. "Biotech prospects for the control of introduced mammals in Australia". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, nr 8 (2001): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01073.
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More than twenty exotic vertebrate species are now listed as pests in Australia. Collectively, these pests have a huge economic and environmental impact and pose a major threat to Australia’s ecosystems and unique biodiversity. Management of such pests on a continental scale is a major challenge. Recent advances in biotechnology suggest alternatives to the lethal diseases normally sought for use as biological control agents. One proposal, being investigated in the Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, is the use of biotechnology to develop a new generation of agents that act through controlling reproduction to prevent the build up of pest populations. The core concept is fertility control through immunocontraceptive vaccines delivered by viruses that specifically infect the target pest population. Proof of this exciting concept has been obtained for the mouse and, very recently, the rabbit, and a candidate vaccine vector identified for the fox, portending better control of a trio of Australia’s most pervasive pests. Other advances in biotechnology suggest ways to negate the build up of both innate and acquired immune resistance in target pest populations that normally act to limit the efficacy and effective life of biocontrol agents in the field. Prospects for extending the use of virally vectored vaccines to the field management of wildlife diseases are also identified. Targets for such vaccines include a growing suite of emerging diseases, hosted by Australia’s wildlife, which pose a threat to human and livestock health. Numerous technical challenges remain to be addressed before any of these new agents are ready for use in the field. However, the major risk to their development is now no longer viewed as being technical, but the failure to gain public acceptance for their use in the field. This already significant risk is exasperated by the present heightened level of public concern about all introductions of genetically modified organisms.
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Pertiwi, Sarah Kristi, Khairul Rizal i Yudi Triyanto. "Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair Urin Kambing dan Pestisida Alami terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kacang Panjang Beda Varietas di Desa Gunung Selamat". Indonesian Journal of Community Services 3, nr 1 (31.05.2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ijocs.3.1.19-30.
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Kacang Panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman sayuran sebagai sumber vitamin dan mineral. Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) juga merupakan jenis kacang-kacangan yang banyak diusahakan di Indonesia. Desa Gunung Selamat merupakan salah satu desa dengan penghasilan tanaman palawija yang beragam salah satunya kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.). Namun, pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan karena banyak permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh petani sehingga menyebabkan pertumbuhan kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.)� menurun. Turunnya produksi ini antara lain disebabkan oleh iklim, tanah, pupuk, hama dan penyakit. Maka dari itu pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman serta mengurangi penggunaan pupuk sintetik yang dapat merusak ekosistem tanah, maka dari itu diberi perlakuan penyiraman pupuk organik cair pada tanah serta penyemprotan pestisida nabati dari daun pepaya untuk mencegah hama dan penyakit yang menyerang tanaman kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.). Perlakuan ini dibuat untuk melihat hasil respon tingkat pertumbuhan pada tanaman kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.).Long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) are a vegetable plant as a source of vitamins and minerals. Long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) are also a type of legume that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. Gunung Selamat Village is one of the villages with a variety of agricultural crops, one of which is long beans (Vigna sinensis L.). However, this community service was carried out because of the many problems faced by farmers, which caused the growth of long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) to decline. The decline in production was caused, among others, by climate, soil, fertilizers, pests and diseases. Therefore, this community service is carried out to increase plant growth and reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers that can damage the soil ecosystem, therefore it is given the treatment of sprinkling liquid organic fertilizers on the soil and spraying vegetable pesticides from pepaya leaves to prevent pests and diseases that attack long bean plants (Vigna sinensis L.). This treatment was designed to see the results of the growth rate response in long bean plants (Vigna sinensis L.).
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Nguyen, Sy Dinh, i Hunseung Kang. "Gene cloning and transformation of Arabidopsis plant to study the functions of the Early Responsive to Dehydration gene (ERD4) in coffee genome". Science and Technology Development Journal 19, nr 2 (30.06.2016): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.789.
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Coffee plant is one of the most important industrial crops, and the two popular cultivars, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, contribute to the production of almost all coffee beans around the world. Although the demand for coffee beans is continually increasing, the steady production of coffee beans is hampered by many factors, such as environmental stresses, insect pests, and diseases. Traditional breeding could be used to develop new coffee cultivars with a higher productivity under these harsh conditions, and a biotechnological approach can also be used to improve coffee plants in a relatively short period of time. To develop new coffee cultivars via a biotechnological approach, it is necessary to discover potential candidate genes and determine their functions in coffee plants. However, it is technically difficult to introduce foreign genes into coffee genome and takes long time to analyze gene function in coffee plants. To overcome these technical difficulties, the potential coffee genes could be cloned and introduced into Arabidopsis for the rapid analysis of its biological functions under harsh environmental conditions.
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Etebari, Kayvan, Pauline Lenancker, Kevin S. Powell i Michael J. Furlong. "Transcriptomics Reveal Several Novel Viruses from Canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Central Queensland, Australia". Viruses 14, nr 3 (21.03.2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14030649.
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Canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are major pests of sugarcane crops in Australia, but despite long-term and intensive research, no commercially viable biological control agents have been identified. We used the RNA-Seq approach to explore the viriomes of three different species of canegrubs from central Queensland, Australia to identify potential candidates for biological control. We identified six novel RNA viruses, characterized their genomes, and inferred their evolutionary relationships with other closely related viruses. These novel viruses showed similarity to other known members from picornaviruses, benyviruses, sobemoviruses, totiviruses, and reoviruses. The abundance of viral reads varied in these libraries; for example, Dermolepida albohirtum picorna-like virus (9696 nt) was built from 83,894 assembled reads while only 1350 reads mapped to Lepidiota negatoria beny-like virus (6371 nt). Future studies are essential to determine their natural incidence in different life stages of the host, biodiversity, geographical distributions, and potential as biological control agents for these important pests of sugarcane.
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Ogallo, L. J. "CONTROL OF NEMATODES AND OTHER SOIL BORNE PESTS AND DISEASES OF FRENCH BEANS BY PHENAMIPHOS AND CARBOFURAN". Acta Horticulturae, nr 218 (styczeń 1988): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.218.38.
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Kamunywe, Jilet Makrini. "Provenance of Food Insecurity. A Critical Literature Review". Journal of Climate Policy 1, nr 1 (8.10.2022): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jcp.1057.
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Purpose: In particular, it affects crop production due to temperature and rainfall changes, and more extreme weather events. Erratic rainfall and temperatures are said to reduce crop yields through shortening growing seasons, exaggeration of water stress and promote invasion and intensity of weeds, pests and diseases. The overall objective of this study was to examine provenance of food insecurity.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: This study concluded that the effects of rainfall and temperature adversely affect to maize and beans production in Africa. The effects are significant and positive for all crops. Generally, there is better correlation of production with precipitation than temperature. From the findings Pearson’s correlation showed positive correlation for crop yields against climate data except for minimum temperature that exhibited weak negative correlation for maize and no correlation for beans. This shows plainly that “business as usual” food grain growth is altered by changes in climate. These changes could alter growing seasons, planting and harvesting calendars or even invasion of pests, weeds and diseases.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that adoption of other food grains that may do well under this current climatic condition. Crops such as millet and sorghum are encouraged due to their high tolerance to droughts, soil infertility and high temperatures. Households also to be guided on how to monitor crop-climate relationship so as to achieve improved crop production drought resistant modern seed varieties are very important to the population.
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Pinotti, Maria Margareth Zamboni, i Julio Cesar Pires Santos. "From the ancient times of the agriculture to the biological control in plants: a little of the history". Ciência Rural 43, nr 10 (październik 2013): 1797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013001000011.
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The advancement of technology in agriculture driven by the need to increase efficiency in production transformed agriculture in an eminently anti-ecological activity, with large-scale use of industrialized products. Human beans still live the paradigm of agriculture based on the use of chemical inputs, which often brings harmful consequences to the environment. As an alternative to u the use of pesticides to control pests and diseases, biological control is a practice that has been increasingly encouraged. With it, it is possible to think on changes that promote the conservation of natural resources and of the planet humans live in, contributing to strength the new era in biotechnology education.
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Boschma, S. P., i R. W. Williams. "Using morphological traits to identify persistent lucernes for dryland agriculture in NSW, Australia". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, nr 1 (2008): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06206.
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This paper reports on several studies conducted to better understand the variability between lucerne cultivars and lines, and use this to predict persistence in dryland grazing pastures in eastern Australia. Morphological traits of 20 cultivars/lines were measured in irrigated and dryland spaced plant experiments. Studies were also conducted to describe variation among lucernes in their utilisation of starch and responses to water deficit, pests and diseases. Multiple regression analyses were used to develop simple models where the measured traits could be used to predict persistence of lucerne lines in dryland evaluation experiments. Although there was significant variation among cultivars/lines in most measured traits, no single trait reliably predicted persistence of cultivars/lines in dryland evaluation experiments. However, variation in persistence at both sites could be explained by models developed by multiple regression using differences in the mean lengths of the longest stems at 10% flower in summer and winter. Persistent lucernes were those that had relatively long stems in summer and short stems in winter. Water use efficiencies, starch utilisation patterns and resistances to pests and diseases of different lucernes provided some improvement to this simple model, but these improvements were not consistent.
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Rosas, Juan C., Aracely Castro i Edwin Flores. "Mejoramiento genético del frijol rojo y negro mesoamericano para Centroamérica y El Caribe." Agronomía Mesoamericana 11, nr 2 (1.07.2006): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v11i2.17305.
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Bean production in Central America is mainly a small farm operation on hillside, marginal areas, limited by several biotic and abiotic constraints. More than 350,000 t of beans are produced in nearly 0.5 millions of hectáreas, with a rather low yield average of 678 kg/ha. The majority of bean producers utilize low inputs and few farms are mechanized. Autoconsumption is rather high; however, a great portion of the beans is sold by intermediaries. In Honduras, beans are the 7th most important crop in economic value, and has the highest economic return among corn, rice and sorghum. The major market classes in Central America are small red and black (race Mesoamerican) beans. Improvement of these bean types is focused in developing resistance to diseases (common mosaic, golden mosaic, anthracnose, angular leaf spot, rust, web blight, and common bacterial blight) and pests (mainly pod weevil); and tolerance to low fertility, drought and heat. Appropriate hybridization and selection programs are utilized for developing multiple resistant, high yielding, well adapted and commercially accepted cultivars. A broad genetic base is accomplished by using Andean and Mesoamerican sources of germplasm in the hybridization stage. Simultaneous selection for various traits and multilocation testing of advanced lines are practiced. Yield and adaptation nurseries and trials of improved lines are distributed to Central America, Mexico, Panama and Caribbean countries. Testing of advanced lines and on-farm validation and varietal release, are carried out by National Bean Programs and institutions, members of the PROFRIJOL regional program, in collaboration with Zamorano, CIAT and the Bean/Cowpea CRSP.
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Dillard, HR, TJ Wicks i B. Philp. "A grower survey of diseases, invertebrate pests, and pesticide use on potatoes grown in South Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, nr 5 (1993): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930653.
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In 1991, a survey was distributed to 251 potato growers in South Australia to determine major diseases, insect and other invertebrate pests, and chemicals used to control them. The overall response rate was 48%, but of these, 24 individuals were no longer growing potatoes. The results were summarised for the State and by district (Adelaide Hills, Adelaide Plains, Murray Lands, South East). The most prevalent diseases encountered by respondents in all districts were target spot caused by Alternaria solani, and rhizoctonia canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Other diseases of concern to growers included late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, seed piece decay caused by various pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms, common scab caused by Streptomyces scabies, and leaf roll caused by potato leaf roll virus. The most commonly used fungicides for disease control were chlorothalonil (33-42% of respondents), mancozeb (30%), and cupric hydroxide (11-13%). The most commonly used seed treatments for control of seed piece decay were mancozeb (51 % of respondents), tolclofos methyl (24%), and lime (20%). Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella), and jassids and leafhoppers (Jassidae, Cicadellidae) were the pests of greatest concern to the growers. Others included Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor), redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor), and thrips (Thripidae). The most commonly used insecticides were ethamidophos (40% of respondents), monocrotophos (22-28%), and dimethoate (7-13%).
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Oluwole, Oluwatoyin B., Viola A. Nwachukwu Nicholas-Okpara, Gloria Elemo, Olubamike Adeyoju, Deborah Ibekwe i Maryam Olanshile Adegboyega. "Medicinal Uses, Nutraceutical Potentials and Traditional Farm Production of Bambara Beans and Pigeon Pea". Global Journal Of Epidemiology and Public Health 6 (15.06.2022): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2313-0946.2021.06.01.3.
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Bambara groundnut (BGN) [Vigna subterranean (L) Verdc] and Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] are grain legume species grown in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Both legume grains are highly nutritious and have been used as food and medicine for both humans and animals. However, Bambara groundnut and pigeon pea are still highly underutilized and produced in low quantities despite their nutritional benefits. This review examines nutritional properties, medicinal uses, nutraceutical potential and the limitations in the utilization of bambara groundnut and pigeon pea. Scholarly articles and organization white papers were searched for using various word combinations of traditional farm practices, modern agricultural practices, traditional medicinal uses, nutritional composition, biochemical composition, Bambara groundnut and pigeon pea. Bambara groundnut and pigeon pea are popularly used as medicine in many parts of Africa. Both species are rich sources of bioactive compounds and several studies have documented their efficacy against several diseases. Bambara groundnut has been used to treat polymenorrhea, venereal diseases, cataracts, and morning sickness. The stem, leaves, seeds, and roots of pigeon pea plant has been used to treat many diseases in many parts of the world. Bambara groundnut has been found to be a potential dietary probiotic, antioxidant, antibiotic and anticancer. Hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities have been documented for pigeon pea as well. However, low yield, unfavourable land tenure systems, unimproved varieties, diseases, and pests are the major constraints of the traditional production of bambara groundnut and pigeon pea. Both legume grain species are important sources of nutrients and they both possess strong potentials to be nutraceutical agents against many diseases including malnutrition. However, advanced and intensive research on pest management, improvement of the traditional landrace cultivars for improved yield and palatability as well as formulation of favourable land tenure policies are recommended for better adoption, utilization and commercialization of bambara groundnut and pigeon pea.
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Gilang, Rama Ginanjar, Nenet Susniahti i Danar Dono. "The effectiveness of soursop seed (Annona muricata L.) agains Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)". CROPSAVER - Journal of Plant Protection 1, nr 1 (18.01.2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/cropsaver.v1i1.16994.
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Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) one of the main pests that cause damage to mung beans in storage areas. This research was conducted to determine the effective dose from soursop seed (Annona muricata) powder resulting mortality and emphasizing the amount of imago on the first-generation C. Maculatus. This research was conducted at Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor using experimental method of Complete Random Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were tested using 5 doses of A. muricata seed powder with 1 grams, 3 grams, 5 grams, 7 grams, and 9 grams doses, and added with control or without treatment. The results showed that the dose of 5 grams A. muricata seed powder showed the mortality of C. maculatus by 94% at 8 days after infestation, emphasizing the amount of eggs which is placed C. maculatus of mungbean seed 77,64%. Emphasis on the emergence of the first generation of imago in the mung bean seeds is 74.67%. The lowest of loss weight mung beed seed amount 1,33%.Keywords: Annona muricata, Callosobruchus maculatus, Soursop Seed Powder, Mortality
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Workman, P. J., I. A. W. Scott i G. M. Drayton. "Eretmocerus eremicus a new whitefly parasitoid found in New Zealand". New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (1.08.2008): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6855.
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In the summer of 200607 unsprayed vegetable crops in the Auckland region were surveyed to locate and identify natural enemies of whitefly thrips and psyllids that could be used as biological control agents for pests of greenhouse crops A natural enemy that was specifically sought was a yellow parasitoid of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum that had previously been observed in the Auckland region in greenhouse crops (T Marais pers comm) This parasitoid was identified in 1997 by Dr J Berry (Landcare Research) as Eretmocerus sp The 200607 survey located three populations of a yellow parasitoid of greenhouse whitefly on runner beans in a home garden at Waimauku in an organic garden in Silverdale and on greenhouse tomatoes in Mangere Sequences of diagnostic COII ITS2 and D3 gene regions were obtained from the Waimauku samples and subsequent interrogation of sequence databases using BLAST identified the parasitoid as Eretmocerus warrae (Naumann and Schmit 2000) (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae) Eretmocerus warrae was found across the southern half of Australia in surveys in 199597 and is considered endemic to Australia but has only been found from the exotic greenhouse whitefly In 2008 specimens of Eretmocerus collected in 1997 and 2006 were examined by CSIRO and were considered to be morphologically identical It was concluded that both samples of the parasitoids were Eretmocerus eremicus which is now considered to be synonymous with E warrae
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Schultz, JE. "Crop production in a rotation trial at Tarlee, South Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, nr 7 (1995): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950865.
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A crop rotation trial was established in 1977 on a hard-setting red-brown earth at Tarlee, South Australia, to monitor the long-term effect of intensive and traditional rotations on soil properties and crop production. The rotations involve wheat alternating with cereals, grain legumes, pasture, and fallow. There are 3 stubble + tillage treatments: remove stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + no tillage. Three rates of nitrogen (0,40, 80 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) are applied to the wheat. Grain yield varied with seasonal conditions, and water use efficiencies were up to 10 kg/ha. mm. In the more productive rotations, wheat grain yields expressed as a percentage of potential yield tended to increase over time. The best wheat yields were always in rotations that included a grain legume or legume pasture, with additional yield increases in all rotations coming from the use of N fertiliser. By comparison with rotation and N fertiliser effects, there was little effect of the stubble + tillage treatments on grain yield. Most of the yield variations were related to differences in tiller density or grains per ear, with grain weight remaining relatively constant over all seasons. There was a tendency for grain legume yields to decrease over the latter years of the trial, and this was attributed to the build-up of plant diseases through growing the same species on the same plot every second year. Overall, faba beans were the highest yielding grain legume, and the wheat-beans rotation, with 80 kg N/ha on the wheat, gave highest total grain production. Data for residue remaining after harvest indicate that in some years there is less than the desired minimum levels to give adequate protection against erosion, so any grazing of the residues must be carefully managed.
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Tasrif, Arifin, Muhammad Taufik i Nazaruddin Nazaruddin. "New Paradigm on Plant Quarantine System for Protection of Biological Diversity in Indonesia". Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, nr 1 (24.07.2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.62605.
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Plant quarantine system becomes an important pillar in the protection of biological diversities from the threat of plant pests and diseases. The implementation of plant quarantine system currently covers prevention of spread of quarantine pests, food safety, food quality, genetic resources and bio-agents, as well as invasive alien species and genetically modified organism. During 2014 to 2018, a total of 232 frequency intercepted of quarantine pests of viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and weeds have been detected. These pests associated with plant materials from various countries in Asia, Europe, the United States, Australia and Africa that may potentially threaten biological diversities when dispersed within Indonesian territory. Implementation of risk analysis and appropriate level of protection consideration can be clustered in to pre-border, at-border, and post-border activities in order to mitigate the risk of quarantine pests and biosafety monitoring into Indonesian territory. Utilizing advances in pest detection technology in the industrial era 4.0 could provide benefits in the agricultural sectors. Various detection technologies using drones and bio-sensors have contributed in the field of plant protection, especially as pest detection and monitoring tools in the field. Furthermore, the establishment of proficiency certification agency for plant quarantine systems may contribute efficient and effective operations in the near future.
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Morfesi, David, i Iain Sandford. "Effective Compliance with Trade Law and International Business Integrity Requirements in Australia". Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 10 (1.10.2013): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013046.
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This article considers the framework of Australian law, policy and institutions that raise compliance issues for enterprises undertaking business into and out of Australia. It provides a brief, practical perspective on the Australian frameworks that regulate: general import and export compliance; compliance with special regimes affecting certain goods, such as defence and strategic items; as well as Australia's strict quarantine requirements for food, biological products and other goods that risk introducing exotic pests and diseases. It also addresses Australia's increasing emphasis on 'business integrity' issues that affect how, where and with whom business is done. The article concludes by suggesting that Australian law requirements should be addressed in the context of the global compliance systems of internationally active businesses.
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Pobela, Elva, Agustinus Mokoginta, Henratno Pasumbuna i Meysi Mamonto. "Pengaruh Dosis Pemberian Pupuk NPK Mutiara terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Kacang Panjang (Vigna Sinensis L.)". Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian Gorontalo (JTPG) 7, nr 2 (23.11.2022): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30869/jtpg.v7i2.975.
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Vegetables are stapled food companion ingredients that must be present in the composition of food consumed by humans. This is because in vegetables there are substances that are needed by the body. Not only to maintain body immunity, but vegetables are also sometimes often used to prevent and treat disease. Increasing demand for vegetable demands increased production as well. However, there are several obstacles that can reduce productivity, including planting media (soil), pests and diseases, as well as the dosage of fertilizer application. One type of vegetable that is widely consumed by the public is long beans. One of the aims of this study was to determine the effect of NPK Mutiara fertilizer on the growth and production of long beans. This research was carried out in the form of an experiment in the field using the Randomized Block Design Method (RBD) with 6 treatments repeated 4 times so that there were 24 study plots. Long beans were planted with the treatment of Pearl NPK fertilizer which consisted of 6 treatments, namely: PK 0 (control), PK 1 = 10 gr, PK 2 = 15 gr, PK 3 = 20 gr, PK 4 = 25 gr, PK 5 = 30 gr per plot. Variables observed included vine length, number of pods, and pod weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and if it had a significant effect, then it was continued with the 5% Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Based on the results of the study it was known that at the age of 10 HST, 20 HST, and 30 HST the application of Mutiara NPK fertilizer had no significant effect on the height of long bean plants (Vigna sinensis L.).
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Titova, A. E. "Complex selection of the best collection of chick-peaby method of multi-criterian optimization anh Harrington's reliable function". Bulletin of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokychaiev. The series “Crop production, selection and seed production, fruit and vegetable growing” 2019, nr 1 (25.06.2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35550/visnykagro2019.01.081.
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A comprehensive selection of the best collection sample of chickpeas by the method of multicriteria optimization and by the Harrington desirability function in seven varieties of chickpeas - Cicer arietinum L., C. Reticulatum Labizinsky., C. Judaicum Boiss., C. Bijugum K.N. Rech., C. Pinnatifidum Jaub., C. chorassinicum (Bge) M. Pop., C. yamashitae Kitam by the comparative evaluation of the alternatives by a set of the indicators of resistance to diseases and pests, the number of beans per plant, the number of grains in the bean, the number of grains per plant, the mass of grains per plant, the weight of 1000 grains, plant height, height of the lower bean, protein and oil content has been made. A set of evaluation criteria has been defined. The analysis of similar criteria at application of a method of multicriteria optimization (geometrical check of criteria) has been used. The importance of selections on a number of the indicators of productivity and adaptability to the environmental conditions for successful selection work in order to improve the economically valuable signs of chickpeas has been analyzed. Key words: complex selection, multicriteria optimization method, Harrington desirability function, plant height, lower bean attachment height, number of beans, number of grains per plant, weight of grain per plant, number of grains in a bean, weight of 1000 grains.
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Davis, Richard I., Lynne M. Jones, Bradley Pease, Sandy L. Perkins, Harshitsinh R. Vala, Pere Kokoa, Marilyn Apa i Christopher J. Dale. "Plant Virus and Virus-like Disease Threats to Australia’s North Targeted by the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy". Plants 10, nr 10 (14.10.2021): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102175.
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The Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) is a biosecurity initiative operated by the Australian federal government’s Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE). It is unique worldwide because it deals specifically with the potential arrival via unregulated pathways of exotic threats from overseas in a vast and sparsely populated region. It aims to protect the nation’s animal- and plant-based production industries, as well as the environment, from incursions of organisms from countries that lie immediately to the north. These are diseases, pests, and weeds present in these countries that are currently either absent from, or under active containment in, Australia and may arrive by natural or human-assisted means. This review article focuses on the plant viruses and virus-like diseases that are most highly targeted by the NAQS program. It presents eight pathogen species/group entries in the NAQS A list of target pathogens, providing an overview of the historical and current situation, and collates some new data obtained from surveillance activities conducted in northern Australia and collaborative work overseas.
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Paine, T. D., i J. G. Millar. "Insect pests of eucalypts in California: implications of managing invasive species". Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002151.
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AbstractFor the first 150 years following their introduction, eucalypts planted in the California landscape were free of both insect pests and diseases. In the last 15 years, numerous herbivorous insect species have been introduced accidentally into the State and have caused significant damage to the trees. Several of these species, e.g. Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius), Phoracantha recurva Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have also been introduced into other parts of the world where eucalypts are grown, whereas others, e.g. Glycaspsis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae) and Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae), are currently restricted to California and Australia. Research programmes have provided management solutions to individual pest problems, but as more pest species are introduced, these solutions must be integrated across broad geographic, horticultural, and economic scales, in a systems approach.
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Underwood, Roger, i D. Garth Nikles. "The status of the domestication of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) in Australia, as documented in the CD ROM Proceedings of a 2006 Workshop". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 300, nr 300 (1.06.2009): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2009.300.a20410.
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Le résumé en français est disponible dans le fichier PDF de l'article. A Workshop was held in Townsville, Queensland, Australia in May 2006 entitled: "Where to from here with R&D to underpin plantations of highvalue timber species in the ¿seasonally-dry¿ tropics of northern Australia?" Its focus was on African mahogany, Khaya senegalensis, and followed a broader-ranging Workshop with a similar theme held in Mareeba, Queensland in 2004. The 2006 Workshop comprised eight technical working sessions over two days preceded by a field trip to look at local trial plantings of African mahogany. The working sessions covered R&D in: tree improvement, nutrition, soils, silviculture, establishment, management, productivity, pests, diseases, wood properties; and R&D needs and management. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Wicks, TJ, i AR Granger. "Effects of low rates of pesticides on the control of pests and diseases of apples". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, nr 3 (1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890439.
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Fungicides and insecticides used at the recommended rate, and reduced recommended rates were applied at low volume (100 L ha-1) to apple trees in field experiments in South Australia from 1985 to 1988. At harvest the incidence of fruit damaged by fungi and insects was assessed on Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathan and Granny Smith cultivars. Mixtures of penconazole and mancozeb applied at the recommended rates of 800 mL and 4.5 kg ha-1 respectively as well as 25% and 10% of the recommended rates controlled apple scab completely in 1986, but were less effective in 1987. Azinphos-methyl applied at the recommended rate of 2.7 kg and 25% of the recommended rate reduced codling moth infestation to commercially acceptable levels of <2 % on Red Delicious only in 1987. Considerable cost savings are possible by using low rates of pesticides. Our results suggest that the use of low rates is more applicable to low valued cultivars such as Jonathans and orchards with low levels of pest and disease.
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Silva, Anderson Gonçalves da, Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior, Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza, Eduardo Neves Costa, James da Silva Hoelhert, Anderson Martinelli Almeida i Loryene Botelho Dos Santos. "Mosca-Branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em feijoeiro: Características gerais, bioecologia e métodos de controle". EntomoBrasilis 10, nr 1 (28.04.2017): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.616.
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Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.
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Silva, Anderson Gonçalves da, Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior, Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza, Eduardo Neves Costa, James Da Silva Hoelhert, Anderson Martinelli Almeida i Loryene Botelho Dos Santos. "Mosca-Branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em feijoeiro: Características gerais, bioecologia e métodos de controle". EntomoBrasilis 10, nr 1 (28.04.2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.64116.
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Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.
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Carnegie, Angus J., i Geoff S. Pegg. "Lessons from the Incursion of Myrtle Rust in Australia". Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, nr 1 (25.08.2018): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035256.
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Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) is a globally invasive neotropical rust of the Myrtaceae that came into international prominence following extensive damage to exotic Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2005, myrtle rust established in Hawaii (USA), and over the past 12 years has spread from the Americas into Asia, the Pacific, and South Africa. Myrtle rust was detected in Australia in 2010, and the response and ultimately unsuccessful eradication attempt was a lesson to those concerned about the threat of exotic pests and diseases to Australia's environment. Seven years following establishment, we are already observing the decline of many myrtaceous species and severe impacts to native plant communities. However, the recently developed Myrtle rust in Australia draft action plan identified that there is no nationally coordinated response strategy for the environmental dimensions of this threat. Recent reviews have identified a greater need for involvement from environmental agencies in biosecurity preparedness, response, and resourcing, and we believe this approach needs to extend to the management of invasive environmental pathogens once they establish.
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Henzell, Robert P., Brian D. Cooke i Gregory J. Mutze. "The future biological control of pest populations of European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus". Wildlife Research 35, nr 7 (2008): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06164.
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European rabbits are exotic pests in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South America and Europe, and on many islands. Their abundance, and the damage they cause, might be reduced by the release of naturally occurring or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that act as biological control agents (BCAs). Some promising pathogens and parasites of European rabbits and other lagomorphs are discussed, with special reference to those absent from Australia as an example of the range of necessary considerations in any given case. The possibility of introducing these already-known BCAs into areas where rabbits are pests warrants further investigation. The most cost-effective method for finding potentially useful but as-yet undiscovered BCAs would be to maintain a global watch on new diseases and pathologies in domestic rabbits. The absence of wild European rabbits from climatically suitable parts of North and South America and southern Africa may indicate the presence there of useful BCAs, although other explanations for their absence are possible. Until the non-target risks of deploying disseminating GMOs to control rabbits have been satisfactorily minimised, efforts to introduce BCAs into exotic rabbit populations should focus on naturally occurring organisms. The development of safe disseminating GMOs remains an important long-term goal, with the possible use of homing endonuclease genes warranting further investigation.
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HEIKKILÄ, J. "A review of risk prioritisation schemes of pathogens, pests and weeds: principles and practices". Agricultural and Food Science 20, nr 1 (4.12.2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611795163088.
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Societys resources are scarce, and biosecurity actions need to be targeted and prioritised. Various models have been developed that prioritise and rank pests and diseases according to the risks they represent. A prioritisation model allows utilisation of scientific, ecological and economic information in decision-making related to biological hazards. This study discusses such models and the properties associated with them based on a review of 78 prioritisation studies. The scope of the models includes all aspects of biosecurity (human, animal and plant diseases, and invasive alien species), but with an emphasis on plant health. The geographical locations of the studies are primarily North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Half of the studies were conducted during the past five years. The review finds that there generally seems to be several prioritisation models, especially in the case of invasive plants, but only a select few models are used extensively. Impacts are often accounted for in the model, but the extent and economic sophistication of their inclusion varies. Treatment of uncertainty and feasibility of control was lacking from many studies.;
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Borzykh, O., L. Gavryluk i M. Krut. "Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine — 75 years". Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, nr 67 (20.12.2021): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2021.67.3-17.
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Goal. Research of the history of formation and stages of activity of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, its role in increasing the efficiency of the agro-industrial production of the country, in the scientific and business world.
Methods. Analysis of archival data on the establishment of the modern Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS, articles on the activities of the institution, scientific works of scientists.
Results. At all stages of its history, the Institute has successfully solved important tasks related to the development of effective plant protection measures from the most dangerous pests and diseases, in particular the improvement of the chemical method of protection, development and implementation of biological protection measures. The economic expediency of the use of insecticides is theoretically substantiated; the economic thresholds of harmfulness of phytophages, indicators of ecological safety of the chemical method of protection and the theoretical foundations of integrated plant protection from harmful organisms are developed. A huge work on scientific provision of breeding of agricultural plants to resistance against pathogens of diseases and pests is carried out. A set of scientific researches on improving ecological and safe methods of protecting cultures under radioactive contamination are carried out. Systems of monitoring and controlling the number of parasitic phytonematodes on wheat winter, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetable cultures of greenhouse are developed. Numerous scientific researches on quarantine of plants are carried out. There are developments on the forecasting of the beans of field crops and improvement of techniques of use of herbicides. Large-scale researches on wheat genetics are carried out.
Conclusions. The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS has always played and now plays a huge role in improving the efficiency of agro-industrial production. It is firmly established in the scientific and business world.
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Sukmawati, Sukmawati, Nurul Kusuma Dewi i Melda Yunita. "The measurement of indole acetic acid from rhizosphere bacteria". JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi) 6, nr 1 (29.04.2021): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v6i1.872.
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In Indonesia, synthetic chemical fertilizers are generally used to spur plant growth. The use of synthetic chemical fertilizers is known to reduce soil quality, causing resistance to pests and plant diseases. One of the natural potencies that can be used as growth promoters is Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) producing bacteria. The objective of this study was to measure the levels of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) from the rhizosphere bacterial isolate of green beans which is thought to be able to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). The method used was a descriptive approach, including the isolation of green bean rhizosphere bacteria, measurement of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) levels in bacterial isolate, and data analysis. Green bean rhizosphere bacterial isolate produced Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) with an indication of a color change after the addition of the Salkowski reagent, and quantitatively the results of calculations in the standard curve equation for Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) obtained a value of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) levels was 50.91 ppm.Keywords: Indole acetic acid, rhizosphere, bacteria
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Білявська, Л. Г. "НОВИЙ РАННЬОСТИГЛИЙ СОРТ СОЇ АНТРАЦИТ". Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, nr 2 (28.06.2012): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2012.02.10.
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Висвітлено сучасні напрями та завдання в селекціїсої, що безпосередньо пов’язані з ґрунтово-кліматичними умовами, сортовою адаптивністюта значним генетичним потенціалом. Проведеніпошук і виявлення джерел адаптивності сої донесприятливих факторів навколишнього середо-вища. Створено новий сорт сої Антрацит. Наво-дяться дані господарсько цінних ознак та насіннє-вої продуктивності цього сорту. Новостворенийвисокопродуктивний сорт Антрацит занесений додержавного Реєстру сортів рослин України. Сортсої Антрацит відрізняється стійкістю проти за-хворювань і шкідників, не вилягає. При дозріваннінасіння боби не розтріскуються. Особливістюсорту є швидка віддача вологи на час дозріваннянасіння, високий вміст протеїну та олії.
The new modern tasks in soybean selection, which are connectedwith soil-climatic conditions, varietal adaptability and considerablegenetic culture potential are presented. Using sources ofadaptability to limiting factors of environment by hybridizationsome new material has been created. This helped raise newsoybean variety Anthracite. Early ripening highly productivevariety Anthracite has been registered in the State Register ofplants variety of Ukraine. Morphological description and economicaptitude of this sort are presented. The sort differs with itsresistance to diseases and pests. The beans don’t burst. Highcapacity of protein and oil in seeds, quick moisture efficiencyduring ripening are particular qualities of the variety.
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Syahri, Yolanda Fitria, i H. Hastuti. "EMPOWERMENT OF COCOA FARMERS (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) DURING PRE AND POST-HARVEST IN EFFORT OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF COCOA COMMODITY IN KOLAKA". Agrotech Journal 2, nr 2 (30.11.2017): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v2i2.316.
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Kolaka is known as "Kolaka Cocoa City". Cocoa is the main commodity of Kolaka Regency. Kolaka is one of the cities in Southeast Sulawesi. Southeast Sulawesi is one of the provisions in Sulawesi which is the center of cocoa production after South Sulawesi with total area of 260,458 ha and with production 142,156 tons (Ditjenbun, 2012). Cocoa production centers in southeast sulawesi are located in Latambaga and Samaturu Sub-districts. Partners in the IbM program are cocoa farmers of Induha Urban Village, Latambaga Sub-district and cocoa farmer in Samaturu Sub-district. Various cooperation programs have been conducted to improve the quality of cocoa commodities in Kolaka District. In its development, classical problems remain faced by partner farmers both in terms of production and business management. In terms of production, pre-harvest problems faced by farmers are cocoa pests and diseases, which cause the farmers’ dependence on pesticides and chemical fungicides as well as the age of plants, therefore, it is important to reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fungicides because in the long term it can have adverse impact on environmental sustainability and health. The problem of post-harvest for partner farmers is a low quality of cocoa production. Most cocoa farmers process cocoa fruits to be dried beans in a rough way so that ± 90% of the cocoa beans produced by farmers have a low quality with the main characteristic is not fermented. The problem faced by farmers in the marketing chain is the oligopsoni market structure, where farmers are at the lowest position so that farmers do not have bargaining position. The objectives of IbM program were to 1) Reduce farmers’ dependence on pesticides and chemical fungicides with the utilization of environmentally friendly pesticides 2) Design the fermentor to improve the quality of cocoa beans 3) Enhance the bargaining position of farmers through the active role of Farmer group (Gapoktan) in the marketing chain of cocoa
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Mangole, G., M. Ithuteng, M. Radikgomo i OO Molosiwa. "Challenges and opportunities in common bean production and marketing in Botswana: Prospects and farmer’s perspectives". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, nr 5 (19.07.2022): 20461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.110.20660.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most consumed legume crop in the world, and one of the most consumed legume crops in Botswana. This study aims to identify constraints and opportunities in common beans production in order to enhance common bean production in the country. A survey was conducted among 287 farmers in two districts of Southern and Chobe with farmers selected by multi-stage sampling technique. The majority of farmers were female (66.1%), a few farmers planted common bean (11.5%). Slightly more than a quarter (27.8%) of farmers were above the age of 65 years. Constraints to production included pests and diseases, damage by animals, lack of labour, drought, and lack of seeds. Seven percent of farmers assumed that common bean was a drought tolerant crop and 33% of farmers said common bean taste better than other pulses. However, only 21% preferred to grow it. More farmers (13.2%) grew common bean in the Southern district than farmers in the Chobe district (7.0%). Farmers who grew common bean bought their seeds from Agro dealers (76%) with an average amount of 6kg of seed purchased at a time at an average price of $1.11 kg-1. Common bean was planted on 7% of the arable land that was planted. Most of the farmers (87%) were not trained in common bean production and received little or no assistance from extension officers resulting in little knowledge by farmers about the production of common beans. Strategies to create awareness are needed to facilitate access and mobilise farmers to adopt common beans to improve their livelihoods. This is particularly encouraged in agro-ecological zones such as Chobe with high yield producing potential. Development of seed systems and release of varieties tested in Botswana agro-ecological zones, would increase the production of common bean to improve food security and nutrition, and reduce import bill in Botswana. Key words: Common bean, Cropping systems, Marketing, Production, Phaseolus vulgaris, Agro-ecology, Multi-stage, Pulses, Drought
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Vishnyakova, M. A., T. G. Aleksandrova, T. V. Buravtseva, M. O. Burlyaeva, G. P. Egorova, E. V. Semenova, I. V. Seferova i G. N. Suvorova. "SPECIES DIVERSITY OF THE VIR COLLECTION OF GRAIN LEGUME GENETIC RESOURCES AND ITS USE IN DOMESTIC BREEDING". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, nr 2 (13.10.2019): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-2-109-123.
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The world’s genebanks hold 7.5 million germplasm accessions of plant genetic resources (PGR). One of the qualitative characteristics of the PGR collections is the species diversity, in particular, the presence of crop wild relatives (CWR), which makes it possible to widen the use of gene pools in the breeding process. The collection of the Vavilov Institute (VIR) is one of the most diverse holdings in the number of plant species. A survey is provided here of the species diversity in VIR’s grain legume collection, and its use in domestic breeding practice is analyzed. Comparison of this diversity with the state of PGR exploitation in the world makes it possible to assess the prospects of more efficient utilization of gene pool potential, especially for species that are unjustifiably cultivated on a too small scale or even neglected as crops in this country. The VIR collection of grain legumes incorporates 196 species from 9 genera of the family Fabaceae. This number includes cultigens and CWR. The cultivars of 21 species of grain legumes listed in the State Register of Breeding Achievements (2018) are adapted to the soil and climate conditions of this country. However, the species diversity of the collection could be used more efficiently in domestic plant breeding and crop production. This concerns both underutilized crops in Russia (broad beans, lima beans and grass pea) and those whose adaptive potential is adjusted only to certain and limited areas of the Russian Federation (Tepary beans and Vigna spp.). It is also necessary to exploit more efficiently species of the wild flora, both for direct utilization as pastures, green manure or phytoremediation crops and for introgressive breeding and domestication (Vicia benghalensis L., V. narbonensis L., Lathyrus sylvestris L., Lupinus hartwegii Lindl., etc.). Incorporation of crop wild relatives into the breeding process is promising for crop improvement in a number of aspects: for example, to increase resistance to diseases, pests, abiotic stressors, etc.
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Endersby-Harshman, Nancy M., Andrew R. Weeks i Ary A. Hoffmann. "The detection and significance of emerging insecticide resistance in mosquitoes". Microbiology Australia 39, nr 2 (2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18022.
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Mosquito-borne arboviruses are increasing in incidence around the world. Australia enjoys some protection from pests and diseases afforded by its geographic isolation coupled with strict biosecurity control at its borders. However, as the volume of global trade, travel and transport expands, risk of exotic incursions to Australia is increasing. Detection of foreign mosquitoes at airports and seaports around Australia is becoming commonplace. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, which has expanded its range throughout Europe and the Americas1, has not become established in mainland Australia, but is encountered as an exotic incursion2. The yellow fever mosquito and dengue vector, Aedes. aegypti, occurs naturally in northern Queensland, but is also captured at Australia’s ports on a recurrent basis as an incursion from overseas3. Although Ae. aegypti is established in Australia, its detection as an incursion is still cause for concern. Apart from the possibility that invasive mosquitoes will carry exotic arboviruses, genetic characteristics of a foreign insect population can be very different from those observed in local mosquitoes, particularly in terms of insecticide resistance. Our recent research has shown that invading mosquitoes from overseas carry insecticide resistance alleles not found in Australia4 and our development of a global genomic database is helping us to pinpoint their source.
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Boyle, DB. "Disease and fertility control in wildlife and feral animal populations: options for vaccine delivery using vectors". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, nr 3 (1994): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940393.
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A wide variety of vertebrates have been introduced into Australia during the 200 years of European settlement. Many have become pests causing significant environmental damage and having the potential to act as reservoirs of infectious diseases. Control of vertebrate pest species by fertility control is attractive on animal welfare grounds. Should exotic animal diseases become established in any of these feral animal populations vaccination would be an essential element in the control or eradication of disease. The only experience to date with vaccination of wildlife or feral animals has been the successful control of rabies in foxes in Europe by means of a live, attenuated rabies vaccine and a vaccinia-rabies recombinant vaccine. The feasibility of vaccination for disease control or fertility control in other vertebrate pests will depend on the development and evaluation of several vaccine vector strategies. The choice of vector, based on live viruses or bacteria, naked DNA coding for vaccine antigen or virus-like particles encapsidating genetic material coding for vaccine antigen, will depend on optimization of vector delivery strategies and immunogenicity of the vaccine antigen. Past experience from the vaccination of foxes against rabies suggests that rates of uptake of the vaccine bait and immunogenicity of the vaccine will be crucial factors in determining the success of other vaccines controlling disease or fertility.
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Munawir, Abdillah, Donwil Panggabean, Bachtiar Bachtiar, Siti Umamah Naili Muna, Edi Rusdiyanto i Sri Dewi Nirmala. "TRADITIONAL CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES OF COCOA PLANTS AND THE UTILIZATION TURMERIC EXTRACT BECOME VEGETABLE PESTICIDES FOR MANAGING VASCULAR STREAK DIEBACK (VSD)". Abdi Dosen : Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 6, nr 4 (12.11.2022): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/abdidos.v6i4.1516.
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The cocoa plant is the main ingredient in the manufacture of chocolate and its de-rivative products. The demand for cocoa derivative products is always high in line with the globalization of food and beverages made from chocolate. Traditional co-coa cultivation techniques are the main priority for farmers and the handling of Vascular Streak dieback (VSD) pests is a top priority for farmers. The purpose of this service is to improve the economy of cocoa farmers in Poli-Polia Village, Poli-Polia District, East Kolaka Regency. The method used is discussion, practice and demonstration material. The results of the shoot grafting technique for cacao seed-lings and the manufacture of organic fertilizers increase the productivity of cocoa plants and the results of turmeric extract can directly deal with VSD diseases that attack cocoa plants. In practice, the method of processing and the efficacy of tur-meric extract is the cause of not developing VSD disease in cocoa plants. On the other hand, cocoa yields can be sold at a high value based on training in harvesting techniques and how to improve the quality of cocoa beans.
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Shattock, Richard. "Pests of Fruit Crops - by D.V. Alford, Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Peas and Beans - by A.J. Biddle & N.D. Cattlin, Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance - by J. Bridge & J.L. Starr and Vegetable Diseases - by S.T. Koike, P. Gladders, A.O. Paulus". Plant Pathology 56, nr 6 (grudzień 2007): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01678.x.
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D. Kirkland, Peter. "Epidemic viral diseases of wildlife ? sudden death in tammar wallabies, blind kangaroos, herpesviruses in pilchards ? what next?" Microbiology Australia 26, nr 2 (2005): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05082.
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In Australia the impact of European settlement on the indigenous human population and on flora and fauna is inevitably the subject of ongoing speculation. Major changes have occurred as a result of urban and rural developments and the introduction of agricultural practices which collectively impact on the environment and ecosystems especially through land clearing, water use and modification of water courses and water catchments. From both a human and animal health perspective, the changes as viewed by the general public are perhaps not always apparent but the impacts are no less significant. A range of microbial pathogens, parasites and other pests have been introduced to populations that often have not encountered these challenges before. Our indigenous wildlife populations have not been immune from these threats. And, if we include aquatic as well as terrestrial species of ?wildlife?, and venture to our immediate coastline, in recent years there has been profound evidence of the impact that follows the introduction of an exotic pathogen.
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Mazur, Viktor, Oleksandr Tkachuk, Mykola Klymenko i Olga Demchuk. "GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PEAS FOR TREATMENT OF ITS SOWING WITH STRUCTURED WATER". Agriculture and Forestry, nr 4 (24.12.2021): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2021-4-14.
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In the variant without water treatment (control), the duration of the pea growing season was 77 days, spraying the crops with structured water extended the growing season by one day. The density of pea crops before harvesting in different variants was 695-936 pieces/m2. The densest was the sowing of peas on the option of watering with structured water, which was 19% more than in the control. The percentage of damage to the leaf surface of pea plants by disease was 4-7%. The most affected leaves were in the variant of spraying with ordinary water, which was 2% more than in the control. Irrigation of pea crops with structured water reduced the damage to the leaf surface of pea plants by diseases by 1%, compared with the control. No differences were found in other variants compared to the control. Damage of pea seeds by pests was 4-7% of beans. The highest percentage of bean damage was found in the variant of spraying with structured water, and the lowest - in the control and watering with structured water. Weediness of pea crops in different variants was 46-79 pieces/m2. Weeds were found more than in the control with watering options: structured water - by 39.5%, ordinary water - by 22%. In the other cases, the weeds did not differ from the control. The number of beans per pea plant ranged from 6.9 to 9.5 pieces. Most beans were observed in the variant of watering with structured water, which was 14.7% more than in the control. The number of grains in one pea was 5.3-6.2 pcs. The largest number of grains in beans was found in the options of spraying with structured water, watering with structured water, and watering with ordinary water, which was 8.1% more than in the control. The mass of a thousand pea seeds was 244-248 g. The largest mass of a thousand seeds was observed in the variant of watering with structured water, which was 1.2% more than in the control. The highest yield of pea grain was established on the variant of irrigation with structured water - 5.79 t/ha, which was 42.3% more than on the control and 22.3% more than on the variant of irrigation with ordinary water. Spraying with structured water provides a yield of 4.65 t/ha, which was 28.2% more than in the control and 28.8% more than when spraying with ordinary water, but 19.7% less than when watering with structured with water.
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FARROW, ANDREW, DIDACE MUSONI, SIMON COOK i ROBIN BURUCHARA. "ASSESSING THE RISK OF ROOT ROTS IN COMMON BEANS IN EAST AFRICA USING SIMULATED, ESTIMATED AND OBSERVED DAILY RAINFALL DATA". Experimental Agriculture 47, nr 2 (25.03.2011): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000980.
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SUMMARYThis paper seeks to establish the concept that the analysis of high temporal resolution meteorological data adds value to the investigation of the effect of climatic variability on the prevalence and severity of agricultural pests and diseases. Specifically we attempt to improve disease potential maps of root rots in common beans, based on a combination of inherent susceptibility and the risk of exposure to critical weather events. We achieve this using simulated datasets of daily rainfall to assess the probability of heavy rainfall events at particular times during the cropping season. We then validate these simulated events with observations from meteorological stations in East Africa. We also assess the utility of remotely sensed daily rainfall estimates in near real time for the purposes of updating the risks of these events over large areas and for providing warnings of potential disease outbreaks. We find that simulated rainfall data provide the means to assess risk over large areas, but there are too few datasets of observed rainfall to definitively validate the probabilities of heavy rainfall events generated using rainfall simulations such as those generated by MarkSim. We also find that selected satellite rainfall estimates are unable to predict observed rainfall events with any power, but data from a sufficiently dense network of rain gauges are not available in the region. Despite these problems we show that remotely sensed rainfall estimates may provide a more realistic assessment of rainfall over large areas where rainfall observations are not available, and alternative satellite estimates should be explored.
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López, Marlon, Massimo Gori, Lorenzo Bini, Erick Ordoñez, Erick Durán, Osman Gutierrez, Alberto Masoni, Edgardo Giordani, Stefano Biricolti i Enrico Palchetti. "Genetic Purity of Cacao Criollo from Honduras Is Revealed by SSR Molecular Markers". Agronomy 11, nr 2 (26.01.2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020225.
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The cultivation of cacao represents an income option and a source of employment for thousands of small producers in Central America. In Honduras, due to the demand for fine flavor cacao to produce high-quality chocolate, the number of hectares planted is increasing. In addition, cacao clones belonging to the genetic group named Criollo are in great demand since their white beans lack of bitterness and excellent aroma are used in the manufacturing of premium chocolate. Unfortunately, the low resistance to pests and diseases and less productive potential of Criollo cacao leads to the replacement with vigorous new cultivars belonging to the other genetic groups or admixture of them. In this study, 89 samples showing phenotypic traits of Criollo cacao from four regions of Honduras (Copán, Santa Bárbara, Intibucá, and Olancho) were selected to study their genetic purity using 16 SSR molecular markers. The results showed that some samples belong to the Criollo group while other accessions have genetic characteristics of “Trinitario” or other admixtures cacao types. These results confirm the genetic purity of Criollo cacao in Honduras, reaffirming the theory that Mesoamerica is a cacao domestication center and also serves to generate interest in the conservation of this genetic wealth both in-situ and ex-situ.
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Goyne, PJ, H. Meinke, SP Milroy, GL Hammer i JM Hare. "Development and use of a barley crop simulation model to evaluate production management strategies in north-eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, nr 7 (1996): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960997.
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A study was undertaken to identify improved management strategies for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), particularly in relation to time of planting, location, and frost risk in the variable climate of north-eastern Australia. To achieve this objective, a crop growth simulation model (QBAR) was constructed to integrate the understanding, gained from field experiments, of the dynamics of crop growth as influenced by soil moisture and environmental variables. QBAR simulates the growth and yield potential of barley grown under optimal nutrient supply, in the absence of pests, diseases, and weeds. Genotypic variables have been determined for 4 cultivars commonly grown in the northern cereal production areas. Simulations were conducted using long-term weather data to generate the probabilistic yield outcome of cv. Grimmet for a range of times of planting at 10 locations in the north-eastern Australian grain belt. The study indicated that the common planting times used by growers could be too late under certain circumstances to gain full yield potential. Further applications of QBAR to generating information suitable for crop management decision support packages and crop yield forecasting are discussed.
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Emery, David Lyall. "Approaches to Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an Emphasis on Immunity". Pathogens 10, nr 9 (7.09.2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091153.
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Integrated parasite management (IPM) for pests, pathogens and parasites involves reducing or breaking transmission to reduce the impact of infection or infestation. For Theileria orientalis, the critical impact of infection is the first wave of parasitaemia from the virulent genotypes, Ikeda and Chitose, associated with the sequelae from the development of anaemia. Therefore, current control measures for T. orientalis advocate excluding the movement of naïve stock from non-endemic regions into infected areas and controlling the tick Haemaphysalislongicornis, the final host. In Australia, treatment of established infection is limited to supportive therapy. To update and expand these options, this review examines progress towards prevention and therapy for T. orientalis, which are key elements for inclusion in IPM measures to control this parasite.
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Muniroh, Euis Faizatul, Gina Safitri, Siti Dilah Fadilah i Sa’diyah Sa’diyah. "PEMBERDAYAAN KELOMPOK TANI MELALUI PENYULUHAN BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KAKAO DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT KAKAO". Lembaran Masyarakat: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam 6, nr 1 (27.06.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/lbrmasy.v6i1.3711.
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This article aims to identify and analyze the empowerment program for farming groups through countering cultivation and cocoa pest control, and to empower farmer groups by increasing broader insight into the cocoa plant, as well as the pests and diseases that attack these plants. The method of study used Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach to obtain the local community efforts in conducting their own assessments, analysis and planning. The study results showed that in the last few years, most of the people of Padasuka Village, Sub- District of Petir have planted many cocoa trees. Because it has a normal height of 400 meters above sea level, it makes cacao trees thrive in this village. However, even so, there are still many people who do not really understand how to plant and care for cocoa trees which results in many experiencing crop failures. When viewed in the market, the price of cocoa beans is quite stable so that it can help the community's economy. Therefore, this is inseparable from the role of extension workers who provide education and empowerment of farmers. We together with the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP) have provided education through socialization programs to the community, especially the Harapan Sejahtera III farmer group. Activities carried out include counseling on cocoa cultivation, pest control in cocoa, and field practice of making pest traps.
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Tegli, Stefania, Carola Biancalani, Aleksandr N. Ignatov i Ebrahim Osdaghi. "A Powerful LAMP Weapon against the Threat of the Quarantine Plant Pathogen Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens". Microorganisms 8, nr 11 (31.10.2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111705.
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Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) is a Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacterium attacking leguminous crops and causing systemic diseases such as the bacterial wilt of beans and bacterial spot of soybeans. Since the early 20th century, Cff is reported to be present in North America, where it still causes high economic losses. Currently, Cff is an emerging plant pathogen, rapidly spreading worldwide and occurring in many bean-producing countries. Infected seeds are the main dissemination pathway for Cff, both over short and long distances. Cff remains viable in the seeds for long times, even in field conditions. According to the most recent EU legislation, Cff is included among the quarantine pests not known to occur in the Union territory, and for which the phytosanitary inspection consists mainly of the visual examination of imported bean seeds. The seedborne nature of Cff combined with the globalization of trades urgently call for the implementation of a highly specific diagnostic test for Cff, to be routinely and easily used at the official ports of entry and into the fields. This paper reports the development of a LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification) specific for Cff, that allows the detection of Cff in infected seeds, both by fluorescence and visual monitoring, after 30 min of reaction and with a detection limit at around 4 fg/μL of pure Cff genomic DNA.
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Colmant, Agathe M. G., Michael J. Furlong i Kayvan Etebari. "Discovery of a Novel Jingmenvirus in Australian Sugarcane Soldier Fly (Inopus flavus) Larvae". Viruses 14, nr 6 (25.05.2022): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061140.
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In Australia, soldier flies are major pests of sugarcane, and they can cause significant yield losses in some areas, possibly due to the virus’ transmission to the plants. We sequenced fly larvae salivary glands and identified a novel jingmenvirus, putatively named Inopus flavus jingmenvirus 1 (IFJV1). Phylogenetic trees confirmed that IFJV1 groups with insect-associated jingmenviruses, newly identified flavivirus-like viruses with a segmented genome. After the design and the validation of molecular detection systems for IFJV1, larval homogenates were passaged on insect and vertebrate cells, but IFJV1 could only be detected in the first two passages in insect cells and not at all in vertebrate cells. Despite this lack of consistent replication in laboratory models, this virus does replicate in its host Inopus flavus, as sequenced, small RNA from the larvae matched the IFJV1 sequences. Moreover, they were found to be predominantly 21 nucleotides long and map to the whole sequences on both strands, which is typical of an actively replicating virus. This discovery confirms the worldwide presence of jingmenviruses which, until now, had only been detected on four continents. However, the study of IFJV1 tropism and the possible pathogenicity to its host or the sugarcane it parasitizes requires the development of a stable replication model.