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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Base structured category"
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Andre, Terence S., Steven M. Belz, Faith A. McCrearys i H. Rex Hartson. "Testing a Framework for Reliable Classification of Usability Problems". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, nr 37 (lipiec 2000): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403707.
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The User Action Framework (UAF) is a knowledge base of usability issues and concepts structured to provide a framework and method for classifying usability problems identified during usability evaluation. The UAF is essentially a hierarchical structure of usability attributes that users traverse as a decision structure, selecting the most appropriate classification category and sub-category at each level of the hierarchy. The cumulative set of category choices along the classification path is taken as a sequence of usability attributes that determines a complete classification description of the usability problem in question. The UAF itself has been the subject of usability evaluation and is the product of an extensive, iterative design process. In this paper we report on the reliability of the UAF by measuring the agreement of 10 experienced usability practitioners as they classify 15 different usability problems.
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Frascella, A., i C. Guido. "Structured lattices and ground categories ofL-sets". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2005, nr 17 (2005): 2783–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijmms.2005.2783.
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Complete lattices are considered with suitable families of lattice morphisms that provide a structure(L,Φ), useful to characterize ground categories ofL-sets by means of powerset operators associated to morphisms of these categories. The construction of ground categories and powerset operators presented here extends and unifies most approaches previously considered, allowing the use of noncrisp objects and, with some restriction, the change of base. A sufficiently large category ofL-sets that includes all possible ground categories on a structured lattice(L,Φ)is provided and studied, and its usefulness is justified. Many explanatory examples have been given and connection with the categories considered by J. A. Goguen and by S. E. Rodabaugh are stated.
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Rinta, Crismonia, i Zonalia Fitriza. "Pengembangan Tes Diagnostik Esai Terstruktur Kimia Materi Titrasi Asam Basa Sebagai Instrumen Analisis Hasil Belajar Siswa". Edukimia 4, nr 2 (21.08.2022): 084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ekj.v4.i2.a353.
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Learning difficulties experienced by students in a subject can affect their learning outcomes. Learning difficulties can be caused by misconceptions experienced by students or knowledge barriers. It can be happened because chemistry has complex materials which require students to comprehend prerequisite concepts before mastering complex concepts. This research aims to develop a Structured Essay Diagnostic Test of Chemistry for acid-base titration material that fulfils good criteria as an instrument for identifying misconceptions, learning barriers, and assessing student learning outcomes. The research procedure consists of 3 stages: determining the content, obtaining information about students misconceptions, and developing a diagnostic test. The SEDToC instrument was tested for validity and reliability. The SEDToC was validated by four educational chemists and high school chemistry teachers. Which was concluded that the SEDToC instrument is valid, and reliable in the very high category. Analysis of the difficulty index of the SEDToC instrument obtained 10 items in the easy category and 18 questions in the difficult category. The analysis of the discriminatory power of the questions was obtained that 6 items were in a bad category, 18 questions were in the sufficient category, three item was in a good category and one item was in a very good category. The results of the study using the SEDToC instrument for acid-base titration materials proved that the SEDToC instrument was able to assess student learning outcomes, identify misconceptions, and material inhibiting students.
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Papanthymou, Anastasia, i Maria Darra. "Defining Quality in Primary and Secondary Education". International Education Studies 16, nr 2 (28.03.2023): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v16n2p128.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore the conceptual content of the term ‘quality’ in primary and secondary education through the content analysis of 32 scientific publications. The analysis of the qualitative data is based on the methodology of grounded theory, revealing 21 major dimensions of quality with a high frequency of occurrence that are divided into five broader categories. The first category, ‘learning environment,’ includes psychosocial elements, physical elements, respect for diversity and collaboration, sharing, and team spirit. The second category, ‘learning content,’ includes student-centred pedagogy, well-structured knowledge base, continuous curriculum improvement, interest in all students, and life skills. The third category, ‘processes,’ includes teaching, learning, assessment, support, and supervision. The fourth category, ‘students,’ includes involvement/participation, feedback, challenging learning activities, and improved learning outcomes. Finally, the fifth category, ‘teachers,’ includes knowledge of educational context, content, curriculum, and pedagogy, pedagogical skills, emotional/management/reflection skills, and teacher professional development. According to the main findings, from the category ‘learning environment,’ the dimension concerning the psychosocial elements prevails in the literature; from the category ‘learning content’, the dimension of student-centred pedagogy prevails; and from the category ‘processes’, three dimensions prevail: the first is related to support and supervision and the other two are related to teaching and assessment. From the wider category ‘students,’ the dimension relating to improved learning outcomes prevails. Finally, in the category ‘teachers,’ two dimensions prevail: the first concerns skills (emotional, management, reflection), and the second dimension concerns knowledge of the educational context, content, curriculum, and pedagogy.
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Birnbaum, Marvin L., Sowmya Adibhatla, Olivia Dudek i Jessica Ramsel-Miller. "Categorization and Analysis of Disaster Health Publications: An Inventory". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, nr 5 (31.05.2017): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17006525.
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AbstractDisaster Medicine is a relatively new discipline. Understanding of the current status of its science is needed in order to develop a roadmap for the direction and structure of future studies that will contribute to building the science of the health aspects of disasters (HADs). The objective of this study was to examine the existing, peer-reviewed literature relevant to the HADs to determine the status of the currently available literature underlying the science of the HADs. A total of 709 consecutive, peer-reviewed articles published from 2009-2014 in two disaster-health-related medical journals, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine (PDM) and Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness (DMPHP), were examined. Of these, 495 were disaster-related (PDM, 248; DMPHP, 247). Three major categories defined these disaster-related research articles: (1) Epidemiological studies comprised 50.5%; (2) Interventional, 20.3%; and (3) Syntheses, 26.9%. Interventional studies were sub-categorized into: (a) Relief Responses, 23.0%; (b) Recovery Responses, 2.0%; or (c) Risk-Reduction Interventions, 75.0%. Basically, the inventories were consistent within the two journals. Reported indicators of outcomes related to the responses were constrained to achievement indicators (numbers accomplished). Syntheses articles were sub-categorized into: (a) Literature Reviews, 17.6%; (b) Opinions, 25.2%; (c) Models, 24.4%; (d) Frameworks, 6.9%; (e) Guidelines, 13.0%; (f) Tools, 3.0%; (g) Protocols, Policies, or Criteria, 2.3%; or (h) Conference Summaries, 7.6%. Trend analyses indicated that the relative proportions of articles in each category and sub-category remained relatively constant over the five years. No randomized controlled trials (RTCs), non-randomized, comparative controlled trials (CCTs), or systematic reviews were published in these journals during the period examined. Each article also was examined qualitatively for objectives, study type, content, language, and structure. There was no common structure used for any category or sub-categories. In addition, the terminology used was inconsistent and often confusing. This categorization process should be applied to other peer-reviewed journals that publish research related to HADs. As evidenced in the current study, the evidence base for HADs is far from robust and is disorganized, making the development of scientific evidence on which to base best practices difficult. A stronger evidence base is needed to develop the science associated with the HADs. This will require a common structure and terminology to facilitate comparisons. Greater depth of reporting is needed in order to render the Epidemiological studies more useful in mitigating the negative health impacts of hazard-related events. Interventional studies must be structured and include outcomes, impacts, benefits, and costs with robust indicators. The outcomes and impacts of Risk-Reduction Interventions will require the evaluation of changes in the epidemiology documented in future events or exercises.BirnbaumML, AdibhatlaS, DudekO, Ramsel-MillerJ. Categorization and analysis of disaster health publications: an inventory. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(5):473–482.
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Cho, Su Min, i Jae Young Hong. "The Challenges and Support Needs of Beginning Teachers Working at The Special Education Support Centers for Itinerant Education". Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, nr 19 (15.10.2022): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.19.253.
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Objectives The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative study and deeply examine the challenges and support needs experienced by beginning teachers in special education support centers during itinerant education. Methods To this end, snowball sampling was conducted to target 5 beginning teachers working in special education support centers in Jeollabuk-do Province as the research participants. This study intended to closely investigate the experience of beginning teachers that implement itinerant education in special education support centers, so a semi-structured interview was developed with 3 domains and 12 components about the ‘operation status of itinerant education,’ ‘challenges of itinerant education,’ and ‘support needs for itinerant education.’ Based on the semi-structured interview, 1-2 sessions of in-depth interview, which is a qualitative study, were conducted and the collected data were analyzed with inductive analysis through the three coding processes that consisted of transcription, coding, and meaning generation. Results The analysis result showed that the struggles of the beginning teachers can be classified into 4 upper categories and 13 sub-categories. The first upper category is ‘a lack of expertise’ and recognized the lack of expertise as a teacher such as establishing itinerant education activity plans, classes, and interventions for behavior problems. The second upper category is ‘psychological conflicts from relationships’ and beginning teachers experienced challenges in their relationships with inclusive teachers, guardians, and the students during the itinerant education. The third upper category was the ‘barren road for self-development’ as there were limits in the training for itinerant education or human resource. The fourth upper category is the ‘poor environment and administrative⋅financial support’ and there were insufficient environmental conditions for itinerant education and administrative⋅financial support. The support needs of the beginning teachers can be categorized into 3 upper categories and 6 sub-categories. The first upper category is for ‘teachers to develop’ through efforts for the growth of teachers' expertise such as training and professional learning community. The second upper category is ‘a school that collaborates and communicates.’ The beginning teachers emphasized the need to cooperate and communicate with the inclusive teachers and the school parents. The third upper category is ‘effective administrative⋅financial support’ as there were demands of appropriate administrative⋅financial support to perform the duties effectively. Conclusions The study results can be applied as the base data of policy support plans for the itinerant education of the beginning teachers in special education support centers and also to examine the measures required for the beginning teachers to develop into professional itinerant teachers.
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Bruwer, Johan, Vladimir Jiranek, Lulie Halstead i Anthony Saliba. "Lower alcohol wines in the UK market: some baseline consumer behaviour metrics". British Food Journal 116, nr 7 (1.07.2014): 1143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2013-0077.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide clearer insights into and identify the key consumer behaviour metrics of the lower alcohol category (<11 per cent ABV) in the UK wine market. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected via an online survey from a sample size of 598 regular UK wine drinkers. To operationalise the study, five research questions were formulated. A highly structured quantitatively directed questionnaire was designed to find the answers to the research questions. Findings – Barriers to a larger uptake of the product category included non-availability of the products, lower quality perceptions, taste issues, lack of awareness, lack of alcohol's “feel effect” and absence of a lower alcohol drinking occasion. Many UK consumers are not yet convinced how/if lower alcohol wine fits into their wine drinking occasions. The lower ABV wine buyer's main profile characteristics are weighted towards females, Millennial and Baby Boomer age generations, mostly mid to low income, who drink mainly white and rosé wines. Lower alcohol on its own is not seen as a big benefit, thus lower ABV wines should be more creatively communicated to sell the benefits. Originality/value – This study contributes to the knowledge base in that it is the first to investigate consumer behaviour metrics as regards lower ABV wine in one of the world's leading markets, in the process providing some important baseline research information on this category. As such it is of value to academic researchers and practitioners alike.
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Waheed Ayisa Jayeola. "Definiteness in the Zarma determiner phrase". Legon Journal of the Humanities 30, nr 2 (31.12.2019): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v30i2.7.
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Adjectives in definite Determiner Phrases of Zarma, a Nilo-Saharan language trigger an additional (suffixed/base-merged) lexical determiner; in the event of adjectives modifying nouns, definite determiners can occur with either the nouns or the adjectives or both. In all of these cases, no different readings obtain. Structured interviews were conducted with Zarma native speakers to collect the data for this study. I analyse the phenomenon as a case of definite determiner doubling which does not bear on any form of agreement relations. I further suggest that definite determiner and its subsets – numeral, demonstrative, and quantifier do not overlap. However, each of these can occur alongside adjectives within the DP. Consequently, I consider the adjective as an exponent of the adjunct category. Based on Abney’s DP-Hypothesis and the restrictive theory of the Minimalist Program, the paper argues that the asymmetry in the surface realizations of elements/constituents within the Zarma DP is the effect of movement.
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Naveed, Wishal, Majsa Ammouriova, Noman Naveed i Angel A. Juan. "Circular Economy and Information Technologies: Identifying and Ranking the Factors of Successful Practices". Sustainability 14, nr 23 (23.11.2022): 15587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315587.
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Optimal resource utilization and sustainability are gaining importance in the last decades, raising awareness about the circular economy principles. The transition toward the circular economy demands appropriate culture, environment and technology. The developments in information and communication technologies could form the base for these requirements. Our study targets identifying factors that affect the implementation of circular economy principles. In addition, the role of information technologies in their implementation is targeted. A structured literature review was conducted to define these factors. These factors are categorized into four categories: cultural, automation, sharing, and measurement. The importance of these factors is ranked based on a questionnaire. The results show that the found factors are considered success factors in implementing circular economy practices. With respect to categories, the highest impact was noticed by the cultural category, emphasizing the impact of human factor, relations, and communication on the success of circular economy policies. In addition, factors related to appropriate infrastructure and data collection support the transition toward circular economy.
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Reis, Cleiton Pereira, Varley Teoldo Da Costa, Fernando de Azevedo Alves Pereira, Elton César Dos Santos, Dilson Borges Ribeiro Junior, Luciana Thomazini De Araujo i Roberto Rodrigues Paes. "Percepção dos treinadores do Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB) sobre o desenvolvimento dos atletas brasileiros (Perception of coaches of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB) about the development of Brazilian athletes) (Percepción de los entrenadores del Novo Basque". Retos 43 (21.07.2021): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.89089.
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O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção de treinadores profissionais de basquetebol sobre o processo de formação e desenvolvimento de atletas brasileiros. Participaram 9 treinadores de equipes que disputaram o NBB, nas temporadas 2018-2019. Utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Após a transcrição literal das entrevistas, o conteúdo foi analisado a partir de miniunidades (MUs). Os treinadores ressaltaram a ineficiência das escolas em desenvolver a coordenação motora dos alunos, e a precariedade da estrutura física para prática do basquetebol. Os entrevistados salientaram que a falta de espaços públicos para prática do esporte e a ausência de um programa nacional que capilarize o esporte são problemas sérios que necessitam ser enfrentados. Eles comentaram que o basquetebol universitário não contribui efetivamente para o desenvolvimento dos atletas brasileiros rumo ao profissionalismo. Além disso, as instituições esportivas não apresentam uma estrutura adequada para desenvolver os atletas. Verifica-se na categoria de base a existência de poucas equipes federadas, e consequentemente um número pequeno de competições e de partidas oficias disputadas. Conclui-se, pela percepção dos treinadores, que no Brasil existe uma precariedade nas ações das instituições educacionais, governamentais e esportivas em desenvolver atletas de basquetebol masculino de categoria de base.
Abstract. The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of professional basketball coaches about the process of training and development of Brazilian athletes. Nine coaches participated in the NBB, seasons 2018 and 2019. A semi-structured interview was used. After the literal transcription of interviews, the content was analyzed from meaning-units (MUs). The coaches highlighted the inefficiency of schools in developing the motor coordination of students, and the precarious physical structure for the practice of basketball. The interviewees noted that in the absence of public spaces for practicing sports and in the absence of a national program that democratize the sports is a serious problem that need to be faced. They comment that college basketball does not contribute effectively to the development of Brazilian athletes towards professionalism Furthermore, sports institutions do not present a suitable structure to develop athletes. In the youth category, there are few federated teams, and consequently a few competitions and official matches played. It is concluded, by the coaches’ perception, which in Brazil there is a precariousness in the actions of educational, governmental and sports institutions in developing male basketball players in the youth category.
Resumen. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la percepción de los entrenadores profesionales de baloncesto sobre el proceso de formación y desarrollo de los deportistas brasileños. Nueve entrenadores de equipos que compitieron en el NBB participaron en las temporadas 2018-2019. Se utilizó un guión de entrevista semiestructurado. Luego de la transcripción literal de las entrevistas, se analizó el contenido a partir de mini unidades. Los entrenadores destacaron la ineficiencia de las escuelas en el desarrollo de la coordinación motora de los estudiantes, y la precariedad de la estructura física para la práctica del baloncesto. Los encuestados destacaron que la falta de espacios públicos para la práctica de deportes y la ausencia de un programa nacional para democratizar el deporte son problemas graves que deben abordarse. Comentaron que el baloncesto universitario no contribuye de manera efectiva al desarrollo de los deportistas brasileños hacia el profesionalismo. Además, las instituciones deportivas no cuentan con una estructura adecuada para desarrollar a los deportistas. En la categoría base, hay pocos equipos federados y, en consecuencia, un pequeño número de competiciones y partidos oficiales disputados. Se concluye, según la percepción de los entrenadores, que en Brasil existe una precariedad en las acciones de las instituciones educativas, gubernamentales y deportivas en el desarrollo de atletas de baloncesto masculinos en la categoría base.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Base structured category"
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Bellet, Thomas. "Transformations de graphes pour la modélisation géométrique à base topologique". Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2261/document.
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De nombreux domaines comme le jeu vidéo, l’architecture, l’ingénierie ou l’archéologie font désormais appel à la modélisation géométrique. Les objets à représenter sont de natures diverses, et leurs opérations de manipulation sont spécifiques. Ainsi, les modeleurs sont nombreux car tous spécialisés à leur domaine d’application. Or ils sont à la fois chers à développer, souvent peu robustes, et difficilement extensibles. Nous avons proposé dans la thèse l’approche alternative suivante :– fournir un langage dédié à la modélisation qui permet de définir les opérations quelque soit le domaine d’application ; dans ce langage, les objets sont représentés avec le modèle topologique des cartes généralisées, dont nous avons étendu la définition aux plongements ; les opérations sont elles définies par des règles de transformation de graphes, issues de la théorie des catégorie ;– garantir les opérations définies dans le langage à l’aide de conditions de cohérence ; une opération dont la définition vérifie ces conditions ne produit pas d’anomalie ;– développer un noyau de modeleur générique qui interprète ce langage ; les opérations définies sont directement appliquées dans le modeleur, sans implantation dans un langage de programmation ; l’outil assure également la vérification automatique des conditions du langage pour prévenir un utilisateur lorsqu’il propose une opération incohérente.Le langage et le modeleur développés se sont révélés performants à la fois en termes de temps de développement et en termes de temps machine. L’implantation d’une nouvelle opération par une règle ne prend que quelques minutes à l’aide des conditions du langage, au contraire de l’approche classiGeometric modeling is now involved in many fields such as: video games, architecture, engineering and archaeology. The represented objects are very different from one field to another, and so are their modeling operations. Furthermore, many specific types of modeling software are designed for high programing costs, but with a relatively low rate of effectiveness.The following is an alternative approach:– we have conceived a dedicated language for geometric modeling that will allow us to define any operation of any field; objects in this language are defined with the topological model of generalized maps, this definition has been extended to the embedding informations; here the operations are defined as graph transformation rules which originate from the category theory;– we have ensured operation definitions with consistency conditions; these operations that satisfy those conditions do not generate anomalies; – we have designed generic modeling software to serve as an interpreter of this language; the operation definitions are directly applied without the need for more programing; the software also automatically checks the language conditions and warns the user if he designs a non-consistent operation.The provided language and software prove to be efficient, and all for a low programing cost. Designing a new operation takes only minutes thanks to the language conditions, as opposed to hours of programming and debugging with the past approach
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Osta, Vélez Matías. "Inference and the structure of concepts". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H206.
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Cette thèse porte sur le rôle du contenu conceptuel dans l'inférence et le raisonnement. Les deux premiers chapitres offrent une analyse critique de la "thèse formaliste", i.e., l'idée selon laquelle l'inférence rationnelle est un mécanisme qui applique des règles syntaxiques à des pensées avec structure linguistique. Le Chapitre 3 porte sur la relation entre l'inférence et la représentation. Il est avancé que l'inférence doit être étudiée depuis une perspective pluraliste en raison de sa dépendance à l'égard de différents formats de représentation des informations qui caractérisent la cognition humaine. Les quatre chapitres suivants sont ceux de la mise en œuvre de la théorie des espaces conceptuels à trois types d'inférence basés sur des concepts. Tout d'abord, une explication formelle de la notion d'inférence matérielle chez Wilfrid Sellars est avancée. Ensuite, le modèle est étendu pour saisir l’inférence non monotone en étudiant le rôle des "attentes" (expectations) dans le raisonnement. Enfin, un nouveau modèle mathématique d'induction avec des concepts (category-based induction) est présenté. Il est indiqué que la fécondité explicative de cette approche novatrice montre l'échec de la thèse formaliste et appelle le développement d’un modèle unifié d'inférence rationnelle centré sur la sémantique. Le dernier chapitre de la thèse porte sur la manière dont l'inférence et les concepts interagissent dans le raisonnement scientifique, qui fait constamment appel à des structures symboliques hybrides pour représenter les informations conceptuellesThis thesis focuses on the role of conceptual content in inference and reasoning. The first two chapters offer a critical analysis of the " formalist thesis ", i.e., the idea that rational inference is a mechanism that applies syntactic rules to propositionally-structured thoughts. Chapter 3 deals with the relationship between inference and representation. It is argued that inference must be studied from a pluralistic perspective because of its dependence on different formats representation in which conceptual information can be encoded. The next four chapters apply Peter Gärdenfors’ theory of conceptual spaces to three types of concept-based inference. First, an explication of Wilfrid Sellars' notion of material inference is advanced. Second, the model is extended to capture non-monotonic inference by studying the role of "expectations" in reasoning. Finally, a new mathematical model of category-based induction is presented. It is argued that the explanatory fruitfulness of the conceptual spaces-approach shows the failure of the formalistic thesis and calls for a unified model of rational inference centered on semantics. The last chapter of the thesis focuses on how inference and concepts interact in scientific reasoning, which constantly uses hybrid symbolic structures to represent conceptual information
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Márquez, Antaurco Edwin, i Arellano Omar Flavio Velarde. "Evaluación comparativa entre sistemas estructurales tradicionales de concreto armado vs estructura con aislación sísmica en base para el Hospital Huari de categoría II-1 en Ancash". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652668.
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El Perú se encuentra en una zona altamente sísmica, ubicado dentro del cinturón de fuego del pacífico, que contempla aproximadamente el 85% de la actividad sísmica mundial. En nuestro país no existe un historial de eventos sísmicos por lo que, nuestra investigación consiste en la restructuración de una edificación hospitalaria categoría II, de 3 niveles con aislación sísmica en la base, sobre un suelo intermedio; en el distrito y provincia de Huari, Ancash. Se evaluará la viabilidad de construir edificaciones hospitalarias con el método tradicional con el fin de que la entidad pueda elegir la opción que mejor le convenga para su ejecución. Dado que, en nuestro país no existe mayor información cuantitativa y comparativa del comportamiento de hospitales con aislación o sin aislación sísmica para establecer u obligar el uso de aisladores en infraestructuras hospitalarias. Adicionalmente, existen antecedentes de hospitales que fueron diseñados y construidos con el actual código sísmico nacional y que luego de un evento sísmico siguieron operativos.
El análisis comparativo, demuestra la capacidad del sistema tradicional que diseñado adecuadamente tendrá la capacidad de cumplir con las exigencias de eventos sísmicos severos, manteniéndose así operativo luego de un sismo; por lo tanto, el sistema aislado sería una solución costosa para un problema sencillo. Sin embargo, el actual código sísmico peruano exige el uso de aisladores sísmicos para toda edificación hospitalaria, especialmente en zonas sísmicas 4 y 3.Peru is located in a highly seismic zone, located within the Pacific ring of fire, which accounts for approximately 85% of the world's seismic activity. In our country there is no history of seismic events, therefore, our investigation consists of the restructuring of a category II hospital building, with 3 levels with seismic isolation at the base, on an intermediate floor; in the district and province of Huari, Ancash. The feasibility of building hospital buildings with the traditional method will be evaluated so that the entity can choose the option that best suits it for its execution. Given that in our country there is no more quantitative and comparative information on the behavior of hospitals with or without seismic isolation to establish or force the use of isolators in hospital infrastructures. Additionally, there is a history of hospitals that were designed and built with the current national seismic code and that continued operating after a seismic event. The comparative analysis demonstrates the capacity of the traditional system, which, properly designed, will have the capacity to meet the demands of severe seismic events, thus remaining operational after an earthquake; therefore, the isolated system would be an expensive solution to a simple problem. However, the current Peruvian seismic code requires the use of seismic isolators for all hospital buildings, especially in seismic zones 4 and 3.
Tesis
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Malakhovski, Ian. "Sur le pouvoir expressif des structures applicatives et monadiques indexées". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30118.
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Il est bien connu que des constructions théoriques très simples telles que les structures Either (équivalent type théorique de l'opérateur logique "ou"), State (représentant des transformateurs d'état composables), Applicative (application des fonctions généralisée) et Monad (composition de programmes séquentielles généralisée), nommés structures en Haskell, couvrent une grande partie de ce qui est habituellement nécessaire pour exprimer avec élégance la plupart des idiomes informatiques utilisés dans les programmes classiques. Cependant, il est usuellement admis qu'il existe plusieurs classes d'idiomes couramment utilisés qui ne s'intègrent pas bien à ces structures, les exemples les plus remarquables étant les transformations entre arbres (types de données, dont l'utilisation doit s'appuyer soit sur les motifs généralisés soit sur une infrastructure de méta programmation lourde) et traitement des exceptions (qui sont d'habitude supposés nécessiter un langage spécial et une prise en charge de l'exécution). Ce travail a pour but de montrer que beaucoup de ces idiomes peuvent, en fait, être exprimés en réutilisant ces structures bien connues avec des modifications mineures (le cas échéant). En d'autres termes, le but de ce travail est d'appliquer les principes du rasoir KISS (Keep It Stupid Simple) et/ou d'Occam aux structures algébriques utilisées pour résoudre des problèmes de programmation courants. Techniquement parlant, ce travail a pour but de montrer que les généralisations naturelles de classes de types Applicative et Monad de Haskell, associées à la possibilité d'en faire des produits cartésiens, en produisent un cadre commun très simple pour exprimer de nombreuses choses pratiques, dont certaines sont des nouvelles méthodes très commodes pour exprimer des idées de programmation communes, tandis que les autres peuvent être vues comme systèmes d'effets. Sur ce dernier point, si l'on veut généraliser des exemples présentés dans une approche de la conception de systèmes d'effets en général, on peut alors considérer la structure globale de cette approche comme un cadre quasi syntaxique qui permet d'ériger une structure générale du cadre "mariage" au dessus de différents systèmes d'effets adhérant aux principes de base. (Bien que ce travail ne soit pas trop approfondi dans la dernière, car il est principalement motivé par des exemples qui peuvent être immédiatement appliqués à la pratique de Haskell.) Il convient toutefois de noter qu'en fait, ces observations techniques n'ont rien d'étonnant: Applicative et Monad sont respectivement des généralisations de composition fonctionnelle et linéaire des programmes; ainsi, naturellement, les produits cartésiens de ces deux structures doivent couvrir en grande partie ce que les programmes font habituellementIt is well-known that very simple theoretic constructs such as Either (type-theoretic equivalent of the logical "or" operator), State (composable state transformers), Applicative (generalized function application), and Monad (generalized sequential program composition) structures (as they are named in Haskell) cover a huge chunk of what is usually needed to elegantly express most computational idioms used in conventional programs. However, it is conventionally argued that there are several classes of commonly used idioms that do not fit well within those structures, the most notable examples being transformations between trees (data types, which are usually argued to require ether generalized pattern matching or heavy metaprogramming infrastructure) and exception handling (which are usually argued to require special language and run-time support). This work aims to show that many of those idioms can, in fact, be expressed by reusing those well-known structures with minor (if any) modifications. In other words, the purpose of this work is to apply the KISS (Keep It Stupid Simple) and/or Occam's razor principles to algebraic structures used to solve common programming problems. Technically speaking, this work aims to show that natural generalizations of Applicative and Monad type classes of Haskell combined with the ability to make Cartesian products of them produce a very simple common framework for expressing many practically useful things, some of the instances of which are very convenient novel ways to express common programming ideas, while others are usually classified as effect systems. On that latter point, if one is to generalize the presented instances into an approach to design of effect systems in general, then the overall structure of such an approach can be thought of as being an almost syntactic framework which allows different effect systems adhering to the general structure of the "marriage" framework to be expressed on top of. (Though, this work does not go into too much into the latter, since this work is mainly motivated by examples that can be immediately applied to Haskell practice.) Note, however, that, after the fact, these technical observation are completely unsurprising: Applicative and Monad are generalizations of functional and linear program compositions respectively, so, naturally, Cartesian products of these two structures ought to cover a lot of what programs usually do
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Kamdem, Simo Freddy. "Model-based federation of systems of modelling". Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2374.
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L'ingénierie des systèmes complexes et systèmes de systèmes conduit souvent à des activités de modélisation (MA) complexes. Les problèmes soulevés par les MA sont notamment : comprendre le contexte dans lequel elles sont exécutées, comprendre l'impact sur les cycles de vie des modèles qu'elles produisent, et finalement trouver une approche pour les maîtriser. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'élaborer une approche formelle pour adresser ce problème. Dans cette thèse, après avoir étudié les travaux connexes en ingénierie système et plus spécifiquement ceux qui portent sur la co-ingénierie du système à faire (le produit) et du système pour faire (le projet), nous développons une méthodologie nommée MODEF pour traiter ce problème. MODEF consiste en: (1) Caractériser les MA comme un système et plus généralement une fédération de systèmes. (2) Construire de manière itérative une architecture de ce système via la modélisation du contenu conceptuel des modèles produits par MA et leur cycle de vie, les tâches réalisées au sein des MA et leurs effets sur ces cycles de vie. (3) Spécifier les attentes sur ces cycles de vie. (4) Analyser les modèles (des MA) par rapport à ces attentes (et éventuellement les contraintes sur les tâches) pour vérifier jusqu'à quel point elles sont atteignables via la synthèse des points (ou états) acceptables. D'un point de vue pratique, l'exploitation des résultats de l'analyse permet de contrôler le déroulement des tâches de modélisation à partir de la mise en évidence de leur impact sur les modèles qu'elles produisent. En effet, cette exploitation fournit des données pertinentes sur la façon dont les MA se déroulent et se dérouleraient de bout en bout. A partir de ces informations, il est possible de prendre des mesures préventives ou correctives. Nous illustrons cela à l'aide de deux cas d'étude (le fonctionnement d'un supermarché et la modélisation de la couverture fonctionnelle d'un système). D'un point de vue théorique, les sémantiques formelles des modèles des MA et le formalisme des attentes sont d'abord données. Ensuite, les algorithmes d'analyse et d'exploitation sont présentés. Cette approche est brièvement comparée avec des approches de vérification des modèles et de synthèse de systèmes. Enfin, deux facilitateurs de la mise en œuvre de MODEF sont présentés. Le premier est une implémentation modulaire des blocs de base de MODEF. Le second est une architecture fédérée (FA) des modèles visant à faciliter la réutilisation des modèles formels en pratique. La formalisation de FA est faite dans le cadre de la théorie des catégories. De ce fait, afin de construire un lien entre abstraction et implémentation, des structures de données et algorithmes de base sont proposés pour utiliser FA en pratique. Différentes perspectives sur les composantes de MODEF concluent ce travailThe engineering of complex systems and systems of systems often leads to complex modelling activities (MA). Some challenges exhibited by MA are: understanding the context where they are carried out and their impacts on the lifecycles of models they produce, and ultimately providing a support for mastering them. How to address these challenges with a formal approach is the central challenge of this thesis. In this thesis, after discussing the related works from systems engineering in general and the co-engineering of the system to be made (product) and the system for make (project) systems specifically, we position and develop a methodology named MODEF, that aims to master the operation of MA. MODEF consists in: (1) characterizing MA as a system (and more globally as a federation of systems) in its own right; (2) iteratively architecting this system through: the modelling of the conceptual content of the models produced by MA and their life cycles, the tasks carried out within MA and their effects on these life cycles; (3) specifying the expectations over these life cycles and; (4) analysing models (of MA) against expectations (and possibly tasks constraints) - to check how far expectations are achievable - via the synthesis of the acceptable behaviours. On a practical perspective, the exploitation of the results of the analysis allows figuring out what could happen with the modelling tasks and their impacts on the whole state of models they handle. We show on two case studies (the operation of a supermarket and the modelling of the functional coverage of a system) how this exploitation provides insightful data on how the system is end-to-end operated and how it can behave. Based on this information, it is possible to take some preventive or corrective actions on how the MA are carried out. On the foundational perspective, the formal semantics of three kinds of involved models and the expectations formalism are first discussed. Then the analysis and exploitation algorithms are presented. Finally this approach is roughly compared with model checking and systems synthesis approaches. Last but not least, two enablers whose first objectives are to ease the implementation of MODEF are presented. The first one is a modular implementation of MODEF's buildings blocks. The second one is a federated architecture (FA) of models which aims to ease working with formal models in practice. Despite the fact that FA is formalised within the abstract framework of category theory, an attempt to bridge the gap between abstraction and implementation is sketched via some basic data structures and base algorithms. Several perspectives related to the different components of MODEF conclude this work
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Shah, Raza. "Property inference decision-making and decision switching of undergraduate engineers : implications for ideational diversity & fluency through movements in a Cartesian concept design space". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278700.
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Design fixation is a phenomenon experienced by professional designers and engineering design students that stifles creativity and innovation through discouraging ideational productivity, fluency and diversity. During the design idea and concept generation phase of the design process, a reliance on perceptual surface feature similarities between design artefacts increases the likelihood of design fixation leading to design duplication. Psychologists, educators and designers have become increasingly interested in creative idea generation processes that encourage innovation and entrepreneurial outcomes. However, there is a notable lack of collaborative research between psychology, education and engineering design particularly on inductive reasoning of undergraduate engineering students in higher education. The data gathered and analysed for this study provides an insight into property inference decision-making preferences and decision switching (SWITCH) patterns of engineering undergraduates under similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. For this psychology experiment, property induction tasks were devised using abstract shapes in a triad configuration. Participants (N = 180), on an undergraduate engineering programme in London, observed a triad of shapes with a target shape more similar-looking to one of two given shapes. Factors manipulated for this experiment included category alignment, category group, property type and target shape. Despite the cognitive development and maturation stage of undergraduate engineers (adults) in higher education, this study identified similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] to play a significant role during inductive reasoning relative to the strength of category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. In addition to revealing the property inference decision-making preferences of a sample of undergraduate engineers (N = 180), two types of switch classification and two types of non-switch classification (SWITCH) were found and named SIM_NCC, SIM-Salient, Reverse_CAT and CAT_Switching. These different classifications for property inference switching and non-switching presented a more complex pattern of decision-making driven by the relative strength between similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. The conditions that encouraged CAT_Switching is of particular interest to design because it corresponds to inference decision switching that affirms the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes designated as category members, i.e., in a conflicting category alignment condition (CoC). For CAT_Switching, this study found a significant interaction between a particular set of conditions that significantly increased the likelihood of property inference decisions switching to affirm the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes. Stimuli conditions that combined a conflicting category alignment condition (where dissimilar-looking shapes belong to the same category) with category specificity, a causal property and a target shape with merged (or blended) perceptual surface features significantly increased the likelihood of a property inference decision switching. CAT_Switching has important implications for greater ideational productivity, fluency and diversity to discourage design fixation within the conceptual design space. CAT_Switching conditions could encourage more creative design transformations with alternative design functions through inductive inferences that generalise between dissimilar artefact designs. The findings from this study led to proposing a Cartesian view of the concept design space to represent the possibilities for greater movements through flexible and expanding category boundaries to encourage conceptual combinations, greater ideational fluency and greater ideational diversity within a configuration design space. This study has also created a platform for further research into property inference decision-making, ideational diversity and category boundary flexibility under stimuli conditions that encourage designers and design students to make inductive generalisations between dissimilar domains of knowledge through a greater emphasis on causal relations and semantic networks.
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Černá, Eliška. "Nos v českém jazykovém obrazu světa". Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332042.
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The thesis tries to grasp the meaning of lexeme nos "the nose" in cognitively-linguistic perspective, namely in particular through colocation and idioms, which contains the lexeme nos. The goal of this thesis is to define so-called semantic profiles of concept NOSE and to formulate cognitively cultural definition of nose consequential from its location in the Czech linguistic picture of the world. For this purpose nose first will be subjected to analysis from two different perspectives - from medical perspective, which represent the scientific view on the world, and from the perspective of a common user of the language, which represent so- called naive picture of the world. Data relating to the lexeme nos will be excerpted from Czech monolingual, synonymous, etymological and phraseological dictionaries, the semic analysis will be done and the lexeme nos will be included to systemic relationships in Czech vocabulary. Nose also will be introduced in a ligth of an additional perspectives of an alternative medicine and a pseudoscientific disciplines: the phrenology and the physiognomy. Their knowledges play some role in a formation of a naive picture of a nose. The questionnaire research is too a part of the thesis. The questionnaire research search for which association a common user of the Czech language have...
Książki na temat "Base structured category"
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Rozhdestvenskaya, Elena. The Pro-competitive manner as the Institute for the knowledge economy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25132.
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The monograph used the results obtained during the analysis of the Russian and foreign experience of state regulation of competition, legal and institutional securing of implementation of procompetitive policies. It is proposed the category of "Pro-competitive order" as an institution of the knowledge economy.
Recommendations principles for the formation of Pro-competitive policy of Russia in the aspect of the need for structural reformation of the economy of transition to economy based on knowledge.
The monograph is intended for students, teachers of economic universities and faculties, entrepreneurs, and anyone interested in the development of the knowledge economy in Russia and abroad.
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Trifonova, (Kazaryan), Vladimir Rubanik i Natal'ya Dzhagaryan. Migration activity as a type of law enforcement activity. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1921387.
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The monograph is devoted to the peculiarities of legal regulation of migration activity. A retrospective analysis of the category "migration activity" based on the study of pre-revolutionary and Soviet experience, the experience of a number of foreign countries has been studied. The features of the legal nature of migration activity, its content and structural elements are highlighted.
Some issues in the field of institutional and legal support, migration activities, including the problems of the separation of powers between the bodies engaged in migration activities, are also highlighted.
In the conditions of modern Russian reality, it is necessary to adopt a uniform, universal legal model of migration activity.
It is intended for cadets, students, adjuncts, postgraduates, applicants engaged in research in these fields, as well as for teachers and researchers of universities.
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Cevelev, Aleksandr. Strategic development of railway transport logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1194747.
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The monograph is devoted to the methodology of material and technical support of railway transport. According to the types of activities, the nature of the material and technical resources used, technologies, means and management systems, Russian railways belong to the category of high-tech industries that must have high quality and technical level, reliability and technological efficiency in operation. For this reason, the logistics system itself, both in structure and in the algorithm of the functions performed as a whole, needs a serious improvement in the quality of its work. The economic situation in Russia requires a revision of the principles and mechanisms of management based on the corporate model of supply chain management, focused on logistics knowledge. In the difficult economic conditions of the current decade, it is necessary to improve the quality of the supply organization of enterprises and structural divisions of railway transport, directly related to the implementation of the process approach, the advantage of which is a more detailed regulation of management actions and their mutual coordination. In order to increase the efficiency of its activities and develop the management system, Russian Railways is developing a lean production system aimed at further expanding the implementation of the principles of customer orientation, ideology and corporate culture.
At the present time, the solution of many issues is impossible without a cybernetic approach to the formulation of problems of material and technical support and logistics analysis of information technologies, to the implementation of the developed algorithms and models of development strategies and concepts for improving the business processes of the production system. The management strategy, or the general plan for the implementation of activities for the management of material resources, is based on a fundamental assessment of the alignment and correlation of forces and factors operating in the economic and political field, taking into account the impact on the specific form of the management strategy.
The materials will be useful to the heads and specialists of the directorates of the MTO, CDZs and can be used in the scientific research of bachelors, masters and postgraduates interested in the economics of railway transport and supply logistics.
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Os'muhina, Ol'ga, Marina Urtminceva i russkoy kafedra. The tradition of the author's mask in Russian prose of the XVIII-XIX centuries. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1911018.
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The author's mask is one of the most important signs of literary consciousness from antiquity to the present, it becomes a synthesis of the author's self-expression and his transformation from a "real" figure into an artistic image functioning within the text space.
The monograph examines the author's mask as one of the most important elements of the author's strategy. Russian Russian authors comprehend the place of the author's mask in the structure of the author's consciousness in the process of the formation of the institution of authorship, and also study the tradition of using the author's mask in the general context of the history of Russian literature of the XX century. based on the material of Russian prose of the XVIII-XIX centuries: M. Chulkov, V. Senkovsky, I. Krylov, A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, V. Odoevsky, V. Dahl. For the first time, the study of the process of author's self-identification and the category of the mask as a false author's identification, the nature and forms of its functioning expands ideas about the operation of the identification mechanism and about identity problems in general.
For a wide range of readers interested in Russian fiction. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of philological universities and faculties.
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Kaufman, Daniel. Lexical Category and Alignment in Austronesian. Redaktorzy Jessica Coon, Diane Massam i Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.24.
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Philippine-type languages are often cited as exemplifying a cross-linguistically unique voice system, in which verb morphology can select not only an agent or patient, but also locative, instrumental and other adjunct type relations as the nominative argument. In this paper, we examine three approaches to this typologically remarkable system: the ergative analysis, the case agreement analysis and the nominalization analysis, arguing for the latter based on strong parallels between verbal and nominal predication from the root level to the clause level. The morphologically symmetric nature of Philippine-type languages is argued to stem from their nominal roots. The historical development of verbal roots leads to a more fixed argument structure in which canonical ergative languages develop. Mamuju, an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia, is offered as an example of a classically ergative language, in contrast to Philippine-type systems.
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Nekrasova, G. THE CATEGORY OF THE NOUN CASE IN THE PERMIAN LANGUAGES. FSBI FIC "Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/978-5-89606-638-5.
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The monograph is the first generalizing study of the category of the noun case of the Permian languages. Based on the material of the Komi and Udmurt languages, their dialects, the structure of case systems, morphological and content characteristics and use of cases, the interaction of the case category with other grammatical categories of the noun are considered in detail. Common and distinctive signs of case systems between the related languages are revealed. The book is addressed to specialists in the field of comparative-historical Finno-Ugric linguistics, areal linguistics, typological case study.
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Hellman, Geoffrey. Structuralism. Redaktor Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0017.
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The main types of mathematical structuralism that have been proposed and developed to the point of permitting systematic and instructive comparison are four: structuralism based on model theory, carried out formally in set theory (e.g., first- or second-order Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory), referred to as STS (for set-theoretic structuralism); the approach of philosophers such as Shapiro and Resnik of taking structures to be sui generis universals, patterns, or structures in an ante rem sense (explained in this article), referred to as SGS (for sui generis structuralism); an approach based on category and topos theory, proposed as an alternative to set theory as an overarching mathematical framework, referred to as CTS (for category-theoretic structuralism); and a kind of eliminative, quasi-nominalist structuralism employing modal logic, referred to as MS (for modal-structuralism). This article takes these up in turn, guided by few questions, with the aim of understanding their relative merits and the choices they present.
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Starke, Michal. Complex Left Branches, Spellout, and Prefixes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0009.
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Higher-function words such as complementizers, negation, functional prepositions, definiteness particles, comparative markers, and so forth, occurring to the left of their lexical category, are argued to be base-generated as complex left branches, rather than spelling out the main functional sequence. This is generalized to all (base-generated) pre-asymmetries and post-asymmetries and derived from the structure of the lexical entries of the function words, dispensing with idiosyncratic notational devices equivalent to [+ suffix] or [+ needs-to-move]. These complex left branches require a merge-XP operation, and the place of this operation in the algorithm of spellout-driven movement is discussed.
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Vollhardt, Johanna Ray, red. The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875190.001.0001.
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This book provides an overview of current social psychological scholarship on collective victimhood. Drawing on different contexts of collective victimization—such as those due to genocide, war, ethnic or religious conflict, racism, colonization, Islamophobia, the caste system, and other forms of direct and structural collective violence—this edited volume presents theoretical ideas and empirical findings concerning the psychological experience of being targeted by collective violence in the past or present. Specifically, the book addresses questions such as: How are experiences of collective victimization passed down in groups and understood by those who did not experience the violence personally? How do people cope with and make sense of collective victimization of their group? How do the different perceptions of collective victimization feed into positive versus hostile relations with other groups? How does group-based power shape these processes? Who is included in or excluded from the category of “victims,” and what are the psychological consequences of such denial versus acknowledgment? Which individual psychological processes such as needs or personality traits shape people’s responses to collective victimization? What are the ethical challenges of researching collective victimization, especially when these experiences are recent and/or politically contested? This edited volume offers different theoretical perspectives on these questions and shows the importance of examining both individual and structural influences on the psychological experience of collective victimhood—including attention to power structures, history, and other aspects of the social and political context that help explain the diversity in experiences of and responses to collective victimization.
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Vallier, Kevin, i Michael Weber. Scopes of Religious Exemption. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666187.003.0009.
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Religious exemptions take a variety of forms, with distinct shapes and normative underpinnings. This chapter identifies eight ideal types of religious exemptions, grouped into three larger rubrics, representing different analytic and justificatory structures, to help make sense of what might otherwise seem to be mysterious discontinuities and inconsistencies. The essay suggests how the various types can illuminate each other and how surveying the sequence as a whole might say something about the relationship between religion and the state and the power of the legal imagination. The payoff is that the first, most straightforward, category of religion-based exemptions is also the most radical. Some of the other categories are tamer precisely to the extent that they introduce a wider and more complex range of values, but that the excursion in the end will necessarily come full circle to where it began, with an existential encounter between religion and the state.
Części książek na temat "Base structured category"
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Wu, Melissa Lin, i Dedre Gentner. "Structure in Category-Based Induction". W Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1154–58. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315782416-207.
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Taylor, Samuel D., i Peter R. Sutton. "A Frame-Theoretic Model of Bayesian Category Learning". W Language, Cognition, and Mind, 329–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_15.
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AbstractBayesian models of category learning typically assume that the most probable categories are those that group input stimuli together around a maximally optimal number of shared features. One potential weakness of such feature list approaches, however, is that it is unclear how to weight observed features to be more or less diagnostic for a given category. In this theoretically oriented paper, we develop a frame-theoretic model of Bayesian category learning that weights the diagnosticity of observed attribute values in terms of their position within the structure of a frame (formalised as distance from the frame’s central node). We argue that there are good grounds to further develop and empirically test frame-based learning models, because they have theoretical advantages over unweighted feature list models, and because frame structures provide a principled means of assigning weights to attribute values without appealing to supervised training data.
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Buche, Patrice, i Ollivier Haemmerlé. "Towards Category-Based Fuzzy Querying of Both Structured and Semi-Structured Imprecise Data". W Flexible Query Answering Systems, 362–75. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1834-5_33.
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Yang, Zhixuan, Marco Paviotti, Nicolas Wu, Birthe van den Berg i Tom Schrijvers. "Structured Handling of Scoped Effects". W Programming Languages and Systems, 462–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99336-8_17.
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AbstractAlgebraic effects offer a versatile framework that covers a wide variety of effects. However, the family of operations that delimit scopes are not algebraic and are usually modelled as handlers, thus preventing them from being used freely in conjunction with algebraic operations. Although proposals for scoped operations exist, they are either ad-hoc and unprincipled, or too inconvenient for practical programming. This paper provides the best of both worlds: a theoretically-founded model of scoped effects that is convenient for implementation and reasoning. Our new model is based on an adjunction between a locally finitely presentable category and a category of functorial algebras. Using comparison functors between adjunctions, we show that our new model, an existing indexed model, and a third approach that simulates scoped operations in terms of algebraic ones have equal expressivity for handling scoped operations. We consider our new model to be the sweet spot between ease of implementation and structuredness. Additionally, our approach automatically induces fusion laws of handlers of scoped effects, which are useful for reasoning and optimisation.
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Gómez-Ramirez, Jaime. "A Theory of Hippocampus Structure and Function Based on Category Theory". W A New Foundation for Representation in Cognitive and Brain Science, 141–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7738-5_8.
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Hallan, Naomi. "Paths to prepositions? A corpus-based study of the acquisition of a lexico-grammatical category". W Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, 91. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.45.05hal.
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Shumilina, Vera, i Vlada Poluyan. "ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE BUSINESS ENTITY". W Business security management in modern conditions, 45–55. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_60258635899182.47583459.
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The category "economic security of an economic entity" is a combination of legal and economic conditions that ensure the sustainable functioning of business structures in the future. The importance of financial security lies in eliminating the risks of decreasing the productivity of an organization through the use of economic, labor, financial and natural resources in legal and efficient ways. Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities of business entities are considered an integral part of ensuring economic security.The reliability of the results of these studies depends on the reliability of the information that is used as the main base. Ultimately, this is determined by the reliability of the enterprise's accounting system.
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Gürvardar, İrfan, Kerem Rızvanoğlu, Özgürol Öztürk i Özgür Yavuz. "How to Improve the Overall Pre-purchase Experience Through a New Category Structure Based on a Compatible Database: Gittigidiyor (Ebay Turkey) Case". W Design, User Experience, and Usability: Novel User Experiences, 366–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40355-7_35.
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"Protos' Category Structure". W Exemplar-Based Knowledge Acquisition, 137–39. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-078260-4.50014-7.
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Ortiz Zezzatti, Carlos Alberto Ochoa, Darwin Young, Camelia Chira, Daniel Azpeitia i Alán Calvillo. "Mass Media Strategies". W Data Mining, 1163–88. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2455-9.ch060.
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Evolve computing is a generic name given to the resolution of computational problems with base in models of an evolutionary process. Most of the evolutionary algorithms propose biological paradigms, and concepts of natural selection, mutation, and reproduction. Nevertheless other paradigms exist and can be adopted in the creation of evolutionary algorithms. Many problems involve environments not structured which can be solved from the perspective of cultural paradigms, which offer plenty of category models, where one does which do not know the possible solutions at problem, a common situation in the real life. The intention of this research is analyze the Crowdfunding Model, supporting to a social networking to an Indie Pop Band. Sociological research shows that Crowdfunding tends to reveal a bias toward social similarity. Therefore, in order to model this Project supported with Crowdfunding developing an Agent-Based Model that already manages the social interaction, together with featuring information of MySpace Music evolutionary belief spaces. To introduce these theoretical concepts the authors decided use Cultural Algorithms in our approach, explaining the process in detail.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Base structured category"
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Wang, Tong. "Research on Creative Thinking Mode based on Category Theory". W 11th International Conference on Signal & Image Processing (SIP 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121706.
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The research on the brain mechanism of creativity mainly has two aspects, one is the creative thinking process, and the other is the brain structure and functional connection characteristics of highly creative people. The hundreds of millions of nerve cells in the brain connect and interact with each other. The human brain has a high degree of complexity at the biological level, especially the rational thinking ability of the human brain. Starting from the connection of molecules, cells, neural networks and the neural function structure of the brain, it may be fundamentally impossible to study the rational thinking mode of human beings. Human's rational thinking mode has a high degree of freedom and transcendence, and such problems cannot be expected to be studied by elaborating the realization of the nervous system. The rational thinking of the brain is mainly based on the structured thinking mode, and the structured thinking mode shows the great scientific power. This paper studies the theoretical model of innovative thinking based on category theory, and analyzes the creation process of two scientific theories which are landmarks in the history of science, and provides an intuitive, clear interpretation model and rigorous mathematical argument for the creative thinking. The structured thinking way have great revelation and help to create new scientific theories.
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Tsumoto, Ryo, Kikuo Fujita, Yutaka Nomaguchi, Shintaro Yamasaki i Kentaro Yaji. "Classification-Directed Conceptual Structure Design Based on Topology Optimization, Deep Clustering, and Logistic Regression". W ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-88548.
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Abstract The structure design of mechanical parts and components has been a significant theme of design automation. Today, topology optimization techniques have become relevant for effectively embodying optimal geometries of structures. However, their optimality is restricted to a particular category through design conditions, parameters, and optimization settings. When viewing the structure design as conceptual design, identifying the optimal category is essential rather than precise details. The category means configuration, morphology, or form rather than shape or geometry. This paper proposes a conceptual structure design framework for overcoming this gap. The framework considers that conceptual design results from classifying potentially possible geometries and identifying the best appropriate category from them. In detail, a topology optimization technique generates diverse optimal geometries under various settings of conditions and parameters, a deep clustering technique, i.e., the variational deep embedding, clusters them into several categories, and a logistic regression technique retrieves the criteria that distinct respective categories as design knowledge. A designer can interactively identify the relevant criteria that lead to the optimal structure for the design requirement by simultaneously revealing and refining those criteria under the retrieved knowledge. This paper applies the framework to a simple bridge design problem to demonstrate its validity and possibilities.
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Pino, Omar Vidal, Erickson R. Nascimento i Mario F. M. Campos. "Semantic Description of Objects in Images Based on Prototype Theory". W Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sibgrapi.est.2020.12994.
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This research aims to build a model for the semantic description of objects based on visual features extracted from images. We introduce a novel semantic description approach inspired by the Prototype Theory. Inspired by the human approach used to represent categories, we propose a novel Computational Prototype Model (CPM) that encodes and stores the object’s image category’s central semantic meaning: the semantic prototype. Our CPM model represents and constructs the semantic prototypes of object categories using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The proposed Prototype-based Description Model uses the CPM model to describe an object highlighting its most distinctive features within the category. Our Global Semantic Descriptor (GSDP) builds discriminative, low-dimensional, and semantically interpretable signatures that encode the objects’ semantic information using the constructed semantic prototypes. It uses the proposed Prototypical Similarity Layer (PS-Layer) to retrieve the category prototype using the principle of categorization based on prototypes. Using different datasets, we show in our experiments that: i) the proposed CPM model successfully simulates the internal semantic structure of the categories; ii) the proposed semantic distance metric can be understood as the object typicality score within a category; iii) our semantic classification method based on prototypes can improve the performance and interpretation of CNN classification models; iv) our semantic descriptor encoding significantly outperforms others state-of-the-art image global encoding in clustering and classification tasks.
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Zhou, Wenxing, Maher Nessim, Joe Zhou i Brian Rothwell. "A Population Density Based Location Category System for Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines". W 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64482.
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The location class system used in current North American pipeline standards (ASME B31.8 and CSA Z662) is based on structure count included in a specified assessment area. Because the number of people occupying different structures can vary significantly, the population density can also vary significantly for the same location class. Given that the risk (in terms of human safety) imposed by onshore natural gas pipelines is directly proportional to the population density, the current location class system leads to a large variation in the risk level for pipelines with the same class. To achieve more risk consistent designs, a new location category system is proposed in this paper using actual population density data collected from over 19,000 km of gas pipelines in North America. The boundaries between different categories in the proposed system are directly based on population density rather than structure count. One of the key features of the new system is that it uses a separate category for pipelines in unpopulated areas, which are a significant majority of the pipelines included in the study. The implications of the new system are discussed by comparing the lengths of pipelines falling into each category with the lengths of pipelines falling into each location class for all the pipeline data analyzed.
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Wang, Ming L. "Inelastic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Structures Under Seismic Excitation". W ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0271.
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Abstract During strong ground motions, members of reinforced concrete structures undergo cyclic deformations and experience permanent damage. Members may lose their initial stiffness as well as strength. Recently, Los Alamos National Laboratory has performed experiments on scale models of shear wall structures subjected to recorded earthquake signals. In general, the results indicated that the measured structural stiffness decreased with increased levels of excitation in the linear response region. Furthermore, a significant reduction in strength as well as in stiffness was also observed in the inelastic range. Since the in-structure floor response spectra, which are used to design and qualify safety equipment, have been based on calculated structural stiffness and frequencies, it is possible that certain safety equipment could experience greater seismic loads than specified for qualification due to stiffness reduction. In this research, a hysteresis model based on the concept of accumulated damage has been developed to account for this stiffness degradation both in the linear and inelastic ranges. Single and three degrees of freedom seismic Category I structures were analyzed and compared with equivalent linear stiffness degradation models in terms of maximum displacement responses, permanent displacement, and floor response spectra. The results indicate significant differences in responses between the hysteresis model and equivalent linear stiffness degradation models. The hysteresis model is recommended in the analysis of reinforced concrete shear-wall structures to obtain the in-structure floor response spectra for equipment qualification. Results of both cumulative and one shot tests are compared.
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Bogdanovic, Aleksandra, Vlatko Sheshov, Zivko Bozhinovski, Kemal Edip, Julijana Bojadjieva, Elena Delova, Aleksandar Zurovski i Antonio Shoklarovski. "REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF OLD FIRST CATEGORY BUILDING IN SKOPJE, N. MACEDONIA IN ACCORDANCE WITH IZIIS METHODOLOGY". W 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.45.
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The potentially high vulnerability and poor performance of the existing buildings, after past seismic events, including exploitation period has raised awareness of the need to improve their seismic performance. Repair and strengthening gives new life to existing or ageing structures that might otherwise be demolished and replaced. This paper will address the issues related to repair and strengthening techniques for the first category building in Skopje, N Macedonia dated from 1924. Structural and nonstructural damages were observed due to the inappropriate foundation and maintenance of the building, which have increased during exploitation period and seismic actions. In order to define the stability of the building, non-destructive tests were applied for definition the material characteristics, further used in numerical analysis. Based on the performance assessment, retrofit schemes were proposed to address the main structural deficiencies and to meet national code requirements in N. Macedonia. The results of the overall investigations and analyzes for the capacity of the building are presented in this paper. Also summarized are the necessary structural interventions to ensure the necessary stability and reliability of the building for gravitational and seismic actions in accordance with the existing legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia. Since it is a first category, the dynamic response of the structure to real seismic actions, expected at site, is also considered according to the valid legislature which defines the assessment of seismic force considering local soil conditions. The outcomes from this project indicate the efficiency of the retrofit options utilized in reducing both the economic losses and collapse vulnerability of the building.
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Pathapati, V. V. N. R. Prasad Raju, i A. C. Rao. "Gradation of Planar Mechanism Structures for Robot Arms Based on Their Structural Error Performance". W ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dac-21113.
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Abstract Robot arms which received greater attention in the recent past are open chain linkages. Each joint in these robot arms, is actuated independently. While possessing many advantages such as large workspace and maneuverability, they do suffer from disadvantages like less rigidity, accumulation of mechanical errors from shoulder to end effector, control problems etc. The alternative to the open chain robot arms is the in-parallel actuator arrangement often referred to as the platform-type whose successful application is reported by many investigators. Multi-degree-of-freedom Mechanisms are now receiving active consideration for application as platform type robots. In fact in the literature, a number of distinct multi degree of freedom planar linkage mechanisms are available and all of them can be considered as platform type Robots. In this paper numerical measures are proposed to compare all the distinct planar linkage mechanisms at the conceptual stage of design in the category of 9 link, 2 degree of freedom and 10 link, 3 degree of freedom, from the view point of structural error performance. The proposed method is based on the deployment of design parameters in different topological features of the chain Viz., links, Joints and loops.
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Tanuku, Srinivas, K. Rama Mohana Rao i B. Pandu Rangarao. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF TELECOM TOWER USING INDIA AND AMERICAN STANDARDS". W International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/dwhy3671.
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Self-supporting lattice tower are being effective structural system by considering simple, light weight, easy fabrication and installation for supporting telecom equipment at elevated heights. With increase in demand of lattice towers, a critical review on approach for analysis is highly essential to ensure reliable and safe structures. In this paper, a comparative study is taken up on methodologies followed in both national standards (India, America) for assessment of wind loads on bare tower, linear accessories, discrete accessories along with design resistance of members and connections for Two different configurations – Square angular tower, Triangular Hybrid Tower. From the detailed analysis, it is concluded that, American standard (ANSI/TIA-222H) is using Ultimate windspeed for calculation of wind loads based on risk category of structure along with strength reduction factors based on criticality of components compared to Indian Standards (IS 875(Part 3)-2015, IS 802) which resulted lesser wind load on structure i.e., 30% in Square Tower (Oblique wind direction) and 23% in Triangular Hybrid Tower using ANSI/TIA-222H. Also, no major difference observed for calculation of member capacity and connection. Therefore, it is concluded that Tower weights approximately reduces by 10-15% based on Tower configuration using ANSI/TIA-222H compared to Indian Standards
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Luo, Juan, Jiacheng Luo i Lei Sun. "Seismic Analysis for an Explosion-Proof Valve Used in Nuclear Power Plant". W 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66995.
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Nuclear class equipment should be assessed for seismic safety before they are used in nuclear power plant. According to nuclear safety codes and regulations, all seismic category I equipments shall be designed enduring safety shutdown earthquake (SSE). That is, the stress evaluation needs to be accomplished for those structures. For some components, the deformation evaluation needs to be performed as well to assure the function integrity of the equipment. In this paper, the seismic analysis for an explosion-proof valve used in nuclear power plant, which exactly belongs to seismic category I equipment, has been conducted based on finite element method. The natural frequency, vibration mode and seismic response of the structure have been obtained through calculation, and the stress and deformation under the combined loadings of gravity, internal pressure, blast and seismic load have been evaluated according to ASME AG-1. The bolts of the structure have been qualified according to ASME III-NF as well. The results show that the design of the explosion-proof valve is in compliance with the requirement of corresponding nuclear safety standards.
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"SP-339-10: Guidelines for the Performance-Based Seismic Design of Seismic Category 1 Concrete Structures in Nuclear Power Plants". W "SP-339: Performance-Based Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings: State of the Practice (ACI Concrete Convention, October 15-19, 2017, Anaheim, California, USA)". American Concrete Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51724701.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Base structured category"
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Idakwo, Gabriel, Sundar Thangapandian, Joseph Luttrell, Zhaoxian Zhou, Chaoyang Zhang i Ping Gong. Deep learning-based structure-activity relationship modeling for multi-category toxicity classification : a case study of 10K Tox21 chemicals with high-throughput cell-based androgen receptor bioassay data. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41302.
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Deep learning (DL) has attracted the attention of computational toxicologists as it offers a potentially greater power for in silico predictive toxicology than existing shallow learning algorithms. However, contradicting reports have been documented. To further explore the advantages of DL over shallow learning, we conducted this case study using two cell-based androgen receptor (AR) activity datasets with 10K chemicals generated from the Tox21 program. A nested double-loop cross-validation approach was adopted along with a stratified sampling strategy for partitioning chemicals of multiple AR activity classes (i.e., agonist, antagonist, inactive, and inconclusive) at the same distribution rates amongst the training, validation and test subsets. Deep neural networks (DNN) and random forest (RF), representing deep and shallow learning algorithms, respectively, were chosen to carry out structure-activity relationship-based chemical toxicity prediction. Results suggest that DNN significantly outperformed RF (p < 0.001, ANOVA) by 22–27% for four metrics (precision, recall, F-measure, and AUPRC) and by 11% for another (AUROC). Further in-depth analyses of chemical scaffolding shed insights on structural alerts for AR agonists/antagonists and inactive/inconclusive compounds, which may aid in future drug discovery and improvement of toxicity prediction modeling.
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Schipper, Youdi, Isaac Mbiti i Mauricio Romero. Designing and Testing a Scalable Teacher Incentive Programme in Tanzania. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/044.
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School participation in Tanzania has increased dramatically over the past two decades: primary school enrolment increased from 4.9 million in 2001 to 10.9 million in 2020. While 81 percent of primary-school-age children are currently enrolled, over the last ten years, the primary completion rate has dropped and remains below 70 percent since 2015 (data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics).1 Despite improvements in enrolment, indicators of foundational learning remain low. According to the 2020 report of the Standard Two National Assessment (STNA), conducted by the National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA), in 2019 five percent of Grade 2 students pass the benchmark for reading proficiency (“Can correctly read exactly 50 words of the passage in one minute and with 80 percent or higher comprehension”). The report finds that 17 percent of students pass the benchmark (80 percent correct) of the addition and subtraction sub-tasks. These outcomes are not the result of students’ lack of academic aspiration: according to the RISE Tanzania baseline survey, 73 percent of Grade 2 and 3 students say they would like to complete secondary school or university. In a recent report, the Global Education Evidence Advisory Panel (World Bank, 2020) asked what programmes and policies are the most cost-effective instruments for addressing the learning crisis and improving learning for all children. The report creates three categories: the “great buys” category includes programmes that provide very low-cost but salient information on the benefits, costs, and quality of education. The “good buys” category includes programmes that provide structured pedagogy, instruction targeted by learning level, merit-based scholarships and pre-school interventions. Finally, the category “promising but low-evidence” includes teacher accountability and incentive reforms. KiuFunza, a teacher performance pay programme in Tanzania, fits this last category. KiuFunza (shorthand for Kiu ya Kujifunza or Thirst to Learn) provides test-score linked cash incentives to teachers in Grades 1, 2, and 3 to increase foundational literacy and numeracy outcomes for students. The programme is managed by Twaweza East Africa, a Civil Society Organization, and was set up to provide evidence on the impact of teacher incentives in a series of experimental evaluations. This note discusses the rationale for teacher incentives in Tanzania, the design elements of KiuFunza and preliminary results for the most recent phase of KiuFunza (this phase was implemented in 2019-2021 and the impact evaluation is part of the RISE Tanzania research agenda).
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Panwar, Nalin Singh. Decentralized Political Institution in Madhya Pradesh (India). Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2017.23.
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The change through grassroots democratic processes in the Indian political system is the result of a growing conviction that the big government cannot achieve growth and development in a society without people's direct participation and initiative. The decentralized political institutions have been more participatory and inclusive ensuring equality of political opportunity. Social exclusion in India is not a new phenomenon. History bears witness to exclusion of social groups on the bases of caste, class, gender and religion. Most notable is the category of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women who were denied the access and control over economic and social opportunities as a result they were relegated to the categories of excluded groups. It is true that the problems of the excluded classes were addressed by the state through the enactment of anti-discriminatory laws and policies to foster their social inclusion and empowerment. Despite these provisions, exclusion and discrimination of these excluded groups continued. Therefore, there was a need to address issues of ‘inclusion’ in a more direct manner. Madhya Pradesh has made a big headway in the working for the inclusion of these excluded groups. The leadership role played by the under privileged, poor and the marginalized people of the society at the grassroots level is indeed remarkable because two decade earlier these people were excluded from public life and political participation for them was a distant dream. Against this backdrop, the paper attempts to unfold the changes that have taken place in the rural power structure after 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent the decentralized political institutions have been successful in the inclusion of the marginalized section of the society in the state of Madhya Pradesh [India].
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Avis, William. Technical Aspects of e-Waste Management. Institute of Development Studies, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.051.
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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices, increased affordability and consumer appetite for new products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on the technical aspects e-waste value chains. The report should be read in conjunction with two earlier reports on e-waste management1. E-waste is any electrical or electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. The exact treatment of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) can vary enormously according to the category of WEEE and technology that is used. Electrical and electronic items contain a wide variety of materials. As a result of this complex mix of product types and materials, some of which are hazardous (including arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and certain flame retardants) multiple approaches to WEEE are required, each with specific technical guidelines. This report is structured as follows: Section two provides an introduction to the technical aspects of e-waste management, including a reflection on the challenges and complexities of managing a range of product types involving a range of components and pollutants. Section three provides an annotated bibliography of key readings that discuss elements of the technical aspects of managing e-waste. This bibliography includes readings on national guidelines, training manuals and technical notes produced by the Basel convention and courses. WEEE recycling can be a complex and multifaced process. In order to manage e-waste effectively, the following must be in place Legislative and regulatory frameworks Waste Prevention and minimisation guidelines Identification of waste mechanisms Sampling, analysis and monitoring expertise Handling, collection, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage guidelines Environmentally sound disposal guidelines Management is further complicated by the speed of technological advance with technologies becoming redundant much sooner than initially planned. Case studies show that the average actual lifetimes of certain electronic products are at least 2.3 years shorter than either their designed or desired lifetimes.