Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Baracchi”

AbstractAustralasian amateur astronomers, Grigg and Ross, discovered four different comets between 1902 and 1907. Controversy surrounding these discoveries led to a deterioration in relations between Australia's leading amateur astronomers and Baracchi at Melbourne Observatory, and to the eventual transfer of the ‘Australian Central Bureau’ to Sydney Observatory.

Saratov is justifiably called one of the most significant centers of the artistic culture of the Russian Near-Volga Region. When analyzing the condition of that domain of the plastic arts represented by painting and graphics, it is necessary to state that during the course of the entire 19th century (not to mention the previous century) the figures of the artists were merely episodic: Jean Baptiste Savin, a Frenchman in his origin (famous for his portraits and watercolors), watercolor painter Maria Zhukova, Andrei Godin (who was the first teacher of Mikhail Vrubel) and Feodor Vassiliev (the first instructor of Victor Borisov-Musatov), portraitists and church painters Lev Igorev and Nikolai Rossov. For the most part, the artists who worked beyond the confines of Saratov were its natives, who were veritably well-known artists – Vassily Zhuravlev and Alexei Kharlamov. The high flourishing of painting in Saratov at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century was prepared by the activities of Hector Baracchi, originally from Italy, and graduate from the St. Petersburg Academy of the Arts Vassily Konovalov. They exerted a decisive influence on the local artistic school, the main representatives of which were Victor Borisov-Musatov, Pavel Kuznetsov, Piotr Utkin, Alexander Savinov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (a native of Khvalynsk), as well as sculptor Alexander Matveyev. However, there were three names which have become the most “celebrated” for Saratov, which led the brilliant assemblage of remarkable artists pertaining to the visual arts and were in the vanguard of the so-called era of “cultural boom,” as the high artistic accomplishments of the late 19th and early 20th century are sometimes referred to. They are Victor Borisov-Musatov, Pavel Kuznetsov and Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. The present essay is devoted to them.

In disagreement with Claudia Baracchi's controversial thesis that there is a 'simultaneity and indissolubility' if not an 'identity' of intelligence (nous) and perception (aisthēsis) at the core of Aristotle's philosophy, I will argue that Aristotle maintains a fundamental distinction between these cognitive faculties. My goal in this paper is to examine specific parts of two central and complex passages, VI.8, 1142al2-30 and VI. 11, 1143a33-bl5, from the Nicomachean Ethics to show that Baracchi's view is unpersuasive. I will show that Aristotle considers nous to be a different capacity than mere perception and one through which particulars and indemonstrable principles become intelligible. Moreover, I will show that Aristotle considers that the objects of nous differ in kind from those that sensation (our senses) and perception (inference from our senses) grasp. After examining critically Baracchi's thesis in light of a close reading of those two relevant passages, I will conclude the paper by showing the significance of Aristotle's claim that a state is defined in terms of its objects of apprehension for understanding the distinction between nous and aisthēsis.

Este artigo aborda a formação teatral de professores e professoras de crianças. A partir de experiências da companhia de teatro La Baracca para a Secretaria de Educação da Prefeitura de Bolonha, o texto apresenta as oportunidades que o teatro pode oferecer, para que adultos e crianças, mesmo aquelas muito pequenas, possam se encontrar. Trata ainda de aspectos da história do La Baracca, mostrando alguns dos desafios e procedimentos para pesquisar e formar docentes de educação infantil em creches e pré-escolas italianas. A atuação e as instigantes relações entre docentes e crianças tão pequenas têm se mostrado um espaço em fecunda discussão.

World War I advanced the development of aviation from the concept of flight to the use of aircraft on the battlefield. Fighter planes advanced technologically as the war progressed. Fighter pilot aces Francesco Baracca and Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron) were two of the most famous pilots of this time period. These courageous fighter aces skillfully maneuvered their SPAD and Albatros planes, respectively, while battling enemies and scoring aerial victories that contributed to the course of the war. The media thrilled the public with their depictions of the heroic feats of fighter pilots such as Baracca and the Red Baron. Despite their aerial prowess, both pilots would eventually be shot down in combat. Although the accounts of their deaths are debated, it is undeniable that both were victims of traumatic head injury.

No decorrer do século XX, o Direito Processual e o Direito Constitucional foram aproximados na busca por racionalização do exercício do poder e controle das funções do Estado. Nessa aproximação, foram fundamentais as contribuições das obras de Couture, Fix-Zamudio, Baracho, Andolina e Vignera. No presente artigo, as proposições desses autores serão pesquisadas por meio de revisão bibliográfica, o que desmistificará confusões conceituais que a literatura jurídica realizou sobre as consonâncias e dissonâncias de suas propostas relacionadas ao Processo Constitucional.

Treatment of bovine heart submitochondrial particles with a low concentration of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (HNB), a selective reagent for the Trp residue of the ε subunit [Baracca, Barogi, Lenaz and Solaini (1993) Int. J. Biochem. 25, 1269-1275], enhances the ATP hydrolytic activity of the particles exclusively when the natural inhibitor protein IF1 is present. Similarly, isolated F1 [the catalytic sector of the mitochondrial H+-ATPase complex (ATP synthase)] treated with the reagent has the ATPase activity enhanced exclusively if IF1 is bound to it. These experiments suggest that the modification of the ε subunit decreases the inhibitory activity of IF1, eliciting the search for a relationship between the ε subunit and the inhibitory protein. Certainly, a reverse relationship exists because HNB binds covalently to the isolated F1 exclusively when the inhibitory protein is present. This finding is consistent with the existence of the ε subunit in different conformational states depending on whether IF1 is bound to F1 or not. Support for this assertion is obtained by measurements of the intrinsic phosphorescence decay rate of F1, a probe of the Trp ε subunit conformation in situ [Solaini, Baracca, Parenti-Castelli and Strambini (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 214, 729-734]. A significant difference in phosphorescence decay rate is detected when IF1 is added to preparations of F1 previously devoid of the inhibitory protein. These studies indicate that IF1 and the ε subunit of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase complex are related, suggesting a possible role of the ε subunit in the mechanism of regulation of the mitochondrial ATP synthase.

Previously we have examined the inactivation of unpurified extracellular proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F diluted in demineralized water (Schokker & van Boekel, 1998) in the range 40–70°C. It appeared that the inactivation was most probably caused by intermolecular autoproteolysis, which is the hydrolysis of unfolded proteinase molecules by native (not yet unfolded) molecules. It has been reported that purification of proteinases from Pseudomonas spp. enhances the susceptibility of the proteinase to autoproteolysis (Barach et al. 1976; Griffiths et al. 1981; Leinmüller & Christophersen, 1982; Kroll, 1989; Kumura et al. 1991). On the other hand, when the proteinase is heated in milk or when proteins are added to the enzyme solution, the rate of inactivation by autoproteolysis diminishes (Barach et al. 1978; Kroll & Klostermeyer, 1984; Stepaniak et al. 1991). Apparently, proteins stabilize the proteinase against inactivation by autoproteolysis.Substrate or other ligands stabilize many enzymes against limited proteolysis. Binding of these substances to the enzyme molecule, either to the catalytic centre or to amino acid residues on the enzyme molecule surface, may impose steric difficulties so that the susceptible peptide bonds are protected against proteolysis (Mihalyi, 1978). Such binding may also cause a conformational change of the enzyme molecule, such that susceptible peptide bonds cannot be attacked or that the conformation is stabilized against unfolding (Mihalyi, 1978). In the latter case an increase in the denaturation temperature (Td) would be expected.In the case of proteinases, addition of substrate to the enzyme solution may protect the enzyme by a third mechanism. Besides autoproteolysis of the proteinase, the added proteins can be digested. An enzyme molecule digesting a protein is not available at the same time for autoproteolysis, so that the substrate may act as a competitive inhibitor against autoproteolysis.The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of protection of the proteinase from Ps. fluorescens 22F by sodium caseinate.

The increase in reported cases of Multiple Personality Disorder underscores a great need to differentiate clearly this from other psychiatric disorders and from simulation of Multiple Personality Disorder. Two sets of Rorschach signs have been advanced as clinical markers by their developers, namely, Barach and also Wagner, Allison, and Wagner. As the Wagner signs are prevalent in much of the research on Rorschach responses in Multiple Personality Disorder, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate these signs using Wagner's administration and the resulting Rorschach protocols of 16 Multiple Personality Disorder patients and 16 psychiatric controls. Analysis indicated that this system was deficient in correctly classifying these 32 protocols. A new marker, the Splitting Response, emerged, however, which was more useful. This response, in combination with at least one Dissociative response, produced an accuracy rate of 94%. These new criteria may be useful aids in the detection of Multiple Personality Disorder from Rorschach protocols. Replication is urged.

We have reported previously on the kinetics of thermal inactivation at 80–120°C of the extracellular proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F (Schokker & van Boekel, 1997, 1999b). During these studies, we noted some inactivation during the heating up and cooling periods, but allowed for this by calculating the residual activity as a fraction of the activity after the heating up period of 2 min followed by cooling to 0°C. However, it may be of interest to evaluate the extent of inactivation during these heating up and cooling periods. If the temperature dependence of the reaction rate behaves according to Eyring's theory, inactivation would, of course, be slower than at the final heating temperature. However, during the heating and cooling of the enzyme solution, the temperature also passes the region in which autoproteolysis occurs (Schokker & van Boekel, 1998a). Prolonged residence time in the critical zone for autoproteolysis may cause increased inactivation, as has been demonstrated in electrophoresis experiments for proteinases from other Ps. fluorescens strains (Barach & Adams, 1977; Richardson, 1981; Diermayr et al. 1987). Consequently, the inactivation during the first few minutes would be dependent on factors influencing both autoproteolytic and thermal inactivation.In most of our heating experiments (Schokker & van Boekel, 1997, 1999b), inactivation during heating up was relatively rapid compared with inactivation at the final heating temperature, leading to a biphasic inactivation curve. This was also found for proteinases from many other Ps. fluorescens strains. In some studies the inactivation during heating up was not taken into account when analysing the kinetics of thermal inactivation (Patel et al. 1983; Yan et al. 1985; Fairbairn & Law, 1986), which led to misinterpretation of the mechanism or the kinetic values. Others explained the biphasic inactivation curve by autoproteolysis (Barach & Adams, 1977; Richardson, 1981; Stepaniak & Fox, 1983; Kroll & Klostermeyer, 1984; Diermayr et al. 1987), or stabilization by Ca2+ of a small portion of the proteinase to heat inactivation (Stepaniak & Fox, 1983; Azcona et al. 1988).In this paper we discuss the influence of protein, enzyme purification and Ca2+ activity on inactivation during the heating up and cooling periods. The aim of this study was to determine, using kinetic modelling, whether the inactivation during heating up and cooling periods could be explained by autoproteolysis and thermal inactivation, or whether other mechanisms are involved in the strong initial inactivation.

Este artículo analiza las condiciones de surgimiento y reproducción social de la canonización popular, esto es, de un proceso de santificación espontáneo, no institucionalizado ni formalmente organizado, que emerge típicamente en los cementerios. Enfoca dos casos en el Noreste brasileño: Jararaca, un cangaceiro, en Mossoró y Baracho, un asesino, en Natal, ciudades situadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte. Se trata de entender qué criterios estarían en la base del reclutamiento de estos santos entre los muertos del cemnterio: ¿por qué un ex bandido se vuelve santo, pero no el ex intendente, que lideró la resistencia victoriosa a la invasión de esos mismos bandidos? Para ello, analizo las representaciones de la vida del bandido, tal como es recordada y contada principalmente por la vía de la transmisión oral y ritual, y las representaciones en torno de su destino póstumo y su posible santidad. Este análisis tiene como objeto principal las prácticas rituales alrededor de la tumba, sobre todo en su dimensión discursiva, y sus efectos, tanto en el sentido de la producción de la eficacia del culto (los milagros) como en el de la elaboración de una memoria de la historia de la vida del bandido, que conduce a otra visión de la historia de los acontecimientos que llevaron a su muerte; luego, también de la historia de la comunidad local y de la propia ciudad.

- This article compares the construction of theaters in Madrid and Barcelona from the 1830's to the 1910's by looking at the various forms and types of theaters, as well as those who funded them. As the history of books has shown, we can gain a better understanding of the social uses of cultural goods by analyzing the material forms in which they are produced and distributed. In the two Spanish main capital cities, the architectural evolutions of theater buildings, social changes in the constructors' milieux, and the movement of theater sites out of the city centers to suburban areas, show how theater descended from an elitist form of culture to a mass consumption good, available to partly illiterate populations.

La ventilación mecánica no invasiva se refiere a la entrega de ventilación a los pulmones utilizando técnicas que no requieren una vía aérea endotraqueal. La aplicación de presión positiva en ventilación no invasiva se remonta a la década de 1930, cuando los estudios de Barach demostraron que la presión positiva continua en la vía aérea, podría ser útil en el tratamiento del edema pulmonar agudo. Pero solo hasta 1980 se desarrollaron investigaciones administrando presión positiva a través de una boquilla con lo cual se obtuvieron resultados positivos con descenso en los niveles de PaCO2 y mejoría de la oxigenación en pacientes con EPOC y ASMA, sin embargo los resultados no fueron homogéneos por lo que se desestímulo su uso. Hoy se conoce que esta disparidad en los resultados se debió al corto tiempo de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva, de tan sólo 10 a 15 minutos tres o cuatro veces al día, demasiado breve para obtener buenos resultados. En paralelo, esta se utilizó en pacientes con enfermedad neuromuscular en el Centro de Rehabilitación de Goldwater en Nueva York, pero el uso de diferentes interfaces hizo que la técnica no presentara una adecuada adaptación en el grupo de pacientes (2). Sólo hasta 1985 se produjo una proliferación de su uso con la introducción de presión positiva continua en la vía aérea para el tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño. Hoy se han confirmado los beneficios en diversas entidades clínicas (3).

There is public concern about medical errors. In Britain, the Bristol Inquiry is the paradigmatic example that focuses professional and public attention on the safety of medical interventions. In the US the Institute of Medicine's recent report To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System (1999) was widely seen on both sides of the Atlantic as confirming what most already feared, that medical interventions were accompanied by unacceptably high levels of preventable harms (Barach & Small, 2000). The response to these public concerns has been multifold. In the UK clinical governance was introduced in April 1999, principally to focus attention on continuously improving the quality of clinical care. At the same time, the arrangements for the registration of doctors by the General Medical Council (GMC) was under review and there was an expectation that NHS trusts would bring consultants, who hitherto had been regarded as independent practitioners outside any supervisory system or arrangement, within an appraisal system. It has become clear that this appraisal system will be a component part of the GMC's revalidation of doctors (GMC, 2000). What is clear is that these varying systems are designed to restore public trust by providing an open process, which has the confidence of the profession, management and public alike. In this paper we aim to discuss the historical development of appraisal as a system for reviewing the performance of individual practitioners, suggest a method for appraising senior medical staff and finally to discuss the limitations and problems inherent in the introduction of such a system.

Abstract Rossi-Santos, M. R., Neto, E. S., Baracho, C. G., Cipolotti, S. R., Marcovaldi, E., and Engel, M. H. 2008. Occurrence and distribution of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on the north coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil, 2000–2006. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 667–673. The Abrolhos Bank off Brazil is considered the main breeding ground for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Southwest Atlantic. However, owing to an increase in the occurrence of the species along the north coast of the State of Bahia, it has been suggested that the species is reoccupying that region, which was probably utilized by the whales before commercial whaling. Information is presented on the occurrence and distribution of humpback whales along the north coast of the State of Bahia, with a comparative overview, for the period 2000–2006. Daily research cruises were conducted from July to October, departing from Praia do Forte (13°40′S 38°10′W) and lasting ∼9 h. Data on sampling and sighting effort, and geographical position and composition of groups of humpback whales, were collected on standardized field sheets. In all, 230 surveys were performed, covering some 9740 nautical miles in 1645 h of sampling effort, during which 1626 humpback whales were sighted, including 118 calves. Humpback whales were sighted throughout the study area. Solitary individuals and pairs were the most frequent group composition, 26% and 37% of the observed groups (n = 723), respectively. Depth of water varied from 15 to 1657 m (mean = 62.4; s.d. = 99). The sightings values were grouped into depth classes to ascertain the highest frequencies (∼30%) for the two classes, i.e. between 35.1 and 55 m of water. There was an increase in the encounter rates of humpback whales on the north coast of the State of Bahia between 2000 and 2006, identifying a difference in SPUE [sightings per unit (h) of effort] among years (Kruskal–Wallis H = 30.155, d.f. = 6, p < 0.05). The results support the hypothesis that humpback whales are reoccupying former breeding areas along the Brazilian coast.

ABSTRACT The 86-kDa major immediate-early protein, IEP86 (IE2, IE2579aa, or ppUL122a), from the Towne and AD169 strains of human cytomegalovirus show four amino acid variations, namely, R68Q, K455E, T541A, and seven consecutive serines beginning at position 258 in Towne and eight serines in AD169. A commonly utilized IEP86 cDNA expression clone (herein called the original cDNA) (E. Baracchini, E. Glezer, K. Fish, R. M. Stenberg, J. A. Nelson, and P. Ghazal, Virology 188:518-529, 1992) shows the Towne R68 and seven serines but contains the AD169 E455 and A541 plus two amino acid mutations, M242I and A463T. In transcriptional activation analyses using several promoters, the IEP86 produced by the original cDNA was 40 to 60% less active than wild-type (WT) Towne IEP86, whereas AD169 IEP86 was two to three times more active than WT Towne IEP86. To determine which amino acid variations or mutations accounted for the differences in transcriptional activation, they were individually tested in the WT Towne IEP86 background. K455E, M242I, and the eighth serine had little effect on transcriptional activation or sumoylation when inserted into the Towne background. T541A significantly increased transcriptional activation on all promoters tested and showed increased sumoylation; T541A is the primary reason that WT AD169 IEP86 has increased activity over WT Towne IEP86. The increased sumoylation seen with T541A was quantitatively reduced to WT Towne levels when the K455E alteration was present, suggesting that K455 may be a sumoylation site or that E455 may cause alterations in the IEP86 structure which affect overall sumoylation. A463T was very deleterious to transcriptional activation and caused reduced sumoylation. The A436T mutation in the original cDNA is partially compensated by the presence of the T541A variation. Phosphopeptide mapping suggests that a threonine at 463 or 541 does not introduce a phosphorylation site. However, the A463T mutation does affect phosphorylation at a distant site, suggesting that it alters the conformation of the protein. Promoter-specific effects were noted with some of the amino acid variations, particularly T541A. Structural modeling is presented which suggests how A463T and T541A alter the functional structure of WT Towne IEP86. A hydrophobic core containing A463 is predicted to be responsible for the functional integrity of the carboxy-terminal region of IEP86 between amino acids 344 and 579.

Koliko je iz puljskih dnevnih i tjednih novina poznato, u Puli su od 21. studenoga 1896. do Prvoga svjetskog rata gostovala ukupno 32 putujuća kinematografa. Kinematograf Edison na Portarati otvoren je 25. travnja 1906. Njegova relativno kratka postojanost ide u prilog putujućega kinematografa, a gotovo sve ostalo u prilog stalnoga kinematografa. Prvi službeno proglašen stalni puljski kinematograf, ujedno i drugo stalno kino u današnjoj Hrvatskoj, Električno kino Internazionale (Bioscopio elettrico Internazionale) svečano je otvoreno i počelo s redovitim prikazivanjem filmova 3. lipnja 1906. Oba kinematografa, i Edison i Internazionale, ili su polustalna ili, prema umjerenijim i labavijim kriterijima, stalna kina. Internazionale, budući da nije bio putujući (otvorio ga je stanovnik Pule), postao je stalni kinematograf, unatoč samo 44 dana uzastopna prikazivanja filmova u baraci (daščari), a putujući Edison u boljim uvjetima, koji je u Puli zastao 37 dana u kinodvorani, to nije. Prema postojećim vrelima prvo stalno kino u Hrvatskoj je Salone Edison u Rijeci (13. travnja 1906.), drugo je stalno kino Internazionale u Puli (3. lipnja 1906.), treće je kino Excelsior u Puli (početak srpnja 1906.), četvrto je kino Edison u Puli (6. listopada 1906.) i peto je Pathé bioskop u Zagrebu (studeni 1906.). Putujući su kinematografi na svojim gostovanjima i proputovanjima pored uredovnih, uobičajenih filmskih repertoara nudili i specijalizirane erotske (ili pionirske pornografske) kratke filmove po svim gradovima Europe, pa tako i u Puli koja je zbog mornaričkoga i vojnoga statusa, militantne urbanosti i poprilično slobodne seksualnosti, bila specifična pojava. Uspoređujući ranu pojavu bestidnih filmića u europskoj kinematografiji, Pula je naspram sličnih austro-ugarskih gradova prednjačila u projiciranju „pikantnih filmova“, što se pripisuje toleranciji gradskih i mornaričkih nadležnih vlasti i institucija. Takva praksa „crnih večeri“ (serate nere, Herrenabende) nastavljena je i kasnije, u prvim stalnim puljskim kinematografima. Obilna ponuda tolerantnih filmova, erotskih i pornografskih sadržaja, bila je redovito na repertoaru kina Edison, trećega stalnoga puljskog kinematografa otvorenoga 6. listopada 1906., koji možemo slobodno prozvati i prvim erotskim (ili porno-erotskim) kinom u Puli (i Hrvatskoj). Od prvoga otvorenoga (polu)stalnog kina Edison (25. travnja 1906.) do početka Prvoga svjetskoga rata (28. srpnja 1914.) u Puli je otvoreno, u samom središtu grada, deset stalnih kinematografa (posljednji je u tom razdoblju kino Eden, 12. siječnja 1913.) različitih kategorija, od građansko-časničkih elitnih do proletersko-vojničkih s erotsko-pornografskih programima, od kojih je pak neposredno pred Veliki rat ostalo pet djelatnih (Edison, Leopoldo, Minerva, Ideal i Eden): jedna i druga brojka (otvorenih i djelatnih kina) pokazuju i dokazuju europski trend započete ubrzane kinofikacije europskih gradova. Možemo zaključiti da je u godinama pred Veliki rat Pula bila kinematografski (kinodvoranama) i filmskim repertoarom iznimno dobro pokriven grad koji je promptno pratio gotovo sve europske (i svjetske) filmske domete preko ažurne, kvalitetne i brze distribucije filmova.

O presente artigo científico tem por objetivo estudar meios alternativos de solução de conflitos, como medidas eficazes para alcançar a paz social e desafogar o Judiciário, pela atuação de notários e registradores. Institutos como a conciliação e a mediação foram prestigiados pelo Novo Código de Processo Civil, sendo essenciais para a efetividade do processo constitucional e do Estado Democrático de Direito, eis que impactam nos direitos fundamentais. Adotar-se-á, como marco teórico, a Teoria Constitucionalista do Processo, na obra de José Alfredo de Oliveira Baracho. Como embasamento e para êxito do presente estudo tem-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e o método dedutivo.

This article examines the origin of the “Prancing Horse” symbol and its role in helping the racing team Ferrari survive under the fascist regime in Italy. Enzo Ferrari, the company’s founder, adopted the coat of arms of Francesco Baracca, the most renowned Italian military aviator during World War I, as the logo of his new racing team. By repurposing it from military aviation to motorsport, he benefitted from powerful cultural associations and strong political and cultural endorsement of Baracca’s persona. Drawing from scholarship on cultural branding and consumer culture, this study shows how new companies can establish powerful business icons by borrowing symbols connected to populist worlds and national ideologies, and transferring them to various industries. Strategic repurposing thus emerges as a distinct process within cultural branding to obtain institutional support and establish powerful brand identities in challenging contexts.

O presente artigo surge como um recorte do projeto da pesquisa ESPECIALIZAÇÃO PROEJA-IFRN (2006-2009): contribuições para a formação e a prática profissional dos egressos e tem como objetivo analisar a pertinência temática dos trabalhos de conclusão de curso (TCC) da especialização PROEJA CEFET-RN/IFRN para a produção do conhecimento em EP e PROEJA. A investigação configura-se, portanto, como uma pesquisa documental, em que a fonte de coleta de dados está restrita aos documentos do curso, mais especificamente aos TCC de três turmas ofertadas no período. Recorremos ainda aos dispositivos legais que tratam do PROEJA e da formação de professores para esse campo, bem como aos textos de autores como Nascimento, Henrique e Baracho (2013). Os resultados mostraram que os objetos de estudo dos TCC, não estabeleciam relações com o campo de produção de conhecimento a respeito da EP e do PROEJA, sendo que a maioria das discussões tratadas eram referente especificamente ao campo da EJA. Com isso, propusemos quatro possíveis hipóteses para os nossos achados.

Język polski, do którego chce mieć dostęp cudzoziemiec, to nie tylko oficjalne komunikaty, poważne artykuły naukowe, książki czy gazety. To także ta część polszczyzny, zazwyczaj mówionej, którą posługują się młodzi ludzie w barach, na imprezach i niemal w każdej prywatnej rozmowie. Zdaje się, że słownictwo to, choć jest doskonałym przykładem i kolejnym medium kultury popularnej, bywa często pomijane na lektoracie języka polskiego jako obcego (JPJO), szczególnie w kręgach akademickich. Artykuł koncentruje się wokół problemu nauczania slangu młodzieżowego cudzoziemców. Autorka omawia tę odmianę języka, wskazuje jej cechy, a także wymienia wady i zalety nauczania slangu. Dzieli się swoim doświadczeniem w tym zakresie. Przedstawia również przykłady ćwiczeń. Wskazuje źródła, z których można czerpać leksemy na zajęcia, a także wymienia zagadnienia, które należy rozważyć, pisząc własne ćwiczenia. Autorka uważa, że wyrażenia slangowe są bardzo ważne w zrozumieniu, czy wręcz „wyczuciu” codziennej kultury polskiej. Sądzi, że „odwaga” lektorki/lektora w prezentowaniu słownictwa nietypowego dla większości zajęć językowych wpływa także na odwagę studentów w posługiwaniu się polszczyzną. Uważa, że nie ma nic bardziej zniechęcającego do nauki niż sytuacja, w której uczący się, operujący już nieźle polszczyzną, nie może zrozumieć sceny z filmu, czy wątku w prywatnej rozmowie, ponieważ nikt nie nauczył go specjalnego kodu językowego – slangu młodzieżowego, z którym właśnie miał okazję się zmierzyć.

A utilização de extratos de plantas medicinais, como a Camomila (Matricaria chamomilla) e a Babosa (Aloe vera), no desenvolvimento de formulações para tratamento de lesões como a úlcera aftosa recorrente apresentam menos efeitos colaterais e tóxicos para o organismo, exibindo inúmeras propriedades (anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante, etc.), vantagens e custo benefício satisfatórios para pacientes. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender o uso da Babosa e Camomila em úlceras, através de buscas em bancos de dados computadorizados e livros para elaboração de revisão narrativa de literatura. As bases de dados utilizadas foram Google Acadêmico, PubMed e LILACS, acessadas no período de novembro e dezembro de 2018. Critérios de inclusão foram publicações entre 2000 a 2018, em inglês e português, utilizando os descritores: Aloe vera, Matricaria chamomilla, estomatite aftosa, odontologia. O uso da Aloe vera pode ser opção eficaz na promoção da redução de úlcera através de efeito anti-inflamatório, de re-epitelização, ativação de fibroblastos e propriedades imunomoduladoras, podendo contribuir para cicatrização de feridas. Estudos mostraram que pacientes portadores de úlceras aftosas recorrentes, que fizeram uso da pomada à base de extrato fluido de Matricaria recutita (Ad-Muc®), com proposta ação anti-inflamatória, antibacteriana e propriedades auxiliadoras na cicatrização de lesões da mucosa bucal, obtiveram sucesso terapêutico em 94% dos casos. Assim, conclui-se que a utilização de tais fitoterápicos mostra-se necessária e promissora dentro da odontologia e outras áreas de saúde, visando o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de tratamento cada vez mais eficazes. Entretanto, mais estudos clínicos precisam ser realizados para confirmar esta utilização em seres humanos.Descritores: Aloe; Matricaria; Estomatite Aftosa; Odontologia.ReferênciasAleluia CM, Procópio VC, Oliveira MTG, Furtado PGS, Giovannini JFG, Mendonça SMS. Fitoterápicos na Odontologia. Rev Odontol Univ Cid São Paulo. 2015;27(2):126.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Departamento de Atenção Básica. Práticas integrativas e complementares: plantas medicinais e fitoterapia na Atenção Básica. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2012.Borges FV, Sales MDC. Políticas públicas de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos no Brasil: sua história no sistema de saúde. Pensar Acadêmico. 2018;16(1):13-27.Monteiro MH, Fraga S. Fitoterapia na odontologia: levantamento dos principais produtos de origem vegetal para saúde bucal. Fitos. 2015;9(4):253-303.Gupta V, Mittal P, Bansal P, Khokra SL, Kaushik D. Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita-A review. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2010;2(1):12-6.Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Chi AC. Patologia Oral e Maxilofacial. 4 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.Fonseca CME, Quirino MRS, Patrocínio MC, Anbinder AL. Effects of Chamomilla recutita (L.) on oral wound healing in rats. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16(6):e716-21.Catão MHCV, Silva MSP, Silva ADL, Costa RO. Estudos clínicos com plantas medicinais no tratamento de afecções bucais: uma revisão de literatura. UNOPAR Cient Ciênc Biol Saúde 2012;14(4):279-85.Costa GBF, Castro JFL. Etiologia e tratamento da estomatite aftosa recorrente - revisão de literatura. Medicina (Ribeirao Preto Online). 2013;46(1):1.Miziara ID. O tratamento da estomatite aftóide recorrente ainda intriga. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(2):96.Azul AM, Trancoso PF. Patologia mais frequente da mucosa oral. Rev Port Clin Geral. 2006;22(3):369-77.Ximenes Filho JA, Miziara ID. Estomatite aftóide recorrente: atualização no tratamento. Arq Fund Otorrinolaringol. 2001;5(4):199-201.Quijano D, Rodríguez M. Corticoides tópicos en la estomatitis aftosa recurrente. Revisión sistemática. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2008;59(6):298-307.Weckx LLM, Hirata CHW, Abreu MAMM, Fillizolla VC, Silva OMP. Levamisol não previne lesões de estomatite aftosa recorrente: um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(2):132-38.Gorsky M, Epstein J, Rabenstein S, Elishoov H, Yarom N. Topical minocycline and tetracycline rinses in treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized cross-over study. Dermatol Online J. 2007;13(2):1.Mimura MAM, Hirota SK, Sugaya NN, Sanches Jr JA, Migliari DA. Systemic treatment in severe cases of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an open trial. Clinics (São Paulo). 2009;64(3):193-98.Gorsky M, Epstein J, Raviv A, Yaniv R, Truelove E. Topical minocycline for managing symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Spec Care Dentist. 2008;28(1):27-31.Lorenzi H, Matos FJA. Plantas medicinais no brasil - nativas e exóticas. Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum; 2002.Baracuhy J, Furtado D, Francisco PR, Lima J, Pereira J. Plantas Medicinais de uso comum no Nordeste do Brasil. Plantas Medicinais de uso comum no Nordeste do Brasil. Campina Grande: UFCG; 2016.Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):163-66.Rodríguez-González V, Femenia A, González-Laredo R, Rocha-Guzmán N, Gallegos-Infante J, Candelas-Cadillo M et al. Effects of pasteurization on bioactive polysaccharide acemannan and cell wall polymers from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;86(4):1675-83.El-Batal AI, Ahmed SF. Therapeutic effect of Aloe vera and silver nanoparticles on acid-induced oral ulcer in gamma-irradiated mice. Braz oral res. 2018;32:e0004.Babaee N, Zabihi E, Mohseni S, Moghadamnia AA. Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of Aloe vera gel on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Dent Res J(Isfhan). 2012;9(4):381-85.Oliveira BP. Teor e composição química do óleo essencial em amostras comerciais de camomila Matricaria chamomilla L [tese doutorado]. Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 2012.Singh O, Khanam Z, Misra N, Srivastava MK. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011;5(9):82-95.Stanojevic LP, Marjanovic-Balaban ZR, Kalaba VD, Stanojevic JS, Cvetkovic DJ. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of chamomile flowers essential oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.). J Essent Oil Bear Pl. 2016;19(8):2017-28.Wehba C, Fernandes F, Oppi EC. Aplicação de pomada a base de extrato de camomila como coadjuvante na redução de sintomatologia dolorosa das lesões ulceradas de mucosa oral. RBM Rev Bras Med. 2008;65(5):129-32.

Periimplantite, realidade na Implantodontia: Qual a melhor conduta? Relato de caso. Adriana dos Santos Caetano, Vinícius Ferreira Bizelli, Paulo Vitor Ogliari, Edgard Franco Moraes JúniorCaracterização topográfica de implantes Ti-Cp com superfície usinada e modificada por laser. Ana Flávia Piquera Santos, Thallita P Queiroz, Antônio C Guastaldi, Gabriel M dos Santos, Laís Kawamata de Jesus, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Junior, Francisley Ávila de SouzaTratamento de fratura do complexo zigomático-orbitário através da fixação dos três pontos anatômicos do osso zigomático. André Hergesel de Oliva, Sormani Bento Fernandes de Queiroz, Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso, João Paulo Bonardi, Fábio Roberto de Sousa Batista, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Osvaldo Magro FilhoO paciente pediátrico frente ao trauma bucomaxilofacial e sua etiologia na cidade de Araçatuba: um estudo retrospectivo. Cássio Messias Beija Flor Figueiredo, Izabela Soares Minari, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Daniela Atili Brandini, Igor Mariotto Beneti, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorManejo de fístula liquórica em fratura panfacial. Relato de caso. Estefânia Marrega Malavazi, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, João Paulo Bonardi, William Ricardo Pires, Ciro Borges Duailibe de Deus, Fábio Roberto de Souza Batista, André Hergesel de Oliva, Francisley Ávila SouzaEnxerto de tecido conjuntivo associado ao retalho deslocado lateralmente na estética periimplantar: relato de caso. Fred Lucas Pinto de Oliveira, Vivian Cristina Noronha Novaes, Breno Edson Sendão Alves, Nathália Januário de Araújo, David Jonathan Rodrigues Gusman, Daniela Pereira de Sá, Juliano Milanezi de AlmeidaIntubação submento-orotraqueal, aspectos anatômicos, principais indicações e descrição da técnica. Gabriel Pereira Nunes, Luis Fernando Azambuja Alcalde, Leandro Carlos Carrasco, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, João Lopes Toledo Filho, Pedro Henrique Silva Gomes FerreiraUso dos antibióticos na cirurgia bucomaxilofacial. Revisão da literatura e relato de caso. Gabriela Caroline Fernandes, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, André Hergesel de Oliva, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorFraturas múltiplas em face e os acidentes de trânsito em Araçatuba. Izabela Soares Minari, Cássio Messias Beija Flor Figueiredo, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Daniela Atili Brandini, Igor Mariotto Beneti , Daniela Ponzoni, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorRemoção de raiz dentária impelida no seio maxilar com o uso de fibra ótica. Relato de caso . João Matheus Fonseca e Santos, Stefany Barbosa, Gustavo Antônio Correa Momesso, Tarik Ocon Braga Polo, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Leonardo Perez FaveraniTrauma facial por acidente motociclístico: relato de caso. Lara Cristina Cunha Cervantes, Luara Teixeira Colombo, Gabriela Caroline Fernandes, João Paulo Bonardi, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, Leonardo Perez FaveraniRemoção de tórus mandibular por indicação protética. Luana Sauvesuk, Luana Ribeiro do Vale, Daniela Ponzoni, Francisley Ávila Souza, Osvaldo Magro Filho, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Ana Paula Farnezi BassiFratura do complexo zigomático orbitário: relato de caso. Luara Teixeira Colombo, Lara Cristina Cunha Cervantes, João Paulo Bonardi, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Leonardo Perez FaveraniManipulação de tecido mole na implantodontia. Relato de caso. Natália de Campos, Edgard Franco Moraes JuniorGengivectomia, osteotomia e frenectomia na correção do sorriso gengival. Nathália Januario de Araujo, Álvaro Francisco Bosco, Vivian Cristina Noronha Novaes, Paula Lazilha Faleiros, David Jonathan Rodrigues Gusman, Fred Lucas Pinto de Oliveira, Breno Edson Sendão Alves, Juliano Milanezi de Almeida Avaliação do processo de incorporação óssea de biomaterial sintético a base de hidroxiapatita/β-tricálcio fosfato em bloco instalado em mandíbula de coelhos. Análise histológica. Rodrigo Capalbo-da-Silva, Luis Carlos de Almeida Pires, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Lais Kawamata de Jesus, Ana Flávia Piquera Santos, Francisley Ávila SouzaRelato de caso raro: fratura bilateral de côndilo e sínfise mandibular. Sara Tiemi Felipe Akabane, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, William Ricardo Pires, Tárik Oncon Braga Polo, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Francisley Ávila Souza, Daniela PonzoniUso de piezocirúrgico para remoção de um odontoma mandibular complexo. Relato de caso clínico. Stefany Barbosa, João Matheus Fonseca e Santos, Cássio Messias Beija Flor Figueiredo, Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso, Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Daniela Ponzoni, Leonardo Perez FaveraniReabilitação de maxila atrófica em paciente transplantado renal com implantes zigomáticos. Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Sormani Bento Fernandes de Queiroz, Jaqueline Suemi Hassumi, Nayla Caroline Santos Yamamoto, Karen Rawen Tonini, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Tárik Ocon Braga Polo, Leonardo Perez FaveraniResolução de complicações estéticas com regeneração óssea guiada. Vinícius Ferreira Bizelli, Adriana dos Santos Caetano, Adriano Campesi Tonin, Edgard Franco Moraes JúniorReconstrução e reabilitação de mandibula atrófica após fratura iatrogênica. Adriana dos Santos Caetano, Vinícius Ferreira Bizelli, Paulo Vitor Ogliari, Edgard Franco Moraes JúniorFratura de complexo zigomáticomaxilar por prática esportiva – relato de caso. Dálete Samylle Ferreira Moraes, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, Francisley Ávila Souza, Leonardo Perez Faverani, William Ricardo Pires, Osvaldo Magro Filho, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorManejo de ferimento corto-contuso extenso em face: relato de caso. Elisa Mara de Abreu Furquim, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Juliana Zórzi Coléte, Gabriel Ramalho Ferreira, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorManejo de ferimento contuso-contuso em região periorbitária: relato de caso clínico. Erika Kiyoko Chiba, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, João Paulo Bonardi, André Luís da Silva Fabris, Francisley Ávila Souza, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorMelhoria na qualidade de vida relacionada com saúde oral em pacientes com carcinomas oral e orofaringeano acompanhados por curto prazo após o tratamento. Fernanda Pereira de Caxias, Sandro Basso Bitencourt, Amália Moreno, Andressa Paschal Amoroso, Emerson Gomes dos Santos, Karina Helga Turcio de Carvalho, Marcelo Coelho Goiato, Daniela Micheline dos SantosFixação interna rígida do tipo Load Bearing para fratura mandibular atrófica. Gabriel Pereira Nunes, Pedro Henrique Silva Gomes Ferreira, Danila Oliveira, Luis Fernando Azambuja Alcalde, Jefferson Moura Vieira, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Daniela Ponzoni, Roberta OkamotoTratamento inicial de ferimento corto-contuso em região peribucal: relato de caso. Gabriela Caroline Fernandes, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Juliana Zorzi Coléte, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, André Hergesel de Oliva, Daniela Ponzoni, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Leonardo Perez FaveraniAvaliação do bio-oss collagen® no reparo de defeitos ósseos críticos em calvária de ratos. Guilherme André Del’Arco Ramires, Jucileia Maciel, Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Daniela Ponzoni, Ana Paula Farnezi BassiAvulsão dentária tratada por reimplante em paciente portadora de epilepsia. Iana Rodrigues Briggo, Willian Ricardo Pires, Xiomara Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Celso Koogi Sonoda, Sônia Regina Panzarini, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorAvaliação do dano tecidual e do reparo causado por osteotomias para implantes com fresas convencionais e de motor piezoelétrico. Jadison Junio Conforte, Fabricio Euclides Pimentel Baracho Martins, Roberta Okamoto, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Daniela PonzoniTratamento de fratura nasal severa: relato de caso clínico. Karen Lumi Nakasato, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, William Ricardo Pires, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Ciro Borges Duailibe de Deus, Gustavo Antônio Correa Momesso, Tárik Ocon Braga Polo, Leonardo Perez FaveraniEstudo da interface formada entre osso e implante de tiaiv com superfícies usinada e modificada. Avaliação biomecânica em coelhos. Laís Kawamata de Jesus, Rodrigo Capalbo-da-Silva, Ana Flávia Piquera Santos, Caroline Loureiro, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Francisley Ávila SouzaRemoção de corpo estranho de lábio inferior com uso de intensificador de imagem: relato de caso. Lara Mariano Pinheiro, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, João Paulo Bonardi, André Luís da Silva Fabris, Juliana Zórzi Coléte, Igor de Oliveira Puttini, Ciro Borges Duailibe de Deus, Leonardo Perez Faverani.Avaliação da reparação óssea em defeitos críticos de calvária de ratos utilizando partículas de osso de origem bovina. Letícia de Freitas Mendes Brasil, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Daniela Ponzoni, Francisley Ávila Souza.Cranioplastia com resina de pometilmetacrilato em fratura extensa de osso frontal. Letícia de Oliveira Gonçalves, Xiomara Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, João Paulo Bonardi, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior, Daniela PonzoniAssistência odontológica hospitalar para pessoas com deficiência do CAOE da faculdade de odontologia de Araçatuba. Luan Pier Benetti, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Fátima Hassan Baz Lauretto, Antônio Donizete Soares, Juliana Franco De Angelis, Tânia Sílvia Carneiro BaggioEstudo comparativo entre substituto ósseo heterógeno composto de origem bovina e biomaterial sintético a base de fosfato β-tricálcio para enxerto sinusal maxilar. Nathália Januario de Araujo, Maury Ponikwar de Souza, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Juliano Milanezi de Almeida, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior, Francisley Ávila SouzaA difícil decisão por extrações dentárias como tratamento de mutilações labiais em pessoas com deficiência neurológica. Sandy Lais Tatibana, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, André Luís da Silva Fabris, Liliane Passanezi A. Louzada, Regina Rodrigues Luciano, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior, Luan Pier BenettiAvaliação histológica e histométrica do processo de reparo em defeitos de calvária de ratos com membrana de pcl e colágeno porcino. Tamires Melo Francati, Ana Carolina Rezende de Moraes Ferreira, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Guilherme André Del'Arco Ramires, Daniela Ponzoni, Ana Paula Farnezi BassiFratura de côndilo mandibular unilateral tratada com elasticoterapia: relato de caso. Thaisa Casteli Bonfim, Willian Ricardo Pires, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Xiomara Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, Celso Koogi Sonoda, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior

Introdução: O uso de plantas medicinais como agente terapêutico é secularmente manifestado e aplicado em diferentes culturas pelo mundo. O estado da Paraíba, localizado na região nordeste do Brasil, apresenta grande parte de sua extensão territorial recoberta pelo clima semiárido, cuja vegetação do tipo caatinga representa uma importante fonte de biomoléculas ativas à saúde. Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um levantamento na literatura sobre dos conhecimentos etnobotânicos da população paraibana no uso de plantas medicinais no tratamento de afecções orais. Material e Método: Realizou-se uma pesquisa nas bases dedados Scielo e Bireme, durante os meses de outubro a novembro de 2017. Encontrou-se 81 artigos, dos quais 17 foram analisados e 10 foram incluídos nesta pesquisa. Resultados: A população relatou o uso de 65 espécies de plantas medicinais na odontologia, pertencentes a 60 gêneros e 34 famílias distinta, com predomínio da família Fabaceae. As espécies mais relatadas pela população foram Punica granatum, Anacardium occidentalee Plectranthus amboinicus. As principais indicações terapêuticas foram antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória e analgésica. O chá foi o tipo de preparo mais relatado e as folhas e cascas de caule as estruturas vegetais mais utilizadas no preparo. Conclusão: Conclui-se então que o levantamento etnobotânico é de fundamental importância para ampliar o conhecimento científico acerca do uso de plantas medicinais e subsidiar o desenvolvimento de futuros fármacos.Descritores: Etnobotânica; Plantas Medicinais; Fitoterapia; Odontologia.ReferênciasBrasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria no 971, de 3 de maio de 2006. Aprova a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares no Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da União, n. 84, seção 1, 2006. 19p.Giraldi M, Hanazaki N. Uso e conhecimento tradicional de plantas medicinais no Sertão do Ribeirão, Florianópolis, Brasil. Acta Bot Bras. 2010;24(2):395-406.Martins AG, Rosário, DL, Barros MN, Jardim MAG. Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais, alimentares e tóxicas da ilha do Combu, município de Belém, estado do Pará, Brasil. Rev Bras Farm. 2005;86(1):21-30.Rocha R, Marisco G. Estudos etnobotânicos em comunidades indígenas no Brasil. Rev Fitos. 2016;10(2):95-219.Ministério do Meio Ambiente MMA. Caatinga. Disponível em: http://www.mma.gov.br/biomas/ caatinga. Acesso: 26 fev 2018.Oliveira RCC, Silva AO, Maciel SC, Melo JRF. Situação de vida, saúde e doença da população Indígena Potiguara. Rev Min Enferm. 2012;16(1):81-90.Silva JAN. Condições de moradia e de saúde em três comunidades quilombolas do estado da Paraíba. Cadernos Imbondeiro. 2015;4(1):59-70.Brito MFM, Marín EA, Cruz DD. Medicinal plants in rural settlements of a protected area in the litoral of Northeastern Brazil. Ambient soc. 2017;20(1):83-104.Costa JC, Marinho MGV. Etnobotânica de plantas medicinais em duas comunidades do município de Picuí, Paraíba, Brasil. Rev Bras Pl Med. 2016;18(1):125-34.Souza DR, Rodrigues ECAMS. Plantas medicinais: indicações de raizeiros para tratamentos de feridas. Rev Bras Promoç Saúde. 2016;29(2):197-203.Silva MDP, Marini FS, Melo RS. Levantamento de plantas medicinais cultivadas no Município de Solânea, agreste paraibano: reconhecimento e valorização do saber tradicional. Rev Bras Pl Med. 2015;14(4 Suppl 2):881-90.Cordeiro JMP, Félix LP. Conhecimento botânico medicinal sobre espécies vegetais nativas da caatinga e plantas espontâneas no agreste da Paraíba – Brasil. Rev Bras Pl Med. 2014;16(3 Suppl 1):685-92.Lucena CML, Lucena RFP, Costa GM, Carvalho TKN, Costa GGS, Alves RRN et al. Use and knowledge of cactaceae in Northeastern Brazil. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9:62.Souza CMP, Brandão DO, Silva MSP, Palmeira AC, Simões MOS, Medeiros ACD. Utilização de plantas medicinais com atividade antimicrobiana por usuários do serviço público de saúde em Campina Grande – Paraíba. Rev Bras Pl Med. 2013;15(2):188-93.Marinho MGV, Silva CC, Andrade LHC. Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais em área da caatinga no município de São José do Espinharas, Paraíba, Brasil. Rev Bras Pl Med. 2011;13(2):170-82.Santos EB, Dantas GS, Santos HB, Melo Diniz MFF, Sampaio FC. Estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais para problemas bucais no município de João Pessoa, Brasil. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2009;19(1b):321-24.Pinheiro FA, Torres GV, Davim RMB, Xavier Filho L. Utilização das principais plantas medicinais em uma comunidade rural. R Bras Enferm. 1996;49(4):511-18.Almeida Neto JR, Barros RFM, Silva PRR. Uso de plantas medicinais do Passa-Tempo, estado do Piauí, nordeste do Brasil. R bras Bioci. 2015;13(3):165-75.Rodrigues AP, Andrade LHC. 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The Leichhardt Highway is a six hundred-kilometre stretch of sealed inland road that joins the Australian Queensland border town of Goondiwindi with the Capricorn Highway, just south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Named after the young Prussian naturalist Ludwig Leichhardt, part of this roadway follows the route his party took as they crossed northern Australia from Morton Bay (Brisbane) to Port Essington (near Darwin). Ignoring the usual colonial practice of honouring the powerful and aristocratic, Leichhardt named the noteworthy features along this route after his supporters and fellow expeditioners. Many of these names are still in use and a series of public monuments have also been erected in the intervening century and a half to commemorate this journey. Unlike Leichhardt, who survived his epic trip, some contemporary travellers who navigate the remote roadway named in his honour do not arrive at their final destinations. Memorials to these violently interrupted lives line the highway, many enigmatically located in places where there is no obvious explanation for the lethal violence that occurred there. This examination profiles the memorials along Leichhardt’s highway as Gothic practice, in order to illuminate some of the uncanny paradoxes around public memorials, as well as the loaded emotional terrain such commemorative practices may inhabit. All humans know that death awaits them (Morell). Yet, despite this, and the unprecedented torrent of images of death and dying saturating news, television, and social media (Duwe; Sumiala; Bisceglio), Gorer’s mid-century ideas about the denial of death and Becker’s 1973 Pulitzer prize-winning description of the purpose of human civilization as a defence against this knowledge remains current in the contemporary trope that individuals (at least in the West) deny their mortality. Contributing to this enigmatic situation is how many deny the realities of aging and bodily decay—the promise of the “life extension” industries (Hall)—and are shielded from death by hospitals, palliative care providers, and the multimillion dollar funeral industry (Kiernan). Drawing on Piatti-Farnell’s concept of popular culture artefacts as “haunted/haunting” texts, the below describes how memorials to the dead can powerfully reconnect those who experience them with death’s reality, by providing an “encrypted passageway through which the dead re-join the living in a responsive cycle of exchange and experience” (Piatti-Farnell). While certainly very different to the “sublime” iconic Gothic structure, the Gothic ruin that Summers argued could be seen as “a sacred relic, a memorial, a symbol of infinite sadness, of tenderest sensibility and regret” (407), these memorials do function in both this way as melancholy/regret-inducing relics as well as in Piatti-Farnell’s sense of bringing the dead into everyday consciousness. Such memorialising activity also evokes one of Spooner’s features of the Gothic, by acknowledging “the legacies of the past and its burdens on the present” (8).Ludwig Leichhardt and His HighwayWhen Leichhardt returned to Sydney in 1846 from his 18-month journey across northern Australia, he was greeted with surprise and then acclaim. Having mounted his expedition without any backing from influential figures in the colony, his party was presumed lost only weeks after its departure. Yet, once Leichhardt and almost all his expedition returned, he was hailed “Prince of Explorers” (Erdos). When awarding him a significant purse raised by public subscription, then Speaker of the Legislative Council voiced what he believed would be the explorer’s lasting memorial —the public memory of his achievement: “the undying glory of having your name enrolled amongst those of the great men whose genius and enterprise have impelled them to seek for fame in the prosecution of geographical science” (ctd. Leichhardt 539). Despite this acclaim, Leichhardt was a controversial figure in his day; his future prestige not enhanced by his Prussian/Germanic background or his disappearance two years later attempting to cross the continent. What troubled the colonial political class, however, was his transgressive act of naming features along his route after commoners rather than the colony’s aristocrats. Today, the Leichhardt Highway closely follows Leichhardt’s 1844-45 route for some 130 kilometres from Miles, north through Wandoan to Taroom. In the first weeks of his journey, Leichhardt named 16 features in this area: 6 of the more major of these after the men in his party—including the Aboriginal man ‘Charley’ and boy John Murphy—4 more after the tradesmen and other non-aristocratic sponsors of his venture, and the remainder either in memory of the journey’s quotidian events or natural features there found. What we now accept as traditional memorialising practice could in this case be termed as Gothic, in that it upset the rational, normal order of its day, and by honouring humble shopkeepers, blacksmiths and Indigenous individuals, revealed the “disturbance and ambivalence” (Botting 4) that underlay colonial class relations (Macintyre). On 1 December 1844, Leichhardt also memorialised his own past, referencing the Gothic in naming a watercourse The Creek of the Ruined Castles due to the “high sandstone rocks, fissured and broken like pillars and walls and the high gates of the ruined castles of Germany” (57). Leichhardt also disturbed and disfigured the nature he so admired, famously carving his initials deep into trees along his route—a number of which still exist, including the so-called Leichhardt Tree, a large coolibah in Taroom’s main street. Leichhardt also wrote his own memorial, keeping detailed records of his experiences—both good and more regretful—in the form of field books, notebooks and letters, with his major volume about this expedition published in London in 1847. Leichhardt’s journey has since been memorialised in various ways along the route. The Leichhardt Tree has been further defaced with numerous plaques nailed into its ancient bark, and the town’s federal government-funded Bicentennial project raised a formal memorial—a large sandstone slab laid with three bronze plaques—in the newly-named Ludwig Leichhardt Park. Leichhardt’s name also adorns many sites both along, and outside, the routes of his expeditions. While these fittingly include natural features such as the Leichhardt River in north-west Queensland (named in 1856 by Augustus Gregory who crossed it by searching for traces of the explorer’s ill-fated 1848 expedition), there are also many businesses across Queensland and the Northern Territory less appropriately carrying his name. More somber monuments to Leichhardt’s legacy also resulted from this journey. The first of these was the white settlement that followed his declaration that the countryside he moved through was well endowed with fertile soils. With squatters and settlers moving in and land taken up before Leichhardt had even arrived back in Sydney, the local Yeeman people were displaced, mistreated and completely eradicated within a decade (Elder). Mid-twentieth century, Patrick White’s literary reincarnation, Voss of the eponymous novel, and paintings by Sidney Nolan and Albert Tucker have enshrined in popular memory not only the difficult (and often described as Gothic) nature of the landscape through which Leichhardt travelled (Adams; Mollinson, and Bonham), but also the distinctive and contrary blend of intelligence, spiritual mysticism, recklessness, and stoicism Leichhardt brought to his task. Roadside Memorials Today, the Leichhardt Highway is also lined with a series of roadside shrines to those who have died much more recently. While, like centotaphs, tombstones, and cemeteries, these memorialise the dead, they differ in usually marking the exact location that death occurred. In 43 BC, Cicero articulated the idea of the dead living in memory, “The life of the dead consists in the recollection cherished of them by the living” (93), yet Nelson is one of very few contemporary writers to link roadside memorials to elements of Gothic sensibility. Such constructions can, however, be described as Gothic, in that they make the roadway unfamiliar by inscribing onto it the memory of corporeal trauma and, in the process, re-creating their locations as vivid sites of pain and suffering. These are also enigmatic sites. Traffic levels are generally low along the flat or gently undulating terrain and many of these memorials are located in locations where there is no obvious explanation for the violence that occurred there. They are loci of contradictions, in that they are both more private than other memorials, in being designed, and often made and erected, by family and friends of the deceased, and yet more public, visible to all who pass by (Campbell). Cemeteries are set apart from their surroundings; the roadside memorial is, in contrast, usually in open view along a thoroughfare. In further contrast to cemeteries, which contain many relatively standardised gravesites, individual roadside memorials encapsulate and express not only the vivid grief of family and friends but also—when they include vehicle wreckage or personal artefacts from the fatal incident—provide concrete evidence of the trauma that occurred. While the majority of individuals interned in cemeteries are long dead, roadside memorials mark relatively contemporary deaths, some so recent that there may still be tyre marks, debris and bloodstains marking the scene. In 2008, when I was regularly travelling this roadway, I documented, and researched, the six then extant memorial sites that marked the locations of ten fatalities from 1999 to 2006. (These were all still in place in mid-2014.) The fatal incidents are very diverse. While half involved trucks and/or road trains, at least three were single vehicle incidents, and the deceased ranged from 13 to 84 years of age. Excell argues that scholarship on roadside memorials should focus on “addressing the diversity of the material culture” (‘Contemporary Deathscapes’) and, in these terms, the Leichhardt Highway memorials vary from simple crosses to complex installations. All include crosses (mostly, but not exclusively, white), and almost all are inscribed with the name and birth/death dates of the deceased. Most include flowers or other plants (sometimes fresh but more often plastic), but sometimes also a range of relics from the crash and/or personal artefacts. These are, thus, unsettling sights, not least in the striking contrast they provide with the highway and surrounding road reserve. The specific location is a key component of their ability to re-sensitise viewers to the dangers of the route they are travelling. The first memorial travelling northwards, for instance, is situated at the very point at which the highway begins, some 18 kilometres from Goondiwindi. Two small white crosses decorated with plastic flowers are set poignantly close together. The inscriptions can also function as a means of mobilising connection with these dead strangers—a way of building Secomb’s “haunted community”, whereby community in the post-colonial age can only be built once past “murderous death” (131) is acknowledged. This memorial is inscribed with “Cec Hann 06 / A Good Bloke / A Good hoarseman [sic]” and “Pat Hann / A Good Woman” to tragically commemorate the deaths of an 84-year-old man and his 79-year-old wife from South Australia who died in the early afternoon of 5 June 2006 when their Ford Falcon, towing a caravan, pulled onto the highway and was hit by a prime mover pulling two trailers (Queensland Police, ‘Double Fatality’; Jones, and McColl). Further north along the highway are two memorials marking the most inexplicable of road deaths: the single vehicle fatality (Connolly, Cullen, and McTigue). Darren Ammenhauser, aged 29, is remembered with a single white cross with flowers and plaque attached to a post, inscribed hopefully, “Darren Ammenhauser 1971-2000 At Rest.” Further again, at Billa Billa Creek, a beautifully crafted metal cross attached to a fence is inscribed with the text, “Kenneth J. Forrester / RIP Jack / 21.10.25 – 27.4.05” marking the death of the 79-year-old driver whose vehicle veered off the highway to collide with a culvert on the creek. It was reported that the vehicle rolled over several times before coming to rest on its wheels and that Forrester was dead when the police arrived (Queensland Police, ‘Fatal Traffic Incident’). More complex memorials recollect both single and multiple deaths. One, set on both sides of the road, maps the physical trajectory of the fatal smash. This memorial comprises white crosses on both sides of road, attached to a tree on one side, and a number of ancillary sites including damaged tyres with crosses placed inside them on both sides of the road. Simple inscriptions relay the inability of such words to express real grief: “Gary (Gazza) Stevens / Sadly missed” and “Gary (Gazza) Stevens / Sadly missed / Forever in our hearts.” The oldest and most complex memorial on the route, commemorating the death of four individuals on 18 June 1999, is also situated on both sides of the road, marking the collision of two vehicles travelling in opposite directions. One memorial to a 62-year-old man comprises a cross with flowers, personal and automotive relics, and a plaque set inside a wooden fence and simply inscribed “John Henry Keenan / 23-11-1936–18-06-1999”. The second memorial contains three white crosses set side-by-side, together with flowers and relics, and reveals that members of three generations of the same family died at this location: “Raymond Campbell ‘Butch’ / 26-3-67–18-6-99” (32 years of age), “Lorraine Margaret Campbell ‘Lloydie’ / 29-11-46–18-6-99” (53 years), and “Raymond Jon Campbell RJ / 28-1-86–18-6-99” (13 years). The final memorial on this stretch of highway is dedicated to Jason John Zupp of Toowoomba who died two weeks before Christmas 2005. This consists of a white cross, decorated with flowers and inscribed: “Jason John Zupp / Loved & missed by all”—a phrase echoed in his newspaper obituary. The police media statement noted that, “at 11.24pm a prime mover carrying four empty trailers [stacked two high] has rolled on the Leichhardt Highway 17km north of Taroom” (Queensland Police, ‘Fatal Truck Accident’). The roadside memorial was placed alongside a ditch on a straight stretch of road where the body was found. The coroner’s report adds the following chilling information: “Mr Zupp was thrown out of the cabin and his body was found near the cabin. There is no evidence whatsoever that he had applied the brakes or in any way tried to prevent the crash … Jason was not wearing his seatbelt” (Cornack 5, 6). Cornack also remarked the truck was over length, the brakes had not been properly adjusted, and the trip that Zupp had undertaken could not been lawfully completed according to fatigue management regulations then in place (8). Although poignant and highly visible due to these memorials, these deaths form a small part of Australia’s road toll, and underscore our ambivalent relationship with the automobile, where road death is accepted as a necessary side-effect of the freedom of movement the technology offers (Ladd). These memorials thus animate highways as Gothic landscapes due to the “multifaceted” (Haider 56) nature of the fear, terror and horror their acknowledgement can bring. Since 1981, there have been, for instance, between some 1,600 and 3,300 road deaths each year in Australia and, while there is evidence of a long term downward trend, the number of deaths per annum has not changed markedly since 1991 (DITRDLG 1, 2), and has risen in some years since then. The U.S.A. marked its millionth road death in 1951 (Ladd) along the way to over 3,000,000 during the 20th century (Advocates). These deaths are far reaching, with U.K. research suggesting that each death there leaves an average of 6 people significantly affected, and that there are some 10 to 20 per cent of mourners who experience more complicated grief and longer term negative affects during this difficult time (‘Pathways Through Grief’). As the placing of roadside memorials has become a common occurrence the world over (Klaassens, Groote, and Vanclay; Grider; Cohen), these are now considered, in MacConville’s opinion, not only “an appropriate, but also an expected response to tragedy”. Hockey and Draper have explored the therapeutic value of the maintenance of “‘continuing bonds’ between the living and the dead” (3). This is, however, only one explanation for the reasons that individuals erect roadside memorials with research suggesting roadside memorials perform two main purposes in their linking of the past with the present—as not only sites of grieving and remembrance, but also of warning (Hartig, and Dunn; Everett; Excell, Roadside Memorials; MacConville). Clark adds that by “localis[ing] and personalis[ing] the road dead,” roadside memorials raise the profile of road trauma by connecting the emotionless statistics of road death directly to individual tragedy. They, thus, transform the highway into not only into a site of past horror, but one in which pain and terror could still happen, and happen at any moment. Despite their increasing commonality and their recognition as cultural artefacts, these memorials thus occupy “an uncomfortable place” both in terms of public policy and for some individuals (Lowe). While in some states of the U.S.A. and in Ireland the erection of such memorials is facilitated by local authorities as components of road safety campaigns, in the U.K. there appears to be “a growing official opposition to the erection of memorials” (MacConville). Criticism has focused on the dangers (of distraction and obstruction) these structures pose to passing traffic and pedestrians, while others protest their erection on aesthetic grounds and even claim memorials can lower property values (Everett). While many ascertain a sense of hope and purpose in the physical act of creating such shrines (see, for instance, Grider; Davies), they form an uncanny presence along the highway and can provide dangerous psychological territory for the viewer (Brien). Alongside the townships, tourist sites, motels, and petrol stations vying to attract customers, they stain the roadway with the unmistakable sign that a violent death has happened—bringing death, and the dead, to the fore as a component of these journeys, and destabilising prominent cultural narratives of technological progress and safety (Richter, Barach, Ben-Michael, and Berman).Conclusion This investigation has followed Goddu who proposes that a Gothic text “registers its culture’s contradictions” (3) and, in profiling these memorials as “intimately connected to the culture that produces them” (Goddu 3) has proposed memorials as Gothic artefacts that can both disturb and reveal. Roadside memorials are, indeed, so loaded with emotional content that their close contemplation can be traumatising (Brien), yet they are inescapable while navigating the roadway. Part of their power resides in their ability to re-animate those persons killed in these violent in the minds of those viewing these memorials. In this way, these individuals are reincarnated as ghostly presences along the highway, forming channels via which the traveller can not only make human contact with the dead, but also come to recognise and ponder their own sense of mortality. While roadside memorials are thus like civic war memorials in bringing untimely death to the forefront of public view, roadside memorials provide a much more raw expression of the chaotic, anarchic and traumatic moment that separates the world of the living from that of the dead. While traditional memorials—such as those dedicated by, and to, Leichhardt—moreover, pay homage to the vitality of the lives of those they commemorate, roadside memorials not only acknowledge the alarming circumstances of unexpected death but also stand testament to the power of the paradox of the incontrovertibility of sudden death versus our lack of ability to postpone it. In this way, further research into these and other examples of Gothic memorialising practice has much to offer various areas of cultural study in Australia.ReferencesAdams, Brian. Sidney Nolan: Such Is Life. Hawthorn, Vic.: Hutchinson, 1987. Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety. “Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities & Fatality Rate: 1899-2003.” 2004. Becker, Ernest. The Denial of Death. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973. Bisceglio, Paul. “How Social Media Is Changing the Way We Approach Death.” The Atlantic 20 Aug. 2013. Botting, Fred. Gothic: The New Critical Idiom. 2nd edition. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2014. 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