Artykuły w czasopismach: „Beach slope”

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NICHOLAS C. BROWN i TIFFANY ROBERTS BRIGGS. "SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BEACHES IN NORTHERN PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, USA". William Morris Davis – Revista de Geomorfologia 1, nr 1 (13.08.2020): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48025/issn2675-6900.v1n1.p29-46.2020.

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Beach nourishment is a common strategy for erosion mitigation that also increases coastal resilience to storm impacts, provides habitat, and supports the economy. Regulations often require that placed sediment closely match the native grain size distribution and composition, however characteristics can vary based on the borrow site. Certain sediment properties will also influence beach slope and other critical beach functions. This study evaluates the 3-dimensional sediment properties and beach morphology of nourished and non-nourished barrier island beaches in northern Palm Beach County, Florida, USA. Surveyed beach profiles were compared with predicted slope based on median grain size. The inlet-adjacent beach managed with annual placement of beneficial use of dredged materials consisted of poorly sorted coarse sand and the steepest measured slope. Sediment was progressively finer and better sorted downdrift with decreasing foreshore slopes. Although sediment near the shoreline is typically the coarsest, clasts were finer than the mid-beach location suggesting that the sampling period coincided with beach recovery and onshore sediment transport of finer material. Sediment at the surface differed from sediment at depth, likely due to the frequent introduction of sediment from various borrow areas compared to the dominance of weathered coquina at depth. The non-carbonate, siliciclastic fraction was primary quartz with few other minerals. The estimated beach slope at the location with the coarsest sediment matched the measured slope. A lower beach slope was predicted for the other locations with finer grain sizes at the shoreline that was attributed to slightly steeper slopes associated with beach accretion. Therefore, complicated spatio-temporal morphodynamics of beaches should be considered when using median grain size from only one sampling event.

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OKAZAKI, Sei-ichi. "Beach Cycle and Beach-face Slope on Sandy Beaches." Kikan Chirigaku 50, nr 2 (1998): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5190/tga.50.119.

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Narayani, Subramanian, Sasidharan Venu i Andrea Joan D'Silva. "Comparison of beach profiles conducive for turtle nesting in Andaman". Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, nr 10 (26.09.2018): 12337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3373.10.10.12337-12343.

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The present study was undertaken to compare beach characteristics associated with turtle nesting in the Andaman group of islands. Karmatang, Kalipur, Ramnagar, Chidiyatapu, Carbyn’s Cove, and Wandoor were chosen as study sites. Beach slope, sand grain characteristics, and general vegetation patterns were analysed. The angle of inclination of the beach slope ranged from 2.06 to 8.3 degrees. Beaches with a higher angle had a comparatively higher number of nesting sites. The study shows that a single factor does not make a beach more conducive for nesting. Chidiyatapu has the widest beach but lacks other features and so it is not a preferred nesting site. The grain size of sand in Wandoor is highly favourable, but the intertidal region is not long and there are streams that can drown the nests. Karmatang has a long beach and a higher slope angle. Ramnagar has a moderate beach length and a high slope angle. The dominant grains at both the beaches were found to be granules. The absence of streams and artificial light, fewer number of anthropogenic activities, lack of obstacles, the presence of bordering vegetation, and a conducive beach slope with granular sand grains make Ramnagar, Karmatang, and Kalipur ideal for turtle nesting.

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Clifton, A. Wayne, Richard T. Yoshida i Roy W. Chursinoff. "Regina Beach — a town on a landslide". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, nr 1 (1.02.1986): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-007.

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The town of Regina Beach is constructed on landslides along the Last Mountain Lake valley, a glacial meltwater channel in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada. The landslides are retrogressive in nature and are seated in bentonitic clay shale of the Bearpaw Formation. A study was conducted at Regina Beach to determine the sensitivity of the slopes to changes in slope geometry as a result of regrading, or groundwater changes. Back-calculated shear strength was compared with values from the laboratory and from other landslides in Cretaceous bedrock shales. Modest changes in grading of the toe areas would result in significant reductions in the local stability and future movements of upslope portions of the landslide. Development should minimize the amount of grading. Increased slope movement due to breaks in watermains was observed and measured. This correlated well with analysis. Development in landslide areas must assume that differential vertical and horizontal movements will occur. Proper site reconnaissance should identify optimum locations for buildings and services such that the risk of rupture or damage is minimized. Key words: landslide, retrogressive, back analysis, residual shear strength, Bearpaw Formation, inclinometer, slope movement.

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McFall, Brian C. "The Relationship between Beach Grain Size and Intertidal Beach Face Slope". Journal of Coastal Research 35, nr 5 (12.06.2019): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-19-00004.1.

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Otoluwa, Zulkifli, Rignolda Djamaluddin, Royke M. Rampengan, Jane Mamuaya, Esry T. Opa i Joudy RR Sangari. "MORFOMETRI GISIK KAWASAN PANTAI WISATA BAHARI SARIO KOTA MANADO". JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 9, nr 2 (30.06.2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.9.2.2021.34851.

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Beach formation has an important role in protecting land from the action of the sea and it is useful for recreation, conservation and other uses. In “Wisata Bahari Sario” Kota Manado coastal area there is still a particular area of beach that is used for various purposes, so it is important to study its morphology. This research was conducted with the aim of describing morphology and analyzing oceanographic factors that affected the dynamic process of beach morphology. The results showed that the beach had an area of 422.69 m2, with the criteria for short slopes in the Northeast and long slopes in the Southwest. The shapes of the beach surface were in the form of gutters and shoots, their appearance was more visible towards the Southwest. In general, the deposition process took place more intensively in the Southwestern part of the beach. Keywords: Beach, Morphology, Slope, Deposition

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Endo, Masatoshi, A. Kobayash, T. Uda, M. Serizawa i Y. Noshi. "MODEL FOR PREDICTING BEACH CHANGES USING CELLULAR AUTOMATON METHOD". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 33 (11.10.2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.posters.12.

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Sand deposition on the gently-sloping revetment, the slope of which is steeper than the equilibrium slope of sand, is often observed when storm waves ran up the beach. Serizawa et al. (2006) have developed the BG model, in which the cross-shore sand transport depends on the balance between the equilibrium slope of sand and the local slope of the beach, and seaward sand transport will occur when the local slope of the beach or the structure is larger than the equilibrium slope. This implies that shoreward sand transport on the slope steeper than the equilibrium slope of sand cannot be predicted by the BG model. This is because the fundamental equation of the BG model is expressed by the net sand transport defined by the sum of the sand transport under the ongoing and outgoing waves. In this study, sand transport under the ongoing and outgoing waves is independently taken into account, and a new model for predicting beach changes is developed using the cellular automaton method.

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Leont’yev, I. O. "Storm-induced deformations of barred beach slope". Океанология 59, nr 1 (18.04.2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0030-1574591125-132.

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It is shown that behavior of the multiple-bar system during a storm can be described in frameworks of the model assuming that bars move toward the sea with almost the same mean speed, while the over-bar depths increase in accordance with the local bed slope. Analysis of suspended-sediment balance over the bar crest leads to expression for the bar movement speed, which demonstrates very strong dependence on ratio of wave height to the over-bar depth. Using empirical criterion of bar activity the model suggested is capable assess the bar displacement during a storm action and predict the post-storm bed profile. Comparison with the published field data leads to conclusion that the computed and observed storm-induced deformations of barred beach slopes are in satisfactorily agreement.

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Boon, John D., i Malcolm O. Green. "CARIBBEAN BEACH-FACE SLOPES AND BEACH EQUILIBRIUM PROFILES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.120.

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Field measurements performed on two Caribbean islands revealed that two-dimensional nearshore bottom morphology is well represented by Dean's (1977) model of the beach equilibrium profile, h - A xm, where h is depth below mean water level at a distance x offshore and A is a scale factor. For the curvature, m, we obtained an average value of approximately m - 1/2 through least squares curve fitting of observed profile data, yielding a more concave and therefore steeper profile inshore than m — 2/3, the average previously reported by Dean for quartz sand beaches in the United States. Furthermore, an objective measure of beach steepness was found to be A-*-'1", a quantity which utilizes both of Dean's parameters and which may serve as a surrogate for the beach-face slope, tan /3, on highly concave beaches. Reasonable correlations were found between A?-'m and the environmental parameter, H^ /gDT , where H^ is breaker height, D is sediment grain size, T is wave period and g is gravitational acceleration. Improved prediction of Caribbean beach slopes and beach equilibrium profiles is an important practical result.

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Viršilaitė, Kristina, i Donatas Pupienis. "Heavy Mineral Impact on Beach Slope Formation". Vilnius University Proceedings 10 (21.05.2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/klimatokaita.2020.62.

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URBONIENĖ, Ramunė, Loreta KELPŠAITĖ i Ingrida BORISENKO. "VEGETATION IMPACT ON THE DUNE STABILITY AND FORMATION ON THE LITHUANIAN COAST OF THE BALTIC SEA". JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 23, nr 3 (29.09.2015): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1009079.

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The aim of this study was to estimate vegetation coverage impact on the sandy beach and protective beach dune ridge (PBD) formation. Studies of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea coastal morphometric parameters and vegetation coverage projection were carried out from 1999 to 2011. In order to evaluate the dependence of the beach and the PBD morphometric parameters on the projection of vegetation coverage changes, correlation analyses were performed. A very strong link between vegetation projection coverage of the PBD top and beach width and incline of the eastern slope of PBD, and western slope vegetation projection coverage with the incline of the western slope of PBD were observed. A strong correlation relationship was observed between vegetation projection coverage of the PBD top and width of the PBD top. A medium relationship was noted between vegetation projection coverage of the PBD top with the width of the eastern slope. A negative relationship was noticed between the PBD western slope vegetation projection coverage and beach width. It may be admitted that the projection coverage of vegetation may be used as PBD’s parameter of stability as well as in the implementation of integrated coastal zone management.

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Hsu, Tai-Wen, i Shan-Hwei Ou. "BEACH PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO THE INCLINED WAVES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.121.

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The result of a theoretical approach shows that the beach profile characteristics is governed by a modified Iribarren number which includes the effects among the factors of initial beach slope, wave angle and wave steepness. A series of experiments are conducted in a three-dimensional movable bed model on the conditions of two different initial beach slopes, two incident wave angles as well as several erosive wave steepnesses. The relative importance of each factor involved in the parameter is discussed. It is shown that the modified Iribarren number is effective in the analysis, of beach profile characteristics under the action of inclined waves. The empirical relationships between beach profile changes and the modified Iribarren number are proposed on the basis of experimental results.

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Suzuki, Takayuki, i Yoshiaki Kuriyama. "SHORT-TERM SWASH ZONE BEACH PROFILE CHANGE MODEL FOCUSING ON BERM FORMATION AND EROSION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 32 (30.01.2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.31.

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A short-term swash zone beach profile change model focusing on berm formation and erosion was proposed using a 2.5-year data set of beach profiles and offshore waves. The investigation area was set from the maximum wave run-up position to the shoreline position at the mean tide level. The model was applied for the calculation of three months beach profile change. The results revealed that the model well predicts the beach profile change including the berm formation and erosion in a qualitative sense. Also, the variation trend of the calculated beach slope at the shoreline position of the mean tide level show a good agreement with that of the observed beach slope.

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Yamashita, Kei, Taro Kakinuma i Keisuke Nakayama. "SHOALING OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES ON A UNIFORMLY SLOPING BEACH". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 33 (15.12.2012): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.72.

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The internal waves in the two-layer systems have been numerically simulated by solving the set of nonlinear equations in consideration of both strong nonlinearity and strong dispersion of waves. After the comparison between the numerical results and the BO solitons, as well as the experimental data, the internal waves propagating over the uniformly sloping beach are simulated including the cases of the mild and long slopes. The internal waves show remarkable shoaling after the interface touches the critical level. In the lower layer, the horizontal velocity becomes larger than the local linear celerity of internal waves in shallow water just before the crest peak and the position is defined as the wave-breaking point when the ratio of nonlinear parameter to beach slope is large. The ratio of initial wave height to wave-breaking depth becomes larger as the slope is milder and the wave nonlinearity is stronger. The wave height does not increase so much before wave-breaking on the mildest slope.

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Vos, Kilian, Mitchell D. Harley, Kristen D. Splinter, Andrew Walker i Ian L. Turner. "BEACH SLOPES FROM SATELLITE-DERIVED SHORELINES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 36v (28.12.2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.sediment.36.

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The slope of the beach face is a critical parameter for coastal scientists and engineers studying sandy coastlines. However, despite its importance for coastal applications (engineering formulations, coastal flood modelling, swimming safety), it remains extremely difficult to obtain reliable estimates of the beachface slope over large spatial scales (hundreds to thousands of km of coastline). This presentation describes a new method to estimate the beach-face slope exclusively from space-borne observations: shoreline positions derived from publicly available optical imaging satellites and tide heights from satellite altimetry. This new technique is first validated against field measurements and then applied across hundreds of beaches in eastern Australia and California, USA (data available at http://coastsat.wrl.unsw.edu.au/).Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/U9zMbFX4gPk

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EHRENMARK, ULF TORSTEN. "Oblique wave incidence on a plane beach: the classical problem revisited". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 368 (10.08.1998): 291–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098001888.

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The non-hydrostatic description of three-dimensional waves incident over a plane beach at a long straight coastline is considered in terms of the inverse Kontorovich–Lebedev integral transform. This is seen as a natural extension to earlier work by the author where the two-dimensional (normal incidence) flow is expressed as an inverse Mellin transform, and similar simplifications in the description here are encountered. In particular computations are undertaken for a variety of beach slopes of the form α=π/2m where m is an integer and for a range of incidence angles. These computations have previously only been practical for beaches whose slope α is regarded as asymptotically small thereby allowing versions of the mild-slope equation to be used. For the chosen slope angles, the solution is established with rigour and methods of estimating near- and far-field asymptotics arise naturally in this discussion. For the case of perfect reflection, a previously known solution is recovered in closed form as a finite sum of exponential terms, and a shoreline ‘amplification factor’ aγ is considered for these waves and is computed for a range of beach slopes through the entire spectrum of incidence angles. It is shown analytically that, in the limit of normal incidence, the value of aγ approaches the well-known classical result a0=m1/2 and, for glancing incidence, Whitham's (1979) result is confirmed where the value approaches either 1 or 0 depending on whether the beach angle is or is not an angle at which a new Ursell edge wave mode appears (m odd).As applications of the new development, comprehensive near-field expansions for arbitrary reflection are written and verified by computation. These permit the construction of refracted wavefronts and wave rays for arbitrary beach slope without the usual phase velocity assumptions. Instability is indicated at very oblique incidence where nonlinear modelling (Peregrine & Ryrie 1983) predicts ‘anomalous refraction’. Results are presented graphically and computation of derivatives of the potential enables estimation of the (second order) set-down seaward of the breaker zone. This is found to decrease as wave attack becomes increasingly oblique.

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MITOURIDA, Naoto, Takayuki SUZUKI i Hiroto HIGA. "APPLICATION OF FORESHORE BEACH PROFILE CHANGE MODEL CONSIDERING THE EFFECT OF BEACH SLOPE". Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 73, nr 2 (2017): I_577—I_582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.73.i_577.

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Schaffer, Hemming A., i Ib A. Svendsen. "SURF BEAT GENERATION ON A MILD-SLOPE BEACH". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.79.

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Two dimensional generation of surf beats by incident wave groups is examined theoretically. An inhomogeneous wave equation describes the amplitude of the surf beat wave. The forcing function is the modulation of the radiation stress. The short waves are amplitude modulated both outside and inside the surf zone causing the long wave generation to continue right to the shore line. Resonant generation as shallow water is approached is included. The analytical solution is evaluated numerically and shows a highly complicated amplitude variation of the surf beat depending on the parameters of the problem.

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Madsen, A. J., i N. G. Plant. "Intertidal beach slope predictions compared to field data". Marine Geology 173, nr 1-4 (marzec 2001): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(00)00168-7.

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Fitton, T. G., A. G. Chryss i S. N. Bhattacharya. "Tailings beach slope prediction: a new rheological method". International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment 20, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13895260500533030.

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Leont’yev, I. O. "Storm-Induced Deformations of a Barred Beach Slope". Oceanology 59, nr 1 (styczeń 2019): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001437019010089.

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Wang, Yan, i Zhi-li Zou. "Longshore currents over barred beach with mild slope". China Ocean Engineering 30, nr 2 (kwiecień 2016): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-016-0011-0.

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Izumiya, Takashi, i Masahiko Isobe. "BREAKING CRITERION ON NON-UNIFORMLY SLOPING BEACH". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 20 (29.01.1986): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.25.

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This paper deals with the breaker height on non-uniformly sloping beaches. A large number of experiments were carried out to obtain a breaking criterion on bar and step-type beaches. Based on the experimental data, a relationship among the breaker height, water depth, and wave period is investigated for various bottom configurations. As a result, the breaker height on non-uniformly sloping beaches is found to be well predicted by substituting an equivalent bottom slope in Goda's breaker index which has been obtained for uniformly sloping beaches. The equivalent bottom slope is defined as the mean slope in the distance of 5hg offshoreward from a breaking point, where hg denotes the water depth at the breaking point. The method for calculating the breaker height on natural beaches is also presented.

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Sapsuha, Isman, Royke M. Rampengan, Esry T. Opa, Hermanto K. Manengkey, Wilmy K. Pelle i Ferdinand F. Tilaar. "KEMIRINGAN LERENG DAN GRANULOMETRI SEDIMEN GISIK TANJUNG MERAH, BITUNG SULAWESI UTARA". JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 7, nr 2 (17.07.2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.7.2.2019.24197.

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Beach slope and sediment granulometry is one of the importat aspect in coastal management. Beach offers a variety of functions and potential to be utilized. In the interests of phisical use in the beach, coastal structure in the form of groynes has been built. Actually, the groin has been used as a dock. This research was conducted with the aim of revealing the slope and granulometry sediment in Tanjung Merah beach. The results obtained, the beach slope is considered sloping and very sloping, the composition of the sediment consists mainly of medium sand, fine sand and very fine sand. Sediment distribution analysis obtained results, the main grain size was mainly in the form of medium sand, sorting was mainly classified as poor, skewness was mostly asymmetrie strong to large size, most curtosis was mesokurtic. The results of the study indicate the occurrence of the process of erosion and deposition ia certain spaces on the beach studied.Keywords: Tanjung Merah, beach slope, sediment granulometryKemiringan lereng dan granulometri sedimen gisik merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam pengelolaan pantai. Gisik menawarkan beragam fungsi dan potensi untuk dimanfaatkan. Dalam kepentingan pemanfaatan lahan gisik, berbagai modifikasi dilakukan oleh manusia. Pada gisik di Tanjung Merah, telah dibangun struktur pantai berupa groin. Secara aktual, groin tersebut telah difunsikan sebagai dermaga. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengungkapkan kemiringan dan granulometri sedimen di gisik Tanjung Merah. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, lereng gisik terkriteria miring dan sangat miring, komposisi sedimen terutama terdiri dari pasir sedang, pasir halus, dan pasir sangat halus. Analisis distribusi memperoleh hasil, rataan empirik terutama berupa pasir sedang, penyortiran terutama terklasifikasi buruk, kemencengan terbanyak berupa asimetris kuat ke ukuran besar, peruncingan terbanyak berupa mesokurtik. Hasil studi mengindikasikan terjadi proses erosi dan deposisi pada ruang-ruang tertentu di gisik yang ditelaah.Kata kunci : Tanjung Merah, kemiringan lereng, granulometri sedimen

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Toyoshima, Osamu. "GENTLE SLOPE SEAWALLS COVERED WITH ARMOUR UNITS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.147.

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Since the early 1960's, many seawalls against the beach erosion have been constructed in Japan, most of which were of vertical type. As a result, some of the seawalls even encouraged the beach erosion due to the reflected waves on the steep front of the seawalls. The author then proposed seawalls of new types with gentle front slope(l to 3) covered with armour units in 1981, and over one hundred fieldworks have successfully been carried out. In 1985, the author proposed reforming the existing vertical type seawalls into the gentler front slope (1 to 5 or 6) seawalls. The laboratory test on the gentle slope seawall was made, and some experimental fieldworks were carried out. At this time, these new type gentler slope seawalls are successful.

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Wang, Xiao Yan, Shi Wei Duan, Xian’e Xu i Hao Liang Wang. "Analysis of Failure Mechanism for a Diversion Ditch in Lake Beach". Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (grudzień 2011): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.571.

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The paper discusses the contributing factors of dike failure occurred during construction of the diversion ditch. It is concluded that composition of ground and effect of the groundwater are physical element of slide, soil from ditch excavation placed on the top of flanking slopes for embankment and stress-relief at the foot of flanking slope by excavation are induced factors.

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Kaneko, Kenji, i Michio Omori. "Life history and utilization of the beach face slope by the sandy beach isopod Excirolana chiltoni in Sendai Bay, northern Japan". Crustacean Research 34 (2005): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18353/crustacea.34.0_27.

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Astjario, Prijantono, i Ai Yuningsih. "KARAKTERISTIK PANTAI KAWASAN PESISIR LARANTUKA DAN SEKITARNYA, P. FLORES TIMUR DAN KAWASAN PESISIR P. ADONARA BARAT". JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 8, nr 2 (16.02.2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.8.2.2010.188.

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Kawasan pantai Larantuka berada di pantai timur Pulau Flores dan kaki Gunungapi Ile Mandiri membentuk bentang alam pesisir bertebing curam dan landai. Kawasan pesisir dapat diklasifikasikan dalam tiga tipe pantai, yaitu tipe pantai bertebing berbatu, pantai berpasir dan pantai berbakau. Tipe pantai bertebing berbatu berada pada kaki gunungapi dibatasi oleh lava. Tipe pantai berpasir merupakan kawasan pantai dengan bentang alam landai sedangkan kawasan pantai berbakau tersebar cukup luas khususnya pada teluk dangkal. Pulau Adonara didominasi oleh produk gunungapi tua yang terdiri dari lava, breksi gungungapi dan pasir-tufa gampingan. Kawasan pantai tipe bertebing berbatu ditempati oleh batugamping terumbu serta lava. Sedangkan tipe pantai berpasir yang membentuk bentang alam landai ditempati pasir serta kerikil volkanik dengan terkadang ditemui tumbuhan bakau. Kata kunci : kawasan pesisir, bakau, bongkah, dan lava Lanrantuka area lies on the eastern coast of Flores island and in the foot of the Ile Mandiri mountain. The Larantuka area has steep and slightly slopes. Coastal morphology can be classified into three beach types, steep and stony, sandy and mangrove beaches. The steep and stony beach lie on foot of a mountain with lava boulder. The sandy beach has slightly slope coast line and mangrove beach develops widely in area specially in the shallow bay. Adonara island is dominated by old volcanic products, which are composed of lava, volcanic breccia and calcareous-sandy tuff. The coastal type with steep and stony beach is covered by coral limestone and lava. The sandy beach has slightly slope coast line covered by sand and gravel volcanics with occasionally mangrove trees. Key words : coastal, mangrove, boulder and lava.

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Angnuureng, Donatus Bapentire, Philip-Neri Jayson-Quashigah, Rafael Almar, Thomas Christian Stieglitz, Edward Jamal Anthony, Denis Worlanyo Aheto i Kwasi Appeaning Addo. "Application of Shore-Based Video and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones): Complementary Tools for Beach Studies". Remote Sensing 12, nr 3 (26.01.2020): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030394.

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Video camera systems have been used over nearly three decades to monitor coastal dynamics. They facilitate a high-frequency analysis of spatiotemporal shoreline mobility. Video camera usage to measure beach intertidal profile evolution has not been standardized globally and the capacity to obtain accurate results requires authentication using various techniques. Applications are mostly site specific due to differences in installation. The present study examines the accuracy of intertidal topographic data derived from a video camera system compared to data acquired with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, or drone) surveys of a reflective beach. Using one year of 15-min video data and one year of monthly UAV observations, the intertidal profile shows a good agreement. Underestimations of intertidal profile elevations by the camera-based method are possibly linked to the camera view angle, rectification and gaps in data. The resolution of the video-derived intertidal topographic profiles confirmed, however, the suitability of the method in providing beach mobility surveys matching those required for a quantitative analysis of nearshore changes. Beach slopes were found to vary between 0.1 and 0.7, with a steep slope in May to July 2018 and a gentle slope in December 2018. Large but short-scale beach variations occurred between August 2018 and October 2018 and corresponded to relatively high wave events. In one year, this dynamic beach lost 7 m. At this rate, and as also observed at other beaches nearby, important coastal facilities and infrastructure will be prone to erosion. The data suggest that a low-cost shore-based camera, particularly when used in a network along the coast, can produce profile data for effective coastal management in West Africa and elsewhere.

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Noshi, Yasuhito, Takaaki Uda, Masumi Serizawa, Takayuki Kumada i Akio Kobayashi. "MODEL FOR PREDICTING BATHYMETRIC AND GRAIN SIZE CHANGES BASED ON BAGNOLD’S CONCEPT AND EQUILIBRIUM SLOPE CORRESPONDING TO GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 32 (29.01.2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.15.

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A model for predicting bathymetric and grain size changes considering the equilibrium slopes corresponding to each grain size and its composition was incorporated into the BG model proposed by Serizawa et al. (2007). The model was applied to predict the beach changes at Kemigawa Beach. The cross-shore sorting of sand, in which the grain size gradually decreases with increasing depth, and the formation of a gradually changing longitudinal slope were accurately reproduced. The model was also applied to predict the selective accumulation of fine sand in a navigation channel after dredging and its impact on the nearby coast.

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31

Sorensen, R. M., i N. J. Beil. "PERCHED BEACH PROFILE RESPONSE TO WAVE ACTION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.110.

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Wave tank experiments were conducted to investigate the response of a perched beach profile to storm wave attack. Irregular waves having a JONSWAP spectrum were used for all of the test runs. Beach profile erosion was measured initially for a 1:20 slope nourished profile without a toe structure in place. This established base test profiles for comparison with subsequent erosion profiles with a toe structure or sill in place. The subsequent tests with a sill were conducted with the sill placed at a range of depths along the nourished profile slope. Each of the test conditions was subjected to erosive wave attack for 42 hours with periodic interruptions for measurement of resulting beach profiles. Test results are presented and interpreted to evaluate the effect of the sill structure on beach profile response and the effectiveness of the structure in retaining the beach. Scaling of the results to prototype conditions is also discussed.

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Zhang, Ying, Ling Li, Dirk V. Erler, Isaac Santos i David Lockington. "Effects of beach slope breaks on nearshore groundwater dynamics". Hydrological Processes 31, nr 14 (czerwiec 2017): 2530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11196.

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Li, Allen Lunzhu. "Tailings Subaerial and Subaqueous Deposition and Beach Slope Modeling". Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 141, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 04014089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001208.

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Choi, B. H., E. Pelinovsky, D. C. Kim, I. Didenkulova i S. B. Woo. "Two- and three-dimensional computation of solitary wave runup on non-plane beach". Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 15, nr 3 (24.06.2008): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-489-2008.

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Abstract. Solitary wave runup on a non-plane beach is studied analytically and numerically. For the theoretical approach, nonlinear shallow-water theory is applied to obtain the analytical solution for the simplified bottom geometry, such as an inclined channel whose cross-slope shape is parabolic. It generalizes Carrier-Greenspan approach for long wave runup on the inclined plane beach that is currently used now. For the numerical study, the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) system is applied to study soliton runup on an inclined beach and the detailed characteristics of the wave processes (water displacement, velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, energy dissipation) are analyzed. In this study, it is theoretically and numerically proved that the existence of a parabolic cross-slope channel on the plane beach causes runup intensification, which is often observed in post-tsunami field surveys.

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35

Almar, Rafael, Rodrigo Cienfuegos, Eduardo Gonzalez, Patricio Catalán, Hervé Michallet, Philippe Bonneton, Bruno Castelle i Leandro Suarez. "BARRED-BEACH MORPHOLOGICAL CONTROL ON INFRAGRAVITY MOTION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 33 (25.10.2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.currents.24.

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A conceptual analysis of the coupling between bars and infragravity waves is performed combining laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. Experiments are carried out in a wave flume with a barred profile. The Boussinesq fully-nonlinear model SERR1D is validated with the laboratory data and a sensitivity analysis is performed next to study the influence on the infragravity wave dynamics of bar amplitude and location, and swash zone slope. A novel technique of incident and reflected motions separation that conserves temporal characteristics is applied. We observe that changing bar characteristics induces substantial variations in trapped energy. Interestingly, a modification of swash zone slope has a large influence on the reflected component, controlling amplitude and phase time-lag, and consequently on the resonant pattern. Variations of trapped infragravity energy induced by changes of swash zone slope reach 25 %. These changes in infragravity pattern consequently affect short-wave dynamics by modifying the breakpoint location and the breaking intensity. Our conceptual investigation suggests the existence of a morphological feedback through the action of evolving morphology on infragravity structures which modulates the action of short-waves on the morphology itself.

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36

Kantarzhi, Izmail, Sergii Kivva i Natalia V. Shunko. "NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP AT PERMEABLE FIXED REVETMENT SLOPE". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 35 (23.06.2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.structures.32.

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The numerical model of wave surface elevation and water filtration in the saturated-unsaturated porous medium is developed. The model uses to define the parameters of the wave run-up at the slope protected by the permeable fixed layer. The model shows the wave surface in the different times, including the wave run-up height at the slope and wave run-down. Also, the velocities in the upper protected layer as well in the soil body of the slope are defined. Model is verified with using of the published large-scale tests with the slopes protected by Elastocoast technology layers. The tests were carried out in the wave flume of Technical University Braunschweig. The numerical model may be applied to calculate the maximal waves run-up at the protected engineering and beach slopes in natural conditions.

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37

Obare, Fridah D., Robert Chira, Dorcus Sigana i Andrew Wamukota. "Biophysical factors influencing the choice of nesting sites by the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) on the Kenyan coast". Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 18, nr 2 (19.11.2019): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v18i2.5.

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The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is the most common sea turtle nesting along Kenya’s coastline. Varying biophysical factors influence choice of nesting sites where eggs are laid. This study was conducted between February and November 2016 and was designed to establish the relationship between numbers of C. mydas nests on the beach and biophysical variables such as vegetation cover, organic matter content (OMC), beach width, and beach slope. Multiple regression analysis was employed to assess the factors that contribute to the number of C. mydas nests on a beach. This analysis did not allow prediction of the number of nests in a statistically significant way (F (4, 26) = 0.094, p > 0.05, R = 0.120). However, there was a decrease in the number of nests with increased vegetation cover (b = - 0.013), OMC (b = - 8.114), beach width (b = - 0.089) and slope of the beach (b = - 0.352). Approximately 70% of nests occurred on beaches with medium and fine sand. Beaches with intense human activities were associated with high OMC which significantly affected the number of nests on the beach. It is therefore recommended that existing laws should be enforced to control beach development and human activities along the Kenyan coast to protect nest sites. Additionally, long term monitoring should be put in place to evaluate the impact of human disturbance on the favourable biophysical factors influencing the number of nests on a beach, as a management tool in the conservation of C. mydas.

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38

Lucas, Mark, Michael Salmon, Elizabeth Fritz i Jeanette Wyneken. "Seafinding By Hatchling Sea Turtles: Role of Brightness, Silhouette and Beach Slope as Orientation Cues". Behaviour 122, nr 1-2 (1992): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00309.

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AbstractUpon emerging from underground nests, sea turtle hatchlings immediately crawl toward the ocean. The primary cues used in orientation are visual but the nature of the visual cues was a matter of speculation. Hatchlings might also respond to secondary cues, such as beach slope. Experiments were carried out in an arena where specific visual and slope cues, simulating those present at nest sites, could be precisely controlled and manipulated. Subjects were green turtle (Chelonia mydas L.) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta L.) hatchlings. Both species oriented toward the more intensely illuminated sections of the arena. They also oriented away from dark silhouettes which simulated an elevated horizon, typical of the view toward land. Turtles responded primarily to stimuli (both silhouettes and photic differences) at or near eye level. When presented simultaneously with a silhouette and a photic gradient located in different directions, hatchlings oriented away from the silhouette and ignored photic stimuli. Under infrared light, both species oriented down slopes. However in the presence of nocturnal levels of visible light loggerheads ignored slope cues and responses of green turtles to slope were weakened. The data suggest that loggerhead and green turtle hatchlings usually find the sea by orienting away from elevated silhouettes. This is a prominent and reliable cue for species which typically nest on continental beaches.

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39

CHEN, YONGZE, i R. T. GUZA. "Resonant scattering of edge waves by longshore periodic topography: finite beach slope". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 387 (25.05.1999): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099004528.

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The resonant scattering of low-mode progressive edge waves by small-amplitude longshore periodic depth perturbations superposed on a plane beach has recently been investigated using the shallow water equations (Chen & Guza 1998). Coupled evolution equations describing the variations of edge wave amplitudes over a finite-size patch of undulating bathymetry were developed. Here similar evolution equations are derived using the full linear equations, removing the shallow water restriction of small (2N + 1)θ, where N is the maximum mode number considered and θ is the unperturbed planar beach slope angle. The present results confirm the shallow water solutions for vanishingly small (2N + 1)θ and allow simple corrections to the shallow water results for small but finite (2N + 1)θ. Additionally, multi-wave scattering cases occurring only when (2N + 1)θ = O(1) are identified, and detailed descriptions are given for the case involving modes 0, 1, and 2 that occurs only on a steep beach with θ = π/12.

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40

Saville, Thorndike. "SAND TRANSFER, BEACH CONTROL, AND INLET IMPROVEMENTS, FIRE ISLAND INLET TO JONES BEACH, NEW YORK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 7 (29.01.2011): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.44.

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Long Island, New York (Figure 1) extends for about 120 miles in a general east-west direction off the southern portions of the States of New York and Connecticut, from which it is separated by Long Island Sound. The western end of the island contains the Counties of Brooklyn and Queens which are part of New York City. To the east are the Counties of Nassau and Suffolk. The surface geology of Long Island is mostly of glacial origin. That portion of the south shore of Long Island with which this paper is concerned (Figure 2) consists of outwash plains of sand and gravel fringed by barrier beaches from 600 feet to 3,500 feet in width. They rise to about 15 feet above mean sea level, and in their natural condition are more or less protected by sand dunes which may reach an elevation of from 25 feet to 30 feet. The sand along the foreshore is predominantly quartz, averaging about 0.4 mm. at mid-tide level, and becoming somewhat finer offshore. The foreshore slope of the beaches averages about 1 on 10 above the mean low water line and about 1 on 30 immediately offshore. Several hundred feet offshore the slope flattens to about 1 on 250.

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41

Kai, Yen, Ren Rushu i Wang Liang. "BEACH PROFILE CHANGE UNDER VARYING WAVE CLIMATES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.114.

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In the present paper results of experimental study of two-dimensional transformation of sandy beach under varying wave climates are presented. The varying wave climates were composed of different systems of regular waves exerted one after another on the model beach. Through experiments it was found that sandy beach transformation within surf zone could be expressed by the changes of characteristic point A and characteristic slope tan 13, and that although the expression for beach erosion-accretion criteria is dimensionless, similitude scale effects should still be taken into consideration.

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42

Hammeken, Alejandro M., i Richard R. Simons. "NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF INFILTRATION ON SWASH HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE SWASH ZONE". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 35 (23.06.2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.currents.3.

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Infiltration and exfiltration processes have a significant influence on the hydrodynamics of the swash zone. Such processes need to be taken into account in the modelling of cross-shore sediment transport and the prediction of beach profile evolution. This paper presents a numerical study of the swash hydrodynamics using a 2D Volume-Averaged Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes model, which was calibrated and validated against new experimental data. The model was used to simulate wave run-up from regular waves over permeable and impermeable fixed slopes. Swash flow velocities and water depth data were obtained from the simulations and used to estimate bed shear stresses at three different locations on the beach slope. The results show that infiltration can have opposing effects on the bed shear stress when compared to equivalent swash on an impermeable slope. During the uprush phase, stresses are directly increased due to boundary layer thinning, whereas, during the backwash phase, there is a significant reduction of flow leading to a decrease in the bed shear stresses.

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43

Sallenger, Asbury H., i Robert A. Holman. "Wave energy saturation on a natural beach of variable slope". Journal of Geophysical Research 90, nr C6 (1985): 11939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc090ic06p11939.

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44

Yin, Jing, Zhi-li Zou, Ke-zhao Fang i Yan-li Liu. "Qualitative Description of Swashing Motion States on Mild Beach Slope". China Ocean Engineering 33, nr 4 (9.07.2019): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-019-0039-z.

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45

Pugliano, Giovanni, Umberto Robustelli, Diana Di Luccio, Luigi Mucerino, Guido Benassai i Raffaele Montella. "Statistical Deviations in Shoreline Detection Obtained with Direct and Remote Observations". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, nr 5 (11.05.2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050137.

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Remote video imagery is widely used for shoreline detection, which plays a fundamental role in geomorphological studies and in risk assessment, but, up to now, few measurements of accuracy have been undertaken. In this paper, the comparison of video-based and GPS-derived shoreline measurements was performed on a sandy micro-tidal beach located in Italy (central Tyrrhenian Sea). The GPS survey was performed using a single frequency, code, and carrier phase receiver as a rover. Raw measurements have been post-processed by using a carrier-based positioning algorithm. The comparison between video camera and DGPS coastline has been carried out on the whole beach, measuring the error as the deviation from the DGPS line computed along the normal to the DGPS itself. The deviations between the two dataset were examined in order to establish possible spatial dependence on video camera point of view and on beach slope in the intertidal zone. The results revealed that, generally, the error increased with the distance from the acquisition system and with the wash up length (inversely proportional to the beach slope).

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46

Didenkulova, I. "Nonlinear long-wave deformation and runup in a basin of varying depth". Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 16, nr 1 (29.01.2009): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-16-23-2009.

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Abstract. Nonlinear transformation and runup of long waves of finite amplitude in a basin of variable depth is analyzed in the framework of 1-D nonlinear shallow-water theory. The basin depth is slowly varied far offshore and joins a plane beach near the shore. A small-amplitude linear sinusoidal incident wave is assumed. The wave dynamics far offshore can be described with the use of asymptotic methods based on two parameters: bottom slope and wave amplitude. An analytical solution allows the calculation of increasing wave height, steepness and spectral amplitudes during wave propagation from the initial wave characteristics and bottom profile. Three special types of bottom profile (beach of constant slope, and convex and concave beach profiles) are considered in detail within this approach. The wave runup on a plane beach is described in the framework of the Carrier-Greenspan approach with initial data, which come from wave deformation in a basin of slowly varying depth. The dependence of the maximum runup height and the condition of a wave breaking are analyzed in relation to wave parameters in deep water.

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47

Miller, W. G., J. D. Scott i D. C. Sego. "Flume deposition modeling of caustic and noncaustic oil sand tailings". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, nr 6 (czerwiec 2009): 679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-014.

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As part of an overall study to evaluate the properties and processes influencing the rate and magnitude of consolidation for oil sand tailings produced using different extraction processes, laboratory flume deposition tests were carried out with the objective to hydraulically deposit oil sand tailings and compare the effects of caustic and noncaustic extraction processes on the nature of beach deposits in terms of geometry, grain-size distribution, and density. The characteristics of the beaches from this research study were compared with other flume deposition test results performed using a variety of tailings materials. A good correlation exists between flume deposition test results using oil sand tailings and the various other tailings materials, especially those with appreciable fines contents with respect to parameters that govern beach slope. These comparisons show the reliability and effectiveness of flume deposition tests in terms of establishing general relationships and can serve as a guide to predict beach slopes.

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48

Taaouati, Mohammed, Pietro Parisi, Giuseppe Passoni, Patricia Lopez-Garcia, Jeanette Romero-Cozar, Giorgio Anfuso, Juan Vidal i Juan J. Muñoz-Perez. "Influence of a Reef Flat on Beach Profiles Along the Atlantic Coast of Morocco". Water 12, nr 3 (12.03.2020): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030790.

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The North Atlantic coast of Morocco is characterised by a flat rocky outcrop in the south (Asilah Beach) and a sandy beach free of rocky outcrops in the north (Charf el-Akab). These natural beaches were monitored for a period of two years (April 2005–January 2007) and two different profiles (one for each beach) were analysed based on differences in the substrate. Topographic data were analysed using statistics and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) to determine beach slope and volumetric changes over time. Several morphologic phenomena were identified (accretion/erosion and seasonal tilting of beach profiles around different hinge points), attesting to their importance in explaining variability in the data. Periods of accretion were similar in both profiles, but the volumetric rate of change was faster in the sand-rich (SR) profile than in the reef flat (RF) profile. Moreover, the erosion rate for the SR profile was greater than the RF profile (135.18 m3/year vs. 55.39 m3/year). Therefore, the RF acted as a geological control on the evolution of its profile because of wave energy attenuation. Thus, special attention should be given to the RF profile, which has larger slopes, less amounts of mobilised sand, and slower erosion/accretion rates than the SR profile.

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49

Giovani, Clara, Astrid Damayanti i Dewi Susiloningtyas. "Coastal Typology of Landform in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay, Sukabumi Regency, Jawa Barat Province". E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304012.

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Sukabumi Regency has potential tourism sector which encourage the use of beach attractions in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay. The main tourist attraction is the hilly and plain panorama beach. This study is aimed to analyze landform and coastal typology to support coastal tourism development. This research provides overlay method of height and slope map, field observation, and verification. Identification of coastal typology was based on coastal materials (rock types and structures), relief (slopes and altitudes), and genesis. Comparative and descriptive spatial analysis were used as method of analysis. The result showed that the coastal typology of landform of Pelabuhan Ratu Bay consisted of volcanic, marine deposition, and organic coast. The beaches such as Cibareno, Cibangban, Karang Naya, Kadaka, and Loji have volcanic coast landform with flat, wavy, sandy, rocky beach typologies. The beaches in Pelabuhan Ratu sub-district, such as Citepus, Gado Bangkong, and Karang Pamulang, have landform of marine deposition with flat and sandy beach typology. Karang Haji and Karang Hawu beaches are coral reef organic beaches. Meanwhile, estuaries were found in Cikakak estuary and Cimaja beaches. The existence of beach tourism in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay is dominated by rocky sandy beaches and flat reliefs strongly support the development of coastal ecotourism.

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50

Aryanto, Noor C. D., i Setyanto C. D. Pranoto. "COASTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUTH SINGKEP AREA, RIAU ISLANDS PROVINCE". BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 29, nr 1 (15.02.2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.29.1.2014.64.

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Observations of coastal characteristics, such as coastal constituent lithology, oceanographic processes and the influence of human activities along the coastal area, are the factors that affect the coastal typology. The typology of coastal area can be divided into 3 types namely: (1) Sandy beaches, dominated by medium size quartz sand, gravelly sand and silt of alluvium deposits ; (2) Rocky beaches that belong to the Tanjung Buku Granite lithologic units and Persing metamorphic complex, its beach slope between 5Â° and 15Â°, and a fault structure encountered. The steep beach slopes (45Â°-50Â°) trends to offshore with the maximum depth of 28 meters below the sea level at the distance of 3.5 km from the its shore line. At the depth of 20 m, there are a foot slope of 1.5 km width interpreted as the fault plane; (3) Muddy beaches is characterized by mangroves, gentle beach slopes until flats. Those sandy and muddy beaches are alluvial deposits of Quarternary sediments. Keywords: Coastal characteristics, relief, oceanographic processes and South Singkep Pengamatan karakteristik pantai, seperti litologi penyusun tubuh pantai, proses-proses oseanografi serta pengaruh aktivitas manusia di sepanjang pantai merupakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tipologi pantai. Tipe pantai di daerah penelitian, dapat dibagi menjadi 3 jenis pantai, yaitu: (1) Pantai berpasir, disusun oleh dominasi pasir kuarsa, berukuran menengah, pasir kerikilan dan lanau dari alluvium, serta kemiringan pantai rendah; (2) Pantai berbatu merupakan bagian dari satuan batuan Granit Tanjung Buku dan Kompleks metamorfik Persing, kemiringan pantai antara 5Â° hingga 15Â° serta dijumpai sesar. Kearah laut kemiringan lerengnya makin besar (45Â°-50Â°) dengan bagian terdalam mencapai 28 meter pada jarak 3,5 km dari garis pantai. Pada kedalaman laut 20 m, terdapat kaki lereng ( foot of slope) dengan lebar 1,5 km yang diperkirakan sebagai bidang sesar; (3) Pantai berlumpur yang dicirikan oleh tanaman bakau memiliki kemiringan pantai yang relatif datar.Pantai berpasir dan pantai berlumpur merupakan endapan aluvium yang berumur Kuarter. Kata kunci: Karakteristik pantai, relief, proses oseanografi dan Singkep Selatan

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