Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „BBW”

tesis lic
El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo la elaboración de un plan administrativo y comercial de la empresa de Multiservicios BBW, ubicada en el municipio de Tejupilco; dicha llantera es un negocio joven que busca consolidarse en el mercado de la Región Sur del Estado de México. Además esté plan proporciona las herramientas necesarias que le permitan llegar a la etapa de madurez. De manera que el trabajo está conformado por 5 apartados, los cuales se puntualizan a continuación: El primer apartado de metodología, presenta el procedimiento riguroso que el investigador debe seguir, esto con el propósito de cumplir los objetivos o dar una respuesta concreta al problema identificado. Para lo cual el punto de partida fue el planteamiento del problema, en este caso la falta de un plan administrativo y comercial en la empresa de Multiservicios BBW, que le permita un desarrollo progresivo. Por otro lado dicho apartado también comprende los objetivos de la investigación, las hipótesis, el tipo de estudio y diseño de la investigación; esto con la intención de saber el camino más adecuado para lograr darle solución al problema. Con respecto al segundo apartado de marco teórico y conceptual está conformado como su nombre lo indica, por los conceptos y teorías que fundamentan teóricamente el proyecto de investigación, esto con la finalidad de aumentar los conocimientos sobre el tema en cuestión, permitiendo orientar al investigador. Por lo que se abordan temas como administración, proceso administrativo, mercado meta, mercado potencial, segmentación de mercado, mezcla de mercadotecnia y empresa.
Centro Unioversitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Ext. Tejupilco, Lic. en Administración

tesis Licenciatura
El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo la elaboración de un plan administrativo y comercial de la empresa de Multiservicios BBW, ubicada en el municipio de Tejupilco; dicha llantera es un negocio joven que busca consolidarse en el mercado de la Región Sur del Estado de México. Además esté plan proporciona las herramientas necesarias que le permitan llegar a la etapa de madurez. De manera que el trabajo está conformado por 5 apartados, los cuales se puntualizan a continuación: El primer apartado de metodología, presenta el procedimiento riguroso que el investigador debe seguir, esto con el propósito de cumplir los objetivos o dar una respuesta concreta al problema identificado. Para lo cual el punto de partida fue el planteamiento del problema, en este caso la falta de un plan administrativo y comercial en la empresa de Multiservicios BBW, que le permita un desarrollo progresivo. Por otro lado dicho apartado también comprende los objetivos de la investigación, las hipótesis, el tipo de estudio y diseño de la investigación; esto con la intención de saber el camino más adecuado para lograr darle solución al problema. Con respecto al segundo apartado de marco teórico y conceptual está conformado como su nombre lo indica, por los conceptos y teorías que fundamentan teóricamente el proyecto de investigación, esto con la finalidad de aumentar los conocimientos sobre el tema en cuestión, permitiendo orientar al investigador. Por lo que se abordan temas como administración, proceso administrativo, mercado meta, mercado potencial, segmentación de mercado, mezcla de mercadotecnia y empresa.
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. UAPT Lic Admón

In a near future, it is imminent that passenger vehicles will soon be introduced with a new revolutionary brake by wire system which replaces all the mechanical linkages and the conventional hydraulic brake systems with complete 'dry' electrical components. One of the many potential benefits of a brake by wire system is the increased brake dynamic performances due to a more accurate and continuous operation of the EMB actuators which leads to the increased amount of possibilities for control in antilock brake system. The main focus of this thesis is on the application of a model predictive control (MPC) method to devise an antilock brake control system for a brake by wire vehicle. Unlike the traditional ABS control algorithms which are based on a trial and error method, the MPC based ABS algorithm aims to utilizes the behaviour of the model to optimize the wheel slip dynamics subject to system constraints. The final implementation of the wheel slip controller emb races decentralized control architecture to independently control the brake torque at each four wheel. Performance of the wheel slip controller is validated through Software-in-the-Loop and Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation. In order to support the high demands of the computational power and the real time constraints of the Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation, a novel multi processor real-time simulation system is developed using the reflective memory network and the off-the-shelf hardware components.

Architecture and mobility merge together to provide space for activities away from both home and office. The densification of people’s living space and the delocalisation of the workplace are two of the biggest emerging trends in the near future. Society is constantly changing with new needs and desires. The Internet of Things, new technologies and possibilities of autonomous driving enable new approaches to redesign the traditional car. The aim of this project is to rethink mobility and especially the car as we know it today. Since it has been shown that cars are no longer used exclusively as a means of transport, but also as mobile space, the image of the car as people know it could be redrawn Since BMW i is an innovative brand, which can break new ground, it can be ahead of its time and lead society instead of following it. After the first research and examination of relevant topics, the results were further developed and worked out. The system in which the concept takes place is defined in more detail based on further investigations such as scenario, marketplace and target group. The focus is mainly on the interior and exterior of the vehicle. In addition, an insight into the inspiration and the process of aesthetic design is described and illustrated in several sketches and renderings. Then the further development in 3D and VR (Virtual Reality) is shown up to the final digital model. iSpace is a system that brings attention to  the potential new role of the car in the coming years. iSpace is rather a mobile architecture than a conventional car, which means that it is used in a completely new and fresh way. The vehicle is designed to be used mainly in the static mode and offers the possibilities of a mobile space to support the flexible and delocalised lifestyle of people. In that sense it shows a completely new view how a vehicle could look like, while creating new kind of benefits to enrich and improve the quality of life. iSpace is part of a bigger system containing several vehicles to cover different types of needs and HUBs, which are the extension of the vehicles to various locations in urban areas.

An aerodynamic shape optimisation capability based on a discrete adjoint solver for Navier- Stokes flows is developed and applied to a Blended Wing-Body future transport aircraft. The optimisation is gradient-based and employs either directly a Sequential Quadratic Programming optimiser or a variable-fidelity optimisation method that combines low- and high-fidelity models. The shape deformations are parameterised using a B´ezier-Bernstein formulation and the structured grid is automatically deformed to represent the design changes. The flow solver at the heart of this optimisation chain is a Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes code for multiblock structured grids. It uses Osher’s approximate Riemann solver for accurate shock and boundary layer capturing, an implicit temporal discretisation and the algebraic turbulence model of Baldwin-Lomax. The discrete Navier-Stokes adjoint solver based on this CFD code shares the same implicit formulation but has to calculate accurately the flow Jacobian. This implies a linearisation of the Baldwin-Lomax model. The accuracy of the resulting adjoint solver is verified through comparison with finitedifference. The aerodynamic shape optimisation chain is applied to an aerofoil drag minimisation problem. This serves as a test case to try and reduce computing time by simplifying the fidelity of the model. The simplifications investigated include changing the convergence level of the adjoint solver, reducing the grid size and modifying the physical model of the adjoint solver independently or in the entire optimisation process. A feasible optimiser and the use of a penalty function are also tested. The variable-fidelity method proves to be the most ef- ficient formulation so it is employed for the three-dimensional optimisations in addition to parallelisation of the flow and adjoint solvers with OpenMP. A three-dimensional Navier- Stokes optimisation of the ONERA M6 wing is presented. After describing the concept of Blended Wing-Body and the studies carried out on this aircraft, several aerodynamic optimisations are performed on this geometry with the capability developed in this thesis.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on December 22, 2009). Thesis advisor: Yuyi Lin. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Comparative Media Studies, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-113).
Title as it appears in MIT Degrees Awarded booklet, Sept. 2008: Viral communication in Chinese online forums
This thesis explores various aspects of the online Bulletin Board System (BBS) world as they relate to the possibilities of the public sphere in China. It addresses two major questions: what has BBS brought to China where traditional media primarily serve as the mouthpiece of the government? And, why are Chinese netizens, especially younger generation, particularly enthusiastic about this online platform? Through a full- dimensional view into BBS'S information communication mechanism and BBS users' identities, social behaviors and values, we investigate the pros and cons of BBS in terms of its potential to contribute to cyberdemocracy in China. The Introduction addresses research motivations, critical questions, and research goals. It also provides an overview of China's Internet landscape and a brief review of Chinese BBS studies. Chapter One walks through the history and development of BBS in China, and analyzes the demographics and online behavioral patterns of BBS users. Chapter Two looks into the distinct information communication mechanism of BBS as well as BBS regulation and censorship in China. Chapter Three looks at a cohort of BBS users, exploring who are using BBS in China, why they are enthusiastic about this online community, and what are their distinct identities, social behaviors and values. The Conclusion makes explicit the relevance of these developments to the ongoing growth of the Chinese Public Sphere.
by Liwen Jin.
S.M.

Perpetuating African ancestral customs, Mardi Gras Indians in New Orleans avoid the African American identity crises illuminated by the poetry of the Harlem Renaissance. The poetry of Langston Hughes, Claude McKay and Waring Cuney incorporate W.E.B. DuBois’ double-consciousness theory to reveal the identity issues and ancestral alienation plaguing African Americans at the turn of the twentieth-century. In comparison, unique political and social circumstances in New Orleans allowed enslaved Africans to practice their ancestral customs weekly. The preservation of this heritage fostered a black community in New Orleans rich in traditions, pride and self-conviction. The development of Mardi Gras Indian culture and the allusions to Africa in Harlem poetry reveal the power of ancestry to establish identity.

The aim of this thesis project was to create something, that has never been there before in motorcycle design. A new, deep collaboration between the future generation of riders and their bikes. It should create a whole new riding experience. And this experience should be inspirational and new to several fi elds of transportation design besides motorcycling. The process started with the research and inspiration fi nding. It continued with form exploration through sketching, ergonomic tests and photoshop sketches. The whole process was based on an interdisciplinary working method. Being in touch with modelers, engineers, generative designers, color and trim designers was an essential part of the project. The interdisciplinary work continued digitally, with many different types of software. Creating the 3D visualisation of the project required the use of Alias, Cinema 4D, Rhino, Grasshopper, Fuse, Speedform, Maya and VRED. Frequently reviews on the current project status and taking part in technical meetings, along with responsible designers at BMW, in combination with weekly reviews with the university, structured the time plan throughout the whole project. As well as fl ying to the university for check-ups and presentations. BMW Spirit provides a revolutionary experience for future motorcycle riders. Focusing on the interaction between the rider and the bike, it creates the opportunity to build a deep relationship. Since AI becomes more and more important in our daily lives developing ways of human-machine interactions will be crucial for our future. The concept is focused on the opportunities it could bring to combine an Artifi cial Intelligence with motorcycling. BMW Spirit creates a human-machine symbiosis and is controlled like an extension of the human body, with intuitive movements. The built in Artifi cial Intelligence is the rider’s companion and develops its own character and consciousness over time. It learns and grows together with the rider and adapted to the rider. Growing trust enables more possibilities to push the limits and enjoying the power of this unique riding experience.

An aerodynamic shape optimisation capability based on a discrete adjoint solver for Navier-Stokes flows is developed and applied to a Blended Wing-Body future transport aircraft. The optimisation is gradient-based and employs either directly a Sequential Quadratic Programming optimiser or a variable-fidelity optimisation method that combines low- and high-fidelity models. The shape deformations are parameterised using a B´ezier-Bernstein formulation and the structured grid is automatically deformed to represent the design changes. The flow solver at the heart of this optimisation chain is a Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes code for multiblock structured grids. It uses Osher’s approximate Riemann solver for accurate shock and boundary layer capturing, an implicit temporal discretisation and the algebraic turbulence model of Baldwin-Lomax. The discrete Navier-Stokes adjoint solver based on this CFD code shares the same implicit formulation but has to calculate accurately the flow Jacobian. This implies a linearisation of the Baldwin-Lomax model. The accuracy of the resulting adjoint solver is verified through comparison with finitedifference. The aerodynamic shape optimisation chain is applied to an aerofoil drag minimisation problem. This serves as a test case to try and reduce computing time by simplifying the fidelity of the model. The simplifications investigated include changing the convergence level of the adjoint solver, reducing the grid size and modifying the physical model of the adjoint solver independently or in the entire optimisation process. A feasible optimiser and the use of a penalty function are also tested. The variable-fidelity method proves to be the most efficient formulation so it is employed for the three-dimensional optimisations in addition to parallelisation of the flow and adjoint solvers with OpenMP. A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes optimisation of the ONERA M6 wing is presented. After describing the concept of Blended Wing-Body and the studies carried out on this aircraft, several aerodynamic optimisations are performed on this geometry with the capability developed in this thesis.

Now and in the future we will consider more and more ecological aspects. The car industry already has a strong commitment to environmental care, but I have decided to investigate how we can go a step further. Imagine a car taking advantage of new and upcoming technologies to reduce its footprint. This vehicle will demonstrate a new method to mass produce cars by simplifying the workflow and reduce the amount of component. The main idea is to be energy efficient while you build it and drive it.

The BBC Archive is one of the world’s largest multimedia archives, held in 27 locations across the UK. The Archive contains over 2 million items of TV and video, 300,000 hours of audio, 6 million still photographs, over 4 million items of sheet music, and over half-a-million documents and records. It is a working media library, fulfilling some 4,000 loans per week, as well as preserving content as part of the UK’s national cultural heritage. A team of cataloguers and media managers classify a selection of current content, as well as enhancing cataloguing and classification of legacy content. There are two major classification schemes used in the Archive, both numerical, and one based on UDC. Lonclass, based on UDC, was developed first, then Telclass, which is used by the Natural History Unit in Bristol. In addition, there are many and various controlled vocabularies that have been developed to tag content in the different nations (Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) and the English regions.

Boverkets Byggregler, BBR, reglerar hur byggnader får utformas. Regelverket uppdateras med jämna mellanrum för att fortsatt hållas modernt i det förändrande landskapet inom byggindustrin. Rapporten fokuserar på denna förbättringsaspekt och har närmare studerat två regler inom BBR. Dessa är paragraferna 5:561 som innefattar de kriterier som följs vid brandsektionering och 5:61 vilket handlar om att motverka brandspridning mellan byggnader igenom att byggnader kan byggas på 8 meters avstånd. Urvalet av regler gjordes via intervjustudier med sakkunniga inom brandingenjörsverksamheter samt genom litteraturstudier av framförallt Syfteshandboken.  För att få en förståelse av styrkor och svagheter inom BBR utfördes litteraturstudier av Modernare byggregler samt Framtidens byggregler. Genom analys av dessa publikationer visades det hur analytisk dimensionering är en positiv och önskvärd metod att bevara, det finns väldigt många olika typer av tillämpare med skilda kunskapsnivåer gällande brandreglerna, samt att det fanns en del missledande passager i BBR som gör det förvirrande för tillämpare att urskilja mellan föreskrift och allmänna råd. Tillämpare som saknar specifik utbildningen eller information gällande byggreglerna har nästintill inga andra alternativ än att hänvisa till experter inom branschen för att tillämpa analytisk dimensionering. Då det vid många tillfällen inte finns möjligheter att följa de allmänna råden och förstå vilka aspekter av föreskriften som ska täckas igenom att tillämpa dem för specifika byggen. Fokus i detta arbete därför varit att undersöka möjlighet till analytisk dimensionering för de utvalda reglerna och sedan ge förslag på förtydliganden och utökade möjligheter för att förenkla för tillämpare av regelverket.  Från undersökningen framkom det att föreskrifterna för 5:561 och 5:61 främjar användningen av analytisk dimensionering då de inte innehöll detaljlösningar men det fanns vissa aspekter av de allmänna råden som kunde förbättras. Genom att undersöka historiken gällande reglerna och identifiera anledningarna till tidigare revideringar och syftena bakom dessa revideringar, kunde nya välgrundade förändringsförslag tas fram. Ett av dessa förslag är att öka förståelsen för tillämpare genom att introducera fler förklarande exempel som kan presenteras som en lista till paragraf 5:61 för att lättare förstå vilka gränser och möjligheter som kan appliceras för att upprätthålla lämpligt brandskydd mellan byggnader. För paragraf 5:561 har det vid många tidigare utgåvor av byggreglerna funnits en större tabell med fler val av brandtekniska installationer för att upprätthålla lämpligt brandskydd, medan dagens allmänna råd har en mindre lista med färre valmöjligheter. Detta innebär en reduktion av angivna alternativ och variationer av tillgängliga brandtekniska installationer. Det rekommenderas att återinföra en mer utförlig lista för att utöka valmöjligheter och förståelse för tillgängliga brandtekniska installationer.  Rekommendationerna som anges måste testas för att påvisa konsekvenserna och fördelarna ifall dessa träder i kraft. Speciellt gäller detta värmestrålningsberäkningar för listan inom 5:61 sedan brandgasventilering för paragraf 5:561.
The focus and goal of the thesis were to establish how and what in the current regulations, BBR, of Boverket (The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning) should be revised in order to increase understanding or give more choices to the person trying to apply the rules. BBR is today the set of rules used when designing a building. These rules are repeatedly revised in order to be kept up to date with modern building standards.  The report applied literature and interview studies in order to identify some of the many different rules in BBR, which was interesting to research further. The chosen rules were 5:561 and 5:61, and by mapping previously made changes and compare today's iterations of the rules to the previous ones, some stark differences between the rules could be noted. In order to know what to be revised in the chosen rules, specific aspects must be identified as beneficial or hampering. For specified aspects to be identified as beneficial and as such being kept for future editions of BBR, also finding what are the adverse aspects of the rules in order to change them. To do this, an analysis of the publications “Modernare byggregler” and “Framtida byggregler” was made. The outcome of this analysis resulted in the strong support for an aspect of the rules called “analytisk dimensionering” (performance-based design). This aspect is the ability for someone trying to apply the rules to be able to make alternative solutions instead of following the given examples.  In conclusion, the report found both rules 5:561 and 5:61 to have flaws that could mainly be solved by making the rules easier to follow without opting for “analytisk dimensionering”. This could be achieved with the inclusions of more examples and extending the available options a user of the rules would have. For these changes to be applied correctly more research must be done in these specific applications, in order to reassure what the consequences would be.

Mestrado em Finanças
Este projeto aborda uma extensa e detalhada avaliação da BMW AG, obedecendo à estrutura de Trabalho Final de Mestrado, neste caso projeto, do Mestrado de Finanças do ISEG. O relatório foi escrito tendo conta as recomendações do Instituto CFA.
This project represents a detailed evaluation of BMW AG, guided by the structure of ISEG's Master in Finance final work project. This equity report was written according to CFA Institute's recommendations. The reason behind choosing BMW AG lies on my personnel interest on auto industry and the curiosity to analyze how the reality of it is changing nowadays. This report was written in accordance with the public information available on August 30, 2018, and any information or event subsequent to this specific date will not be reflected on this valuation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Uma grande variedade de moléculas já foi identificada por apresentar alta afinidade por receptores superexpressos em células tumorais, e a radiomarcação dessas moléculas oferece a possibilidade de novos compostos com aplicações diagnósticas e terapêuticas em medicina nuclear. Dentre essas moléculas, a bombesina (BBN) é uma das que despertam maior interesse, uma vez que um de seus receptores BB2 são superexpressos em células de tumores de próstata, mama, cólon, pâncreas e pulmão, além de glioblastomas e neuroblastomas. Derivados da bombesina, agonistas e antagonistas dos receptores BB2 já foram propostos para essa finalidade e apresentaram resultados promissores em estudos pré-clínicos. Entretanto, a maioria deles apresenta o incoveniente da alta captação em tecidos sadios, como pâncreas e intestino, o que pode prejudicar a eficiência diagnóstica e causar efeitos adversos na terapia. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a marcação de uma nova série de derivados da bombesina com índio-111 (111In) e gálio-68 (68Ga), de modo a avaliar seu potencial para diagnóstico de tumores que superexpressam BB2 por tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (SPECT) ou por emissão de pósitrons (PET). Os peptídeos estudados apresentam estrutura genérica YGn-BBN(6-14)-Q, em que Q é o grupamento quelante, n é o número de aminoácidos glicina do espaçador YGn e BBN(6-14) é a sequência original de aminoácidos da BBN do aminoácido 6 ao 14. Estudou-se também o derivado em que a metionina (Met) terminal da sequência da bombesina foi substituída pela norleucina (Nle). A avaliação experimental dos derivados da bombesina foi dividida em quatro etapas: estudos computacionais, marcadores moleculares para SPECT, marcadores moleculares para PET e estudos toxicológicos. Os estudos computacionais consistiram na determinação dos coeficientes de partição (log P) e distribuição (log D) teóricos dos derivados da bombesina conjugados ao quelante DTPA (ácido dietileno-triamino-pentacético e DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazaciclododecano-tetracético). No desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares para SPECT os derivados da bombesina de diferentes espaçadores conjugados ao DTPA e radiomarcados com 111In foram avaliados para determinação do melhor espaçador para aplicação in vivo, considerando não apenas as propriedades in vivo, mas também a estabilidade. Uma vez definido o espaçador, o derivado escolhido conjugado ao quelante DTPA ou DOTA foi submetido a estudos comparativos in vitro e in vivo utilizando linhagens tumorais que expressam os receptores BB2 em níveis variados, de modo a determinar o agente quelante mais adequado para aplicação in vivo. Nessa fase experimental, alguns estudos foram realizados também com um derivado da BBN BZH3, amplamente descrito pela literatura. No desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares para PET, o derivado composto pelo espaçador e quelante escolhido foi radiomarcado com 68Ga e submetido a estudos de biodistribuição in vivo. Por fim, estudos toxicológicos em ratos foram realizados por meio da administração de um excesso dos derivados da BBN, a fim de avaliar a segurança para futura aplicação em estudos clínicos. Todos os derivados conjugados ao DTPA foram radiomarcados com 111In com alta pureza radioquímica e alta atividade específica (174 GBq/μmol). Os marcadores moleculares obtidos apresentaram alta estabilidade frente à reação de marcação e baixa estabilidade à temperatura ambiente, a qual foi aumentada com a adição de agentes estabilizantes. A análise em soro humano indicou degradação tempo-dependente dos marcadores moleculares pelas enzimas do soro e aumento da estabilidade com o acréscimo de aminoácidos glicina no espaçador, bem como pela substituição da Met terminal pela Nle. Os estudos em CLAE e de log P confirmaram os resultados de log P teórico e indicaram que os marcadores moleculares apresentam baixa lipofilicidade, a qual decresce com o aumento do espaçador e aumenta com a substituição do aminoácido terminal. Os estudos in vivo demonstraram que os marcadores moleculares de DTPA-111In apresentam rápido clareamento sanguíneo, excreção primariamente renal e baixo acúmulo abdominal. O marcador molecular que apresentou maior captação tumoral foi aquele com a Nle terminal (YG5N), e esse foi submetido à análise comparativa entre os quelantes bifuncionais DTPA e DOTA. O YG5N-DOTA foi radiomarcado com 111In com alta atividade específica (100 GBq/μmol). Ensaios de saturação em células de tumor de próstata (PC-3 e LNCaP) e mama (T-47D) in vitro demonstraram afinidade semelhante para o peptídeo conjugado a ambos quelantes, mas o YG5N-DOTA-111In se ligou mais às células de tumor de próstata, mas não às células de tumor de mama. Esse marcador molecular também foi mais internalizado pelas células PC-3. Os estudos in vivo indicaram maior estabilidade do marcador molecular conjugado ao DOTA em soro de camundongo, mas captação dos dois peptídeos semelhante pelo tumor de células PC-3 e LNCaP, embora esse último tenha demonstrado uma concentração duas vezes menor do receptor BB2. A imagem SPECT/CT dos tumores foi possível com os dois peptídeos. Em comparação com o derivado BZH3-111In, os marcadores moleculares apresentaram captação tumoral semelhante, mas as imagens foram mais favoráveis devido à menor captação abdominal. O YG5N-DOTA foi então radiomarcado com 68Ga, obtendo-se alta pureza radioquímica, e seu perfil de distribuição foi semelhante ao do derivado radiomarcado com 111In, com significativa captação pelo tumor de células PC-3. Os ensaios de tolerância toxicológica demonstraram que os derivados da bombesina são seguros até a concentração administrada, não apresentando toxicidade hematológica, hepática ou renal. O derivado da BBN YG5N conjugado ao DTPA ou DOTA é uma ferramenta promissora e segura para o diagnóstico de tumores que superexpressam os receptores BB2 por SPECT e PET.
A high number of molecules have already been identified to have high affinity to some receptors overexpressed on tumour cells and the radiolabelling of those molecules offers the possibility of new compounds for tumour diagnosis and therapy by nuclear medicine. Among of those molecules, bombesin (BBN) has become focus of interest, as its BB2 receptors are known to be overexpressed in prostate, breast, colon, pancreatic and lung tumour, as long as glioblastomas and neuroblastomas. BBN agonists and antagonists have already been described for this purpose and promising results were obtained in preclinical studies. However, most of them exhibited high abdominal accumulation, especially in pancreas and intestines, which can compromise diagnosis accuracy and cause serious adverse effects in therapy. In this context, the goal of the present work to radiolabel new BBN derivatives with 111In and 68Ga and to evaluate their potential for BB2 positive tumors diagnosis by single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). The structure of studied peptides was Q-YGn-BBN(6-14), where Q is the chelator, n is the number of glycine aminoacids in the spacer YGn and BBN(6-14) is the original bombesin sequence from the aminoacid 6 to 14. The derivative in which the last aminoacid (methionine, Met) was replaced by norleucine (Nle) was also evaluated. The experimental evaluation of the bombesin derivatives was divided into four steps: computational studies, molecular markers for SPECT, molecular markers for PET and toxicological studies. The teorical partition (log P) and distribution (log D) coefficients were calculated for all bombesin derivatives conjugated to DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) chelators applying computational programmes. Bombesin derivatives for SPECT were developed by radiolabelling DTPA-conjugated bombesin derivatives with 111In to determine the best spacer for in vivo applications, regarding the stability and in vivo properties. The derivative with the most favorable properties and conjugated to DTPA or DOTA was evaluated in comparative in vitro and in vivo studies in different BB2 expressing tumour cells, in order to determine the best chelator to be used in vivo. Some comparative studies were also performed with the BBN analogue BZH3, which was described by the literature. The molecular marker for PET was developed by radiolabelling the derivative chosen with 68Ga and evaluating the biodistribution profile in healthy and tumour mice. Finally, toxicological studies were performed by injecting an excess of cold bombesin derivatives in rats to determine their safety for clinical querries. All derivatives conjugated to DTPA were radiolabelled with 111In at high radiochemical purity and high specific activity (174 GBq/μmol). The molecular markers presented high stability during radiolabelling and low stability at room temperature and this stability was increased after the addition of stabilizer agents. Stability in human serum analysis suggested time-course degradation by human serum enzymes and the increase on glycine aminoacids in the spacer improved the molecular markers stability, as long as the replacement of terminal Met by Nle. HPLC and log P results confirmed the teorical log P data which showed that the BBN derivatives present low lipophilicity, which decreases with the increase on glycine aminoacids in the spacer and the replacement of terminal Met by Nle. In vivo studies demonstrated that 111In-DTPA-BBN analogues present fast blood clearance, excretion by renal pathway and low abdominal accumulation. Highest tumour uptake was observed with the Nle-terminal derivative (YG5N), which was used for the comparison between the DTPA and DOTA chelators. DOTA-YG5N was also radiolabeled with 111In at high specific activity (100 GBq/μmol), but this was lower than for the DTPA derivatives. Saturation binding assays on prostate (PC-3 e LNCaP) and breast (T-47D) tumour cells showed similar affinity for the radiopeptide conjugated to DTPA and DOTA, higher binding of DOTA-peptide to PC-3 and LNCap cells was observed, but not for T-47D cells. This molecular marker was also more internalized by PC-3 cells. In vivo studies showed higher stability for 111In-DOTA-YG5N in mice serum, and the uptake of DTPA and DOTA peptide was similar by PC-3 and LNCaP tumour, although this last tumour has shown 2-fold less BB2 receptors than PC-3. SPECT/CT imaging of PC-3 and LNCaP was possible with both radiopeptides. When compared to 111In-BZH3, the molecular markers present similar tumour uptake, but with more favorable images, because of their lower abdominal uptake. DOTA-YG5N was radiolabeled with 68Ga with high radiochemical purity and the biodistribution profile was similar to the peptide labeled with 111In, with significative PC-3 tumour uptake. Toxicological studies showed the bombesin derivatives are safe up to concentration administered and did not present hematological, hepatic or renal toxicity. The BBN derivative YG5N conjugated to DTPA or DOTA is a promising and safe tool for BB2 expressing tumour diagnosis by SPECT and PET.

This study addresses the issue of overseas news production of foreign news media when they enter the market of the Mainland China. By making an in-depth investigation of BBC’s and the FT’s operations in China and comparing the news texts of the two news media’s Chinese online portals with that of their British online portals, differences in terms of narratives, semantics, plot emphasis, and ideologies are identified and analysed, thus revealing the cross-cultural behaviour patterns of the two prominent British news media in terms of balancing between British journalistic ideology and Chinese regulations, western journalistic style and Chinese readers’ tastes, and between moral standards and commercial profit. The four online portals are compared through three Chinese news events that took place in the year 2012: the downfall of Chinese high ranking official Bo Xilai; the large-scale anti-Japan protests in the summer of 2012; and Chinese writer Mo Yan winning the Nobel Prize for Literature. The three news events covered the fields of politics, economy, society and culture. The investigating methods include quantitative analysis and framing analysis of the news reports on the three news events produced by the four online portals, translation study of the translated news reports of the four online portals and semi-structured interviews with journalists and editors of BBC Chinese and the FT. The central argument is that BBC and the FT act differently in China and in the UK so as to cater to local media markets on many aspects including journalistic practice, coverage of local news, and media policy. Such changes in some cases do not remain consistent with their claims to represent the same news media. Consequently, the Chinese branches of the two prominent British news media become neither a British journalistic ideology carrier nor a copycat of a Chinese native news producer but rather a mixture of both cultures.

The production cost and life cycle cost have been analyzed in this work considering two different building standards for the same building. The standards are Miljöbyggnad silver and Boverket's regulations for buildings. The costs have been compared between the two different standards. The studied object is a nursing home in Åkersberg which is a district in Enköping. The home is divided into 57 apartments and spaces like the kitchen, dinery, lounge, toilets and area for the staff that you find in a nursing home. The total floorarea is 4634 m2 and the building has 3 storeys. The framework consists of wood and concrete. An energy calculation was performed using the building energy simulation program VIP-energy by a consultant. This calculation was used in this report. Due to removal of photovoltaic cells and less effective outer building components, the energy consumption was then increased. In the calculation program Bidcon a quantity calculation was made according to the original building. Due to the changes in VIP-energy with the removal of photovoltaic cells and a less effective outer building component the quantity calculation was modified. The calculations show that the production cost was about 1.6 million SEK higher for the buildingstandard of Miljöbyggnad silver, than for the buildingstandard of Boverket’s regulations. The life cycle cost calculated with economic life span of 30 years for the outer building component shows that it was about 200 000 SEK more expensive when built according to the building standard BBR19, than when built according to Miljöbyggnad silver.

This thesis examines the development of bow-arrow technology in terms of modem evolutionary theory. Previous approaches that propose functional-adaptive technological trajectories are critiqued. Different theoretical approaches towards technology and associated units of analysis are examined. Behavioural ecology, evolutionary archaeology, and dual inheritance theory are shown to hold most promise for explaining trait-lineages in a given technological tradition. Previous approaches to bow-arrow technology are analysed, and an evolutionary archaeological methodology appropriate for examining lithic armatures is presented. Environment, historical contingency, selection, drift, population dynamics and social learning mechanisms are seen as key complex factors requiring case by case examination. An evolutionary case study with nine temporally, geographically, and culturally related stratigraphic phases containing a total of 3600 complete lithic armatures from the south Scandinavian middle Mesolithic (c. 6600-5400 BC) is presented. The phases are described in terms of associated fine-grained archaeological data and previous interpretations. A Bayesian chronological framework is constructed for the case study, using modelling facilities in the OxCal calibration package. This method time-steps and calculates relative occupation durations of point bearing phases in terms of available archaeological and radiometric data. The chronological model covers the culture-historical periods termed Blak, Kongemose and Early Ertebolle phases. The validity of previous typological interpretations of projectile point sequences is questioned in light of these results. The nine time-stepped lithic armature assemblages are then analysed to describe inter- and intra-site point trait variation. A linked series of descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques identify key morphological attributes that summarise trait variation within and between phases. Variation is graphically represented and related to different social learning populations, reduction strategies, and engineering constraints. A remarkably long-term homogenous pattern of complex projectile point manufacture is found for the Kongemose phases, compared to the temporally bracketing Blak and Ertebolle phases. Faunal, climatic, and population level factors are then modelled to account for variation and stability of the case study's armature traits. Faunal data from the Tagerup and Segebro sites, spanning the case study period, are examined for possible diet breadth changes, in relation to point-trait variation. No functional relationship is found between point-shape and potential target-prey. A population model is then constructed in OxCal using all published south Scandinavian radiometric data from the final Maglemose to the final Ertebolle cultural phases. A simple model of landmass reduction, forestation cover and mammalian population density levels demonstrates reduced land mass alone would not significantly affect human population levels - even with relatively high human population densities. Holocene 5180 and A14C data is used as a proxy for contemporaneous climatic fluctuations. These proxies are plotted and superimposed onto the population graph. A correlation between climate change, population fluctuation, and projectile point technology is found. As changes in point morphology and lithic reduction strategies coincide with apparent regional drops in population, drift processes may account for some variation in point-shape.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, February 2011.
"May 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Bow-springs find few applications in industry. Principally, they are used in archery. In addition, they have found some use in a compression-spring mode in the field of biomechatronics, to emulate elastic human legs. The mechanical behavior (characterized by deflected shape and deformation force) is difficult to model, because internal forces and moments and the geometry are both unknown. The only closed-form solutions to such systems are relatively useless to a mechanical engineer. This work comprises an iterative model developed in MATLAB that computes the mechanical behavior of buckled beam (or bow-spring) sections, over a range of parameters and geometries, to be used in the development and testing of compression bow-springs as parallel loading systems to the human leg.
by Blake A. Sessions.
S.B.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-40).
by Peter W. Gooding.
S.M.

This master´s thesis describes design and optimalization of the exhaust mainfold and an effective muffler for BMW 320i E30 car. This car is equipped with 6 cylinder engine M20B20. The construction is carried out with regard to the rules laid down by FAS Czech Republic. I used theoretical knowledge and Lotus Engine Simulation software in this thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:07:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mazon_t_dr_araiq.pdf: 3325805 bytes, checksum: 1e16f8675a27d9c718c1eacce9a6a467 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Nos últimos anos, filmes finos dos óxidos ferroelétricos de camadas de bismuto, também conhecidos como compostos pertencentes à família do Aurivillius, têm sido extensivamente estudados para aplicações em memórias ferroelétricas de acesso aleatório (FERAM). No entanto, muito pouco se sabe a respeito da preparação e propriedades dielétricas de filmes de BaBi2Ta2O9 (BBT) e BaBi2Nb2O9 (BBN), bem como a respeito da estrutura do BBT. Por isso, numa primeira etapa deste trabalho, pós de BBT foram preparados pelo método Pechini, para a determinação da estrutura. A formação de fases foi acompanhada por DRX. O pó calcinado a 800 oC por 2 horas e sinterizado a 850 oC por 4 horas apresentou 100% da fase BBT. A estrutura do BBT foi determinada pelo Método de Rietveld. Verificou-se que o BBT tem estrutura tetragonal com grupo espacial I4/mm, os cátions Ba e Bi compartilham ambos os sítios 2b e 4e. A fórmula (Ba0,70Bi0,30)(Bi1,64Ba0,36)Ta2O9 pode ser usada para escrever sua fórmula unitária. Numa segunda etapa, filmes finos de BBT e BBN foram preparados pelo método químico de Pechini. As soluções foram depositadas por “spin-coanting” em substratos de Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si e rotacionados a 3000 rpm durante 30 segundos. Após a deposição os filmes foram tratados termicamente entre 600 e 800 oC sob atmosfera de oxigênio. Os filmes foram analisados por DRX, MEV, MFA, MET e propriedades elétricas. Os filmes preparados por este processamento apresentaram microestrutura heterogênea e piores propriedades dielétricas. Visando controlar a microestrutura e obter melhores propriedades dielétricas, foram feitas algumas modificações no processamento, tais como, adição de excesso de bismuto e adição de uma camada intermediária de tungstênio entre as camadas dos filmes de BBT ou BBN. Tanto a adição de excesso de bismuto como a utilização do dopante tungstênio...
In recent years the layered-structure perovskites, also known as Aurivillius compounds have attracted considerable attention for use in ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAM). However, there is little information available about the preparation and dielectric properties of BaBi2Ta2O9 (BBT) and BaBi2Nb2O9 (BBN) thin films, as well as, about the structure of BBT. Therefore, firstly BBT powders were prepared by Pechini method and the phase formation was verified by XRD. The powder calcined at 800 oC / 2 hours and sintered at 850 oC / 4h showed 100% of BBT phase. The structure of BBT was determined by the Rietveld method. BBT shows tetragonal structure (I4/mmm), and Ba and Bi share both the 2b and 4e sites. The (Ba0,70Bi0,30)(Bi1,64Ba0,36)Ta2O9 can be used to describe its unit formula. Secondly, thin films of BBT and BBN were prepared by Pechini method. They were deposited by spin coating over Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates followed by annealing under oxygen flux at different temperature. The thin films were analyzed by XRD, SEM, AFM, TEM and electric properties. The thin films showed heterogeneous microstructure and worst dielectric properties. Aiming to control the microstructure, it was done some modification during the process of preparation of BBT and BBN thin films. The use of Bi excess as well as the use of W6+ as dopant was favorable to control the microstructure and to obtain better dielectric properties. The best values to dielectric constant and dissipation factor were obtained for BBT thin films with addition of 5 wt% Bi excess heat annealed at 750 oC for 1 hour and BBN thin films with addition of 2 wt% Bi excess heat annealed at 700 oC for 1 hour The typical measured small signal dielectric constant and dissipation factor at 100 kHz were 210 and 0,025 for BBT and 356 and 0,023 for BBN, respectively...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Zaghete
Banca: Carlos de Oliveria Paiva-Santos
Banca: Sidney José Lima Ribeiro
Banca: Ducinei Garcia
Banca: Antonio Carlos Hernandes
Resumo: Nos últimos anos, filmes finos dos óxidos ferroelétricos de camadas de bismuto, também conhecidos como compostos pertencentes à família do Aurivillius, têm sido extensivamente estudados para aplicações em memórias ferroelétricas de acesso aleatório (FERAM). No entanto, muito pouco se sabe a respeito da preparação e propriedades dielétricas de filmes de BaBi2Ta2O9 (BBT) e BaBi2Nb2O9 (BBN), bem como a respeito da estrutura do BBT. Por isso, numa primeira etapa deste trabalho, pós de BBT foram preparados pelo método Pechini, para a determinação da estrutura. A formação de fases foi acompanhada por DRX. O pó calcinado a 800 oC por 2 horas e sinterizado a 850 oC por 4 horas apresentou 100% da fase BBT. A estrutura do BBT foi determinada pelo Método de Rietveld. Verificou-se que o BBT tem estrutura tetragonal com grupo espacial I4/mm, os cátions Ba e Bi compartilham ambos os sítios 2b e 4e. A fórmula (Ba0,70Bi0,30)(Bi1,64Ba0,36)Ta2O9 pode ser usada para escrever sua fórmula unitária. Numa segunda etapa, filmes finos de BBT e BBN foram preparados pelo método químico de Pechini. As soluções foram depositadas por "spin-coanting" em substratos de Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si e rotacionados a 3000 rpm durante 30 segundos. Após a deposição os filmes foram tratados termicamente entre 600 e 800 oC sob atmosfera de oxigênio. Os filmes foram analisados por DRX, MEV, MFA, MET e propriedades elétricas. Os filmes preparados por este processamento apresentaram microestrutura heterogênea e piores propriedades dielétricas. Visando controlar a microestrutura e obter melhores propriedades dielétricas, foram feitas algumas modificações no processamento, tais como, adição de excesso de bismuto e adição de uma camada intermediária de tungstênio entre as camadas dos filmes de BBT ou BBN. Tanto a adição de excesso de bismuto como a utilização do dopante tungstênio...(Resumo Completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In recent years the layered-structure perovskites, also known as Aurivillius compounds have attracted considerable attention for use in ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAM). However, there is little information available about the preparation and dielectric properties of BaBi2Ta2O9 (BBT) and BaBi2Nb2O9 (BBN) thin films, as well as, about the structure of BBT. Therefore, firstly BBT powders were prepared by Pechini method and the phase formation was verified by XRD. The powder calcined at 800 oC / 2 hours and sintered at 850 oC / 4h showed 100% of BBT phase. The structure of BBT was determined by the Rietveld method. BBT shows tetragonal structure (I4/mmm), and Ba and Bi share both the 2b and 4e sites. The (Ba0,70Bi0,30)(Bi1,64Ba0,36)Ta2O9 can be used to describe its unit formula. Secondly, thin films of BBT and BBN were prepared by Pechini method. They were deposited by spin coating over Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates followed by annealing under oxygen flux at different temperature. The thin films were analyzed by XRD, SEM, AFM, TEM and electric properties. The thin films showed heterogeneous microstructure and worst dielectric properties. Aiming to control the microstructure, it was done some modification during the process of preparation of BBT and BBN thin films. The use of Bi excess as well as the use of W6+ as dopant was favorable to control the microstructure and to obtain better dielectric properties. The best values to dielectric constant and dissipation factor were obtained for BBT thin films with addition of 5 wt% Bi excess heat annealed at 750 oC for 1 hour and BBN thin films with addition of 2 wt% Bi excess heat annealed at 700 oC for 1 hour The typical measured small signal dielectric constant and dissipation factor at 100 kHz were 210 and 0,025 for BBT and 356 and 0,023 for BBN, respectively...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Little has been published regarding BSW students' perceived stress, coping self-efficacy, and self-care. A preexperimental study, with one qualitative question, was used to determine the effects of a self-care course on students' perceived stress scores (PSS), coping self-efficacy scores (CSES), and subjective experiences. Nineteen undergraduate students participated. Mean age of participants was 25, 90% were female, and most were Caucasian. The average CSES was 161.42 (SD=41.57) at pretest and 180.72 (SD=34.97) at posttest. A statistically significant difference in mean scores was found (t=−2.109, p=.05). The average PSS was 17.58 (SD=8.50) at pretest and 14.83 (SD=5.607) at posttest. Students' subjective experiences with the course were positive, and 79% noted that their understanding of self-care changed. Despite the small sample and lack of diversity, the study's contribution is noteworthy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of a 3-credit course on self-care for BSW students.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Na área da oncologia salientam-se semelhanças fisiopatológicas entre humanos e animais. A terapêutica nos tumores cerebrais representa um grande desafio, visto que, estes são caracterizados por um crescimento rápido e invasivo e os fármacos anti-neoplásicos apresentam grande dificuldade em atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica (BBB). Assim sendo, é imperativo o desenvolvimento de novos sistemas de fármacos que ultrapassem estas limitações. Após a descoberta da estrutura das células neoplásicas e da BBB, as nanopartículas como lipossomas e as moléculas de direcionamento têm demonstrado um grande potencial na modulação da disponibilidade dos fármacos utilizando mecanismos fisiológicos. Deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um imunolipossoma com duplo direcionamento ativo para o tratamento de tumores cerebrais. Para tal, foi testada a expressão do folato e os efeitos citotóxicos do panobinostat (iHDAC) em linhas de tumores cerebrais primárias (U87) e secundárias (MCF7), tendo sido comparado com a atividade de lipossomas encapsulados com panobinostat e/ou acoplados a folatos. Adicionalmente, foram desenvolvidos e testados, num modelo da BBB in vitro, imunolipossomas em fusão com anticorpos de domínio único (FC5 e G3) com a capacidade de atravessar a BBB. Por fim, foi proposto o modelo in vitro da BBB + U87, testando os imunolipossomas com duplo direcionamento para a BBB e para as células neoplásicas. Foram realizados dois ensaios independentes para cada fármaco e linha celular e em duplicado para cada concentração. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada através do reagente WST-1 e os valores de IC50 calculados através do programa GraphPad Prism 8. Para análise estatística realizou-se uma ANOVA e o teste de Tukey, utilizando o programa R. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o panobinostat apresenta um efeito citotóxico nas linhas celulares U87 e MCF7. As formulações lipossomais com vectorização ativa apresentam efeito citotóxico semelhante à formulação livre. Além disso, o panobinostat não apresenta efeitos citotóxicos na linha celular da BBB. Com base nos resultados obtidos no ensaio da BBB in vitro, supõe-se que o anticorpo G3 (29,29%) seja mais eficaz na passagem através da BBB comparativamente ao FC5 (11,62%). No ensaio do modelo BBB + U87 ocorreu diminuição da integridade da barreira, porém observou-se efeito citotóxico na linha U87. Serão necessárias otimizações do novo modelo, estudos pré-clínicos e translacionais para determinar a utilidade clínica e a segurança do panobinostat lipossomal.
ABSTRACT - CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMMUNOLIPOSOME WITH DUAL-TARGETING FOR THE TREATMENT OF BRAIN TUMORS - In oncology field, there are physiopathological similarities between humans and animals. Therapy in brain tumors represents a major challenge, since they are characterized by rapid and invasive growth and the antineoplasic drugs have great difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, it is imperative to develop new drug systems that overcome these limitations. After discovering the structure of neoplastic cells and BBB, nanoparticles such as liposomes and targeting molecules have shown great potential in the modulation of drug availability using physiological mechanisms. Thus, the present study aimed to contribute to the development of an immunoliposome with double active targeting for the treatment of brain tumors. For this purpose, folate expression and the cytotoxic effects of panobinostat (iHDAC) in primary (U87) and secondary (MCF7) brain tumor lines were tested, having been compared with the activity of liposomes encapsulated with panobinostat and/or coupled to folates. In addition, immunoliposomes fused with single domain antibodies (FC5 and G3) with the ability to cross the BBB were developed and tested in a BBB model in vitro. Finally, the in vitro model of BBB + U87 was proposed, testing immunoliposomes with double targeting for BBB and neoplastic cells. Two independent assays were performed for each drug and cell line and in duplicate for each concentration. Cell viability was evaluated by WST-1 reagent and IC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism 8 software. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test using R software. The results obtained suggest that panobinostat has a large cytotoxic effect on U87 and MCF7 cell lines. The active vectorized liposomal formulations have a cytotoxic effect similar to free formulation. In addition, it is suggested that panobinostat has no cytotoxic effects on the cell line of the BBB. Based on the results obtained in the BBB in vitro assay, it is assumed that G3 antibody (29.29%) is more effective in passing through BBB compared to FC5 (11.62%). In the BBB + U87 assay, the integrity of the barrier decreased, but a cytotoxic effect was observed on the U87 line. Optimizations of the new model, pre-clinical and translational studies will be required to determine the clinical utility and safety of liposomal panobinostat.
N/A

I detta arbete tar jag upp en del av den lagändring i BBR som började gälla den 1 juli 2014. Den handlar om att lägenheter på max 35 m2 som inreds på en vind inte behöver anpassas för tillgänglighet. Mitt syfte är att bredda kunskapen om denna lagändring och belysa vad man bör tänka på vid vindsinredningar enligt denna. I arbetet studerar jag vilka faktorer som spelar in och i vilken utsträckning lagändringen kan innebära en lättnad för byggbranchen. Vidare tar jag även upp frågan vad personer som är aktiva i byggbranchen tycker om lagändringen och om den kan komma till någon nytta. Till min hjälp har jag Riksbyggen i Linköping där jag gick igenom deras arkiv för att se om det finns några objekt där lagändringen kan appliceras. Min kontaktperson på Riksbyggen, Kristina Cleber, hjälpte mig även att komma i kontakt med aktiva i byggbranchen. Min studie visar att även om de flesta i byggbranchen tycker att lagändringen är bra så är de tveksamma till att den kommer uppfylla sitt syfte, vilket är att avhjälpa bostadsbristen hos unga och studenter. Vidare visar jag att det är en krånglig process att inreda vindsutrymmen då allt material och manskap måste transporteras upp till vinden på något sätt och att installationer kan ställa till problem. De jag intervjuade tycker att man bör utföra en inredning i samband med något annat större projekt för att sprida ut kostnaderna.

In the 1980s the future of public service broadcasting in Britain was called into doubt. Technological developments in cable, satellite and digital technologies were, it was argued, poised to end the condition known as 'spectrum scarcity'; while the emergence of a neo-liberal Conservative government, pledged to rolling back the frontiers of the state', was of the opinion that the current system of public service broadcasting provision was no longer necessary given the number of broadcasting channels now available; broadcasting, in its view, would increasingly be able to mirror the publishing industry in its structure and future regulation. Critics however, were loathe to accept the argument that technological considerations alone ought to drive broadcasting policy; and two key questions emerged. Firstly, how was public service broadcasting to be defended in a climate increasingly hostile to public service ideals and institutions in general; and secondly, and as a result of the first question, how was public service broadcasting to be understood? This thesis seeks to answer both these questions and argues that in the process of clarifying the nature of public service broadcasting in the past, that solutions for its defence in the future will be found. Public service broadcasting, was not, it will be argued, simply about institutions like the BBC, but evidence of a much broader and widely shared (across the political divides) understanding of the proper role of broadcasting in a democratic society (at least until the 1980s). In short, public service broadcasting in the past was never simply a response to a set of technological conditions; instead it was forged from a set of political, economic, Administrative and cultural ideas about the nature of society and broadcasting's role in it; and hence its ability to respond to the new conditions of the 1990s and beyond.

The topic of this paper is how CNN and BBC, two of the largest media companies in the world, presented Islam in the Palestinian civil war during the years 2006-2007. Articles that CNN and BBC published on the Palestinian civil war have been analyzed in order to answer this question. The purpose is to see if Islam is portrayed in an Islamophobic way by CNN and BBC and if it is possible to find discursive tracks from Clash of Civilizations-theory in the analyzed articles. The findings indicate that there are elements of Islamophobia and discursive tracks of Clash of Civilizations when it comes to presenting islam during the Palestinian civil war. Another conclusion is also that CNN and BBC presented islam in different ways during the civil war.

I. Klassische Fragestellung – Aktueller Reformschub II. Veränderte Rahmenbedingen für Funktional- und Territorialreformen III. Zwei stabile Grundmodelle des Verwaltungsaufbaus in Deutschland IV. Funktional- und Gebietsreformen V. Gebietsreformen VI. Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick

In 1985, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher declared publicity to be the ‘oxygen’ of terrorism. Speaking from within a climate of domestic terrorism, such a statement draws into question the nature of contemporary media coverage. The British Broadcasting Corporation, existing as a public sector broadcaster, occupies a unique position in the context of 20th and 21st century mass media. The BBC is central to the creation and direction of national and international news agendas, in the formation of worldwide public opinion, and the brand name and reputation hold connotations of honesty, accuracy and impartiality. It can therefore be positioned as a ‘a microcosm of some larger system or a whole society' (Gomm et al., 2000, p.99). Yet, the historical visual output of the organisation in relation to domestic terrorism emanating from the environment of the Troubles — a significant period in social, cultural, political, and media history — has never been subject to rigorous academic scrutiny. Grounded in the field of media and cultural studies, and drawing upon extensive archival research, this thesis investigates the representation of domestic terror by the BBC in news and documentary format over the three-decade period of 1968-1998 through two interpretive modes of textual analysis: content analysis and semiotics. Throughout, the representation of events is contextualised in relation to media theory, with the words and pictures broadcast by the BBC analysed. The framing of acts of terror as image events is considered, as well as the visual aesthetic, codes, and values, of news reports. Ultimately, this work argues that BBC coverage of the Troubles has clear and identifiable patterns and symbols. Initial outbreaks of violence, where no corresponding representational referents existed, trended towards the vivid and graphic. Gradually, however, there was an overt movement away from this form; with the notable exception of moments where a method of perception created a disjuncture to established means, coverage was dominated by generic media templates, the rhetoric of euphemism, a concerted lack of contextualisation, and empty symbolism of the absent image.

Perú representa para BMW la tercera plaza más importante de la región, liderando por 14 años consecutivos las ventas del segmento de autos de lujo (para ser considerados en el segmento de lujo, premium o gama alta, cualquier marca debe cumplir con prestaciones y beneficios exclusivos para el usuario, precio alto y no de fácil acceso). En los últimos años este segmento viene creciendo pese a las fluctuaciones de la coyuntura económica. Aprovechando este posicionamiento, BMW es la primera marca de autos Premium que lanza en Perú su línea de productos lifestyle a la que denomina BMW Lifestyle, que es poco conocida entre sus clientes y público en general. En una primera fase ubica su primer y aún único punto de venta en el centro comercial Jockey Plaza en julio de 2014. «Estamos de acuerdo que los ingresos de las firmas automotrices se deben a sus autos aunque la mercancía oficial contribuye a sus ganancias, la mayoría de las marcas premium venden todo tipo de cosas, desde equipajes pasando por ropa hasta llegar a los accesorios y juguetes. Probablemente, si eres propietario de alguna vehículo Ferrari, Porsche, Lamborghini o Mini quieras hacer combinar tu auto con algo en tu vestimenta relacionado con la marca, y si no eres propietario de alguna vehículo premium, quisieras tener algo con el logo de tu marca favorita, por esta razón BMW lanza su colección Lifestyle, la cual está disponible vía web o distribuidores autorizados» (Santillán, 2014). Esta extensión de línea permitirá ampliar el universo de posibilidades de no solo estar presentes en el concesionario de vehículos, sino, estar presente en centros comerciales del target objetivo que aumentan el valor de la marca en sí mismo. El análisis de este trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo identificar la oportunidad de crecimiento de la línea BMW Lifestyle a través de la búsqueda del canal(es) más rentable(s). Se determina la ubicación más idónea para la apertura del segundo punto de venta BMW Lifestyle en un C.C. de la ciudad de Lima, asimismo, se analiza las variables de incentivo de compra, el perfil del consumidor y los Insight de motivación de consumo para el potencial comprador y el usuario final de los producto de la línea BMW Lifestyle. Cabe mencionar que las cifras mostradas en la presente investigación han sido modificadas por motivos de confiabilidad para salvaguardar los datos reales de la empresa.

Kinetic processes occurring upstream of planetary bow shocks can greatly perturb the magnetosphere-striking solar wind. Collisionless shocks are highly non-linear systems with complicated feedback mechanisms. Transient events form part of the growing evidence that shocks are highly variable and far more complex than a large-scale quasi-static picture would suggest. In this thesis we survey Cluster magnetic field, thermal ion, and energetic particle observations upstream of Earth's bow shock to investigate events known as foreshock cavities. Foreshock cavities exhibit depressions in magnetic field magnitude and thermal ion density, associated with enhanced fluxes of energetic ions. Two models of foreshock cavity formation exist and we attempt to discriminate between them. Cavities are found in all parts of the Cluster orbit upstream of the bow shock but preferentially in fast, moderate magnetic field strength solar wind streams. Localising foreshock cavity observations in a coordinate system organised by physical processes in the foreshock, reveals a systematic change in foreshock cavity location with the cone angle between the solar wind flow and magnetic field. At low (high) cone angles foreshock cavities are observed outside (inside) the expected boundary of the intermediate ion foreshock. This result favours a model of foreshock cavities as isolated bundles of magnetic flux preferentially filled with energetic particles. We present a case study locating an isolated foreshock cavity precisely with respect to measured bow shock position. We use Cluster's multispacecraft nature to constrain the cavity extent. Associated particle populations are studied in detail. A second case study is shown to coincide with a transition from the deep ion foreshock to the electron foreshock. This event has some features expected from the new model of cavities as brief encounters with a spatial boundary in the global foreshock. Finally, we present the first observations of explosive events resembling Hot Flow Anomalies near Saturn's bow shock.

En expandering av storstäder har bidragit till att nya behov måste uppfyllas. Däribland behovet av nya förskolor. Idag och i framtiden kommer det ställas höga krav på att nya byggnader ska bli mer energieffektiva och det är viktigt att kommuner ligger i framkant i denna utveckling då de ska vara ett föredöme i samhället. Valet föll därför på att kombinera dessa behov och krav genom att gestalta en energieffektiv förskola i Haninge kommun som är i ett expansivt skede. Genom inventering av befintlig information kring ämnena förskola och energieffektivt byggande, samt studiebesök och fallstudier valdes att förskolan skulle gestaltas enligt passivhusteknik. Informationen behandlar bland annat krav från BBR, FEBY och Lpfö98. Det var genom dessa metoder som ett lokalprogram innehållandes en sambandsanalys kunde tas fram för kommandeförskola. Förskolan som passivhus innebär förändrade förutsättningar för gestaltningen då det är viktigt att i ett tidigt skede planera planlösningen så att den medverkar till en energibesparing. Utifrån lokalprogrammet kunde förskolan Lövet som enligt enkla beräkningar uppfyller kraven för passivhus. Förslaget stämmer bra överrens med det lokalprogram som det grundades på tack vare det djupgående förarbetet. Slutsatsen blir att ett väl bearbetat lokalprogram är en bra förutsättning för att gestalta och konstruera ett förslag som är realistiskt. I detta projekt har det visat sig att det är möjligt att bygga en förskola i passivhusteknik trots ändrade förutsättningar angående teknik samt utformning. Ett passivhus är dessutom ett bra pedagogiskt läromedel att lära barn hur energi kan besparas.
An expansion of big cities has contributed to new requirements that must be fulfilled. The requirements include the need for new preschools. Today and tomorrow there will be demands for new buildings to be energy efficient and it is important that municipalities are at the forefront of this development as they will set an example in the community. The choice was made to combine these needs and requirements by designing an energy efficient preschool in the municipality of Haninge which is a municipality in an expansive phase.   The choice to make the preschool according to passive house technology was made through inventory of existing information about the areas of preschool and energy- efficient construction, as well as visits and case studies. The information treats, among other things, requirement from BBR, FEBY and Lpfö98. It was also through these methods that a local program with an analysis of the connections between rooms was generated for the preschool. Preschool as a passive house results in changing conditions for the conformation and that is why it is important that in an early stage plan the layout so that it contributes to energy savings.  Through calculations made from the construction of the preschool, which is based on the local program containing an analysis of the connections between rooms, meet the requirements for passive houses. The proposal agrees with the local program that it was based on, thanks to the deep preliminary work.  The conclusion is that a well-developed local program is a good prerequisite in order to design and construct a proposal that is realistic. This project has shown that it is possible to build a preschool in passive house technology despite changed conditions regarding technology and design. Passive house is also a good educational material to teach children how energy can be saved.

O presente trabalho procura situar-se na convergência dos estudos discursivos, dos estudos culturais e dos estudos jornalísticos voltados para a web. Buscamos examinar como o discurso jornalístico se constrói no meio tela, pois este oferece novas possibilidades de sentidos. Tendo por base a leitura de um grupo de webpages disponibilizadas pelo site da BBC, a British Broadcasting Corporation, pretendeu-se demonstrar quais representações de Brasil são utilizadas ou construídas pelo jornalista estrangeiro. Analisamos como a notícia é veiculada no meio digital recorrendo aos elementos teóricos concernentes ao webjornalismo. Notamos que o modo de veicular conteúdo noticioso favorece o texto escrito em detrimento de uma narrativa hipertextual da notícia e que os links de uma das webpages analisadas podem construir sentidos que contradizem o seu suposto objetivo. Como conclusão, constatamos que embora seja feito uso questionável dos recursos digitais, segundo a visão jornalística adotada, as características hipermidiáticas das webpages, juntamente com a aura de excelência que a instituição veicula no site, camuflam o fato de o enunciador-jornalista naturalizar o modo de representar o outro.
This dissertation is situated in the interdisciplinary convergence between the Discursive and Cultural Studies, and also the research field of Webjournalism. We aimed to show how the journalistic discourse is produced in the screen medium, as it offers new possibilities of meaning. Based on the reading of a series of webpages of the BBC website, we set out to demonstrate how the representations of Brazil are used or built by the journalistic enunciator. The analysis of how the news is issued in the digital medium is based on the conceptual framework of webjornalism. We have observed that although the website is highly hypermidiatic, the way it conveys its contents favors the written text instead of building a hypertextual narrative of the news. We also found that the links in one of the studied webpages can produce meanings that contradict its supposed aim. In conclusion, we have also observed that although the use made of digital resources is questionable, according to the journalistic approach used, the hypermidiatic characteristics of its webpages and the high standard services that the institution is supposed to deliver disguise the fact that the journalistic enunciator naturalizes the way it represents the other.

El crecimiento exponencial que han experimentado los sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricos actuales durante los últimos años, ha dado lugar a la necesidad de disponer dispositivos de microondas de tamaño reducido y, a su vez, de altas prestaciones. El principal obstáculo con el que se encuentran los dispositivos basados en las tecnologías clásicas, es que dichas tecnologías no son compatibles con los procesos estándar de fabricación de circuitos integrados (IC). En este sentido, dispositivos de microondas basados en resonadores acústicos, en concreto resonadores BAW, ofrecen una solución a dicha limitación ya que son compatibles con los procesos estándar de fabricación de circuitos integrados. Por otro lado, dichos resonadores son excitados mediante una onda acústica cuya velocidad de propagación es alrededor de cuatro o cinco órdenes de magnitud menor que las ondas electromagnéticas, con lo que el tamaño del dispositivo también será menor en la misma proporción. La motivación de este trabajo viene dada por el escenario que se plantea.
El documento está básicamente dividido en dos grandes bloques. El primer bloque que consta de los capítulos 2, 3 y 4 está dedicado al estudio de un resonador BAW. En primer lugar, el estudio se realiza para una estructura unidimensional, es decir, teniendo en cuenta que en el resonador solamente se propaga una onda acústica en la dirección longitudinal, con el objetivo de extraer los modelos circuitales que permiten la caracterización eléctrica de dicho resonador. Sin embargo, estos modelos no son capaces de predecir con exactitud el comportamiento eléctrico del resonador acústico ya que no contemplan efectos derivados de la propagación de ondas laterales. Así, la necesidad de incorporar una herramienta de simulación 3D se hace necesaria. Mediante el simulador 3D, el resonador se puede caracterizar por completo, así, el origen y las condiciones necesarias para la presencia de ondas laterales estacionarias pueden ser establecidas. La presencia de las ondas laterales generan efectos no deseados en la respuesta eléctrica del resonador básicamente en forma de degradación del factor de calidad y de la constante de acoplo electromecánico efectiva. Así pues, la mejora del comportamiento eléctrico del resonador se basa principalmente, en la minimización de la presencia de las ondas laterales no deseadas. Para ello se proponen dos soluciones diferentes: el apodizado y la inclusión de un anillo en el perímetro del electrodo superior. La primera solución consiste en diseñar el electrodo superior de manera que no existan caras paralelas. Con ello, los patrones de resonancia que se generan hacen que la onda deba viajar una distancia mayor con la correspondiente atenuación debida a las pérdidas del material. Sin embargo, aunque la amplitud de dichas ondas se ve claramente decrementada, el número de patrones resonantes aumenta respecto al caso convencional, y también el número de modos no deseados. Esto finalmente se traduce en una degradación del factor de calidad del resonador. La segunda solución consiste en forzar unas condiciones de contorno determinadas que hacen que las ondas laterales no puedan propagarse. Con esto, la respuesta del resonador aparece libre de modos no deseados con lo que el factor de calidad del resonador es mucho mayor que lo que se puede conseguir mediante el apodizado.
El segundo gran bloque de este trabajo está dedicado a la aplicación de los resonadores acústicos al diseño de filtros. Este bloque se ha centrado básicamente en topologías en las que los resonadores acústicos están conectados eléctricamente, y en particular en topologías tipo"ladder". Este tipo de filtros presenta una selectividad alta debido a la presencia de un par de ceros de transmisión, pero a su vez un pobre rechazo fuera de banda debido al comportamiento capacitivo de dichos resonadores. Así, en primer lugar se propone una metodología de diseño con expresiones cerradas, en un primer lugar considerando negligible la presencia de los electrodos metálicos, y realizando alguna modificación en el proceso de diseño para incluir dichos efectos. Por otro lado, con el objetivo de mejorar las prestaciones del filtro fuera de banda, se propone como solución modificar los resonadores acústicos mediante la presencia de elementos reactivos (capacidades y bobinas) ya sea en serie o en paralelo. La modificación de dichos resonadores se da principalmente en la posición de las frecuencias de resonancia. Así, si en una topología ladder se incluyen resonadores modificados y no modificados, se genera un nuevo par de ceros de transmisión en la respuesta que hacen que el rechazo fuera de banda sea mayor.
El último capítulo de este trabajo está dedicado al diseño de un filtro con una respuesta en transmisión que presenta dos bandas de paso. La topología está basada en la topología ladder clásica con la diferencia que, en lugar de tener una celda elemental formada por un resonador serie y paralelo, se tiene una celda elemental formada por dos resonadores serie y dos paralelos. Con esto, una banda de transmisión viene dada por la interacción de un resonador serie y uno paralelo, mientras que la segunda banda se da por la interacción del segundo par de resonadores. Con el método de diseño que se propone, cada una de las bandas puede ser diseñada a la frecuencia que se desee. Finalmente, se muestra el diseño de un filtro dual para la aplicación de GPS L1/L5 y Galileo E5a/E5b.
The exponential growth in wireless communication systems in recent years has been due to the requirements of small high performance microwave devices. The main limitation of microwave devices based on traditional technologies is that these technologies are not compatible with the manufacturing process of standard integrated circuits (IC). Microwave devices based on acoustic resonators, and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators in particular, overcome this limitation since this technology is compatible with standard IC technologies. Furthermore, acoustic resonators are excited by means of an acoustic wave with a propagation velocity around four or five times lower than the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves, and the resulting size of the device is therefore also lower in the same proportion. This is the incentive behind this study.
The study is basically divided into two blocks. The first block comprises the chapters number 2, 3 and 4, and is devoted to the study of the BAW resonator. First, the BAW resonator is studied in its one-dimensional form, i.e. considering that only a mechanical wave is propagated in the thickness dimension, in order to obtain the equivalent circuits which enable the electrical characterization of the BAW resonator. However, these models do not take into account effects due to lateral waves. The need for a 3D simulator tool therefore becomes evident. Using the 3D simulator, the electrical behaviour of the BAW resonator can be completely characterized, and the boundary conditions required as well as the origin of lateral standing waves can therefore be stated. The presence of lateral standing waves entails the degradation of the electrical performance of the BAW resonator, mainly in terms of the quality factor and the effective electromechanical coupling constant. The improvement in the electrical performance of the BAW resonator is therefore mainly based on its ability to minimize the presence of unwanted lateral modes. Two different solutions are proposed to that end: apodization and the presence of a perimetric ring on the top of the metal electrode. The former solution consists of designing the top electrode in such a way that non-parallel edges are found. The resonant paths thereby become larger and the resonant modes thus become more attenuated due to the material losses. However, although the strength of these modes is lower, more resonant modes are present since there are more possible resonant paths. This finally leads to the degradation of the quality factor of the BAW resonator. The latter solution consists of including a thickened edge load on the top of the metal electrode, which leads to boundary conditions in which lateral waves cannot propagate through the structure. By doing this, the electrical response of the BAW resonator is spurious-free and the quality factor obtained is thus higher than if the apodization solution is used.
The second block of this thesis is devoted to the application of BAW resonator to the microwave filter design, and particularly to filters based on electrically connected BAW resonators, as in the case of ladder-type filters. This type of filter presents a very high selectivity due to the presence of a pair of transmission zeros, but a poor out-of-band rejection due to the natural capacitor divider. The design procedure using closed-form expressions is therefore presented first, with the effect of the metal electrodes considered negligible, and this procedure subsequently modified in order to include these effects. In order to improve the filter performance out-of-band, the proposed solution consists of modifying the BAW resonators with the presence of reactive elements (capacitors and inductances) in series or a shunt configuration. By doing so, the modification is directly related with the allocation of the resonant frequencies. The modified and non-modified BAW resonators are therefore connected in a ladder-type topology including a new pair of transmission zeros, making the out-of-band rejection higher.
The final chapter of this study focuses on the design of a dual-band filter based on BAW resonators. The proposed topology is based on the conventional ladder-type topology but instead of having an elemental cell comprising a single BAW resonator in series and a shunt configuration, two series and two shunt BAW resonators are now present. By doing this, one of the transmission bands is related with one series and shunt BAW resonator and the second transmission band is due to the other pair of resonators. With the proposed design procedure, each of the transmission bands can be allocated to the desired frequencies. Finally, the design procedure is applied to the GPS L1/L5 and Galileo E5a/E5b applications.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät III (Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Geographie)--Universität Regensburg, 2001. Titre de soutenance : Schwieriger Neuanfang - Wiederaufbau und Expansion der BMW AG unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Unternehmensbeziehungen zum Staat (1945/48-1969).
Bibliogr. p. XIII-XXV. Index.

The primary cilium is vital for the health and well being of the organism. Diseases of the cilia, referred to as ciliopathies, present with overlapping phenotypes due to a protein defect in the same organelle. Three such disorders are Nephronophthisis (NPHP), Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), and Senior-Loken Syndrome (SLS). Mutations in serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8(SDCCAG8 [MIM 613524]) have been associated with all of these disorders (BBS16, NPHP10, SLSN7). Little is known about the role of SDCCAG8 in ciliary function, and the mechanisms through which SDCCAG8 leads to ciliopathy phenotypes are potentially novel and may identify therapeutic targets for treating clia related disorders. My work aimed at elucidating these mechanisms utilizing in vitro and in vivo models to identify specific interactors of SDCCAG8. Here, we show an interaction with the multi-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) and more specifically, with the aminoacyl interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2). We also determined that the interaction between these genes is dependent on the N-terminus of AIMP2 and a region in the C-terminus of SDCCAG8. Further work characterized the importance of SDCCAG8 in AIMP2 nuclear localization. Loss of SDCCAG8 results in increased AIMP2 nuclear localization and downstream upregulation of p53. We also characterized an Sdccag8 mouse model and assessed its utility as a ciliopathy model. We performed a phenotypic characterization of this model and identified a genomic deletion encompassing a neighboring gene, Akt3. Due to this finding, we suggest that individuals interested in this mouse model proceed with caution. In addition, we used this model to identify a potential modifier locus of lethality. Overall, the work presented in this thesis advances the understanding of the biology of SDCCAG8 and its role in the cell.