Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / BATCH WATER HEATER

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „BATCH WATER HEATER”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "BATCH WATER HEATER"

Hati, Redi Permata, i Arkhan Subari. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENGONTROL BATCH MIXER PADA INDUSTRI MINUMAN DENGAN METODE PID BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO R3". GEMA TEKNOLOGI 20, nr 1 (16.11.2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v20i1.21077.

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Redi Permata Hati, Arkhan Subari, in this paper explain that batch Mixer is a tool that accommodates some of the raw materials to be mixed so that it becomes a usable product. Raw materials can be a liquid, solid and gas. The use of raw materials and way of mixing the raw materials that distinguish Batch Mixer design at each industry. In this thesis, design Batch Mixer consists of two tanks, namely the mixing tank and tank heaters. In the mixing tank, there HCSR-04 Ultrasonic sensor that functions as a detector of the level of the liquid level, and the stirrer motor-driven DC 12 V. While the heater tank, there MAX6675 Thermocouple temperature sensor and heater. There are also three pumps that pump fluid 1, pump 2 and pump fluid mixing. Batch Mixer working process is controlled automatically using the Arduino Uno R3 displayed via HMI Raspberry Pi. The use Arduino Uno R3 allows users to create a variety of issues related to the microcontroller. The control system is used to control the work process in a plant. The control system in the Batch Mixer works by two indicators: the water level and water temperature. In the manufacturing system, water temperature control using PID control (Proportional Integral Derivative) with PID tuning method to find the value of Kp, Kd, and Ki. Based on test results, use the most optimal value for use PID control value Kp = 60, Ki = 0.005 and Kd = 0.5. By using the value of the achievement level will be faster and the value of the maximum error of 2.5% is still within the tolerance limits of 3%.

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Xu, Mindi, Su-Yen Chang-Chien, Hwa-Chi Wang i David Blackford. "Measurements of Impurities in Liquids with a Nonvolatile Residue Monitor". Journal of the IEST 39, nr 1 (31.01.1996): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.39.1.br314r5p1w3330nr.

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The PMS (Particle Measuring Systems, Boulder, Colorado) nonvolatile residue monitor (NVR monitor) has been used to measure residues in isopropyl alcohol, tap water, and solutions prepared by dissolving different salts in deionized (DI) water. The instrument was operated in the batch and on-line modes mostly with the heater on. The manufacturer's calibration was confirmed with KCl solutions of different concentrations. The results show that the instrument responded linearly to the concentration change of solutes in DI water and had excellent repeatability. However, the instrument's response depends strongly on the solutes.

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Varghese, Jaji, Gajanan Awari i Mahendra Singh. "Experimental analysis of distinct design of a batch solar water heater with integrated collector storage system". Thermal Science 11, nr 4 (2007): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0704135v.

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The performance of a new design of batch solar water heater has been studied. In this system, the collector and storage were installed in one unit. Unlike the conventional design consisting of small diameter water tubes, it has a single large diameter drum which serves the dual purpose of absorber tube and storage tank. In principle it is a compound parabolic collector. The drum is sized to have a storage capacity of 100 liter to serve a family of four persons. The tests were carried out with a single glass cover and two glass covers. The tests were repeated for several days. Performance analysis of the collector has revealed that it has maximum mean daily efficiency with two glass covers as high as 37.2%. The maximum water temperature in the storage tank of 60?C has been achieved for a clear day operation at an average solar beam radiation level of 680 W/m2 and ambient temperature of 32?C. To judge the operating characteristics and to synchronize utility pattern of the collector, the different parameters such as efficiency, mean plate temperature and mass flow rate has been investigated.

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Samuel, Alinford, Josue Brizuela, Keh-Chin Chang i Chun-Tin Lin. "Design and Investigation of an Effective Solar Still Applicable to Remote Islands". Water 14, nr 5 (23.02.2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050703.

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Most remote islands are characterized by small populations, many of whom live under the poverty line, poor geographical accessibility and lack of electricity. As such, the solar still, which has a low capital cost, easy operation and less need of maintenance, is recommended to be used in remote islands possessing rich solar irradiance. Against this backdrop, the present study aimed to design and fabricate an effective solar still suitable for application in the remote islands with low freshwater sources but easy access to sea water and rich solar irradiance. Integrating a conventional passive double-slope solar still with an evacuated solar water heater, fins and wick material improves the heat transfer rate through the brine in the basin and increases effective evaporative surface area. Experiments were conducted using batch mode operation during the periods September to October 2021 for the passive solar stills and November 2021 for the active solar still. Experimental results reveal that the augmentation of fins, wicks and a solar water heater influences the overall distillate output of the solar still. The combined use of fins, wicks and a solar water heater increases the average daily productivity by 147% and the average daytime hourly productivity by 245% compared to the conventional passive solar still under similar average solar radiation levels. Using the present design, the active solar still under the solar environment of the testing location can provide 4.4 L of potable water per day. However, to achieve the minimum requirement of 7.5 L/day per person set by WHO, the present design should be modified by increasing the absorber area of the active solar still by 63% and adding eight more evacuated tubes to the solar water heater. The estimated cost per liter of potable water generated by the active (modified) solar still showed that bottled water sold in a typical remote county (Penghu) in Taiwan was 117–283% more expensive than the water generated by the still.

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Hu, Yanjun, Shanshan Liu, Klein Ileleji, Yan Mi i Long Han. "Design and 3-D simulation of a mixed mode solar barn drier for drying wastewater sewage sludge". Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 2 (2018): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170830254h.

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The paper presents a preliminarily study on an efficient, inexpensive and energy saving solar batch dryer for drying sludge. A concept of a mixed mode solar dryer was developed and designed. Air heated by the solar flat heater was forced through drying chamber by electric fans. A 3-D physical model was used to observe and predict the operation of the solar batch dryer at different time under designed conditions. The thermal performance and air movement of drying chamber in the designed dryer unit were evaluated through ANSYS-FLUENT software. By determining the external conditions, localization and the material properties, the model can predict temperature and humidity distributions in the designed drying chamber and sludge material layers, air-flow field according to the radiation and convection, as well as water quantity evaporated from the sludge. A special attention was paid to implementation of physical boundary conditions on the sludge surface, which is between air and dried sludge. The developed solar barn dryer can heat air at average temperature between 47?C and 57?C, which is optimum for dehydration of the sludge. The designed drying chamber can generate an adequate fow of hot air to increase the drying rate by above 30%.

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Varghese, Jaji, Samsher i K. Manjunath. "Collector characterisation and heat loss tests on a novel batch solar water heater with CPC reflector for households". International Journal of Ambient Energy 41, nr 7 (11.07.2018): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1484802.

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Nhut, Le Minh, i Tran Quang Danh. "An experimental investigation on the coefficient of performance of the small hot water heat pump using refrigeration R410A and R32". Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, nr 2 (6.09.2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i2.676.

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Hot water is an important factor in domestic life and industrial development. Today, the heat pump is used to produce hot water more and more popular because it has many advantages of saving energy compared to the method of producing hot water by the hot water electric heater. The main aim of this study is to evaluate of the coefficient of performance (COP) of the small hot water heat pump using refrigeration R410A and R32. The capacity of both hot water heat pump is similar, one using new refrigerant R32 and other using refrigerant R410A. These heat pumps were designed and installed at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education to evaluate the COP for the purpose of application the new refrigerant R32 for hot water heat pump. The compressor capacity is 1 Hp, the volume of hot water storage tank is of 100 liters and is insulated with thickness of 30 mm to reduce the heat loss to invironment, the required hot water temperature at the outlet of condenser is 50 oC, and the amount of required hot water is 75 liters per batch and is controlled by float valve. The experimental results indicate that the COP of the heat pump using the new refrigerant R32 is higher than heat pump using refrigerant R410A from 9% to 15% when the experimental conditions such as ambient temperature, initial water flow rate through the condenser and the required temperature of hot water were the same. In addition, the effect of the ambient temperature, initial water temperature and water flow rate were also evaluated.

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Varghese, Jaji, Samsher . i Manjunath K. "Experimental Investigation and Comparison Between an Integrated Compound Parabolic Domestic Solar Water Heater with and Without an Air Gap Introduced at the Arms of the CPC". International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 5, nr 1 (2017): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.511727.

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The introduction of a concentrator in a domestic solar water heating system is not yet commercialized but research studies have been carried out and model validation done with symmetrical and asymmetrical type of reflectors. With concentrating collectors it becomes imperative to track the sun. Now the method of tracking to be adopted and the number of adjustments required depends upon the collection efficiency and its application. However for households, systems operating at the lower temperature range the optical system best suited are the compound parabolic concentrator. The advantage is that it has large acceptance angle and therefore requires only occasional tracking. The model studied is batch type heater, as the receiver serves the dual purpose of absorber and storage tank, unlike conventional design which consist of a large number of smaller diameter tubes and separate storage tank. The concentrator i.e. the reflector in this case, is supported on a wooden cradle which comprises the two parabolas of the compound parabolic concentrator. In the present work experimental studies have been carried out and mean collector efficiency computed on model with an air gap introduced in the side walls (arms of the CPC) and performance compared with the model without an air gap. This work is built on a model but without the air gap. Results have shown that there is 37.7% percentage increase in collector collection efficiency with air gap.

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Sajjad, Uzair, Imtiyaz Hussain, Muhammad Sultan, Sadaf Mehdi, Chi-Chuan Wang, Kashif Rasool, Sayed M. Saleh, Ashraf Y. Elnaggar i Enas E. Hussein. "Determining the Factors Affecting the Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient of Sintered Coated Porous Surfaces". Sustainability 13, nr 22 (16.11.2021): 12631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212631.

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The boiling heat transfer performance of porous surfaces greatly depends on the morphological parameters, liquid thermophysical properties, and pool boiling conditions. Hence, to develop a predictive model valid for diverse working fluids, it is necessary to incorporate the effects of the most influential parameters into the architecture of the model. In this regard, two Bayesian optimization algorithms including Gaussian process regression (GPR) and gradient boosting regression trees (GBRT) are used for tuning the hyper-parameters (number of input and dense nodes, number of dense layers, activation function, batch size, Adam decay, and learning rate) of the deep neural network. The optimized model is then employed to perform sensitivity analysis for finding the most influential parameters in the boiling heat transfer assessment of sintered coated porous surfaces on copper substrate subjected to a variety of high- and low-wetting working fluids, including water, dielectric fluids, and refrigerants, under saturated pool boiling conditions and different surface inclination angles of the heater surface. The model with all the surface morphological features, liquid thermophysical properties, and pool boiling testing parameters demonstrates the highest correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.985, for HTC prediction. The superheated wall is noted to have the maximum effect on the predictive accuracy of the boiling heat transfer coefficient. For example, if the wall superheat is dropped from the modeling parameters, the lowest prediction of R2 (0.893) is achieved. The surface morphological features show relatively less influence compared to the liquid thermophysical properties. The proposed methodology is effective in determining the highly influencing surface and liquid parameters for the boiling heat transfer assessment of porous surfaces.

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Bista, Bidesh, Dhiraj Manandhar, Rupesh Mishra, Pradeep Shrestha i Alok Dhungel. "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning due to Gas Water Heater". Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 5, nr 2 (16.01.2018): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v5i2.19019.

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Background and Objectives: Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of injury and death due to poisoning in many parts of the world. Among numerous sources of CO, the gas water heater can be a potential under looked source causing an accidental Carbon monoxide poisoning. In the perspective of Kathmandu valley, where there are houses with small bathrooms, inadequate ventilation and absent CO detectors, gas water heaters can be extremely dangerous even if it liberates small amount of CO gas. Herein, we present a case of CO poisoning to increase awareness about the gas water heater use and the possible risk of CO poisoning in our community.Presentation of Case: A 34 years old healthy female from Patan, presented with the history of loss of consciousness for 15 minute while taking bath on a gas water heater. There was no spontaneous respiration, no cardiac activity and her body temperature was below normal.Discussion: CO is toxic to all aerobic forms to life. CO binds to hemoglobin 230 times faster than oxygen causing cellular hypoxic damage and death. CO poisoning is not uncommon in our society and many such cases are misdiagnosed for some other illness.Conclusion: Use of the gas water heaters and likelihood of CO poisoning should be notified as a public concern. People need to be aware of these hazards to prevent fatal events and likely death due to exploitation of gas water heaters. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5(2): 56-59

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "BATCH WATER HEATER"

VARGHESE, JAJI. "STUDY OF A BATCH SOLAR WATER HEATER WITH INTEGRATED COLLECTOR STORAGE SYSTEM AND COMPOUND PARABOLIC REFLECTOR". Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16169.

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A batch heater is an integrated collector storage unit wherein the absorber serves the dual purpose of a collector and storage unit. The present experimental work is an integration of the older concept of batch water heating with the modern trends in solar water heating technologies i.e. incorporating a concentrator in the design. The concentrator used here is the Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) which is a non-imaging device having wider acceptance angle. It requires only occasional tracking and thus can be best suited for household purposes. The concentrator i.e. the reflector, in this case, is supported on a wooden cradle which comprises the two parabolas of the compound parabolic concentrator. While Batch Solar Water Heater (BSWH) facilitates easy installation, operation, and maintenance besides providing cost reduction it operates at much lower daily collection efficiencies as compared to separate storage tank facilities. The focus of the study is therefore to obtain good heat retention and better long time performance estimates and in accordance, changes have been made in the design in addition to the use of CPC concentrator. In the present work, experimental studies have been carried out and mean collector efficiency is computed on the model with an air gap introduced in the side walls (arms of the CPC). Unlike conventional systems with a large number of smaller diameter tubes, here is a single larger diameter drum which serves both as an absorber and storage unit positioned at the focus of CPC. The system works on thermosyphon principle, unlike conventionally forced circulation domestic water heating systems. The system as a whole operates at a lower temperature which reduces the overall convective and radiative losses and increases useful heat gain. The parametric study of the theoretical design by EES hovering before and after solar noon is in good agreement with experimental results with the thermal efficiency of the collector as high as 38% obtained and with water temperatures varying from 40oC to 60oC depending upon the time of the year. The key aspect is its heat retention capability which can prolong high temperatures attained for longer hours after v dusk. This model shows better performance compared to a similar model designed and developed but without an air gap. Heat loss tests performed on the collector on a 24-hour cycle period showed good long time performance estimates. Collector characterization parameters are obtained by performing thermal performance tests on the collector, under conditions meeting ASHRAE specifications for outdoor tests. The response time of collector computed and performance characteristic curve plotted to predict system response under any given conditions of solar insolation and ambient temperature. The economic figures of merit of the model are also obtained by f-chart design method and using EES software. The proposed model has low initial cost and better long time thermal performance estimates. The annual solar fraction for the model is 0.55 and the payback period is two years. Comparative studies with similar models show its competency based on collector efficiency and economic viability. Highlights  Passive system employed in comparison to the conventional active systems for household applications.  Introduction of a concentrator in domestic solar water heating system.  No usage of Transparent insulation material (TIM) or Phase change material (PCM), heat retention obtained by introducing an air gap, without adding to the cost of collector.  Better adaptability for metro cities like Delhi, where roof space is a major constraint for installation of flat plate collectors.  Economically viable

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Chang, Chia-Yuan, i 張嘉元. "A Mathematical Programming Approach for Integrated Design of Scheduling/Heat-Recovery/Water-Reuse Network in Batch Plants". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01859487982989575108.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
97
This dissertation aims to develop an integrated mathematical formulation to solve the scheduling, heat-integration and water-reuse problems. The framework is divided into two modules: one is batch scheduling incorporated with heat recovery, whereas the other one is batch water-reuse network. The later is mainly used to work in coordination with the scheduling module. However, it can also be used individually. A continuous time formulation, which is more competitive in efficiency than traditional discrete one, is adopted as the time representation in designing each subsystem. Both short-term and periodic operation modes are considered to cover most of the production scenarios. Discussions are elaborated from a novel framework of Resource-Task Network (RTN) proposed by Castro et al. To extend the capability of scheduling toward simultaneous scheduling and direct heat-recovery, a generalized mathematical formulation is firstly proposed by introducing new parameters and a set of new binary variables in managing heat-integration. In comparison with literature examples, the new model is proven competitive with its flexibility and without the loss of compromising with efficiency. Then, a new water-reuse framework is proposed with the same continuous time concept in general scheduling model. This new formulation contains water-reuse and storage facilities for multi contaminant environment. Both single and periodic operation modes are also derived in correspondence with the scheduling model. The water-reuse module is connectable with scheduling module via the decision binary variables. However, they are regarded as predefined parameters if the water-reuse module works alone. Therefore, in the two basic scenarios of water minimization, no binary variable is required; therefore, the model is formulated in NLP, which is very competitive with the result reported in literatures. An overall model is carried out thereafter by simply combining the scheduling with water-reuse module proposed previously. However, the computational issue in handling large scaled MINLP is inevitable. Instead of global optimum, an acceptable solution might be more attractive in reasonable computation time. Since the priority in scheduling is usually higher than that in water-reuse network, a hierarchical two-step solving procedure is proposed. In the first stage, the water-reuse module is converted into a ''convex hull'' MILP model and then combined with the scheduling module. The resulting relaxed model is MILP and could be easily solved to obtain the decision binary variable in scheduling. In the second step, the overall model is solved with the fixed production schedule. Therefore, only a NLP, which is easier to solve than the original MINLP, must be solved. Several enhancements are carried out in the linearization of water-reuse module to narrow the difference between the original and relaxed model. Two examples are demonstrated to verify the performance of the solving procedure.

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Misner, Jean Marie. "The study of a water bath calibration system used for 700 series thermistor temperature probes in whole body hyperthermia". 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12407474.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-63).

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Części książek na temat "BATCH WATER HEATER"

Lv, Liugen, Tao Jia, Wenlian Zhang, Qianqian Jia, Jin Lv i Zhenzhen Jia. "Study on Bath Water Energy Loss of Campus Dormitory Air-Source Heat-Pump Water Heater". W Environmental Science and Engineering, 1207–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9528-4_122.

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Chmielewska-Śmietanko, Dagmara, i Agnieszka Miśkiewicz. "Batch, fixed-bed column and hybrid membrane process studies of radiocesium removal from contaminated water by nanocomposite SiEA-KNiFe sorbent". W Waste PET-MOF-Cleanwater: Waste PET-Derived Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs) as Cost-Effective Adsorbents for Removal of Hazardous Elements from Polluted Water, 33–44. UJ Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/9781776419463-03.

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Currently, there are more than 440 nuclear fission reactors in 30 countries generating about 12% of the world’s supply of electricity [1, 2]. Most of the commercial nuclear power reactors are light water reactors (LWRs). One of the three types of LWRs is the pressurised water reactor (PWR), which is the most common construction of nuclear reactors and constitutes about 60% of the world’s nuclear power plants [3]. In a PWR, light water serves as a coolant which removes the heat produced inside the reactor core by the nuclear fission reaction. Moreover, in PWR, water is also a moderator which slows down neutrons that are released during the nuclear fission process [4].

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Yentumi, Richard, Bogdan Dorneanu i Harvey Arellano-Garcia. "Mathematical modelling, simulation and optimisation of an indirect water bath heater at the Takoradi distribution station (TDS)". W Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 979–84. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85159-6.50163-9.

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"Real-time Analysis". W Green Chemistry: Principles and Case Studies, 321–52. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781788017985-00321.

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Real-time analysis may be the most underappreciated Principle of Green Chemistry, yet its importance cannot be ignored. Every chemical process requires analysis, whether before, during, or after. Continuous-flow processes offer opportunities for real-time analysis just about anytime and anywhere during the process. Performing analysis in real-time requires consideration of what parameters are appropriate to monitor. Physical parameters include temperature, pressure, heat, pH, or light. Chemical parameters include reactants, intermediates, products, or by-products. Soltex developed a continuous-flow system to produce highly reactive terminal alkene polyisobutylene (PIB) with real-time monitoring of feedstock composition, temperature, and flow rates to optimize production of the less-stable kinetic product. Analysis is necessary to determine the identity of a chemical species, as well as its purity, i.e. both qualitative and quantitative measures. The major types of spectral methods available for real-time analysis are NMR, MS, IR, UV–Vis, and fluorescence. Nalco developed the 3D TRASAR® method to analyze cooling water systems using two fluorescent dyes to measure biofilm, scale, and corrosion in real-time. Separation of the different chemical species is an important step in determining the purity of a product or the amount of an impurity. The major chromatographic separation methods available are LC, SFC, GC, and TLC. Good reactor design includes determining where in the process to perform real-time analysis. Reactor designs include batch, semi-batch, and continuous flow. Ely-Lilly & Co. developed a continuous-flow method to synthesize prexasertib, an anti-cancer drug candidate, on a kilogram scale.

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Ren, Shen, Zhiquan Shu, Jiaji Pan, Ji Peng, Junlan Wang, Chunhua Zhao i Dayong Gao. "Development of a Novel Electromagnetic Rewarming Technology for the Cryopreservation of Stem Cells with Large Volume". W Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94556.

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Applications of stem cells have been playing significant roles in scientific and clinical settings in the last few decades. The foundation of these approaches is successful cryopreservation of stem cells for future use. However, so far we can only cryopreserve stem cell suspension of small volumes in the order of 1 mL mostly due to the lack of an effective rewarming technique. Rapid and uniform rewarming has been approved to be beneficial, and sometimes, indispensable for the survival of cryopreserved stem cells, inhibiting ice recrystallization or devitrification. Unfortunately, the conventional water bath thawing method failed in providing the rapid and uniform rewarming. The conversion of electromagnetic (EM) energy into heat provides a possible solution to this problem. This chapter will focus on (1) analysis of the combined EM and heat transfer phenomenon in the rewarming of a biospecimen, (2) numerical investigation of the rewarming system, (3) practical setup of an EM resonance system, and (4) test of heating performance with large volume of cells.

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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge i Demetri P. Petrides. "Drying". W Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0014.

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The last step in the separation process for a biological product is usually drying, which is the process of thermally removing volatile substances (often water) to yield a solid. In the step preceding drying, the desired product is generally in an aqueous solution and at the desired final level of purity. The most common reason for drying a biological product is that it is susceptible to chemical (e.g., deamidation or oxidation) and/or physical (e.g., aggregation and precipitation) degradation during storage in a liquid formulation. Another common reason for drying is for convenience in the final use of the product. For example, it is often desirable that pharmaceutical drugs be in tablet form. Additionally, drying may be necessary to remove undesirable volatile substances. Also, although many bioproducts are stable when frozen, it is more economical and convenient to store them in dry form rather than frozen. Drying is now an established unit operation in the process industries. However, because most biological products are thermally labile, only those drying processes that minimize or eliminate thermal product degradation are actually used to dry biological products. This chapter focuses on the types of dryer that have generally found the greatest use in the drying of biological products: vacuum-shelf dryers, batch vacuum rotary dryers, freeze dryers, and spray dryers [1]. The principles discussed, however, will apply to other types of dryers as well. We begin with the fundamental principles of drying, followed by a description of the types of dryer most used for biological products. Then we present scale-up and design methods for these dryers. After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: • Do drying calculations involving relative humidity using the psychrometric moisture chart and the equilibrium moisture curve for the material being dried. • Calculate the relative amounts of bound and unbound water in wet solids before drying. • Model heat transfer in conductive drying and calculate conductive drying times. • Interpret drying rate curves. • Calculate convective drying times of nonporous solids based on mass transfer.

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Deamer, David W. "Hydrothermal Conditions are Conducive for the Origin of Life". W Assembling Life. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646387.003.0008.

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Alexander Ivanovich Oparin was first to consider the origin of life in strictly scientific terms. Oparin published The Origin of Life in 1924, in his native Russian language, and was active in the field for the next 50 years. During my initial field work in the volcanic regions of Kamchatka, organized with Vladimir Kompanichenko, we visited the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology in Petropavlovsk, and I happened to see the above quote painted on a wall near the entrance. Oparin’s proposal about how life can begin was intuitive because he had no experimental evidence as a foundation, but as our party rode in helicopters up and down the peninsula from one volcanic site to the next, I began to share his intuition. The focus of this chapter concerns the properties of water in contact with mineral surfaces heated by volcanism, inspired by what we saw in Kamchatka. Four billion years ago, as the global temperature decreased following the condensation of the ocean, there came a point at which the components required for the origin of life could assemble into systems of encapsulated polymers. Two alternative hydrothermal conditions have been proposed as sites where this could have occurred: salty seawater at submarine hydrothermal vents and freshwater circulating in hydrothermal fields associated with volcanic land masses. To weigh the alternatives, this chapter considers the chemical and physical properties of hydrothermal vents and hydrothermal fields and how each could contribute to the origin of cellular life. Questions to be addressed: What are the chemical and physical properties of hydrothermal vents? How do the properties of hydrothermal fields differ from those of vents? How are these properties related to the way that organic solutes can undergo physical and chemical interactions related to the origin of life? Suppose that an organic chemist decides to synthesize a new compound that involves making an ester bond. The chemist is provided with a solution of the two reactants such as acetic acid and ethanol, and then is given a choice: should the reaction be run in an ice bath or instead heated to boiling and refluxed?

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"minutes retention depending on the oil processed. Then, Synthetic silica hydrogels: Described in the immediately the oil is heated to 70°C, (158°F) to assist "breaking" the preceding section. emulsion and the mixture is passed through a primary (first) centrifuge. The general dosage of acid-activated bleaching earths is 0.3-0.6%, depending on the quality of the oil and bleach-In contrast, the short-mix process, developed in Europe, ing earth. Bleaching earths provide catalytic sites for de-is conducted at 90°C (84°F), uses a more highly concen-composition of oxidation products. Peroxide values (mea-trated caustic, and a mixing time and primary centrifuging sure of aldehydes) and p-anisidine values (precursors for time of less than 1 minute [135]. Less heat damage to the oxidative degradation) first rise and then decrease during oil and higher refining yield are claimed by advocates of bleaching. Bleaching processes used include atmospheric the long mix process. batch, vacuum batch, and continuous vacuum. Vacuum 4. Silica Absorption bleaching has the advantage of excluding air, partially by In traditional refining, oil from the primary centrifuge is vaporization of water in the earth, and is recommended. A washed with warm soft water to remove residual soap and typical vacuum bleaching process is 20-30 minimum at passed through a (secondary) centrifuge. The washed oil 100-110°C (212-230°F) and 50 mmHg absolute [135]. then is dried under vacuum. However, disposal of wash The reactions catalyzed during bleaching continue into water is increasingly becoming a problem, and the indus-the filter bed and are known as the "press bleaching ef-try is shifting to a modified caustic "waterless" refining fect." The reactive components of oil remain in the bleach-process. Soaps poison the adsorption sites of clays in later ing bed. Care should be taken to "blow" the filter press as bleaching operations and are removed by silica hydrogels. free of oil as possible and to wet the filter cake (which can The oil may be degummed with use of chelating acids, be very dusty) to prevent spontaneous combustion [137]. caustic neutralized, passed through a primary centrifuge, At this point, the product is RB ("refined, bleached") and may be partially vacuum-dried. Synthetic silica hy-oil. If the intended product is an oil, it can be sent to the de-drogels, effective in removing 7-25 times more phos-odorizer and become RBD. If solids are desired, the solids-phatides and soaps than clay on a solids basis, and for re-temperature profile of the oil may be modified by hydro-moving phosphorus and the major metal ions, is added genation, interesterification, or chill fractionation, alone or and mixed with the oil. By absorbing these contaminants in combination. first, the bleaching clay is spared for adsorbing chloro-6. Hydrogenation phyll and the oxidation-degradation products of oil Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to satu-[136-138]. rate carbon-to-carbon double bonds. It is used to raise try-5. Bleaching glyceride melting points and to increase stability as by jective of bleaching is to remove various contami-converting linolenic acid to linoleic in soybean oil [141]. A The ob lighter, "brush" hydrogenation is used for the latter pur-nants, pigments, metals, and oxidation products before the pose. oil is sent to the deodorizer. Removal of sulfur is especial-Most of the catalysts that assist hydrogenation are nick-ly important before hydrogenation of canola and rapeseed el-based, but a variety is available for special applications. oils. Flavor of the oil also is improved. As mentioned in the "Selectivity" refers to ability of the catalyst and process to preceding section, silica hydrogels will adsorb many of sequentially saturate fatty acids on the triglycerides in the these contaminants and spare the bleaching earth. Howev-order of most unsaturated to the fully saturated. For row er, earths are still used for these purposes in installations crop oils, perfect selectivity would be: that have not adopted hydrated silicas. Types of bleaching materials available include [136,139,140]: C18:3 C18:2 C18:1 Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Oleic acid Neutral earths: Basically hydrated aluminum silicates, sometimes called "natural clays" or "earths," and C18:0 fuller's earth, which vary in ability to absorb pigments. Stearic acid Acid-activated earths: Bentonites or montmorillonites, Although typical hydrogenation is not selective, it can be treated with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to improve favored to a limited degree by selection of catalyst and by their absorption of pigments and other undesirable temperature and pressure of the process. Efficient hydro-components, are most commonly used. genation requires the cleanest possible feed stock (without Activated carbon: Expensive, more difficult to use, but of soaps, phosphatides, sulfur compounds, carbon monoxide, special interest for adsorbing polyaromatic hydrocar-nitrogen compounds, or oxygen-containing compounds) bons from coconut and fish oils. and the purest, driest hydrogen gas possible [140]." W Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 361–73. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-35.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "BATCH WATER HEATER"

Ambade, A. Sumit, B. Tarun Narekar i C. Vikrant Katekar. "Performance Evaluation of Combined Batch Type Solar Water Heater Cum Regenerative Solar Still". W 2009 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetet.2009.173.

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Jordan, Myles Martin, Louise Sutherland i Clare Jennifer Johnston. "Online Cleaning of Carbonate Deposits. The Potential and Limitations of a Novel Cleaning Method". W SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204365-ms.

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Abstract The formation of calcium carbonate scale within produced brine as it passes through topside heaters is a very common flow assurance challenge. Normally this scale risk is predicted and chemically controlled via scale inhibitors deployed upstream of the point of brine supersaturation. In some operations chemical application is not fully effective due to under treating of the chemical or carbonate from the reservoir (fines) builds up within the heaters. In cases of reduced fluid throughput cleaning of the inorganic scale is required. The most common method of cleaning is to take the heater offline and batch clean with acids (mineral or organic) to remove the deposits. This paper outlines an investigation into the performance of conventional batch cleaning vs a more novel application method of online cleaning the heater while operating with application of organic acid into the produced fluid upstream of the heaters. The online cleaning process was evaluated via laboratory tests where packed column of field scale were flushed with organic acid within the produced water, and for comparison mineral acid, to understand the potential for online cleaning vs batch cleaning and what factors influenced the effectiveness of these application methods. Factors evaluated included flow rate/contact time, acid strength and acid type. During these online cleaning tests, the effluent of each column was evaluated for pH and finally weight loss at the end of the tests. The online cleaning results were compared to conventional batch cleaning assessment of the same scale samples via static bottle tests The observations from the tests show that online cleaning using both organic and mineral acids result in the development of preferential flow paths within the scale packed columns that reduces the effectiveness of the cleaning chemicals. Improvements to the cleaning program were investigated such as the scale thickness when cleaning is first started to improve cleaning performance and fluid flow rate, increased acid concentration and liquid to solid ratio changes. Field application data from the initial cleaning programs and improvements to the cleaning programs will be shared as part of this publication The factors that need to be assessed to determine if this method is suitable for a specific process system and likelihood of effective scale removal are presented. This method does present the possibility for some production systems that cleaning of carbonate scale can be carried out without the need to take the heater offline for chemical batch or mechanical cleaning.

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Liang, Xin, Weiping Ding, Zhiquan Shu, Xiaoming Zhou i Dayong Gao. "A Micromachined Device Using Transient Hot-Wire Method for High Accuracy Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Semi-Rigid Materials". W ASME 2008 3rd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2008-38038.

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Based on the transient hot-wire method and well developed microfabrication techniques, a new thermal sensor, in which the microfabricated gold wire serves as both a heater and a thermometer, has been developed for measuring the thermal conductivities of semi-rigid materials. The intention that only one calibration constant is needed for an entire batch of sensors has been validated. Thermal conductivities of distilled water, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and apple at different temperatures have been obtained. Measurements are in agreement with suggested values. Complete results will be presented at the conference. The operating temperature of 0°C to 27°C has been tested and is anticipated to be −20°C to 60°C. In spite of conventional advantages, the presented sensor offers new exciting superior performance characteristics, such as reduced thermal resistivity and higher sensitivity, easier manufacturing for mass production, flexibility to reconfigure the sensor for samples with various sizes and shapes, and much reduced workload for system calibration.

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Shokouhmand, H., M. Rezaei Barmi i B. Tavakoli. "Gas Heater Availability Analysis and Consideration of Replacement Gas Heaters by Inline Heaters in the Pressure Reducing Stations of Natural Gas". W ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41907.

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Natural gas is transferred in high pressure by piping system from refiners to city gate stations. For public consumption the gas pressure is reduced in gas pressure reducing stations. The pressure is reduced in regulators and leads to a sudden drop of temperature and consequently the formation of gas hydrates. Preventing hydrate formation, natural gas is heated by passing through water bath gas heaters. In this study, the thermodynamic efficiencies of water bath gas heaters were conducted. The effect of air-fuel ratio and the flow rate of the fuel on the efficiency of this instrument were studied. Also, the variations of efficiencies versus flame temperature have been considered and the optimum points in each state were obtained. From these comparisons, it can be concluded that, first law efficiency is suitable meanwhile second law efficiency is very low. The main reason of low second law efficiency is that high availability generation by fuel causes low enhancement in the availability of natural gas, passed through heaters. Also, one dimensional simulation has been employed to compute temperature distribution numerically in whole of a gas pressure reducing station with water bath gas heaters and with shell and tube heaters (inline heaters). Comparison between these two stations show that the gas pressure reducing station with inline heaters is more appropriate than the one with water bath gas heaters. Finally, water bath gas heaters and inline heaters have been studied economically by utilizing energy flow optimization model, EFOM. It is shown that the inline heaters have less cost of heat generation and they are more economical.

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Khairunnas, Muhammad Dio, Endro Ariyanto i Sidik Prabowo. "Design and Implementation of Smart Bath Water Heater Using Arduino". W 2018 6th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoict.2018.8528772.

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Dalir, Fatemeh, i Morteza Khalaji Assadi. "Designing of Solar Water Bath Heater for Gas Pressure Reducing Station in of 150,000 Nm3/h Capacity in Assaluyeh Region in Iran". W ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90307.

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This paper proposes the design of a solar water bath heater for Central Power Plant in Assaluyeh region in south of Iran with the latitude of 27 °N. This heater uses flat plate solar collectors in an open circuit system. Solar intensity, absorbed radiation and ambient temperature are the regional parameters which are known to the designer. The temperature of the bath of water which is the outlet collector temperature (70 °C) belongs to the known parameters in the mentioned station. Flow rate, heat loss factor, the inlet temperature of the collector and the area which is the most important factor to evaluate the economical issues of the system are calculated with modeling the water bath with a shell and tube heat exchanger. The solar water bath heater is then simulated with TRNSYS software. The obtained results are in good agreement with analytical solution based on Duffie and Beckman method.

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Ruelens, Frederik, Bert J. Claessens, Stijn Vandael, Sandro Iacovella, Pieter Vingerhoets i Ronnie Belmans. "Demand response of a heterogeneous cluster of electric water heaters using batch reinforcement learning". W 2014 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pscc.2014.7038106.

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Nagai, Niro, Kensuke Suzuki, Yoshikazu Maegawa i Haruki Taniguchi. "Snow Melting System Around Steel Top of Underground Fire Cistern Using Heat Pipe BACH". W ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44256.

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This research aims to develop snow melting system around steel top of underground fire cistern by using Bubble Actuated Circulating Heat pipe (BACH). Water in afire cistern installed underground is heated by underground heat source, 10∼15 °C Heat is transported by BACH from water to snow melting panel near the surface, which contains the steel top, resulting in snow melting around the top. The experimental results show that this system can melt the snow on the snow melting panel in winter season preferably, and has enough anti-freezing ability around the steel top. The numerical simulation program was found to predict temperature variations of the whole system preferably. From a thermal point of view, BACH showed better results compared to those of a conventional thermosiphon heat pipe.

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Hwang, Kwangseok, Kyeongtae Kim, Jaehoon Chung, Ohmyoung Kwon, Byeonghee Lee, Joon Sik Lee, Seungho Park i Young Ki Choi. "Development of Robust Batch-Fabrication Process for High Performance SThM Probe and Quantitative Performance Evaluation". W ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18218.

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To guarantee the reproducibility, uniformity and high yield of the fabrication results even with the unavoidable disturbances during the process, the robustness of the batch fabrication process of SThM probes has been improved. First, the shape of the hard mask used for the anisotropic tip etching was redesigned to fit to certain crystal surfaces of silicon wafer so that the sharpness of the tip is kept for a while even after the hard mask falls apart during the bulk tip etch process. Second, the aspect ratio of the tip was maximized by utilizing high concentration KOH solution. Third, the uniformity of etch rate across the wafer was improved by using ultrasonic bath during the anisotropic wet tip etching step. Through the synergistic effects of the modifications of the key steps, the tip fabrication process has become very robust and uniform. Taking advantage of the robustness of the process, we reduced the tip radius of the SThM probe down to 50 nm and the diameter of the thermocouple junction located at the end of the tip to 100 nm. As a result, the sensitivity and the spatial resolution of the new probe were demonstrated to be improved more than two times.

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Delgado, P., X. Moreno, S. Pachacama, P. Rueda i D. Suárez. "Modifying the Chimney Arrangement of an Indirect Water Bath Heater Without Affecting its Operational Efficiency". W SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/177235-ms.

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